Tomeasurethelengthofasmallobjectthejawsmustfirstbeopenwideenoughtoadmitthe object,andthenscrewedtogetherbythefrictionclutchFuntiltheytouchtheobjectonbothsides. ThisisshownbythefrictionclutchslippingroundwithoutturningCD. Thedistancebetweenthejawsisthenreadoffasexplained. NowsomeonehadtoinventthatmeasuringdevicebeforetheSearlEffectTechnologycould becomeareality,andsincethatdateitmusthavehadimprovementsdoneuponit.Towhoever itwasthatinventeditthanksforyourpartthatyouhaveplayedintheSearlEffecttechnology. InmakingsuchmeasurementsasthediameterofawirewhichofcauseiswhereIgotmyhands onexperienceattheBritishElectricalRewindsLtd,GraysInnRoad,Londoncaremustbetaken tomakereadingsatanumberofplacesatequaldistancesalongitslength,andtousethemean valueofthesereadings i.e.,theirsumdividedbythenumberofreadingsfortheaverage diameter,forthewireisnotlikelytobeperfectlyuniformorcylindrical. Inboththeseinstrumentstheymaybeazeroerror i.e.

.,thereadingmaynotbeexactlyzero whenthejawsareshut. Ifazeroerrorisfounditshouldbeaddedto(orsubtractedfromasthecasemaybe)themain reading. Example: FindthevolumeofcopperCu29inthewireprovided,thelengthofwhichis1metre. READINGS: ofthediameteratintervalsofabout5centimetresalongthelength. 5 centimetres 10 centimetres 15 centimetres 20 centimetres 25 centimetres 30 centimetres 35 centimetres 40 centimetres 45 centimetres 50 centimetres 55centimetres 60centimetres 65centimetres 70centimetres 75centimetres 80centimetres 85centimetres 90centimetres 95centimetres 100centimetres 1.856* 1.855 1.858 1.857 1.859 1.857 1.860 1.860 1.857 1.860 1.858 1.858 1.861 1.860 1.862 1.859 1.860 1.861 1.863 1.861

64

Backtherein1946thatwasindeedwhatyoucouldexpectasreadingsastheSearlEffect technologyisaprecisiondevicethosereadingsareimportantissuestoaccountfor. Nowthemeandiameter = = Correctionforzeroerror Truemeandiameter = = =

2

1 8+1182/20(readings) 1 859mm. +001mm. 1 869mm. 0 1869cm.

Volume= p(01869/2) x100c.c. = 2 743c.c.

*Thethirdfigureafterthedecimalisapproximate,havingbeenobtainedbyestimation. 156: MEASUREMENTOFAREAANDVOLUMES: Theareaofregularplanefiguresandvolumesofregularsolidscanbecalculatedfrom measurementsoftheirlineardimensionsbytheaidofformulawhoseproofsaregivenintext booksongeometryandmeasurements. AndforthoseboysandgirlsorshouldIsaygentlemanandladieswhohaverequestedhelpto understandhowIcreatedthistechnologythisistheinformationthatIhadavailabletome backtherein1946to1952,andfromthatIhadtoresearchforanswers. Alistofthemoreordinaryformulaisgivenforreference: TRIANGLE PARALLELOGRAM CIRCLE PRISM PYRAMID CYLINDER CONE Area Area Circumference Area Volume Volume Volume Areaofcurvedsurface Volume Areaofcurvedsurface Volume Areaofsurface =basexaltitude =basexaltitude =2pr 2 =pr =areaofbasexaltitude =areaofbasexaltitude 2 =pr h =2prh 2 = pr h =p rlwherelisthelengthofthe slantside 3 =1 p r 2 =4p r

SPHERE

157: Intheabovelist: r=radius h=altitude

65

pIsanumberwhichfrequentlyoccursinmathematicsandrepresentstheratioofthe
circumferenceofacircletoitsdiametersoyoucanseethatIwasquiteawareofbasicfacts backthereintimeinfactasfrom1949Ihadthatknowledgeavailabletome. Formostpurposes pmaybetakenas31/7or3.142,whichIfoundfrommyresearchtobe acceptableuntilwearriveattheprojectedEzekielMKVplansthenerrorturnedupwellthatis anotherstory,notrelatedtomystatusinupto1952.Inwhichthisdocumentrelatesto. Itsvaluecorrectto5placesofdecimalsis3.14159. WhenthefiguresarenotregulartheirvolumesmaybedeterminedexperimentallywhichIhadto dowiththeearlyLevityDiscsbyweighing,aswillbeexplainedlater. Theareasofirregularfiguresmaybefoundbycuttingthemoutincardboardandweighingthatis correctFinbarr,KayandLuis,ispreciselywhatIdofartoooften. Bycuttingoutfiguresofknownareafromthesamecardtheweightcorrespondingtounitareacan befound. 158: MEASUREMENTOFANGLES: Arightangleischosenastheunitforangularmeasurementandissubdividedaccordingtothe followingscale:
0 1rightangle =90degreeswritten90 1degree =60minuteswritten60 1minute =60secondswritten60

ClearlyIknewandunderstoodthat datawhichhadbeenagreeduponthrougharbitrationbya panelofexpertsinthedomainofmathematicsthatlongagointimenow. Yes,anglescanbedrawnormeasuredroughlywithaprotractorunfortunatemylargeoneswhich wereusedinmyearlydevelopmentstagehavebeendamagemainlyduetomovingfromplaceto placetheresultantdamagedonewasduetoroughhandlingbythosedoingthemovingofmy goodsresultedinhavingtodumpthem. Theywereaconvenientformformylaboratoryuseconsistsofatransparentdiscofcelluloid whosecircumferenceisdividedinto360equalpartsinfactIstillhaveacoupleofsmallerones from1947,theoneshownhereplayedamajorroleinthedesignworkofDemo1whichwasthe modelofStarShipEzekielMKV.fromwhichthecutoutofStarShipEzekielMKVisheldin JohnThomashomeinRochester,NewYork,USA. Thatsurewasamajortasktoundertake,themuchlargerversionofthisoneshownsadlyitdied onmebythosewhohadnorespectsforotherpeoplesproperty.Somethingoneseesfartoooften nowinthepresenttimefactor. Oneprotractorof1947thatstillremainswithmehereisshownonthenextpageasneartoits actualsizepossible.

66

ClearlyIhadthemeanstodesignsuchproductsbacktheresolongagointime,pleasetakenote Dr.Edwards.Asthisdocumentisagainbeingreleaseforthebenefitsofpeoplelikeyouwhoare ignorant,yesflowerboweryoutoo. Asyoucanwitnessthatsomeunfortunatedamageoversuchlongtimeinterviewthatshowsbut regardlessofthatdamageithasservedmewellinmyworkeventodayitcanstillsupportmy work.

Hereyouseeoneoftheactualprotractorsof1947,notthelargestthatwasemployedinmywork atneitherthattime,northesmallest either.Itwasnottheactualdrawinginthisdocument,Ihave justaddeditforyoutoseethetruthbutthatactualonewhichwasreleasedinthisreportwill appearuponthenextpageasitwasinthatoriginalreport.

0 Radiitothesepointswoulddividethefourrightanglesatthecentreinto360 .

OKyouknowthat,butitisnotyouwhoareinquestion,itisIthatyouhavebeenstatingthatI couldnothadinventedthistechnology,becauseIneverhadthemeansorhardcashtodosoI amjustprovingwhatidiotsyouare,byreleasingthoseoldreportsagain. 67

Onlythistime:toaddphotoswherepossibletoupgradethosereportsofwhatIhavebeenableto recoverofthatpast,notverymuchhasbeenrecovered,andevensomeofthatisnowmissing.

Figure16.7. Figure16.7showssuchaprotractor.

Figure16.8.

TomeasureanangleBACIshouldplacetheprotractoroveritwithitscentreonAandthelineto themark0coincidingwithAB. ThentheangleBACcanbereadoffatthepointwhereACcutsthecircumference.

0 InFigure16.7theangleBAC=58 30.

159: MEASUREMENTOFTIME: Theunitoftimemostusedinscientificwork,asintheSearlEffectTechnologyisthesecond. Theotherunitsarefamiliar: 1year=365 24224days=31,556,929seconds notethatwastruethen,buttimechanges. 1day=24hours=1,440minutes=86,400seconds. 1hour=60minutes=3,600seconds. Forthemeasurementoflongperiodsoftimeagoodclock orchronometershouldbeused,again unfortunateminehasdoneawalk,soatthistimeIdonothaveoneandtheyarenotcheaptobuy toamanlivingonapensiononlybutifitisdesiredtomeasureshortinterviewsoftimewith accuracyastopwatchsuchasisusedintimingracesandinmotortrapsmaybeused. Thegeneralappearanceofthisinstrumentisshowninfigure16.8above. Whenthewatchisrunning,thelonghandmakesacompleterotationinoneminutepassingovera scaledividedintofifthsofasecond. 68

Theshorthandnear thewidermarksminutes. Whenthemilledwindingheadispassedaclickisheardandthehandsbeginmoving. Asecondpressureonthemilledheadwillstopthehandsandthetimebetweenthestartingand stoppingofthewatchisthusregisteredandmaybereadtothenearest1/5second. Pressurethemilledheadwillnowcausethehandstoreturntozero. Ifthesecondhandiswatchedwhileitismovingitwillbeseentojumpforward1/5divisionfor everytickoftheescapement. Thehandcannotthereforestopbetweenmarksonthefaceitmayhoweverappeartodosofor tworeasons: 1: 2: eitherthewatchisnotbeingheldsquareinfrontoftheobserver. orthehandisnotquiterightlyset.

Ifthefaultliesinthewatchitmaybedetectedwhenthehandsareatzeroandtheobservermust decidewhetherthemarkbeyondorthemarkshortofthepointerinthestartingposition. Thehandmovesinjumpsof0.2second,andthereforethewatchcanonlygivereadingstothe nearest0.2second. Suppose,forinstance,thatacertaineventtakesplacein10.12seconds.whenmeasuredwitha stopwatchthiswillappeartobeeither10.0or10.2seconds.iftheeventoccursfrequentlyand alwaystakesthesametimethatis10.12seconds,thenitmaybeobservedseveraltimesandan averagetakeni.e.,timesreadbystopwatch,10.0,10.2,10.0,10.0,10.2average10.08seconds. Theerrorinthiscaseis0.04second,or 4percent.,whereastheerrorofasingleobservation wouldbeeither12second, or+08second,.i.e.11percent,or+8percent. Insomecasesitispossibletoobtainanaccuratevalueforthetimeofaveryrapidoperationif the operationcanberepeatedwithoutaninterval:aswingingpendulumaffordsanexampleofthis kind, everyoscillationtakesthesametimeanditiseasytotime20,30oranyconvenientnumber ofoscillationsanddividetheresultbythenumberofoscillations. Indecidingonthenumberofoscillationstobetimedregardmustbehadtothemaximumerror allowable. Supposeanaccuracyof1percent.Isdesired,then,ifsufficientoscillationsaretakentolast20 seconds,theerrorwillbelessthan2in20,thatis,lessthan1in100. 160: MATTER: Tomymindthatitisimpossibletogiveasatisfactorydefinitionofmatter,herein1952,itappears thateveryonehasprobablyasufficientconceptionofitforpracticalpurposes.

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Itexistsinspace,andisrevealedtomysensesbyitsproperties,suchasimpenetrability ,invirtue ofwhichIhavestatedsoofteninrelationtothelawofthesquareswhichstates: notwoportions ofmatter:cannotoccupythesamespaceatthesametimethatistheworldofreality. Magnitude:invirtueofwhichevery bodyoccupiesalimitedportionofspace. Divisibility:invirtueofwhichaportionofmattercanbedividedintodistinctparts. Inertia :invirtueofwhichmattercannotofitselfchangeitspresentstateofrestorofuniform motioninastraightline. Aportionofmatteroccupyingalimitedspaceiscalledabody,andthequantityofmatter containedinthebodyiscalledmass. Aparticleisanidealconception ofaquantityofmatterconcentratedintoapoint,andfor practicalpurposesmaybeconceivedasaverysmallbody. Themassofabodydependsonitsmaterialaswellasonitsmagnitude. Thus,ifItakeapieceof leadPb82andapieceof corkofthesamesizethemass oftheleadPb 82issomefortyfivetimesthatofthecork. Theunitof masschieflyusedinscientificworkisthegramwhichwasdefinedbyarbitrationas 0 themassofacubiccentimetreofpurewateratacertaintemperature,4 C . ThemassofapieceofmetalkeptinParisistheactualstandardgram. Itisametricunit,sothatakilogram=1,000grams,acentigram=1/100ofagram,a milligram=1/1000ofagram,andsoon. Anotherunitof mass usedcommerciallyinEnglandisthepoundavoirdupois. Itisdefinedasthemass ofapieceof platinumPt78keptasastandardattheOfficeoftheBoard ofTradeinLondon. Matermaystayinthreeformsaccordingtothelawofthesquares: 1: 2: 3: solid. liquid. gaseous.

Ice,waterandsteamaregoodexamplesofthesamekindofmatter initsthreepossibleforms. Atfirstitmightappearthatagasdoesnotpossessimpenetrability,butthisisnotreallyso. Ispeakofabulletpenetratingtheairorablockofwood,butinrealitytheairorwoodisdisplaced andnotpenetrated,whichisnodifferenttothatoftherollersetsintheS.E.G.theairbeingelastic returnsafterthebulletorrollersetshaspassed,whileaholeremainsinthewood. Thefactsofphysicsandchemistryhaveledtotheview thatmatter consistsofaggregationsof smallparticlescalledmolecules,andthatthedifferencesbetweensolid,liquidandgasdepend simplyontherelativeclosenessofpackingofthesemolecules. 70

Inasolidthemoleculesarecloselypackedandhavebutlittlemovement,inaliquidtheyareless closelypackedandareinfairlyrapidmotion,whileinagasthemoleculesarequitefarapartand haveconsiderablevelocity. Theconditionsunderwhichthepackingandvelocityofthemoleculeschange, i.e.,theconditions Underwhichmatterchangesitsstatewillbedealtwithlater. InthestudyofdynamicsIamonlyconcernedwithmatterassuchandnotwithitsformorchange ofform. Force:Theinertiapropertyofmattermentionedaboveisfamiliar toeveryone. Bodiesatrestdonotmoveunlesscompelledtodosobodiesinmotiontendtoremaininastateof uniformmotioninastraightlineunlesscompelledtochangethatstate. Amanstandingupinacarriageisjerkedontotheseatifthecarriagestartsmovingsuddenly. Hetendstoremainatrestwhenthecarriagemovesand,hisfeetbeingcarriedforwardwiththe carriage,hefallsbackwards. Amanalightingfromamovingtramcarwillfallonhisfaceifhedoesnottakeastepforward. Hetendstoremaininthestateof motionwhichhehadonthecar,andthereforefallsforward whenhisfeetarepreventedfrommovingbytheground. Anyactionwhichchanges,ortendstochange,abodysstateof restorof uniformmotionina straightlineiscalledforce. Thusforceisrevealedtomebyitseffectonmatter. Unlessaparticleisnotatrest,orismovinguniformlyinastraightline,itisactedonbysome force . Thesciencewhichtreatsof forcesproducing motioninmatteriscalledkinetics. Iftheparticleisatrest ormovinguniformlyinastraightline,thenitiseitheractedonbyno forceortheforceswhichactuponitexactlybalanceoneanotherstendencytoproducemotion, andtheparticleissaidtobeinequilibrium . Thesciencewhichtreatsof forcesproducingequilibriuminmatteriscalledstatics. 161: Thisdocumenthasbeenreleasetothegeneralpublicbytheauthorityof:

Prof.JohnRoyRobertSearlheadofresearchanddevelopment. 71

Tomorrowsenergyandtransportationsystems. ThestateofplanetEarthisyourresponsibilityandyouarekillingitalllivingthingsneedthis planettosurvivewhichincludesyouandyetyourefusetohelpittosurvivedoyoureally wanttokillyourfamilyoff fromhavingafuturefromthisseatthatishowitappearstobe. Noonemancannowsavethisplanetfromdying,itwilltakeallofustogethertosaveit.

THELAVATORYENLIGHTENMENTSONG
Wearehavingrevelationsontheloo Wearegettingenlightenment Whilewearehavingapoo Youcanhearitfallinthedeepdeepwell Andyoucancertainlysmellthesmell Thoughitisastinkitmakesyouthink Itsoutwiththeoldanditsinwiththenew ButwhileIamemptyIamfull Itisallotof bullwedon'tneednoguru Itishighlydangerous Whenyouarehavingapoo Tolightamatchitisnotwhatyoudo LikerocketFuelwearefinding Newton'slawistrue Withallthefoulsmellinggases OrganicGiganticMasses Weareexplodingintothesky JusttheLooandI FasterthanNASARocketscanfly ButwaitIseeanI.G.Vgoby ItwasprofessorSearl Iknowhimwellhewavedbyebye AndIheardhimsingingaswhizzedonby IamtravelingonEinstein'scurvingtrack AndwhereI'mgoingyou'llneverknowbecauseIwontbecomingback Youdonotneedthisexternallight Whileyouarehavingahit Youareclosingyoureyesandthatitis Sowhileweareflyinginthisrevolutionaryfuelcell WearerememberingMaxwellandhislinesofflux Notimpossibletobelievethatthisrevelationwhilehe Wasdeliveredtohimwhenhedroppedhisteedthatiswhatweheard Andyouknowwhattheysay 72

Doingtherightthingiseasywhenyourbelliesfull Butthreesmoretoitwhenwearehavingahit Alliswellthatwellthatendswell Whenwerealizethelavatorylibraryofenlightenment Yes,IcanacceptanyfunnysongsorlyricstomusicandtheGlastonburySiteissetupjustforthat purpose,whyareyouwaitingforgetcrackingandthinkupsomegoodlaughs,letusallenjoylife withgreatfunwithwordsandmusic,andletmusicbetheroutetolove. 162: DOCSISRCMT2 th Date:15 March1968. Edition:First.

MORTIMERBERKSHIREENGLAND.
LOCATION DIVISION SECTOR SUBJECT AUTHOR: STATUS = = = = = = Headquarters. ResearchandDevelopment. Transportation. Maglevsystems. JohnRoyRobertSearl. SuperintendentofDocumentsUK.

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163: MAGLEVSYSTEMS: Throughmylifetimeinterview,Ihaveseenthechangesinourconceptoftransportation,andthe tomorrowstransportsystemswillalsochangeinourattitudeindesignandfunction.

Thisismyworldoftomorrow whichIhavebeentalkingabout since1946. Agreetomorrowisstillalong wayaway,costhasbeenrapidly increasingsincethattimeand willcontinuetodosoeachyear wewaittocreateit. IMPOSSIBLENo,itis possible,onlymanmakesthings impossible. Impossiblejusttakesalitter moretimetoachievesuccessbut intheendmanwillsucceed.

164: Atthistimethewidevarietyofcompetingengineeringdesignsinvolvinglevitation,guidanceand linearmotorpropulsion,togetherwithvariouscombinationsofthese,tendtobelongtooneof threebasictypesofmaglevtechnology: 1) 2) Permanentmagnetsuspensionsineithertheattractiveortherepulsivemode. Theelectrodynamicssystem(EDS) whichreliesontherelativemotionbetweenhigh field(usuallysuperconducting)magnetsonthevehicleandanormalconductingmetal ontheguidewaytogeneratetherepulsionlevitationforces. Theelectromagneticattractionsystem(EMS)whichreliesonfeedbackcontrolto maintainthesmallmagnetrailclearance(approximate10mm).

3)

Althoughpropellerdrivenorductedairpropulsionsystemsarepossibletheemphasistomy knowledgeappearstobealmostentirelyonthelinearmotortoprovidetherequiredpropulsion andbrakingforcesthroughtheelectromagneticcouplingbetweenthevehicleandtheguideway. Themeritsofthesevariouscompetingsystemsandtheirpossibledisadvantagescanonlybe realisticallyassessedfromthecommercialoperatingpointofviewwhenfullscaletestingcanbe undertaken. InviewofthescaleofthedevelopmentsofhighspeedsystemsinJapanandGermanyespecially, andthelowspeedBirminghamprojectnowcompletedintheUK,whichIhaveactuallyused,firm 74

decisionsonthefutureofmaglevasaviabletransportmode,basedonsound,proventechnology, willsoonbeavailable. Theworldofrealityhastotakeintoaccountallissues,unlikethemechanical,wheel/railfriction drive,theonlyspeedlimitationasIseeitforanoncontactsuspensionistheavailablepowerfor thelinearmotor,thatis,apartfromtheeconomiclimitationsofovercomingthemagneticdragand theaerodynamicdragforceswhichequallyaffectallgroundbasedsystemsandwhichbecome dominantatthehigherspeeds. 165: PERMANENTMAGNETS: Theapplicationofpermanentmagnetsineitherrepulsiveortheattractivemodeforthesuspension ofvehiclesisanintriguingonebyreasonofthefactthatnopowersourceisrequired. However,accordingtotheEarnshawtheorem,acompletely levitatedvehiclewouldbeunstablein atleastonedegreeoffreedom,whichIcanverywellappreciateandagreewiththatstatement thereforeasfarasIcanseetheproblemlateralguidancewouldrequiresomeformofmechanical constraintsuchaswheels. Idoknowthatanumberofmaglevvehicledesignshavebeenproposedbut,foravarietyof reasons,bothtechnicalandeconomic,aswellastheheavyweightpenaltyofthepermanent magnetmaterials,veryfewdevelopmentsonanysignificantscalehavebeenundertakentomy knowledgehowever,withthemorerecentadventofnew,rareearth,permanentmagnetmaterials havingfieldstrengthsandcoercivefieldsmanytimesthoseofpreviouslyknownmaterials,there hasbeenarevivalofinterestinpermanentmagnetsuspensionsystems,theonlyrestrictionforthis applicationbeingtheirvolumeproductionatcompetitiveprices. Nevertheless,inWestGermanyalargescaledemonstrationofthesocalledMBahnsystemhas beenconstructedforurbantransitassessment,wherebyrareearthmagnetsonthevehicleare attractedtotheundersideofironFe26tracks,theairgapbeingcontrolled,accordingtothe loadingofthecar,bysmallguidewheels. ThesamemagnetsalsoprovidetheD.C.fieldofalongstator, linearsynchronousmotoractive windingalongthetractforpropulsion. BasedontheoryIknowitispossiblefromwhatIhaveseenexperimentallythatstablelevitationis possibleinapermanentmagnetsystemif,includedsomewhereinthefieldsystem,adiamagnetic materialhavingapermeabilitylessthanthatoffreespace(m<m0)isincluded,e.g.a superconductor. Tomyacceptedknowledgebasethisconceptisbeinginvestigatedinthesocalledmixedmu principle,wherebyasuperconductingscreenisinterposedbetweenasuperconductingmagnetic coilonthevehicleattractedtoanironFe26track. Tomymindtheadvantageofsuchasystemfortransportpurposeswouldbeastablesuspensionat allspeedsfromstandstill. OneofthemoreseriousdrawbacksofthismethodasIseeit,however,itappearstobethatof obtainingsufficientclearancebetweenthestabilisingscreenandtheironFe26trackunder operationalconditions. 75

166: ELECTRODYNAMICSYSTEM(EDS): Thedevelopmentofthesuperconductingmagnethasmadeavailablealightweightsourceof magnetfieldofastrengthandvolumehithertounobtainabletoconventionalcopperironCuFe electromagnets. Superconductivityorthestateofzeroelectricalresistancewhichcertainmetalsandalloysexhibit 0 whencooledtoverylowtemperatures,e,gliquidhelium,(B.P.4.2 k, haseffectively revolutionisedmagnetdesignbyenablingcurrentdensitiestobeincreasedbyordersofmagnitude overthatpossibleinanormalelectromagneticcoil. Forexample: Thepossibilityofnuclearfusionisentirelydependentontheavailabilityofthesehighfieldsuper magnets. Apartfromtherelativelysmallamountofrefrigerationpowerrequiredtomaintainthelow temperatureenvironment,beingresistanceless,theyconsumenopowerduringtheiroperation and,notrequiringaheavyironFe26core,theycanbedesignedwitharelativelylightweight. Theideaofsupportingatrainbytherepulsiveforcesgeneratedbysuperconductingmagnetsona vehicle,movingabovenormalconducting,passivecoilsormetalstrips(typicallyaluminiumAl 13)alongtheguideway,wastomyknowledgeoriginallysuggestedbyPowell&Danbyin Americaandithassinceledtoseveralsignificantresearchanddevelopmentprogrammesina numberofcountries. TheunderlyingprincipleofEDSlevitationisthegenerationofeddycurrentsinthetrack conductorsproducedbythemovingvehiclemagnets,thusgivingrisetoarepulsionorliftforce, strangethatagreeswithmyclaimsovertheyearsIuseeddycurrentsforliftofrollersetswhenin motiontopreventnoiseandwear,themostsignificantadvantagebeingthatthelevitationis inherentlystable,notrequiringanyactivecontroltomaintaintherelativelylargevehicle clearances,e.g.100to200mm.seefigure16.1,onnextpage.Unfortunatetheyareolddrawings now,butstillcangivetheideaofwhatyouhavebeenreading.

Figure16.1.:Themagneticfieldandinducedcurrentdistributionproducedbya D.C.coilmovingoveraconductingsheet.
76

Inotherwords,aresilientsuspensionanalogoustoamagneticspringisproducedwithout expenditureofenergy. Afurtheradvantageofalargegapsuspensionisthatsmallguidewayirregularitiesand misalignments,aswellasminordebris,suchassnoworice,onthetrack,wouldpresentno seriousproblemsasfarasIcanseeitinserviceoperation. Forthelateralguidanceofthevehiclebymagneticforcesseveralschemeshavebeenproposed. Forexample: Inthenullfluxdesigns, proposedbytheCanadiansandtheGermans,individual,closed,figure ofeightloopswouldbelaidalongthecentralsectionoftheguidewaybetweenthelevitation strips,sothatlateralrestoringforceswouldbeinducedwhenthevehiclemagnetsbecomeoffset fromtheircentralposition. IntheJapanesedesignontheotherhand,anullfluxguidewaysystemhasbeeningeniously incorporateddirectlyintothearmaturewindingsofthelinear synchronousmotor,e.g.thepowered windingsalongeachsideoftheUshapedguidewayarecrossconnected,sothatwithanylateral displacementofthevehicleacirculatingcurrentisproducedwhichinteractswiththevehicle magnetstoproducearestoringforce. InamorerecentCanadiandesignofamaglevschemeasimilarnullfluxguidancesystemhas beenproposed. Sincerelativemotionbetweenthevehiclewithitsarrayofsuperconductingmagnetsandthe conductingguidewayisessentialforthegenerationoflevitationandguidanceforcesintheEDS system,anauxiliarysuspension,e.g.landingwheels,mustalsobeprovidedforthevehicleatrest anduptotakeoffspeedsofaround50km/h. Yes,asfarasIamawareofatthispresenttimenothingmuchistakingplaceinthisfieldof development,butthen,Icannotaffordtokeepuptodateonworldprogress.

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167: ELECTROMAGNETICSYSTEMS(EMS): Thisisessentiallyanattractionmagneticsystem,thebasicprinciplebeingillustratedinFigure 16.2a,showinganironFe26bodyinthefieldofanelectromagneticoffixedfieldstrengths.

Figure16.2a. TheinstabilityoftheD.C.electromagneticattractivesuspension. Asinthecaseofpermanentmagnetsthesystemisinherentlyunstablebut,byactivelycontrolling thecurrentandhence,thefieldoftheelectromagnet,astablepositionofthesuspensionbodyis possible. Inpractice,astablesuspensionforavehiclecanbeachievedbycontrollingtheairgapbetween electromagnetsonthevehicleandtheundersideofironFe26railsalongtheguidewayas,for example,bymeansofaclosedloopsystemasshowninFigure16.2b.

Figure16.2b:Thecontrolledelectromagneticsuspension. 78

Withsophisticatedcontroltechnologyandprecisiontrackconstruction,clearancegapsofthe orderof10mmcanbereadilymaintaineduptohighspeedsinexcessof300km/h. Lateralguidanceforcesarelikewiseproducedbyasimilarseriesofvehiclemagnetsposition horizontallytothetrackrails. However,forhighspeedoperation,laminationswillberequiredfortheguidewayrailsinorderto minimisetherepulsionandmagneticdrageffectsoftheeddycurrentgeneration. Apartfromthefactthatconventionalengineeringtechnologyisused,theEMSsystemhasthe addedadvantageofprovidinglevitationatallspeedsfromstandstill,thusobviatingtheneedfor auxiliarywheelsuspension. Thetechnologyfitsinlogicallywithconventionalironcored,linearmotorsandthepower consumptionforlevitationisrelativelylow. IhadsuggestedtheSearleffectgenerator(S.E.G)couldhavesuppliedalltheneededpowerfor operationalrequirements,buttheywerenotinterestedinsuchanidea. Afurtherreductioninthepowerrequirementsispossiblebytheuseofpermanentmagnetshaving controlcoilswoundonthemtoachievethenecessary stabilisation. Although,atlowspeedsoflessthan100km/h,itisconfidentlyexpectedthatthedesiredride qualitycanbeobtainedbycontroloftheprimarysuspensionmagnetsmounteddirectlyonthe vehicle,dynamicstudieshaveshownthatthisisnotthecaseforhighspeedoperation. Thetwocontrolrequirementsofthelevitationandguidancemagnets,namelytheirabilityto followthecurvesandgradientsintheguidewaywhile,atthesametime,isolatingthevehicle fromthehighfrequencyirregularitiesofthetrack,arebasically,mutuallyincompatible. Onepossiblesolutiontothisproblemisbytheintroductionofasecondary,mechanical,spring dampersuspension. IntheGermandesignforhighspeedoperationtomyknowledge,themagnetcontrolsystemis decentralisedwithautonomouscontrolofeveryindividualmagnet,eachonewithitscontroller beingelectricallysuspendedandformingoneunitinanoverallhierarchicalcontrolsystem. Sincetheseunitsarecapableof followingthecurves,gradesandsurfaceirregularitiesoftheguide waytheyhavebeentermedmagneticwheels. Testshaveshownthat,notonlyistheridequalitysignificantlyimproved,butthatthedynamic requirementsonthemagnetsarealsoreduced. 168: OncetheSearlEffectgeneratorsareavailableIsuggestthatresearchintousingtheminmaglev highspeedintercitytrainsshouldbegivenahighpriorityorderforresearchanddevelopment. Bothintercityandurbanmaglevsystemscouldplayanimportantroleinmasstransitoperation, moreso,iftheyareunmannedunits,computercontrolledoperations.

79

ButIguessthatwillbesometimeinthefuture,aslongaselectricpowerisstillavailablefromour presentdaysystemsitwillbecontinuallyusedregardlessoftheharmcreatedbyit.TheHomo willneverchangeanysystemforanotherforfearoflostofworkwhichIappreciatetheconcern. Thisdocumenthasbeenreleasetothegeneralpublicbytheauthorityof:

Prof.JohnRoyRobertSearlheadofresearchanddevelopment. Tomorrowsenergyandtransportationsystems. Superintendentofdocuments UK.

ThedayshallcomewhentheIGVwillbecomeastandardtransportsystem whichwillbegreeninitsoperationalfunctionsandwillsomedaygowhereno manhaseverbeen.

IbelievethatJasonThomas,sonofJohnThomaswasresponsiblefortheaboveillustrationofthe futurethatismeanttobe.Oursincerethanksforhisopenmindwhatthefuturemaypresent and maybesoonerthenyouthink. 169: WehavealongwaytogobeforewearereadytogotoplanetMarsonrealcommercialmarket business,forgetwhatNASAexpertsclaim,thatmanwillbemovingontoMarsasthefirststepto findanewhome,withinafewyears. 80

Infact,whocantell,itcouldbesomeoneelseand,notNASAwhoreachMarsfirstandsetup businessofresearchandstudythepasthistoryofMarsandtoevaluatewhatpropertiesMarshas toofferplanetEarth. Iwouldnotplaceabetonanygroupatthistimeofbeingthefirsttoachievethathonour. 170: LETUSNOTFORGETMANSSUCCESS: Itisthesesuccesseswhichgeneratetomorrowsdreamsthatcreatethetomorrowsthatismeantto be. HUMANENDEAVOUR: 1898: CountGastondeChasseloupLaubat(France)setsthefirstofficialrecordat39.24mph (63.15km/h)inaJentaudelectriccar. 1899: CamilleJenatzy(Belgium)becomesthefirstpersontotravelfasterthan100km/h(62 mph)andthefirstpersontotravelfasterthanImileperminute.

Atthistimeregrettable,thisistheonlyphotoIhaveofthatfirstlandspeedrecordwhich waselectriccar. Manhascamealongwaysincethen,manwillcontinuetoendeavourtobeathisonachievements, somewilldieinthateffort,asprogressalwayscontainsrisks,withoutriskstherearenorewards. UnfortunatetheHomosapiensaredividedintotwogroupsthosewhocreateafutureandthose whodestroythefuture.Ihavepresentedjust2successstepsinmansprogresstobetterhimself thusIshallpresentnow2stepsofdestructionbyman. 1681: LastreportedsightingofaMauritiusdodo. 1746: ThelastwhitedododiesonboardashipboundforFrance. 81

Tomyunderstanding thatthedodo,flightlessbirdaboutthesizeofturkey,hasbecomean archetypalsymbolofextinction,afactencapsulatedinthephaseasdeadasadodo.Thisisnot becausethespecieswasanymoresignificantthanothers,butbecauseofthespeedandnatureof thedemise. Ofcausemuchtechnologydiesasnewerconceptsarrivetoreplacethem,thatisindeedtheworld ofreality,nothingremainsthesame. Myproblemiswhydiditbecameextinct,aretheHomosapiensreallyinsanewithgreedorshow offstotheirmateshowcleavertheyareatkilling?

th 171: Today,WednesdayJanuary30 2008.Idepartedfromhomeat0930andusingtheLondon undergroundsystemmademywaytoEarlsCourt,infacttoEarls2toattendtheBroadcastLive 2008heldthere,whichIhaveahabittovisiteachyear,butthistimeitmaybethelasttimedueto ageandhealth,Itookagamblewhichwasverypainfultrip.

Andthiswasmyentrypass. Within12monthsHDhasmadegreatprogress,butnoticesomebignamesofthepastthatI broughtequipmentfromwerenotthere,butnewcomershadtakentheirplace. Guessitsacaseofheretodaybutgonetomorrow,duecostofthisequipmentIcouldonlyadmire anddream,butIdidcomeacrossaunitthatwouldhelpmesotheRepstatedwiththistaskof convertingmyoldvideosontoDVDsincludingthenewHDdata,beinginsidethepriceband whichthebankIhopewillpayIordereditwhichwastheV3HDasshownhere:

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Ifthebankclearsthiscostforme,thenIexpectittoarrivehereonFriday,asthiswasadiscount pricebeingsoldattheshow.IfIhadthefundsavailablemuchequipmentcouldhavebeen obtainedatreducecostthereattheshow. UnfortunateduetohealthproblemsIcouldnotstayforthe1400hourdemonstrationand instructionuponhowtouseit,buttechnologyischanging,Sonywasdemonstratingtheirnew releasecamerawhichdoesnotusethesamemethodsoftheirolderversion,insteaditusesfrom whatIunderstoodacompactflashcardsystemisusedinaction,asmallmodellayoutofatown withrailwayoperatingthroughitwasamazingthat thebuildingslooklikearealtownandthe modeltrainsrunninglooklikerealfullsizetrainsnotonlythatyoucouldzoominandoutofany partofthatmodelset.UnfortunatethatHDcamerawasoutsideofmyrangejustshortof5,000. ButsettingupthiscompanyAVDepartment,thetechnologyistheretoobtainandrecording everythingthatwedo, isamustfromwhichgreatdocumentscanbeproduceuponourendeavour tocreateabetterworldforallmankindregardless.
th 172: Today,WednesdayJanuary30 2008,at2013GMT,IreceivedanMSNcallfromBrazil,froma chapworkinginthefieldofresearchwithinthelargeresearchsciencecomplexthere.Heis interestedtohaveancontracttoworkontheSearlEffectTechnology(SET)myreplywasthat weshouldwaitforthemagnetisertobecompletedandfullytestedbeforeplanninganyformof contractalsothatIwouldbepleaseifaBrazilsectionwasestablishandtakeonanactivepartof thewholeworldplanofoperations.

Butmyfeelingisthathewantsitalltohimselfwhichisclearlyoppositetomyplan,thatiswhat hashappensince1968andIamtryinghardtoblockithappeningagain.Theyearshaveshown suchactionfailstoachievethegoalwhichisrequiredatthistime.

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Myworldofrealitywhichisthefuturethatismeanttobeisnowunderstudy.
Ourthinkinguponenergyandtransportationsystemshastochangeonlybyresearchcanwewin. 173: DOCSISRCDB1 RD DATE:23 March1953. EDITION:First.

PrincessEnd,Tipton,England. Location Section Subject Author : : : : Tipton.England. HumanStudies. DevelopmentalBiology. JohnRoyRobertSearl.

AsIhavestatedmany timesthroughoutmylifethatmyinterestisnotsport/gamesbutinreality oflifeitself. 84

Therefore,Ihavenotimeforthedomainoffantasy,forthedomainofrealitycallsformuch attentiontotheproblems,mostofwhicharecreatebyHomosapiens. IfspaceisevertobecomeafrontierfortheHomosapienstoconquerorthenitstimetoacceptthe domainofreality,unlessyoudo,youwillneverwinovernature. 174: Intherealityofspacetravel,Homosapiensarethemainproblem,becauseof: 1: 2: 3: 4: 5: 6: 7: 8: Needofoxygen NeedforLiquid Needforsolids Needtourinate Needtoexcrementwaste. Medicationduetoillness Operationsduetoaccident Temperature.

Thisisonlyastartertotheproblemsthatcouldbeandlongerthemissionthegreatertheriskof problems. TheconveyoroflifeoftentermedaTransportationsystem,whichinyourdomainisarocket technology,unfortunatethatinmyworldthatisnotthecaseitisaninterstellarramjetaslender Discshapevehiclethatcanflybothairandspacewithoutmodificationrequired. Butthatstructureisnottheproblemassuch,ifunmannedtherearenoproblemitswhenweadd thecontentofHomosapiensthatproblemshitus,onlybecausetheyarealivingthing. SoIshallattempttoexplainthislivingthing,anditsdevelopmentprocessasitappliestoallofus regardlesswhetherwearegoodorevilproduct. Thisreportisbaseduponmyacceptedknowledgein1953whenImadeupmymindtodosome experimentinginproductionofmykind,andtheprogramwasdownbythemedicalworldas impossiblebecauseneithermywifenorIcamefromparentswhohadproducedtwins. . Butalastheywereprovenwrongtheplanwasfulfilledtoperfection.Butthatisanotherbitof historynowlongpastunderthebridge. Firstofall,nooneknowseverythingabouttheHomosapiens,ourknowledgebaseisjustabove basics,andtherebackin1953itwasratherbasicbutIhadanadvantagepointovermanyofyou thatarereadingthisreport,NotonlyhaveIseenalltheouterpartsoftheHomosapiensbutalso alltheinnerpartsrightdowntobacteriaandviruses. Itisthisknowledgegainedthroughhandsonexperiencethatforcesmetostayputinthedomain ofreality,andwillnotallowotherstobrainwashme,sowhatyoureadhereisfrommyown experiences,andmaythereforedifferinsomerelationshiptoyourknowledge. 175: Thisdocumentdontstartrightatthebeginning,butjumpsintowhathappensfollowingthe successofyouronenightstand,sitorlaydownfortheaction.

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Eventsofovulation,fertilization,andimplantation,justtoshowthatIamposh.
TheperiodofHomosapienspregnancy,whichgenerallyrequires38weekshereonplanetEarth, andisknownasgestation mightchangeindeepspacelongtermprogramstosayimpossible wouldbeinsaneatthisstageasnooneasyethastravelleddeepintospaceonalongterm programofresearch. Myargumentuponthisissueisthefactthatbirdsof thesamespecieschangetheirstructureto meettheirnewconditionsofsurvival,yetIunderstandthatitisnotunusualforbirdsandsome creaturestodelaythebirthoftheiryounguntilthefoodchainisavailableforthem. Surely,flightcrewsoftheIGV:couldchangetheirfunctionsinalikewisemanner,asother animalsactuallydo duetolowerpressureandhighertemperatureoboardthecraftbeing involvedoverlongperiodsoftime. 176: AtfourweeksaHomosapiensembryoisunrecognisable,yetstrangethatinanotherfourweeks laterallitsorgansandtissuesareformed.Itisamonthofabsoluteincrediblechange. MymindshoutstomeHOWcanthatbe? Whatfooddoesthemothereatwhichcontainssufficientatomsoftheneededrequirementsfor thatconstructiontobeachieved. Okyouexpertsonbabyproduction,itgetsthecalciumCa20fromthemothersbones,whichin theendleavesthemotherbuggeredupwithbackboneproblems. No,babiesarenotjustmadeofCalciumalone letssaythatI doagreethatovertimethemother laysupsomuchmaterialforapossiblebabymanufacturingplanttobecomeactive,andinmost casessoonerorlateritdoesbecomeactive Ithinkweneedtoknowmuchmoreabouthowandwhatthebabyneedstotakesonboardper hour. 86

IhavetoadmitthatanewbornHomosapiensisawonderfullyintricatemachine,tothatissueI cannotdisagree. ItisnodifferenttothatoftheInversegravityVehiclewhichisindeedawonderfullyintricate machinewhetheryouarepreparedtoacceptthatornot.Itisnoskinoffmynose. Its2,000millionindividualcellsaregroupedintissuesandorgans,allwiththeirowntasksto performandallworkingtogetherforthesurvivalofthewhole. Tobuildsuchamachineinjustninemonthsstartingwithoneasinglespermandeggisindeeda fantasticachievement.

Fromthisstageof8weekstothiswithin9monthsisfantasticachievement.
ItisonethatiscertainlyfarbeyondMansmostadvancedtechnologies. Yetthefeatisevengreaterthanitseemsatfirstsight. Forthegreaterpartoftheninemonthsababyspendsinitsmotherswombitisgrowing. Onlyeightweeksafterconception,howstrangethatmydreamoneusesjust8squarestopresenta massofdatatomymind,alltheorgansinthebodyoftheembryohavebeenformed. Agreethatsomeofthemaretoosmallandtoounderdevelopedtobefunctioningfully,butthey arethere. Allthishashappenedalmostbeforethewomanhashadfinalconfirmationfromherdoctorthat sheispregnantforitisonlytwoweeksafterhersecondmissedmenstrualperiod. 177: WhyhaveIbroughtthismatterupinthisdocument? Uponlongspacemissionsofyearsduration,babieswillbemanufacturedregardless,bythis actiononecancertifyiflongdurationsmissionintheInverseGravityVehicleindeepspace wouldinanywaycreatechangestothestructureofthebabyoritsfunctions. 87

Morphogenesisisthesequenceofchangesthatoccurintheformationof thebabysbody structures. Althoughgestationisfrequentlydiscussedchronologicallyastrimesters,prenataldevelopmentis moreaccuratelydividedmorphogenicallyintothreeperiods basedonstructuralchanges.Strange howthatdreamonehasturnedupagain. Onthisbasis: 1) 2) 3) Thepreembryonicperiodincludesthefirsttwoweeksfollowingfertilization. Theembryonicperiodincludesthefollowingsixweeksthatdreamonebackagain. Thefetalperiodincludesthelast30weeks.

178: Theeventsofthetwoweekpreembryonicperiodincludetransportationofthefertilizedegg,or zygote,throughtheuterinetube,mitoticdivisions,implantation,andtheformationofprimordial embryonictissueasshownonpage84above. Implantationbeginsbetweenthefifthandseventhdayamazingdreamonehasagainappeared andismadepossiblebythesecretionofenzymesthatdigestaportionoftheendometriumofthe uterus. Duringimplantation,thetrophoblastcellssecretehumanchorionicgonadotrophin(hCG),which preventsthebreakdownoftheendometriumandmenstruation. Thetrophoblastcellsalsoparticipateintheformationoftheplacenta. 179: Theeventsofthesixweekembryonicperiodincludethedifferentiationofthegermlayersinto specificbodyorgansandformationoftheextraembryonicmembranes,includingthe: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) Placenta. Umbilicalcord. Amnion. Yolksac. Allantois. Chorion.

Thusin1952Iunderstoodfromthepictureonpage84thatateightweeksoldembryo,stillonthe thresholdoflife, hasallitsorgansandtissuesalreadyformed. Ialsounderstoodthatitwillremaininitsmotherswombforanothersevenmonths,butasI understandititsmaintaskinthattimeissimplytogrowbigandhealthy.Agreeingwiththelaw ofthesquares. Inherwomboverthepastfewweekstherehasbeenanincrediblesceneoffeverishactivity. Inrealitynotmuchdifferenttothat: whichhasbeengoingoninThailanduponthe constructionofthemagnetiser. Fromtheclusterofcellsthatimplanteditselfinthewallofherwombafewdaysafterasperm fertilizedheregg,theredevelopedthreelayersofcells 88

1) 2) 3)

Theectoderm. Theendoderm. TheMesoderm.

Fromtheselayersallthevariouspartsoftheembryosbodywereformed,underthecontrolofthe geneticinstructionsinheritedfrombothparents. 180: BoththeSearlEffectgenerator(SEG)andtheInverseGravityVehicle(IGV)issimilar conceptinnature: 1) 2) 3) Atoms. Molecules. Geneticinstructionsfromitsinventor.

WhatdidIhearyousay rubbishnoyouareincorrect itsrealitycellsandorgansarecreated bymoleculeswhichinthemselvesconsistofatoms,nodifferenttothatwhichIamdiscussing aboutyourconstructionandfunctionsonlyweusedifferenttermstoinsolatewhatsectionof realitywearestudyingordebating. IntheHomosapiensconstructionasmallamountoftissuedifferentiationandorgandevelopment occursduringthefetalperiod,butforthemostpartfetaldevelopmentisprimarilylimitedinbody growth. SimilarinnaturetotheworkbeingdoneinThailandonthemagnetiser,asmallamountof materialsareusedasprimarilylimitedtobodygrowthofthatstructure,thatistosaythattime isconsumestomachinethepartsrequiredfortheorgansofthatmagnetiser,thenspenton buyingparts. Andofcourse,labourandparturition(childbirth)aretheculminationofgestationandrequirethe actionofoxytocinfromthemotherspituitarygland,andprostaglandins,producedinheruterus. ThatarethebasicfactshereonplanetEarth,atthistimeofmyunderstanding,howspaceandtime willaffecttheseconstructionfunctionsIhavetoadmitthatIhavenoideawhatsoeverwhatthe outcomewillbe,butIdoappreciatethatchangesmayoccuroverextremelylongspacemissions. Itisuponevaluatingourknowledgebaseandallpossiblemalfunctions,nomatterhowsmallthe risks,canIfeelconfidentthatthemissionwillresultinsuccess. InmyworldofrealityIlookatthisdevelopmentinthesamelightasthatofanunbornchild processofdevelopment,bothhavesimilarstepsofconstructionfunctions,asbothusesthesame categoryofrawmaterials. Soletmecontinuewiththisprocess,whichiscalleddifferentiation,isahideouslycomplicated onethatalsoappliestotheSearleffecttechnology(SET)butthisbookdescribeshowsomeofthe mostimportantbodypartsareformedfromthethreeprimitivelayersofcells,thankstothelawof thesquares,whichinstructedmehowthisoccurs. 181: Theectodermistheoutercoveringoftheembryo,soitformsthebabysskin. Butitalsoproducesthebrainandspinalcord. 89

Whatpuzzledmemostofallwashowdoesthiscomeabout? Earlyintheembryoslife,atinyfurrowcalledtheneuralgroovedevelopsdownwhatwill eventuallybethemiddleofitsback. Thisdepressionintheectodermrapidlybecomesadeeptrenchrunningthelengthoftheback. Thentheroofofthistrenchclosesover,sothataslimtubeofectodermiscutofffromtheouter layer ofthebody. Thiseventispicturedasfollows:

ItrustthatthisillustrationwillhelpyoutoappreciatewhatIhavestatedabove.
Amazingbuttruenatureisextremelystrangeinitsconstructiontechnology. Agreethatyoucansaythesameaboutmyconstructiontechnology.

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AHumanfetusatapproximately 24weeks.

Ahumanfetusatapproximately28weeks.

Thereferencenumberstobothpicturesareshownonthenextpage.

Referencetothenumeralvaluesofphotooneonyourleft: 91

1)

Umbilicalcord.

2)

Placenta.

Referencetothenumeralvaluesofphotoonyourright: 1) 2) 3) 4) Thymus. Lung. Heart. Diaphragm. 5) 6) 7) 8) FalciformLigament. Liver. Smallintestine. Umbilicalcord.

182: ImaynotknowmyonionsbutIsureknowaboutyou,fromthecradletothegrave,evenbefore thecradleissuecomesintotheequation. AsgoodasIknowabouttheSearlEffectTechnology,whichinprincipleisrelatedtooneandthe samething ATOMS! Thisneuraltube,asitisnowcalled,runsjustbelowthesurfaceexactlywherethefuturespinal cardwillbe. Althoughitisatthisstagenothingmorethanasimpletube,rapidchangestakeplaceinit. ThisisalsotrueabouttheSEGtheplatebasicallydoesnothingonitsown,butinfact,alotof actionisgoingonwithinit,whichtheeyecannotsee.Butoncearollersetisofferedtoit,then andonlythendoyoureyeswitnessthereactionthatistakingplacebetweenitandthatplate. Itsfrontend,whichwillformthebrain,developscertaincharacteristickinks,sothatsomeparts aredividedofffromeachother. ThatisratherliketherollersetsusedintheSEGtechnologywhichactuallyinreality representingasolidringinmotion.Eachrollersetdividedintopartsagain,yetstillremainasa wholeunit,allrollersetsremainasiftheyarejustoneunitofsolidmass. Theseregionsthenstarttoswell,andbecometheprimitiveforebrain,midbrainandhindbrain. Cellssendoutprojectionswhichconnectthebrainandthespinalcordtotherestofthebody. WhicharesimilarinnatureintheS.E.Gwheretheplatesendsoutlinesoffluxtoarollerset andlikewisetoallsuchbodyparts. Whereinhumanbodypartstheseprojectionsarenottermfluxlinesbutinsteadtheyaretermed nerves.Yetinrealitytheybothareundertakingthesametaskthatofcommunication. Butinthedevelopingbrain,asinotherpartsoftheembryo,thingscangowrong,leadingtowhat doctorscallcongenitalabnormalities. WhereasintheS.E.Gtechnologyifthingsgowrongscientistsstatesthatitsaloadofcrap, theywouldunlikelystatethatitsafunctionalabnormality. Thefirstthingthatmayhappenisthatthetrenchoftheneuralgroovemayfailtocloseover properly.Thatisjustoneproblemwhichmightoccuronalongdeepspacemissionoperation,I cannotruleoutthatpossibility,asthathashappenhereonplanetEarth. 92

Iagreethatallcongenitalabnormalitiesare,fortunately,rare,butthisoneisamongthemore common. ItusuallyoccursinthelowerspinalregionandmymindasksWHY? Thisconditioniscalledspinabifida. Itisimmediatelyrecognizableatbirth,becausethereisagapintheskininthesmallofthebabys back. Theareaiscoveredonlybyamembrane,andfluidfromthecentralnervoussystem thecerebro spinalfluidmaybeleakingfromit. Sometimes,nervesarevisibleinthegap. Theoutlookforbabieswithspinabifidausedtobeverybadindeed. Infectioncouldreadilyspreadthroughtheopeningintheskin. Theresultwasfrequentlymeningitisanddeath. Infact,thiscanstillhappen,althoughtheintroductionoftheantibioticsandthedevelopmentof surgicaltechniquesforclosingoverthegaphavegreatlyimprovedtheoutlookforthesebabies. Unfortunately,however,thenerveswhichsupplythelegsandbladderspringfromtheareaofthe spinalcordmostoftenaffectedby spinabifida,andthisquitefrequentlymeansthatthechildmay havedifficultyinwalkingandincontrollinghisbladder. Othermistakesoccurringasthecentralnervoussystemdevelopsfromtheectodermmayleadto aconditionknownashydrocephalus. Thiscondition,whichisquiteoftenassociatedwithspinabifida,occurswhenthereisablockageI thecomplicatedsystemthatcirculatesfluidroundthebrainandspinalcord. Theresultisthatthebabysheadgrowssteadilylargerandlarger. Iftheenlargementoccurswhilethechildisstillinthewomb,deliverymaybeverydifficult. Buttomyunderstanding,thisprocessisdelayeduntilthebabyissomeweeksold.ButIcannot certifythatwouldbethecaseinlongdurationspacemissions. Aswithspinabifida,doctorshavemadebigstridesintreatinghydrocephalus. 183: PerhapsthemostsignificantaidisavalveinventedbyanAmericanengineerwhosebabyhad hydrocephalus. Havingbeentoldtherewaslittlehopeforthechild,hesimplywenthome,gotouthisdrawing boardanddesignedavalvewhichcouldbeconnectedintothebabysbrainandallowtheexcess fluidtoflowaway. 93

Thisinventionhasundoubtedlysavedthelivesofmanybabies.WellatleastIwouldliketothink so,asIhavenoactuallyrecordsofhowmanybabieshaveshownthisproblemandhowmany . havefailedtosurvive. Itisfactsthatareimportanttoonesothattheprojecthe/sheworkinguponwillmeetall requirementsshouldtheneedeverarrive. Tomyknowledgebasetherearetwofurthererrorsofbraindevelopmentaremicrocephalyand anencephaly. Intheformercondition,thesegmentsoftheembryosbrainfailtoswellastheyshould,sothat thereisonlyatinybrain. Suchchildrenunfortunatelyhaveseverelysubnormalintelligence. Inanencephaly,thebrainandheadfailtodevelopatall,andthechildcannotlivebeyondbirth. Fortunately,suchtragediesareveryrare. 184: BecausethereisariskduetounknownfactorsinextralongdeepspacemissionsthatImust considerwhatwouldbeneededonboardanymissionthatwillbeof longtermdurations. Marsisnotabusrideaway,andeverythingthatcouldgowrongwithHomosapienslife:needsto beconsidered,goingtotheinternationalspacestationisjustabusrideawaynotaproblemforthe InverseGravityVehicle,oreventotheMoon,butMarsisadifferentkettleoffishitsnotthe carrierthatstheproblemitsyouthelivingthing! Sohowdoestheinnermostlayerofembryoniccellstheendodermdevelop? Thisisthetissuewhichgivesrisetothegullet,stomachandintestines. Inaddition,itformscertainorganssituatedclosetothealimentary tractincludingtheliverand thewindpipe. Atfirst,thealimentarytract(orgut)issimplyamoreorlessstraighttubefromtheareawhichwill eventuallybecomethemouthtothatwhichwillbecometheanus. Thesetwoareasaremarkedbysmallpitsintheskin. Beforeverylong,however,abulgedevelopsinonepartofthistubethisbulgeistheprimitive stomach. Shortlyafterwards,thepartofthetubethatliesoppositethefutureumbilicalareabecomeslooped over,sothatittakesuptheappearanceofthecoiledintestineofamatureHomosapiens. Allthisshouldberelativelystraightforward,notethatIsaystraightforward.But,aswithso muchelseinthebody,manythingscangowrong. Forastart,allkindsofabnormalpouches,calleddiverticula,maydevelopatanylevelofthegut. 94

Andthegutmaybecomeconstricted,orevencompletelyobstructed,atvariousplaces. Whatistheproblem,tomymind:iswhythisdoeshappen,howwecanpreventsuchevents becomingarealityinabirthofachild?

1=Pectoralismajorm. 2=Pericardium(cut) 3=Pericardialcavity. 4=Falciformligament. 5=Externalabdominalobliquem. 6=Umbilicus. 7=Umbilicalvein. 8=Thymus. 9=lung. 10=Pleuralcavity 11=Heart. 12=Thoracicwall. 13=Diaphragm. 14=Liver. 15=Peritonealcavity. 16=Abdominalwall. 17=Smallintestine. 18=Umbilicalcord.

ThoracicandabdominalvisceraofaHomosapiensfetusatapproximately28weeks. A8.1weekintrauterinepregnancy. Marksareindicatedontheimagetodenote thecrownandrump. Thecrownrumplengthofthisembryois18 mm. Ultrasonography,producesasafe,high resolutionoffetalstructure. Mostultrasoundscansareobtainedon fetusesolderthan12weeks.

Amongthemostcommonoftheseconditionsisonecalledduodenalatresia. Inthiscondition(andintherelatedoneofduodenalstenosis),itisimpossibleforanynourishment togetthroughtheduodenumtheshortstretchofintestinewhichleadsoutofthestomach. 95

Thebabywhohassuchaconditionwillthereforestartvomitingwithinafewhoursofbirth,and allattemptstofeeditwillbefutile.Themattervomitedmaybebilestained,andsincethebile passageopenintotheduodenum.

Treatmentisbyimmediatesurgicaloperationtobypasstheobstruction. 185: Hereisthebestpointtoterminatethisdocument,notethatallpartsenteredinredareupdatesto theoriginal. Itmightcomeasasurprisedthatsuchinformationhadanythingtodowithmywork,unfortunate everythinghassomethingtodowithmywork,evenwhatiscontaininyoururineandsolidwaste isvitalinformationforsuccessofanyrealdeeplongspacedurationmissions.Whatyoueat,what youdrinkandbreathareverymuchimportantissues,Icannottakeanythingforgrantedfromhear say. Thisdocumenthasbeenreleasedtothegeneralpublic,bytheauthorityof:

Prof.JohnRoyRobertSearlheadofhumanstudies. MannedFlightDivision. SuperintendentofdocumentsUK.

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MyWorldthedomainofrealitythathasyettocometopast thatmaybe soonerthenyouthinks.

StudiesontheS.S.Explorer(I.G.V)areunderinvestigation,bothintheU.S.A.andThailand. 186: Today,FridayFebruary1st,2008at0814GMT,receivedparcelfromPlanetAudioSystems:

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Anotherbitofequipmentarrivedtodayasinvoiceshownabovepartofthe replacementequipwhichwasstolenfromhere. Justthetasknow tofitintorack andwireup.

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Thetasknowistogetalltheconnectorcablestowireupforaction,thereismuch cablingtodohere.
187:

Thetechnologyisavailable,onlythehard cashisnotunfortunate,theunitabovethis windowwilltakeme12monthstosaveup toobtain,ifmypensiondonthavetofeed 2peopleormore,whichitdoesattimes.

Myworkmustberecordedvisualwiseandaudiowiseincludingtext,thatpartofthetextisbeing doneatthistime,andprovenontheweb. IamawarethatrecentlytherehasbeenagreaterdemandforbroadcastHDTV productionandthat meanstherequirementforaccuracy infocusinghasriseninresponsetothisdemand. Myquestionis:Canonwhohasbeenandtomyknowledgestillcontinuestobeapioneerinthe designofbroadcastlensesandstatesthattheycanmeetthedemandwiththeintroductionofa

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RevolutionaryHDTVAutoFocusSystem. Theyclaimthatthistechnologyassistsprofessionalcameraoperatorsinconcentratingonthe action/beautyshotswhilemaintainingtheimagesinfocusgoodheavensthatiswhatIneed, butIguessIwouldneedtowintheNationalLotterytopayforit,andIamnotaluckytypeofa man,theyshouldhadnamemeMrunlucky,whichwouldhadbeentellingthetruth.

FromtheshowthatIattendedCanonsadvancedAutoFocusingfortheDIGISUPERHDTV ZoomlensemploystheTTLSecondaryImageRegistrationPhasedetectionsystem,originally developedforsinglelensreflexstillcameras,inordertopursuebothhighaccuracyandhigh trackingcapabilityforbroadcastHDTV. IREQUIRETOBEABLETOCREATEVideofilmsuponthispresentdayworkthatissuitable tobebroadcastliveIappreciatethatIamexpectingtoachievefartoomuchqualityinmywork load,notbeingaprofessionalcameramanbutatleastIamtryingtobettereverythingwhichIdo soyouthepeoplecanenjoythatwhichyouarewatchingonmywebsite. THESECONDIMAGESHOWSTHETTLSecondaryImageRegistrationPhaseDetection System.Thelighttransmittingthroughapairofthesecondaryimaginglensesfocusesonseparate sensors. Thatfigureaboveillustratesthestateoffocusing. TheTTLSecondaryImageRegistrationPhaseDetectionSystemdeterminesthepositional relationshipbetweenthetwoimages.Soagainwewitnessthattheimpossibleisinfactpossible amazingwhattheseHomosapienscanachieve. 188: ThereasonIamwritingthisbookistoshowproofofwhathappen,howandbywhom,past, presentandwhatItrustwillhappeninthefuture.TherebykillingoffthatexpertcrapthatIcould nothadinventedthistechnologybecauseIneverhadthemoneyortheknowledgetodoso. Thatisuptoyoutodecideiftheyaretellingthetruthorjustbullshittoimpressyou.

EarlierinthisreportIstatedthatIusedasliderulebackthereintime,andthatasfarasIknowI stillhaveit,wellIcanconfirmthatispreciselytruemovingatonofpapermaterialIfounditand toproveitIwillshowithere. Unfortunatethespaceonthissheetisnotenoughtoshowitinitsleathercase,inthosedaysitwas leather,notplastic. 100

ThusIwillshowthreepictures,thecase,onesideofthatsliderulethentheotherside,dont forgetitmaybeolderthenyouare.ToknowthatIstillhaveatleastonebitofthepast,whichof causetherearemorethanonebithereisgoodtorememberhowIdidthisworkalllonghand.

The1946slideruleinitsleathercaseasusedthroughout19461968bymeintheworkoutby longhandthedesignpartsfortheprojectswhichIwasworkingon.

Theyareoldnowjustabout14yearsyoungerthenme.Butlikemeitisstillkicking,ifonlyjust!

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HereisanothertoolthathelpedmewithsomeoftheresearchstudiesthatIcarriedoutfrom1946 rightupto1968whenthoseItrustedfailedme,byfailingtosupportmewhenacompanywanted tobacktheflyingsidewhichtheyhadwatchedonthenews.PeterBarrettwasthekeyproblem.

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!946thiswasmykeytosuccessinthisdevelopment,everythingdonebylonghandfromthis nd book,infacttodaySaturday2 February 2008itstillwillhavetobeusedfortheworkgoing aheadasIdonothavethesoftwareonacomputertouse.

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JustoneofthepagesasasamplewhatIamtalkingabout,beforeyouexpertsstartgivingoutyour expertcrapthatthedaymaycomewhenyourmateswillfindthatyouaregreatatproducingshit, andwhatisworsttheyfellinit.

Myworldofrealityofthefuturethatyethastobemanwilltrytohaltprogressby allmeans,buthewillfailintheendashehasalwaysdone.
Hereisanotheroneof thetoolsthatI hadasaguidelinetosolvehowto obtainvariousvaluesformaterials. ItiscorrectthatIneverhadyour schoolinglikeyouhad,butseeing thatresultIammorethangladthatI missedoutofyourschooling. Myknowledgecamefromdreams whoseresultsIammostpleasedwith, forwithoutthosedreamsthereareno S.E.Gs.,nofuture, andnohopefor mankind. Iagreetheyweresimpletoolsitisnothowsimpleatoolis,buthowyouuseitwhichisvital. 104

188: Imightbeanoldmannow,butIamnotafool,Iworknodoubtuponthistechnologyeachday beyondthehoursthatyouwouldwork,andeatfarlessof outofdatefoodtosavemoney,whichI doubtthatyouwouldbepreparedtodo.Igiveupallpleasureforthesakeofyou,whichIdoubt thatyouwoulddothesameforme,thatiswhatmakesmeamanmyson.

nd 189 Today,FebruarySaturday2 ,2008at1804GMT,justfinishedeatingalightmealinthekitchen whenIthoughtthatIwaslosingurine,andnoticebloodbuildinguponthefloor,checkingmy eyesnotbeinggoodthoughtthatthebleedingwascomingfromtheendoftheurinarytrack,so holdingthepenisglandtighttostopthebloodIrushtothebathroomtowashthebloodfrommy legsonlytoseebloodbuildingupofthefloorthere,Irealisedthatitwasthetesticleswhichwere bleeding.

WettingaflannelwithcoldwaterIwrapthetesticlesinitandsqueezedtightandmademywayto phoneforadoctorandstillbloodwasappearingonthecarpetrighttothephone.Beinga Saturday,therewasnosurgeryopenhaveyoutrytowritedownphonenumberscomingtoyou fastwithonehandtryingtostopthebleedingandtheotherhandingaphoneandyoucannothear whatisbeingsaid. Impossible,soIwalkedtoeachflatforthepurposetoaskthemtocomeandphoneforadoctor, andIcannotbelieveitnoonewasavailabletheywereallout,nodoubtatthepub.Ihadclimbup onstepstopullthehelplinecord,nothingresponded,guessthatnowthecouncilhadsoldthis propertytohousingassociatesthesystemofhelphasbeenremovedfromoperations. Ididmanageintheendtostopthebleeding,notbecauseIhadranoutofblood,buthadmanage tofindtheplacebyfeelwheretheveinhadburstopen,mydoctormostlikewilldropintomorrow toseehowtheworkisprogressingsoIcanshowhimtheproblemandseeifhefeelsthatsurgery isrequiredtopreventthathappeningagain. TheUKhassurechangewithagovernmentwhoproudlystatehowtheyarecaringfortheaged reallytheymustbetakingdrugstobelievethatcrap!
st 190: Inmybook8A,IwroteanarticleonMars,anditwasreleasetothepubliconMay21 1995.AsI feelthatMarswillsoonbecomeagainatalkingissue,Ishallreleaseitagainheresothatyoucan witnesswhatmyviewswerethen.

DOCSISRCPM1. st DATE:21 May1995. EITION:Two.

GrahamePark,London,England.

LOCATION : DIVISION : SUBJECT :

Headquarters,London,England. MannedFlight. PlanetMars. 105

AUTHOR STATUS

: :

Prof.JohnRoyRobertSearl. HeadofR&DHumanStudies.

191: Aresearchanddevelopmentcompany,suchasours,mustsetitselfsomegoaltoachieve,andthat goalmustbesethigh,ifamassofnewproductshavetobecreatedforthatsuccesstobeachieved. Tothisaim,SearlInternationalSpaceresearchConsortium,hassetatargetimpossible,which shallbetermedTARGETMARS. Forthesuccessofsuchatarget:willcallformanynewproducts. Itwillforcethemarketplacetodevelopthosecomponentsandtheyaredoingjustthat,in differentways. First,wemustunderstandourobjective,sowecandesignandconstructsuchaproject. Throughthesebooks,Ihaveandshallcontinuetopresentalltheknowledgeknownuponthis problem. 192: FACTS,ASIKNEWTHEMIN1963: Inmybook8,page29,thewordattheendofthatpage, ismissing,shouldhavebeenGAS. Atthattime,Ihadnochoicebuttoaccepttheviewthatoursolarsystemhavingoriginatedfrom thesamegalacticglobuleastronomicallyclosetotheEarth,Marswillhave,asstatedinbook8,a similaroverallcomposition. Yet,itslowerdensityof3.94indicates,after anallowancehasbeenmadeforreducedinternal compression,anexpectedlyhigherproportionoflightweightmaterials,includingsomesubstances relativelyscareontheEarth,withacorrespondingreductionintheheavierelements..

Inotherwordsmoresialandlessnife.
Somethingcanbelearnedabouttheinternalstructureofaplanetfromitspolarflattening,or oblateness,whichistheresultofinteractionbetweengravitationandaxialrotation. Theconditionofgravitationalequilibriumisachievedinaperfectsphere,butthecentrifugal forcesgeneratedbythespin,whicharestrongestattheequatorandpeterouttowardsthepoles, causesarotatingbodytobulgeoutattheformerandtosaginatthelatter. Theoblateness,orellipticity,e,ismeasuredbythedifferencebetweentheequatorialradiusRe andthepolarradiusR p dividedintoReinotherwords:

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Sincethecentrifugaldragisdirectlyproportionaltothemassanditsdistancefromtheaxisof revolution,itisclearthatthefastertheplanetspins,thelargeritisandthelessitsmassis concentratedtowardsthecentre,themoreoblate,orflattenatthepoles,Imustbe. Thereexistcomparativelysimplemathematicalrelatingthesefactorstooneanotherand oblatenesstotheinternaldistributionofmass.

NowtheequatorialradiioftheEarthandMarsare3,963and2110milesrespectively. Thesiderealday,betweentwosuccessivetransitsofthesamestarobservedfromapointonthe surface,in23hours56minutesand4secondsinthefirstcase, and24hours37minutesand23 secondsinthesecond. ThusthecentrifugalforceswithinthebodyofMarsaresmaller,yetitsoblatenessof0.0052is higherthantheEarth0.0034. ThenceitisinferredthatthemassofMarsislesstowardsthecentre. Tosomeextentthisistheinevitableconsequenceofitssmallermass,whichisonly0.107ofour planetsforthecentraldensityoftheEarth,putat17.2,isduetocompression.Arisingfrom increasedgravityactingonagreaterthicknessofsuperjacketrocks. Nevertheless,theoblatenessofMarsformsacloseapproachtothetheoreticalmodelofa homogeneousplanetofuniformdensitythroughout. InthemodelconstructedbySirHaroldJeffreys,tomyknowledge,Marsiscreditedwithasmall ironnickelcore,butit hasbeennotedthatitmaynothavenocoreatall,therehavingbeenno gravitationalfractionationofmaterial,whichrequirestheinteriortohavepassedthroughaliquid phase.

THIS,HOWEVER,DOESNOTAPPEARVERYPROBABLE.
193: Takingtheterrestrialandmeteoriticabundancesofradioactiveelementsasthestartingpoint,G. P.Kuiperhascalculatedthat4,500millionyearsago,whentheplanetswereformed,theheat releasedbythedecayoftheseelementswillhavebeententimeshigherthanatpresent,and concludedthatallbodiesover100milesindiametermusthadmeltedinsideasaresult. Itcould,ofcause,bethatMarswasspinningfastertobeginwithandacquireditspresentfigureat thattime,theexcessiveoblatenesshavingbeenpreservedintothepresentstageofitsevolutionby thehardeningofthelightsurfacelayers.

SIALHASAMUCHHIGHERMELTINGPOINTTHANSIMA.
194: TheMoon,too,isexcessivelyflattenedatthepoles,whichcallsforasimilarexplanation. Tomyknowledge,thisissubstantiallytheconclusionreachedbyD.L.Lamar,whoinvestigated thesituationin1961,without,however,invokingtheevolutionaryexplanationjustmentioned.

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He,tomyknowledge,distinguishesbetweentheobservedopticaloblatenessandthedynamical oblatenessoftheinvisibleequipotentialsurfaceoverwhichtheforcesofgravitationaland centrifugaldragareisostaticallybalanced.

3 AssumingthatthecrustofMarsis0.5gm/cm lighterthanthemantle,hestates,thathefinds thatthediscrepancycanberemovedbyvariationincrustalthicknessalone,thisbeingbetween18 and175km.withtheisostaticequilibriumattainedatdepthsofover250km,say150miles.

Herein1963,Icannotsaywhoisrightorwrong,therefore,toomuchimportancemustnotbe attachedatthistimetosuchnumericalresults,butinagreementJeffreysreasoningtheseindicate athickSialiclayer. Tomyknowledgeatthistime,basedupontheseexpertsstatements,Iwouldstate,inotherwords, thatbasicrockscannotbeexpectedtooutcroponMarsanditssurfaceformationswillbehigher acidandincludemanylightmineralspecies. Well,weshallhavetowaituntilwegetthere,tocheckhowcorrecttheywere,Imyselfexpectto findmanyrockslyingarounduponthesurface,andIwoulddoubtifwewillfindanyplanet different,inrespecttothatconditions. BythesametokenMarsmusthavereceivedatbirthaproportionalallowanceofwater,ammonia, methaneandothergasesexceedingthatoftheEarth. Sincethesesubstanceswereacquiredbytheaggregationofcoldcometaryandmeteoricmatter, theoutcomecouldnothavebeenseriouslyaffectedbythelowermassofMars:andsincethe primitiveatmospheresoftheterrestrialplanetshavebeenlostanywayduringthelaterhot surfacestage,thatis,iftheexpertsarecorrectintheirthinking,onlysuchvolatileconstituentsas havebeenchemicallyboundoroccludedintheinteriorcouldhavecontributedtothepresent situationineithercases. Theremainingsecondaryatmospherehasbeenproducedbyvolcanicexhalation.

YETMARSHASNOSEASANDONLYATHINATMOSPHERE.
195: Thelatteriscold. Thesurfacegravityof0.38gandtheescapevelocityof3.1milespersecondarewhollyadequate forretainingmostatmosphericgases,exceptinghydrogenH1andHeliumHe2,andwaterfor cosmicperiods. Thelossofsurfacewaterthroughphotodissociationby ultravioletradiationathigh atmosphericlevelsisoneofthecommonclichswithoutmuchsubstance,astheascendingwater vapourwillbeentirelyfrozenouttthecoldtrap. Thusthequestionposesitself,whathasbecomeofthevolatilesoriginallytrappedinsideMars? HereMarsinvitesoncemorecomparisonwiththeMoonratherthantheEarththathasalways beenmyview.FortheMoonpresentsasimilarproblem.

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Tomyknowledge,itistruethatabodyofsmallmass,havingalowescapevelocity, willbe steadilylosingsomeoftheoutergasenvelopebymolecularevaporationtospace,aswellasby thesweepingactionofthesolarwindoffastprotonsemittedbyflares.

ITSEEMS,HOWEVER,THATTHELATTEREFFECTHASBEEN EXAGGERATED.
196: Moreover,itisnotalllost,fortherewillalsobegravitationalandcollisionalcaptureof interplanetarygas,whosedensityriseswiththesolarwind. Tomyknowledge,inJeansoriginalinvestigation(1925)oftheproblemofdissipationof planetaryatmospheresanatmosphereofagivengaswillendureforover1000millionyears (oneeron)ifitsmeansquarevelocityislessthanafifthofthevelocityofescape,andIhaveseen thatMarsoughttosatisfythisconditionformostgasses. Buttheproblemisimmenselycomplicatedandnosimplemathematicaltreatmentcangiveatrue pictureofthesituation. JeansconsideredasIunderstandit,theatmospheretobeisothermalthroughout. Inactualfact,however,temperaturedropssteadilywithheightinthelowerconvective atmosphere,ortroposphere,whichcontainsmostoftheatmospheremass. Theoverlyingstratospheremayfirthemodelinpart,butthere,too,thetemperaturevariesat higherlevelsowingtothepresentofsuchgasesasozone,whichbecomesheatedbyabsorbing ultravioletradiation,andtoionisation. Theexistenceofcoldtrapsmaysubstantiallyremovesomeatmosphericconstituentsfromthe escapelevel,sothattheywillbepreservingindefianceofsuchsimpletheory. Ontheotherhand,heavygassesmaybelostthroughphotodissociationintolighter components. Moreover,neitherjeanshimselfnorthosewhofollowedinhisfootstepspaidanyattentiontothe hydrosphere. Tomyacceptedknowledge,thispointwastakenupbyJ.J.Gilvarryin1960forthecaseofthe Moon. Startingfromthereasonableassumptionthattheoriginallunarmagmascontainedthesame proportionofwaterastheirterrestrialcounterparts,hefoundthattheMoonoughttohave preservedasubstantialhydrosphereforatleastoneaeon,allowinglifetodevelop,andtheMaria ofitsheyday wouldhavebeentrueseaswithanaveragedepthof1 miles. Thissoundsexciting,but,unfortunately,thereislittleindicationofmassivewateractiononthe surfaceof theMoon,withsomehighlylocalisedexceptions,suchastemporarywatercourses. I,myselfdoubtitastheLAWOFTHESQUARESsuggesttheopposite,weshallwaitandsee whathappenswhenwegetthere.

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MyknowledgeoftheMartiansurfaceistooscantyforsuchanassertion,buttheavailable evidencepointstoaverysimilargeneralsituation,althoughMars,beingsomeeighttimesas massiveastheMoon,Gilvarrysreasoningshouldapplytoitallthemore. ButtheLAWOFTHESQUARESsaythatsuchamountofwaterwillnotbepresent,weshall waitandseewhatmanshallfindwhenwegetthere.

ALITTLEDIGRESSIONSEEMSNOTOUTOFPLACEHERE.
197: ThereexistsageneraltendencytothinkofwaterandoxygenO8,whicharevitaltoanimallife knowntous,inmagicalratherthanscientificterms. Theirpresenceonanyotherworldisalwaysregardedassomethingextremelyimprobableand requiringspecialproof. Yet,Iagree,asamatterofsoberfacthydrogenH1,isbyfarthecommonestofallchemical speciesintheuniversetomyknowledge,andthenextcommonest,passingthechemically inactiveheliumHe2andneonNe10,isoxygenO8,sothatitistheabsenceofwaterthatshould beamatterforcomment,whileatleastsomeoxygenO8mustbeformedbyitsdissociation. Itis,therefore,theapparentscarcityofwateronthesurfaceofMars,whichwillbeconsideredin anotherbookofthisseries,fromtheobservationalandecologicalstandpoint,thatrequires explanation. Onepointtobeborneinmindisthat,whileitmaybemathematicallyconvenienttoassumethata planetaryatmospherewassuppliedallreadymadeinasinglefiat,thisisquiteobviouslyuntrue, foritwasproducedoveralonggeologicalperiodbyvolcanicaction,whichhasnotceasedyet withal. Insteadofsurgingtothesurfaceofthemoonormarsinagreatflood,thejuvenilewaterswere arrivingthereinlittledriblets,withperhapsanoccasionalpipeburst. ThusinconsideringaplanetaryatmosphereorhydrosphereImustthinkofitinthetermsofa currentaccount,withsmallgainsandlossestobeaddedanddeductedallthetime,ratherthanofa singlebigwinonthepoolsthatwassubsequentlysquandered. Isuspect,however,thateventhisobviousfactdoesnotprovidethecompleteanswer. ForitappliestotheEarthaswell,andifthedirecteffectofreducedgravityassuchisinsufficient toaccountfortheobserveddifferences,itisnecessarytoexploreitsfurtherconsequences,aswell asthethermalfactors. Lowgravity,combinedwiththeabsenceofsurfacewateranditsconsolidatingaction,willcause surfacerockstobelightlycompactedandtheprimaryorigneousformationstoassumetheform ofbubbly(vesicular)lava. Tomyunderstandingsuchrockswillbehighlyabsorbentofgas,includingwatervapour,andso tendtosuckupanddepletetheatmosphere.

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Theymayalsobespecificallylighterthanwater(Firsoff,1959),whichwouldthenunderlinethem intheorderofnaturalgravitationalstratification,notappearingonthesurfaceinordinary circumstances. Moreover,fordifferentreasons,thesubsoiloftheMoonandMarswillbepermanentlyfrozenata certaindepth,thusformingapermafrostseal(Firsoff,1959T.Gold,1960),sothatthewater risingtothesurfacefromtheinteriorwillbecaughtinitandfrozenontheway,withthe exceptionofgeysersorvolcanicventswherethesealisbroken. ThatisnotquitehowIseeit,backtherein1963,Idontexpecttofindanyvolcanicactivitylet alonegeysers,andwhetherwaterisfrozeninthetopsurface,Iratherdoubtit,weshallhaveto waituntilwegettheytosolvethoseproblems,wewillgetthereintheend. ItthusseemsthatinMartianconditionsmostofthewaterwillstaylockedunderground,sothat Marshasneverhadanyseas,aswehavegrowntoknow. ItisnottosaythatIdonotthinkthatMarshadseas,butthesehavebeenlosttospace,averylong timeago. Thishasimportantandvariedimplications,oneofwhichisafurtherloweringofthemeandensity ofthecrust. ThetimeisnowripetoexamineMarsinthelightofobservationaldata. ThisissomeofthestateofeventsrelatingtoboththeMoonandMars,backtherein1963,whenI startedplanningacrafttobecalledSTARSHIPEZEKIELMK.11.FromwhichtheDEMO1 wasconstructedtotestoutthestructureconceptforthatprogram.

WHENWEGETTOMARSWHATSHALLWEFIND?

Willwefindplentyofwaterfrozenornoneatall? Shallwefindthat therehadbeenseastherebutwhen? Whatshallwefindinreferenceofanatmosphere? Shallwefindthatlifedidstartthere? Orshallwefindthatnolifehasexistedthereatanytime?

Itsureisaninterestingplaceto,notknowwhatyouwillfind. Maybesomereaderwillfeelthattheyhavereadthisbefore,yes,youcouldberight,Ididrelease thisreportin1956,andshallcontinueherewiththatreportof1965,whichwasalsoanewsletter ofthattime.

THESEARLINTERNATIONALSPACERESEARCHCOMNSORTIUM:
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Muststudythepasttoplanthefuture,yesthatmightconfuseyou.

FIRST:Imustnotbuildintothefuture,thatwhichisnowknowntohavefailed. NEXT:Imustweaveintothefutureideas,whichIholdinmyhead,thebestofthepast,as
partnerswithfutureplansandconcepts. Bearinmind,thatonegoodidea,cangivebirthtolotsofideas,andthatismytaskhere. Icannotdesignaconcept,unlessIfullyunderstandalloftheproblems,whichmustbesolved forsuchasuccesstotakeplace. Herewithinthisbook,likethosebeforeit,Ihavebeenlookingattheseproblems,whichmust bestudiedextremelycarefultoidentifytheproblems. Now,wecanallagreethattheonlyrecognisedsystemforspacetransportationisbyrocket.

Isthatreallytrue? Thereisnootherway?
198: ThatisthetaskofSearlInternationalSpaceResearchConsortium,asmydreamstated,plusthe lawofthesquaresstates,therearealwaystwooptions,onegoodandonebad,soistherocket systemthebadone? Ifthatisthebadsystem,thenthegoodsystemhasyettobediscovered. Normally,IwouldatthispointproceedasIdidtheninthepastuponNASAproblemsintheir MarinerMarsProject,whichclearlygivesyouagoodexampleofwhatittakestowinoverthe impossible.YouknowandIknowthattheydidwin,butatwhatacostandrisksinvolved. Yeseverythingnewintransportationpresentsrisks,forwithoutrisksthereisnoreward. Thisdocumenthasbeenreleasedtothegeneralpublicbytheauthorityof:

Prof.JohnRoyRobertSearl:Lecturerhumanstudies. Mannedflightdivision. Status:HeadofR&D.

BeforeclosingthisreportIwishtoaddotherpointswhichareimportanttomeforthesuccessof anydeepspacepenetrationmissions.

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ClownDoctorsremindmeofsomanythings:totakeourworkseriouslybut ourselveslightlythevalueofasmileandalaughthatitisOKtotakeaminute toplaytothisaimIpraythatImeetthoseconditionsbeforemyenemiesandmy friendsalike.

Therehavebeenlostoflifeinthespacedomain: thatthecausesweretechnically relatedtofailure onhumanbeingactionsthatwereresponsibletoseesuchproblemsdidnotoccur. Letitbeknowntoallcreaturesgreatandsmall:thiskindofattitudeofnotperformingtorequired standardscannotbeacceptedwithintheSEARLINTERNATIONALSPACERESEARCH CONSORTIUM,itisnotjustthecostofthevehicleitsisalsothelostoftrainedstaff.

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ThesetwophotosareofSydney,Australiaairportoftodayandthefuturethatyettocome.

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ThisistheworldofrealitymyworldthisistheUKoperationothercountries willhavetheiroperationrulesandSearlInternationalSpaceResearch ConsortiumMannedFlightDivisionmustfullyunderstandtheirfunctionsand workwithinthem.

199: HOWAIRSPACEISORGANISED: UnitedKingdomairspacein1968wasdividedintotwoFLIGHTINFORMATIONREGIONS: LONDONandSCOTTISH withairtrafficcontrolcentresatWestDrayton,Middlesex,and Prestwick,Ayrshire. TheOceanicAreaControlCentre,alsoatPrestwick,looksafterairtrafficcontrolintheEastern partoftheNorthAtlantic. WithintheFlightInformationRegions,someairspaceisdesignatedControlledAirspaceandsome

IsdesignatedSpecialRulesAirspace. SearlInternationalSpaceResearchConsortiumMannedFlightDivisionforitsspaceoperation missionsforoutgoingandincomingtrafficwillneedtosetupsimilarstructureofoperation.

Appreciatingtheconceptofoperationalfunctionsisimportant,wherenormalpassengerservices areoperating,andthentheUKstandardruleswouldapply. 115

Thiswillalsoapplytoallothercountriescontrolsystemswhicharefunctioningtoprevent accidentshappening. NOTE: ControlledAirspaceissubdivided. ControlledZonessurroundingmajorairportsthisshallalsohavetobesetupat spaceports.InrespectofSearlInternationalSpaceResearchConsortium operationsthissectorshallbelocatedwithinthemainspaceportcentre. TerminalControlAreas(TMAs): usuallyattheconfluenceofairwaysnearmajor aerodromes.InrespectofSearlInternationalSpaceResearchConsortium operationsthisdivisionshallbelocatedwithinthemainspaceportcentre. Airwayswhicharecorridorsofairspaceof10mileswide,extendingupto24,500 feetfromabaseorStarport,usually,of5,000to7,000feet.Thisisacceptablefor SearlInternationalSpaceResearchConsortiumoperationalfunctions.

Thisreallifepicturegivesanillustrationonwhatitwillappearliketotheoperatingstaffwithin SearlInternationalSpaceResearchConsortiumSpacePortoperations. AircraftorInverseGravityVehiclesflyinginControlAirspacemusthavecertainnavigationand communicationsequipmentandtheirpilotsmustbespeciallyqualifiedtoflyinthisairspace. PleasenotethatIhaveflownincontrolledairspaceduringmytrainingasapilot,butthatis anotherbook. SPECIALRULESAIRSPACE:comprisesalltheairspacebetween24,500and66,000feet. CiviltrafficinitissubjecttospecialrulesensuringafullandmandatoryATCservice. MostoftheairspaceisalsomilitaryMandatoryRadarServiceAreainwhichmilitaryaircraft mustreceivearadarcontrolservice. SPECIALRULESAIRSPACE:alsooccursbelow24,500feetnearsomeaerodromes,andshall applytoallSpacePorts,wherethereisaspecialneedtoprotectpublictransportflightswithout introducingalltherequirementsofcontrolledairspace. 116

Outsidethesecategoriesofairspaceavarietyofservicesisavailableonrequestfrombothcivil andmilitaryAirtrafficControl(ATC)unitsbutitisnotmandatoryforpilotstousethem. HavingsaidthathereintheUKsomeairfieldscomeinsideamilitarycontrolzoneandyouhave torequestpermissiontoentersuchsaidzones,andifyoufailedtodosoyoucannotblamethem forwhateveractiontheytaketoprotecttheirsectorofcontrol. Buttheyarealsohumanandwhentheyseeyouarenotrespondingasexpectedtheywillhelpyou togetmovingtowardsyourtargetandIspeakfromexperienceoffirsthand,thatisanotherbook whichrelatestothedayItookmypilotstest. AREACONTROL: isprovidedbycivilandmilitaryairtrafficcontrollersworkinginAirTraffic ControlCentresandAirTrafficControlRadarUnits. TheyensuresafeseparationbetweenaircraftandInverseGravityVehiclesinControlledand SpecialRulesAirspaceandonrequestprovideadvisoryservicestoaircraftorInverseGravity

Vehicles(IGV)outsideControlledorSpecialRulesAirspace. APPROACHCONTROL: isprovidedbyairtrafficcontrollersworkinginaroomwithinthe AerodromeorSpacePortcontroltower. TheyprovidesafeseparationforaircraftorInverseGravityVehicleswhichareapproachingto landorwhichhavejusttakenoff. AERODROMEORSPACEPORTCONTROL: isprovidedbyairtrafficcontrollerswhoworkin aglasswalledVisualControlRoomatthetopoftheaerodromeorspaceportcontroltower,from whichtheycanseeallthatisgoingon,inandaroundtheaerodromeorspaceport. TheycontrolaircraftorInverseGravityVehiclesandvehiclesmovingonthegroundandaircraft orInverseGravityVehiclestakingoff,landingor flyingintheaerodromeorspaceportvisual trafficcircuit.

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TheLondonAirTrafficControlCentreatWestDraytonisresponsibleforprovidingairtraffic servicestoallaircraftandInverseGravityVehiclesflyinginorovertheLondonFlight 0 InformationRegion,Englandupto55 N.Wales,theIsleofMan,NorthernIrelandandthe surroundingseasuptotheairspaceofadjacentcountries. LATCCissupportedbyasubcentreatManchesterAirportwhichhandlesaircraftorInverse GravityVehiclesflyingbelow13,000feetatManchesterandLiverpoolAirportsandoncertain partsoftheairwaysroundManchesterandovertheIrishSea.

0 0 TheScottishAirTrafficControlCentreatPrestwickisresponsibleforanareafrom55 Nto61 NneartheFaroeIsland.Eastwards,itreaches250milestotheboundariesoftheNorwegianand DanishFlightInformationRegions.

TotheWest,itextendsabout150milestotheOceanicControlArea,takinginairspaceover NorthernIreland. AirTrafficcontrolovertheNorthAtlanticisdividedbetweentheUnitedKingdom,Portugal,the USA,CanadaandIceland.

0 0 TheOceanicControlAreaservedbyUKstretcheswestwardsbetweenlatitudes45 Nand61 N 0 tolongitude30 W.

TheOceanicAreaControlCentreatPrestwickcommunicateswithaircraftthroughanHFradio stationatBallygirreeninIreland. 118

ISHALLGIVEYOUTHEABSOLUTEFACTSOFREALITYASIKNOWIT. From1963,flyingbecameamajorinterestdueinpartbywhatIsawhappeningtothisplanetthat majornaturaleventswouldhappen,andtherewasnorealistictechnologyinplacetocopewith sucheventsinthetaskofsavinglifeacrossthewholespectrumoftheanimaldomain. Flyinghasreachedahighstandard,withexceptionsofafewevilattacksuponthesystem,have createdsuccess,towhichmyinterestistobeabletoextendthatsuccesstoanevenhigherlevel bothinfunctionsandstructurestoextendittotheuniverseitself.

119

TechnologiesbywhichtheHomosapienscanadvanceourcapabilitiesarearrivingfromminds andtimeisthegoverningfactoraswhenandwhereitwillstart.

200: DISTRESS&DIVERSION: TheLondonandScottishAirTrafficControlcentresbothoperateaDistressandDiversion system,mannedbymilitarycontrollers. 120

TheD&DCell,asitiscalled,maintainsandcontinuouslisteningwatchesontheemergency frequencyandcanfixthepositionofanaircraftindistressbymeansofanationwidenetworkof directionfindingstations. PrimaryandsecondaryradarsareavailabletotheD&DCell,aswellasinstantcommunicationsto guidethedistressaircrafttothenearestairfield. TheD&DCellispartof theUKsearchandRescueCoordinationCentres. OtherfacilitiesareRNLI,HMCoastguard,mountainrescueteamsandpolice,fireandambulance services. 201: NAVIGATIONAIDS: TheUnitedKingdomhasanetworkofaboutahundredstationsfornavigationaids. Theyprovideradiosignalsforaircraft,givepositionsandlocateaerodromesorspacestations, oncetheyareestablished. Therearethreemaintypesofaid. VORandDVOR DME NDB 202: RADAR: TheyaretwotypesofradarPrimaryandsecondary. Primaryradargivesbasicinformationaboutanaircraftsposition,orthatoftheInversegravity Vehicle(IGV)inrelationtotheradarhead. SecondaryradargivestheaircraftsorIGVsposition,identity,heightandsomeonboard emergencyinformationforthoseaircraftorInverseGravityVehiclewiththenecessary transponder. AllaircraftandInverseGravityVehiclesincontrolledorspecialrulesairspacemustbeequipped withatransponder. Whenquestionedbytheradar,thetranspondersidentitycanbeconvertedbycomputerinto aircraftorInverseGravityVehiclecallsign. Otherrelevantdata,suchasitsdestination,canalsobedisplayedontheairtrafficcontrollers screen. AtleastIampresentingaverybasicpictureoftherealitythatisnowinplace,towhich SearlInternationalSpaceresearchConsortiumneedtofitinto,notonlyUKbuttheworld. (Doppler)VHFOmnidirectionalRanges. DistanceMeasuringEquipment NonDirectionalBeacons.

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ThisgivesabasicpictureofrealityofconventionalflyingbuttheInverseGravityVehicleisnot aconventionalaircraftitisafuturisttransportationcarrier hopefullyitwillsaveallour 122

tomorrows:sothatthechildrenoftodayshalllivetoseethattheirchildrenwillhaveafutureto liveandenjoy. 203: Thisdocumenthasbeenreleasedtothegeneralpublicbytheauthorityof:

Prof.JohnRoyRobertSearlHeadofResearchandDevelopment. MannedFlightDivision. Subject:NationalAirTrafficServices. Status:Lecturer/Author/Inventor.

204: DearbelovedFlowerbowerhereisamessagefromthepublictoyou:

Somecometositandthinkotherscometoshitandstink. DearFlowerbowerifonlyyouwerehalfasgoodasyouareonyoutubeinbedyouwouldwinthe internationalawardsforthehottestsexmaniacintheworld,evenifyouare60yearsofage.

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205:

DOCSISRCMFDMAT3. th DATE:27 August1968. EDITION: First.

MORTIMERREADINGBERKSHIREENGLAND. LOCATION : DIVISION SUBJECT AUTHOR STATUS : : : : HeadquartersMortimer England. MannedFlight. MetalsReference. JohnRoyRobertSearl. HeadofResearchandDevelopment.

JusttoremindyouthatthisbookistoexplainwhatIknewanddidasfrom1947tothisdate,in responsetotheexpertcrapwhichappearsupontheweb. Anyresearchregardlessthatisclaimedmustentailstructuresthatmusthavefunctions,nomatter whatyouclaim. Structuresmustcontainatomsormoleculesregardlessandinmycasethatisabsolutelytrue, unfortunateyouwerenotpresent,soyoucannothaveanyknowledgewhatwasinvolved,and thereforeyouhavenoauthoritytomakeanyclaimsuponthisissue. SoIshallcontinueuponmyworkthatrelatesto1968,soyoucanunderstandwheremyinterest was,andwhatIunderstoodatthatdate. Elementsarenaturallyakeypartofmystudies,evenifIamdealingwithmolecules,itcontains elementsregardless,butwhatIshowinthisbookaretherealityofmyworkthatithastaken hundredsofinventorsbeforemetocreatethewayforwardforthistechnology,mostofwhomno longerexists. Sincemybirthhundredsofpeoplehavebeenemployedcreatingthepathwayforthistechnology tobeborn,withoutanyideathattheyareinvolvedindirectly,NASA,Lockheed,Russians,Europe spaceagencyyounamethem,theyarewithoutknowingitplayingapartofthissuccess.Everyone isindirectlyinvolvedasIamstudyingyourstructureandyourfunctionsasacriticalpartofthis ResearchanddevelopmentprogramtocertifythatStarShipExplorerwillbeagreatsuccess, becauseittakesateamworktoachievesuccess,andthatteamisyou.

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Onmysitemembersarelistedeacharebeingcarefullystudiedtofindthosewhoareworthyof beingmembersofthestaff,thussomenameswillvanishandbereplacedbyotherstogivethema chancetoprovetomethattheywouldmakeagoodstaffmember. Ofcausearealsomaterialswhicheitherfailamissionorcreatesuccessofamission.

ThisistheequilibriumdiagramforSilverAg47withAluminiumAl13.

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206: METALLOGRAPHY: Metallographycanbedefinedasthestudyofthestructureofmaterialsandalloysbythe examinationofspeciallypreparedsurfaces. Itsoriginalscopewaslimitedbytheresolutionanddepthoffieldinfocusbyimagingoflight reflectedfromthemetallicsurface Theselimitationshavebeenovercomebybothtransmissionandscanningelectronmicroscopy (TEM,STEMandSEM). TheanalysisofXraysgeneratedbytheinteractionsofelectronbeamswithatomsatornearthe surface,bywavelengthofenergydispersivedetectors(WDX,EDX),hasaddedquantitative determinationoflocalcomposition,e,g.ofintermetalliccompounds,tothedeductionsfromthe welldevelope3detchingtechniques. Surfacefeaturescanalsobestudiedbycollectingandanalysingelectronsdiffractedfromthe surface. Adiffractionpatternofthesurfacecanbeusedtodetermineitscrystallographicstructure(low energyelectrondiffractionorLEED). Theseelectronscanalsobeimagedasinaconventionalelectronmicroscope(lowenergyelectron microscopyorLEEM).

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Thetechniqueisespeciallyusefulforstudyingdynamicsurfacephenomenasuchasthose Occurringincatalysis. Xrayphotoelectronmicroscopy(XPSorESCA)nowenablesthemetallographertoanalysethe atomsintheoutmostsurfacelayertoadepthofafewatoms(0.3to5.0mm)andprovides informationaboutthechemicalenvironmentoftheatom. AugerspectroscopyusesalowenergyelectronbeaminsteadofXraystoexciteatoms,and analysisoftheAugerelectronsproducedprovidessimilarinformationabouttheatomsfrom whichtheAugerelectronsisejected. Nevertheless,theconventionalopticaltechniquesstillhaveasignificantroletoplayandtheir interpretationisextendedandreinforcedbytheresultsoftheelectronictechniques. 207: MACROSCOPICEXAMINATION: Forexaminationoflargescalefeatures whichareimportanttoboththeSearleffectGenerator (SEG)andtheInverseGravityVehicle(IGV)arethegrainstructureof castings,coarsegrain inwroughtproducts,porosityincastings,majordefects,ordistributionofalloyingelementsand impuritiesonalargescale(i.e.tostudysegregation)itisnecessarytopreparelargesurfaces freefromdistortion,butextremesmoothnessandstructuralperfectionarenotrequired. Therequiredsectioniscutbysawing,abrasiveslittingwheelsor machiningwithadequatecooling andlubrication,andisnormallyfinishedbyfinemachining,followedbyetchingifnecessary. Grindingonabrasiveclothorpaper,whichmaybefollowedbypolishingwithproprietarymetal polish, isbeneficial,butvigorouspolishing,especiallywithpowerdrivenmachines,maycause themetaltoflowoverdefectssuchasporosity. Examinationforporosityisusuallybestcarriedoutonafinemachinedsurface. Thefinalmachiningoperationshouldbedonewithasinglesharptool,forinstancebyplanning, turningormillingwithaflycutter,ratherthanbytheuseofamillingcutter Forsoftmetals(e.g.CopperCu29,LeadPb82,purealuminiumAl13)theshapeofthetoolis importantitshouldhavearoundednoseandadequatefrontclearancetopreventrubbing, andit shouldhavealargetoprake(thesofterthemetal,thelargertherakerequired)prcisedwhatthe lawofthesquarespredicts,sothatitpresentsalmostachiseledgetothespecimen. Forhardermetalsmoreorthodoxtoolsmaybeused. Illuminationofunetchedspecimensforphotomacrographstoshow porosityrequiresabroad sourceofillumination. Thesky(withoutdirectsunlight)issometimesthemostsuitablesource. Etchingreagentsformacroscopicwork,Ihopetobeabletolistthemherelateron,andifpossible tofindtimecoverIshallattempttocoverdirectionsforsulphurprintingtoshowthedistribution ofsulphideinsteel. 127

208: MICROSCOPICEXAMINATION: Metallographicspecimensarenormallypreparedforexaminationunderthemicroscopebycutting outthepiecetobeexaminedpreferably notmorethan3cmdiameter,carefullyremovingthe disturbedsurfacelayerbyturningorfilingwithasharptoolandthenrubbingthesurface withsuccessivelyfinerabrasivesuntilasmoothpolishedsurfaceisobtained,sensiblyfreefrom disturbingeffectsfromthecuttingandgrinding,theclean,smooth,undistortedsurfaceisthen attackedchemically,orotherwise,byetchingreagentswhichrevealthestructureofthemetal. Anymechanicalmethodof cuttingorsmoothingthesurfaceproducesdistortionofthemetalnear thesurface,anditmayproducelocalheatingtheobjectiveistomakethedisturbedlayer successivelythinnerateachstageuntilitisnegligibleorcanberemovedbyetching. MyteamwhoareworkingontheconstructionoftheSearlEffectgenerator(SEG)in Thailanddonothavetocarryoutthisoperationasthecompaniesmakingthematerialsforus havedonethatalready. Thethicknessofthedisturbedlayerisintherange10100 mmforemeryorsiliconcarbide paperswithhandgrinding. Someorallofthemechanicalgrindingandpolishingcanoftenbereplacedbychemicalof electrochemicalpolishingmethods,bywhichthemetalisattackedinsuchawaythat protuberancesarepreferentiallydissolvedandtheflatundisturbedmetalsurfaceislaidbare, usuallywithasavingoftimeandfrequentlywithanimprovementinresult. Forsomepurposes,e.g.studyofslipprocessesinvolvingindividualdislocations,electron microscopicalstudiesoffinestructure,andquantitativemicrohardnesstestingunderlightloads, electropolishingisalmostindispensable. Ingeneral,thetypeoffinishrequiredvariessomewhatwiththemagnificationtobeusedin examination. Highpowerexaminationdemandsgreatperfectionofsmallareas,butrelativelylargescale undulations,suchasmaysometimesoccuronelectropolishingspecimens,areunimportant. Atlowerpowersdetailmaybelessimportant,butwidelyspacedimperfectionsandundulations areliabletobecomeobtrusive,andwillgreatly reducethepowerthattheSearleffectGenerator (SEG)wouldnormallyproduce. NowIwillattempttogiveyoudetailsofwhatIknowaboutetching. ETCHINGREAGENTSFORMACROSCOPICEXAMINATION: Material Reagent* Remarks
1) AluminiumAl13, (A)ConcentratedKellers Canbe dilutedwithupto50mlwater Anditsalloys. Reagent Nitricacid 1.40 100ml Hydrochloricacid 1.1950ml Hydofluoricacid 40%1ml (B)Nitricacid 1.4030ml Widelyapplicable,butveryvigorous.

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Hydrochloricacid 1.1930ml 2%conc.Hydrofluoricacid30ml

.
(c )TuckersReagent Nitricacid 1.4015ml HydrochloricAcid 1.1945ml Hydrofluoricacid40%15ml Water 25ml (d)10%sodiumhydroxideinwater Usefresh

0 Useat6070 C

*Acidsareconcentrated,unlessotherwiseindicated,e.g.withspecificgravity. Sofarwhatyouhavereadhereinsmallprintiswhatthefirmsundertakewhentheyproducethe materialsforus.Iclosethissectionatthispoint,thereismuchmoretheydowhichwillbediscuss inanotherpartofthisbook. Thisdocumenthasbeenreleasedtothegeneralpublicbytheauthorityof:

Prof.JohnRoyRobertSearlheadofresearchanddevelopment. Authorlecturer Tomorrowsenergyandtransportationsystems.

th 209: Today, 7 February2008:1445EST(1945GMT)

TheSTS122Atlantiswithcrewof7astronautstookoffon11daymissionfortheinternational spacestationwithanothersectiontoaddtoit. FromNASASKennedySpaceCentre,CapeCanaveral,Florida,USA:Thecrewlefttoright: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) LeopoldEyharts: StanLove: HansSchlegel: RexWalheim: LelandMelvin: AlanPoindexter: StevenFrick:

ThemembersoftheSearlInternationalSpaceResearchConsortiumwishthemwellandour prayersgowiththemforasuccessfulmission,andasafereturnhomeagain. AndouradmirationtoPeggyWhitsonwhoisshowingtheworldthosewomencanplayan importantpartinspacemissionswhichhasbeenasubjectwithinmybooksthatswallow commandwillhaveaplaceforthemintheiroperationalprograms. 129

Ihavestatedsooftenthattheway atruefemalebrainiswiredupmakesthemsuitableforspace work,whereanumberoffunctionsareneededtobehandledatthesametime,they brainmeets thoserequirements,whichwillbediscussedinthisbookatsomepoint,foritcreatesmushinterest tomymindhowlifedevelopeditsfunctions,andwhydontweusethemtotheirfullcapacity.

Thanksforthephotograph,somedayIhopethattheSearlInternationalSpaceResearch Consortiumshallalsoproudlyshowofftheirspacecrew,likeNASAhasdonehereasspaceis wideopenforthosewhodaretoriskagambleofseekingknowledgeofouruniverse.

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