World Journal of Science and Technology 2012, 2(4):70-74 ISSN: 2231 2587 Available Online: www.worldjournalofscience.

com

_________________________________________________________________
Proceedings of "Conference on Advances in Communication and Computing (NCACC'12) Held at R.C.Patel Institute of Technology, Shirpur, Dist. Dhule,Maharastra,India. April 21, 2012

Simulation of four quadrant chopper using PSIM

1Naveen 1Student

R.Sharma 2 Ravishankar Kumar and 3N.G.Mishra of Master of Electrical Engineering, B.V.M., V. V. Nagar, Gujarat, India Abstract This paper presents development of four quadrant DC chopper using PSIM SOFTWARE. PSIM is a simulation package specifically designed for power electronics and motor control. With fast simulation and friendly user interface, PSIM provides a powerful Simulation environment for power electronics, Analogue and digital control, and motor drive system studies. Successful results in all four quadrants are shown in this paper.The speed of separately excited DC motor can be controlled from below and up to rated speed using four quadrant chopper. Choppers are widely used for traction motor control in electric automobiles and other electric transportation system. In those applications, control of dc motor's speed is required where the supply is dc or an ac voltage that has been rectified. Keywords: PSIM, Chopper, Simulation

INTRODUCTION Developments of high performance motor drives are very essential for industrial applications. A high performance motor drive system must have good dynamic speed command tracking and load regulating response. DC motors provide excellent control of speed for acceleration and deceleration. The power supply of a DC motor connects directly to the field of the motor which allows for precise voltage control, and is necessary for speed and torque control applications. DC drives, because of their simplicity, ease of application, reliability and favorable cost have long been a backbone of industrial applications. DC drives are less complex as compared to AC drives system. DC drives are normally less expensive for low horsepower ratings. DC motors have a long tradition of being used as adjustable speed machines and a wide range of options have evolved for this purpose. Cooling blowers and inlet air flanges provide cooling air for a wide speed range at constant torque. DC regenerative drives are available for applications requiring continuous regeneration for overhauling loads. AC drives with this capability would be more complex and expensive. DC motors are capable of providing starting and accelerating torques in excess of 400% of rated [3]. D.C motors have long been the primary means of electric traction. They are also used for mobile equipment such as golf carts, quarry and mining applications. DC motors are conveniently portable and well fit to special applications, like industrial equipments and machineries that are not easily run from remote power sources. DC Chopper A chopper is a static power electronic device that converts fixed dc input voltage to a variable dc output voltage. A Chopper may be considered as dc equivalent of an ac transformer [2]. Choppers are now being used all over the world for rapid transit systems. These are also used in trolley cars, marine hoist, forklift trucks and mine haulers. The future electric automobiles are likely to use choppers for their speed control and braking. Chopper systems offer smooth control, high efficiency, faster response and regeneration facility [2]. The power semiconductor devices used for a chopper circuit can be force commutated thyristor, power BJT, MOSFET and IGBT.GTO based chopper are also used. These devices are generally represented by a switch. When the switch is off, no current can flow. Current flows through the load when switch is on. The power semiconductor devices have on-state voltage drop of 0.5V to 2.5V across them. For the sake of simplicity, this voltage drop across these devices is generally neglected [2]. Principle of Chopper Operation [2] A chopper is a high speed on" or off semiconductor switch. It connects source to load and load and disconnect the load from source at a fast speed. In this manner, a chopped load voltage as shown in Fig. is obtained from a constant dc supply of magnitude Vs.During the period Ton, chopper is on and load voltage is equal to source voltage Vs. During the period Toff, chopper is off, load voltage is zero. In this manner, a chopped dc voltage is produced at the load terminals. Terminal voltage can be control by variable duty ratio.

*Corresponding Author Naveen R.Sharma Student of Master of Electrical Engineering,B.V.M.,V.V. Nagar, Gujarat, India Email: naveensharma31588@yahoo.com

World Journal of Science and Technology 2012, 2(4):70-74

71

Average Voltage, Vo = (Ton/ (Ton+Toff))*Vs = (Ton/T)*Vs =Vs Ton=on-time. Toff=off-time. T=Ton+Toff = Chopping period. =Ton/Tof

Also in this Quadrant, configuration operates as a Step up Chopper. For third quadrant operation, S1 is kept off, S2 is kept on and S3 is operated. Polarity of load EMF E must be reversed for this for this quadrant working can be seen from the figure. When S3 is on, load gets connected to source V so that both Vo and Io are negative leading to 3rd quadrant operation. When S3 is turned off, negative current freewheels through S2 and D3. In this manner, Vo and Io can be controlled in the 3rd Quadrant. Here chopper operates as a Step down Chopper. Here in mode-4, S4 is operated and other devices are kept off. Load EMF E has its polarity for its in the fourth quadrant. With S4 on, positive current flows through S4 D1 L and E. Inductance L stores energy during the time S4 is on. When S4 is turned off, current is fed back to source through diodes D1 and D4. Here Load Voltage is negative, but load current is positive leading to the chopper operation in the fourth quadrant. Also power is fed back from load to source. Here chopper operates as a Step up Chopper. SEPARATELY EXCITED DC MOTOR Basics of Separately Excited DC Motor [13]

Fig 1. Chopper Circuit and Voltage and Current Waveform

Thus the voltage can be controlled by varying duty cycle . Vo = f* Ton* Vs f=1/T=chopping frequency. Four Quadrant Chopper Operation [2] In a four quadrant chopper, 4 semiconductor switches are connected as shown in the diagram. There are four anti parallel Diodes along with the switches so that when these switches are commutated there is no reverse voltage or reverse current at the switches. For first quadrant s1 is operated, for second quadrant s2 is operated and so on. The figure shows the circuit of a chopper which can operate in all four quadrants.

Fig 3. Separately Excited DC motor [13]

Separately Excited DC motor has field and armature winding with separate supply. The field windings of the dc motor are used to excite the field flux.Current in armature circuit is supplied to the rotor via brush and commutator segment for the mechanical work. The rotor torque is produced by interaction of field flux and armature current. Operation of Separately excited DC motor [13] When a separately excited dc motor is excited by a field current of if and an armature current of ia flows in the circuit, the motor develops a back EMF and a torque to balance the load torque at a particular speed. The field current if is independent of the armature current ia. Each winding is supplied separately. Any change in the armature current has no effect on the field current. The if is generally much less than the ia. Field And Armature Equations [13] = Ea + Iara, = Ka Wm = DWm + Tl = motor terminal Voltage, V = armature current, A = field flux per pole, Wb Km = Ka = torque constant, Nm/A ra = armature resistance, Wm = angular speed of motor rad/sec D = viscois friction constant, Nm-sec/rad. Now Electromagnetic Power P, P = WmTe watts Vt Ea Te Vt Ia

Fig 2. Four Quadrant Chopper Operation

In mode-1 switch S4 is kept on and switch S1 is operated. So when S1 is on at that time the current takes the path as V - S1 R L E S4 and V. And when S1 is off at that time the current takes the path as R L E - S4 D1.The voltage across the load and current through Load both is positive and hence the 1st guardant mode of the chopper is achieved. Here the Chopper is operates as a step down chopper. In mode-2 Here S2 is operated and S1, S3, and S4 are kept off. With S2 on, reverse current flows through E L R S2 D3. The Inductance L stores energy during the time S2 is on. When S2 is turned off, current is fed back to source through diodes D2 and D3. Note that this is only possible if at all motor has enough Back EMF and voltage across inductor greater the supply voltage so that the reverse current can be fed back to the source. A Load Voltage Vo is positive and Io is negative, it is 2nd Quadrant operation of Chopper.

72

Sharma et al.,

And Ea = KmWm = Vt - Iara Wm = Vt - Iara / Km So it can be seen that speed can be controlled by varying (1)Armature terminal voltage Vt, Armature Voltage control (2) The field flux, Field Flux control So we can control the speed of a DC motor by above two methods. Now by using chopper we normally control the speed of the motor by Armature Voltage control. Now in chopper the output voltage is V = Vs Here =Ton/T Ton = On period T = Total Period So here Vt = V = Ea + Iara = KmWm + Iara Basic Torque Equatio [13] The Torque Developed by the motor is : Td = Kt If Ia Where Kt is a constant, Hence Td = K If I a For normal operation, the developed torque must be equal to the load torque and friction inertia Td = J dw/dt+Dw +TL Where,D =viscous friction Tl = Load torque Nm J = Inertia constant Torque and Speed Control [13] From the above derivation important facts can be deduced for steady-state operation of DC motor. For a fixed field current, or flux (If ) the torque demand can be satisfied by varying the armature current (Ia). The motor speed can be controlled by: 1) Controlling Va (voltage control) 2) Controlling Vf (field control) 3) These observation lead to the application of variable DC voltage for controlling the speed and torque of DC motor. SIMULATION DETAILS Simulation Intorduction The simulation of the control using four quadrant chopper is carried out using PSIM software.PSIM is a simulation package specifically designed for power electronics and motor control. With fast simulation and friendly user interface, PSIM provides a powerful Simulation environment for power electronics, Analogue and digital control, and motor drive system studies.The rating of the separately excited DC motor is Motor Terminal Voltage 200V Motor Output 0.5 Hp Motor Field Voltage 220V Motor Field Current 0.2 Amps Motor Rated Speed 1200 rpm Motor Armature resistance 2 Ohm Motor Field Resistance 540 ohm The motor is subjected to a mechanical load of Tc.

Simulation model for four quadrant chopper

Fig 4. Simulation model of foue quadrant chopper

SIMULATION RESULT First Quadrant Result In the 1st Quadrant we are giving pulses S1 and S4, in that we are keeping the S4 on and we are operating S1. That is we are varying the duty ratio with the help of turning on and off the S1 switch. So when the switch S1 is on the current takes the path V - S1 - Load S4 and V. and when S1 if off the current takes the path Load S4 D1 and Load. So the load current will be the sum of the supply current I supply and I sw. The average voltage across the load is positive and the current direction is positive hence this is a 1st quadrant operation. Over here the output voltage is always less than or same as the supply, hence it is a step down chopper here in the operation. Second Quadrant operation In the 2nd quadrant mode the only S2 is operated and all the other switches are off, so that when the S2 is on the current will be reverses and the current will flow through Load S2 D3 Load. And when S2 is off, the current will be fed to supply via load D2 V - D3 Load. The wave forms and graphs are as shown. Here the terminal voltage is higher then supply voltage; hence it is a step up chopper. Before that it is necessary that already motor has a Back EMF that allows the current to feedback. 3rd Quadrant Operation Simulation In this mode we keep S2 on and we operate S3. Here S1 and S4 are kept off. So when S3 is on, the current takes the path as V S3 Load S2 V. And when S3 is off the current freewheels through Load - S2- D3 and Load. So here the current is always in same direction and it makes the motor in reverse direction as compared to in the 1st quadrant. The terminal Voltage across the motor and the current flowing through is negative; hence this is the 3rd Quadrant of Operation. Here the magnitude of the output voltage is always less than or same than the supply voltage, hence it is step

World Journal of Science and Technology 2012, 2(4):70-74

73

down chopper

Fig 8. Current waveforms in 2nd Quadrant

Fig 5. first Quadrant Current Waveforms

Fig 9. Speed waveform for 2nd quadrant

Fig 6.Voltage and Speed for First Quadrant

Fig 10. load current 2nd Quadrant Operation

Fig 7. Speed at Low Duty Ratio Fig 11. Voltage and speed in 3rd Quadrant

74

Sharma et al.,

Fig 15. Speed and Voltage for 4th Quadrant

CONCLUSION
Fig 12. 3rd Quadrant operation current waveforms

4th Quadrant operation simulation In this mode we operate only S3 and keep all the other switches off. Before the motor goes in 4th quadrant, it is necessary that motor already posses Back EMF so that it can supply back to the source. Now when S3 is on the current flows through the path Load D2 S3 Load and when the switch S3 is closed the current is fed back to supply via path Load D2 V D3 Load. Hence over here the current is not changing its direction and stays positive whereas the Voltage across the Motor terminals is becoming negative. Hence we achieve the 4th Quadrant operation.

This paper presents development of four quadrant DC chopper using PSIM SOFTWARE. PSIM is a simulation package specifically designed for power electronics and motor control. With fast simulation and friendly user interface, PSIM provides a powerful Simulation environment for power electronics, Analogue and digital control, and motor drive system studies. Four Quadrant Chopper results are verified using this simulation model. REFRENCES [1] Gopakumar, K., Power Electronics and Electrical Drives, Video Lectures 1-25, Centre for Electronics and Technology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. [2] Bimbhra, P.S., Power Electronics. New Delhi, Khanna Publishers, 2006. [3] Dubey, G.K., Fundamentals of Electrical Drives. New Delhi, Narosa Publishing House, 2009. [4] Gopal, M., Control Systems, Principles and Design. New Delhi, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company limited, 2008. [1] Mohan, Ned, Electrical Drives-An Integrated Approach. Minneapolis, MNPERE, 2003. [2] Ogata, K., Modern Control Engineering. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2001.

Fig 13. Current Waveforms for 4th Quadrant

Fig 14. Load Current Waveform for 4th Quadrant