CDMA 2000 1xEV-DO System Overview Course

CDMA 2000 1xEV-DO System Overview Course # 0890AEN
V7.4
Version 01.02 NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL
OBJECTIVES
This class is intended for anyone requiring an introduction to 1x EV-DO. At the conclusion of this class the student will be able to discuss:
Nortel Networks implementation of 1x EV-DO
New equipment added to the network and its functionality Theory of IS-856
Basic call flow
NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL
What is CDMA2000 1xEV-DO?
CDMA2000 1xEV-DO stands for 1xRTT Evolution Data Only What this means is that it is an evolution from CDMA2000 1X (IS-2000/CDMA2000) networks Where CDMA2000 1X has both data and voice capabilities, CDMA2000 1xEV-DO is data only (without the voice component) CDMA2000 1xEV-DO offers high-speed packet data rates up to 2.45 Mbps where CDMA2000 1X has a maximum data rate of 153.6 Kbps
What is CDMA2000 1xEV-DO? (continued)
CDMA2000 1xEV-DO is overlaid on an existing CDMA2000 1X network but requires a separate 1.25 MHz carrier and a dedicated T1/E1 backhaul from the Metro Cell to the data only radio network controller (DO-RNC)
Shares the packet-data network with CDMA2000 1X CDMA2000 1xEV-DO is based on IS-856 / CDMA2000 1X is based on IS-2000
CDMA2000 1xEV-DO components
As CDMA2000 1xEV-DO is overlaid on an existing CDMA2000 1X network, there are many shared components
The shared components with CDMA2000 1X are: MetroCell PDSN AAA server (if not deploying AN-AAA)
CDMA2000 1xEV-DO components (continued)

The new components required for CDMA2000
1xEV-DO are: Data Only Module (DOM) located in the MetroCell Data Only Radio Network Controller (DO-RNC) located at the central office (CO) Data only element management subsystem (DO-EMS) and can be co-located at the CO with the DO-RNC and BSC Access network authorization, authentication and accounting (AN-AAA) server (optional)

Data Only Module (DOM)
IS-856 module added to CEM shelf in Metro Cell provides CDMA2000 1xEV-DO modem capability. performs all the encoding/decoding of the IP packets
Requires MFRM supports 30 connected sessions per sector

Data Only Radio Network Controller (DO-RNC) at the core of the CDMA2000 1xEV-DO network manages the access terminal state, handoffs and connections to the packet data network through the packet data switching node (PDSN).
controlling the DOMs at multiple cell sites over an IP-based backhaul network

Data only element management subsystem (DO-EMS) provides OA&M capability and controls the operation, administration, maintenance and provisioning (OAMP) operations for the CDMA2000 1xEV-DO radio access network (RAN). based on a Sun Netra 20 NEBS compliant platform and may be located at the central office (CO)
Sun Netra 20
Sun StorEdge 3310
stand-alone platform for performing OAM&P functionality within the CDMA2000 1xEV-DO network only
Sun Blade 150

NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL 8

Access network authorization, authentication and accounting (AN-AAA) server optional requirement (as specified in IS-878) used for access terminal authentication at the beginning of a CDMA2000 1xEV-DO data session used for device level authentication
terminates the point-to-point protocol (PPP) session required for terminal authentication at the beginning of a CDMA2000 1xEV-DO session

Network upgrades from CDMA2000 1X
Dedicated T1/E1 backhaul from the Metro Cell to the DORNC Additional 1.25 MHz carrier for data only traffic Note: More 1.25 carriers can be added for increased users (additional DOMs need to be added for each additional CDMA2000 1xEV-DO carrier)
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Lesson 2:
The evolution to CDMA2000 1xEV-DO
V7.4
The evolution to CDMA2000 1xEV-DO
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The path to CDMA2000 1xEV-DO

CDMA2000 1X in the beginning: CDMA2000 1xEV-DO is an evolution from conventional IS-2000 (CDMA2000 1X) networks. CDMA2000 1X offers both voice and data capabilities compared to conventional CDMA (IS-95) networks (voice only) CDMA2000 1X high speed packet data Rates of up to 153.6 Kbps (144 Kbps user) New hardware for 3G (CDMA2000 1X): XCEM in Metro Cell SCI-S and ESEL in BSC Shasta BSN 5000 for PDSN and HA functionality AAA server, routers, hubs, for data network administration
The path to CDMA2000 1xEV-DO (continued)

Evolution to CDMA2000 1xEV-DO: CDMA2000 1xEV-DO offers data only capabilities compared to 1xRTT networks (voice and data) CDMA2000 1xEV-DO overlaid on existing CDMA2000 1x network and shares the following: Metrocell PDSN AAA server (if present) New components for CDMA2000 1xEV-DO data only module (DOM) data only radio network controller (DO-RNC) data only element management subsystem (DO-EMS)
14

CDMA2000 1xEV-DO offers:
High speed packet data Rates of up to 2.45 Mbps

Full time forward power by time division multiplexing No shared spectrum with other users No soft hand-offs in forward direction, soft hand-off in reverse
15

Packet Data Network
The CDMA2000 1xEV-DO system does not define a new packet data network architecture.
In fact, both the CDMA2000 1xEV-DO and the CDMA2000 1X systems share the same packet data network infrastructure.
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Lesson 3:
V7.4
CDMA2000 1xEV-DO (1xRTT evolutiondata only) is a wireless packet data-only technology Used for customer data applications where voice communication is not required
high-speed packet data support of variable rates up to 2.45 Mbps on the forward link and up to 153.6 kbps on the reverse (upload) link
CDMA2000 1xEV-DO uses time-division multiplexing (TDM) in the forward direction, meaning there are no soft handoffs in the forward direction and only one terminal receives data from each sector at a given time
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Benefits of CDMA2000 1xEV-DO
Uses less bandwidth that UMTS (1.25 MHz rather that 5 MHz)
Core network elements are shared with CDMA2000 1X meaning cost of upgrade is minimal No degradation of CDMA2000 1X voice calls since CDMA2000 1xEV-DO is deployed on separate 1.25 MHz carriers As CDMA2000 1xEV-DO uses TDM, there is full time full power as the bandwidth is not shared with other users like CDMA2000 1X
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Data only element management subsystem (DO-EMS) and client

DO-EMS Client web-based client runs in standard web browsers, offering network administrators a familiar, easy-touse interface to robust configuration, fault, and performance management tools
Provides:
Network topology views Network database views Active device panel Performance statistics administration System administration
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Data only element management subsystem (DO-EMS) and client (continued)

DO-EMS Client (continued)
Provides
Fault management tools alarm browser event browser

Management tools MIB manager Policy manager
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Access network authorization, authentication and accounting (AN-AAA) server

The access network authorization, authentication and accounting (AN-AAA) server is an optional requirement (as specified in IS-878) used for access terminal authentication at the beginning of a CDMA2000 1xEV-DO data session.
If operators do not deploy an AN-AAA, they may use the existing AAA Radius server currently used in the CDMA2000 1X network.
22

With an AN-AAA:
The DO-RNC authenticates access terminals.
The DO-RNC communicates with one or more AN-AAA servers.

The AN-AAA can act as a proxy server to determine the Radius server for an access terminal that is roaming.
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Benefits of deploying AN-AAA
Consistent IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber Identity) for billing Control of authentication PDSN protection Theft of 1xEV-DO access
24
Hybrid access terminal
A new hybrid access terminal is required to support voice on IS-2000 systems and packet data services on both IS2000 and IS-856 systems. The hybrid access terminal is required to operate in both IS-856 and IS-2000 modes and is capable of monitoring both the CDMA2000 1xEVDO and CDMA2000 1X systems simultaneously.
25
Lesson 4:
Introduction to IS-856
V7.4
Introduction to IS-856
The TIA/EIA Engineering Committee TR-45 (Mobile and Personal Communications Systems) has developed a standard called IS-856 as a companion to the already existing IS-2000 standard. These standards are the next generation of wireless standards after the secondgeneration (2G) CDMA standards, known as IS-95. The IS-856 (CDMA2000 1xEV-DO) air interface standard provides high rate packet data services between the access terminal and the access network.
27
IS-856 Protocol Layers

The CDMA2000 1xEV-DO protocol layering does not conform to the open system interconnection (OSI) seven layer model. OSI seven layer protocol Layer 7: Application layer Layer 6: Presentation layer Layer 5: Session layer Layer 4: Transport layer Layer 3: Network layer Layer 2: Data Link Layer Layer 1: Physical layer IS-856 seven layer protocol Layer 7: Application layer Layer 6: Stream layer Layer 5: Session layer Layer 4: Connection layer Layer 3: Security layer Layer 2: MAC layer Layer 1: Physical layer
28

The CDMA2000 1xEV-DO air interface protocol layers (continued)
IS-856 seven layer protocol Layer 7: Application layer

Layer 6: Stream layer Layer 5: Session layer
Description Message routing, RLP, flow control

Multiplex various application streams Establishes/configures data sessions
Layer 4: Connection layer Layer 3: Security layer

Layer 2: MAC layer Layer 1: Physical layer
Establishes and manages radio connection Authentication and encryption

Data rate controlling and scheduling Adaptive modulation and code spreading
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The CDMA2000 1xEV-DO air interface protocol layers IS-856 seven layer protocol Layer 7: Application layer Layer 6: Stream layer Layer 5: Session layer Layer 4: Connection layer Layer 3: Security layer Layer 2: MAC layer Layer 1: Physical layer Description Message routing, RLP, flow control Multiplex various application streams Establishes/configures data sessions Establishes and manages radio connection Authentication and encryption Data rate controlling and scheduling Adaptive modulation and code spreading
Theory of operations
PPP RLP RLP MAC Abis MAC GRE IP Layer 2
RF PHY RF PHY
PPP
Abis GRE IP Ethernet
GRE A10/A11
GRE A10/A11
IP Ethernet
IP Ethernet 100BaseT
Layer 1
100BaseT 100BaseT
AT
Metro Cell (DOM)
DO-RNC
PDSN
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IS-856 Physical Layer

Major improvements to the physical layer from IS-2000: Higher data rates : utilizes turbo coding in forward and reverse directions Dynamic turbo encoding rates : Turbo codes have been shown to perform better for high rate data services Source identification : no source identification in reverse direction Higher order modulation : adaptive modulation
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IS-856 Physical Layer (continued)

Major improvements to the physical layer from IS-2000: Channelization : forward link channels timemultiplexed (no Walsh codes) not code multiplexed Each access terminal receives full power for their time rather than sharing power across time
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IS-856 Physical Layer (continued)

Major improvements to the physical layer from IS-2000: Forward link transmit power : transmits at maximum available power all the time IS-856 channel structure : forward direction = time division multiplexed, reverse direction = code division multiplexed
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IS-856 Forward link

Forward traffic flow travels from the packet data network/internet through the CDMA2000 1xEV-DO radio access network to the user.
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IS-856 Forward link

Forward channel structure
The access network transmits the following forward link channels at full power in time-multiplexed fashion. At a fixed position in every physical layer slot, these channels are transmitted: pilot channel medium access control control channel traffic channel
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IS-856 Forward link

Forward channel slot structure In forward direction, there are two types of slots: Active Slot: When access network has either control information or user traffic to send, it sends this information along with MAC and pilot channel in a timemultiplexed fashion. Idle Slot: When access network does not have control information or user traffic to send, it still sends pilot and MAC channels in their given time at full power and does not transmit control/traffic information.
IS-856 Forward link

Paging/control channel slot structure
access terminal (handset) monitors both the CDMA2000 1xEV-DO and CDMA2000 1X network simultaneously Paging channels for both CDMA2000 1xEV-DO and CDMA2000 1X are staggered
If paging channels collide, IS-856 assigns a different paging slot
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IS-856 Forward link

Forward frame structure
Physical layer code spread across 1.25 MHz identical to IS-95/2000 IS-856 only has one physical channel and MAC, control and traffic channels are time multiplexed on the single channel
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IS-856 Forward link

Fat pipe scheduling
using a large radio spectrum as a shared wireless link

all terminals in sector share wireless link access network schedules transmission of packets over shared link packets are time division multiplexed not code multiplexed
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Forward Traffic Channel Physical Layer

MODULATOR QPSK 8PSK 16QAM
ENCODER 1/3 OR 1/5
CHANNEL INTERLEAVER
SCRAMBLER
I Q
SYMBOL PUNCTURING DEMUX
16-ARY WALSH COVER
WALSH GAIN 1/4
WALSH CHIP SUMMER
T D M
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FORWARD CHANNEL MODULATION

DATA RATE IN KBS
38.4
76.8
153.6
307.2
307.2
614.4
614.4
921.6
1288.8
1288.8
1843.2
2457.6
# BITS PER PACKET
1024
1024
1024
1024
2048
1024
2048
3072
2048
4096
2048
4096
MODULATION
QPS K
QPS K
QPS K
QPS K
QPS K
QPS K
QPS K
8PS K
QPSK
16QA M
8PSK
16QA M
CODING RATE
1/5
1/5
1/5
1/5
1/3
1/5
1/3
1/3
1/3
1/3
1/3
1/3
# OF SLOTS
16
# chips Preamble Pilot
1024 3072
512 1536
256 768
128 384
128 768
64 192
64 384
64 384
64 384
64 384
64 192
64 192
# chips MAC
4096
2048
1024
512
1024
256
512
512
512
512
256
256
# chips DATA
24,5 76
12,2 88
6144
3072
6272
1536
3136
1536
3136
3136
1536
1536
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IS-856 Reverse link

Reverse traffic flow travels from the user through the CDMA2000 1xEV-DO radio access network to the packet data network/internet .
43
IS-856 Reverse Link

reverse link of IS-856 is quite similar to the reverse link in an IS-2000 system
reverse link power control performed same as IS-2000 (except at 600 times per second) access network sends power control command in every slot for all connected ATs
44
IS-856 Reverse Link

IS-856 and IS-2000 similarities power control and soft handoff supported BPSK modulation on I & Q (data & pilot) carrier to reduce peak to average ratio distinct user PN sequence for source ID data rates from 9.6 to 153.6 Kbit/s transmits pilot and data channels
45
IS-856 Reverse Link

IS-856 only operations transmits MAC and ACK channels MAC information reverse rate indicator (RRI) data rate control (DRC)
46
IS-856 Reverse Link

Reverse channel structure In the reverse direction, the access terminal can use access or traffic channel access and traffic channels are code multiplexed Access channel mode: access terminal is idle and transmits pilot and data channels Traffic channel: access terminal is connected and transmits MAC, data, pilot and ACK channels
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IS-856 Reverse Link

Reverse channel usage
Once connected, the access terminal is either in idle or connected state

idle: monitors forward control channel connected: monitors forward traffic and control channels
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IS-856 Reverse Link

Access channel consisting of a pilot and data channel used by the access terminal to initiate communication with the access network respond to an access terminal directed message access terminal sends a series of access probes (preamble followed by one or more access channel physical layer packets) until it receives a response from the access network access probe consists of a preamble followed by one or more access channel During preamble only pilot channel is transmitted During the access channel physical layer packet transmission, both the pilot channel and the data channel are transmitted physical layer packets transmitted at fixed data rate of 9.6 Kbps
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IS-856 Reverse Link

Reverse traffic channel
comprised of pilot, MAC, ACK and data channels On the pilot channel, reverse rate indicator bits are timemultiplexed with the pilot bits
ACK channel protected with repetition followed by spreading with 8-bit Walsh code W4
data rate control (DRC) bits encoded and repeated for proper data protection.
50
IS-856 Reverse Link

Reverse rate indicator The reverse rate indicator (RRI) channel is used by the access terminal to indicate the data rate at which the data channel is transmitted. Reverse ACK channel In the CDMA2000 1xEV-DO system, acknowledgment is provided at the physical layer. This provides quick response from the receiver (access terminal) to the transmitter (access network).
51
IS-856 Reverse Link

Data rate control (DRC) DRC channel in the reverse traffic channel is used to indicate the selected serving sector and the requested data rate on the forward traffic channel Reverse link parameters access terminal selects a data rate and sends the data traffic at the selected rate on the reverse traffic channel and it also sends reverse rate indicator (RRI) in time division multiplexed fashion with the pilot channel Reverse link power control the power control command is repeated four times and sent in the MAC channel
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IS-856 Reverse Link

Medium access control (MAC) layer responsible for determining scheduling and transmission policies MAC layer determines the best possible data rate on slot-byslot basis in both directions physical layer is responsible for actual transmission procedures based on input from MAC layer
53
REVERSE CHANNEL MODULATION

DATA RATE (kbps)
RATE INDEX
Bits per packet Packet duration (ms)
9.6
1
256 26.66
19.2
2
512 26.66
38.4
3
1024 26.66
76.8
4
2048 26.66
153.6
5
4096 26.66
Code rate
Code Symbols per packet Symbol rate (KSPS)
1024 38.4
2048 76.8
4096 153.6
8192 307.2
8192 307.2
Packet repeats
Mod symbol rate (KSPS) Modulation
8
307.2 BPSK
4
307.2 BPSK
2
307.2 BPSK
1
307.2 BPSK
1
307.2 BPSK
PN CHIPS per packet bit
128
64
32
16
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IS-856 Medium access control

Medium access control (MAC) functions Forward direction Scheduling transmission for different access terminals based on input given by these terminals handles scheduling transmission for forward control channel and forward traffic channel responsible for providing input to access terminals on the reverse link so that the access terminal can adjust reverse link data rates.
55

Medium access control (MAC) functions Reverse direction handles transmission and reception on access and traffic channel provides input to the access network on what is the best data rate and best sector based on the existing channel conditions. responsible for best possible data for transmission on the reverse link
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Medium access control (MAC) protocols
Each protocol defines procedures and messages for handling of one and only one channel.

access channel protocol

control channel MAC protocol forward traffic channel MAC protocol
reverse traffic channel MAC protocol
57

Medium access control (MAC) states The FTC-MAC can be in one of the three states when the access terminal is activated. The various states are described briefly here: inactive state: when the access terminal is not assigned a forward traffic channel (not connected) variable rate state: when access terminal is assigned a forward traffic channel (connected) fixed rate state: the access terminal always receives traffic from one particular sector in its active set at a fixed rate
58

Medium access control (MAC) schedulers Schedulers handle how data gets transmitted to the access terminals. Goal is to improve overall system throughput Bandwidth allocated to different access terminals based on reported data rates For 1xEV-DO, there are four different schedulers available: round-robin best rate equal opportunity proportional fairness
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Medium access control (MAC) schedulers Round robin schedulers utilize first in, first out strategy Each request gets put into a queue and when it is at the top of the queue it receives the resource allocation requested.
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Medium access control (MAC) schedulers Best rate schedulers goals are to process the requests in the buffer with the highest data rates first high system throughput since the highest requested data rates always get scheduled drawback is that users with low data rates can be withheld resources in favor of those with high data rates.
61

Medium access control (MAC) schedulers Equal opportunity scheduler Each user request is tracked in the buffer and the user with the lowest data rate receives the resource allocation requested. The disadvantage of this is that the overall throughput may be low especially if there are many low data rate users. Users with high data rates may be withheld resources since the lowest data rate users are processed first.
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Medium access control (MAC) schedulers Proportional fairness scheduler The goal is to provide fairness to each user regardless of their data rates. The scheduler maintains a moving average of DRC (data rate control) values and the scheduler transmits data to the access terminal only when the DRC value is greater than or equal to the moving average. This increases overall throughput for individual users as well as the whole system.
63
Lesson 5:
V7.4
Evolving to CDMA2000 1xEV-DO
Goals of CDMA2000 1xEV-DO provide efficient packet-based air interface Sharing components with CDMA 1X Reduced cost of ownership
65
Evolving to CDMA2000 1xEV-DO (continued)
IP network access CDMA2000 1xEV-DO and CDMA2000 1X systems share the same packet data network infrastructure Packet data model mobile switching center (MSC/MTX) and home location registry (HLR) no longer required MSC/MTX, HLR are responsible for radio access authentication and authorization functions not data functions packet data service authentication comes from a AAA (or AN-AAA) server
66
Evolving to CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Packet data calls in CDMA2000 1xEV-DO The CDMA2000 1xEV-DO networks support the same two IP addressing options for packet data as CDMA2000 1X networks: simple IP mobile IP
67
Handoffs
IS-856 does not support soft handoffs in the forward link IS-95/2000 supports soft handoffs in the forward link
IS-856 supports soft handoff In the reverse link similar to IS-95 and IS-2000
68
Time-division multiplexing
TDM used in forward direction Each user given dedicated time slot on entire 1.25 MHz carrier for their period of time Within each slot, spread spectrum processing is used TDM removes inefficiencies (overhead) of power control and soft handoff
69
Fixed power variable rate The CDMA2000 1xEV-DO system based on fixed power variable rate sector transmits at full power to every access terminal data rate varies depending on the interference experienced by the access terminal access terminal reports receivable data rates based on interference conditions for every scheduling period network transmits to the access terminal at that rate during that period The time slot and data rate for each connected user is adaptively determined by the scheduler so as to enhance CDMA2000 1xEVDO aggregate forward data throughput
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Appendix A:
Call processing
V7.4
1X EV-DO Basic Call Processing

This section will cover different call processing scenarios including:
Registration
Call Flow Handoffs DOM to DOM DOM to 1X 1X to 1xEV-DO
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Access Terminal Registration
73
Access terminal call origination
74
PDSN call origination
75
Handoff DOM to DOM
76
Handoff DOM to 1X system
77
Handoff 1X to 1X EV-DO System
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CDMA 2000 1xEV-DO System Overview Course

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CDMA 2000 1xEV-DO System Overview Course # 0890AEN

Version 01.02 NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL

NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL

What is CDMA2000 1xEV-DO?

NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL

What is CDMA2000 1xEV-DO? (continued)

NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL

CDMA2000 1xEV-DO components

NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL

CDMA2000 1xEV-DO components (continued)

NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL

CDMA2000 1xEV-DO components (continued)

NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL

CDMA2000 1xEV-DO components (continued)

NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL

CDMA2000 1xEV-DO components (continued)

Sun StorEdge 3310

Sun Blade 150

CDMA2000 1xEV-DO components (continued)

NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL

CDMA2000 1xEV-DO components (continued)

NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL

The evolution to CDMA2000 1xEV-DO

NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL

The evolution to CDMA2000 1xEV-DO

NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL

The path to CDMA2000 1xEV-DO

The path to CDMA2000 1xEV-DO (continued)

NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL

The path to CDMA2000 1xEV-DO (continued)

High speed packet data Rates of up to 2.45 Mbps

NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL

The path to CDMA2000 1xEV-DO (continued)

NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL

What is CDMA2000 1xEV-DO?

NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL

What is CDMA2000 1xEV-DO?

NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL

Benefits of CDMA2000 1xEV-DO

NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL

Data only element management subsystem (DO-EMS) and client

NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL

Data only element management subsystem (DO-EMS) and client (continued)

Fault management tools alarm browser event browser

NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL

Access network authorization, authentication and accounting (AN-AAA) server

NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL

Access network authorization, authentication and accounting (AN-AAA) server

The DO-RNC communicates with one or more AN-AAA servers.

NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL

Access network authorization, authentication and accounting (AN-AAA) server

NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL

Hybrid access terminal

NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL

NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL

NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL

IS-856 Protocol Layers

IS-856 Protocol Layers

IS-856 seven layer protocol Layer 7: Application layer

Description Message routing, RLP, flow control

Layer 4: Connection layer Layer 3: Security layer

Establishes and manages radio connection Authentication and encryption

NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL