Mark Antony

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Marcus Antonius January 14, 83 B !"ugust 1, 3# B $age %3&

Bust of 'ark "ntony $(atican 'useums&

Place of birth Place of death Allegiance Years of service Rank Commands held

Battles/wars

)ome, )oman )epu*lic "le+andria, ,tolemaic -ingdom )oman )epu*lic 83!3# B .eneral )oman army .allic Wars aesar/s civil 0ar "ntony/s 0ar on ,arthia Battle of 'utina Battle of ,hilippi Battle of "ctium

1hese articles cover Ancient Rome and the fall of the )epu*lic

Roman Republic, 'ark "ntony, Cleopatra !!, Assassination of "ulius Caesar, Crassus, Pompey, Brutus, Cato the Younger, #heatre of Pompey, Cicero, $irst #riumvirate, Comitium

Marcus Antonius $in 2atin: '3"41546(73'3F3'34819& $c. January 14, 83 B !"ugust 1, 3# B &, kno0n in :nglish as Mark Antony, 0as a )oman politician and .eneral; <e 0as an important supporter and the loyal friend of .aius Julius aesar as a military commander and administrator, *eing aesar/s second cousin, once removed, *y his mother Julia "ntonia; "fter aesar/s assassination, "ntony formed an official political alliance 0ith 5ctavian $"ugustus& and 'arcus "emilius 2epidus, kno0n to historians today as the 7econd 1riumvirate; 1he triumvirate *roke up in 33 B ; =isagreement *et0een 5ctavian and "ntony erupted into civil 0ar, the Final War of the )oman )epu*lic, in 31 B ; "ntony 0as defeated *y 5ctavian at the naval Battle of "ctium, and in a *rief land *attle at "le+andria; <e committed suicide, and his lover, leopatra, killed herself shortly thereafter;

Contents
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1 :arly life > 7upporter of aesar 3 :nemy of the state and triumvirate 4 "ntony and leopatra % "ftermath and legacy ? 'arriages and descendants @ Fictional portrayals 8 )eferences o 8;1 ,rimary sources o 8;> 'odern Works A :+ternal links

%edit& 'arly life

" mem*er of the "ntonia gens, "ntony 0as *orn in 0inter 8@B? B , pro*a*ly in 7ulla/s army *esieging "thens during the 'ithridatic War; <is father 0as his namesake, 'arcus "ntonius reticus, the son of the great rhetorician 'arcus "ntonius 5rator 0ho had *een murdered and decapitated *y order of .aius 'arius at the end of 8@ B; ; <is mother Julia 0as a daughter of 2ucius aesar $consul A#, censor 8A&, another 'arian victim slain 0ith "ntonius the orator; <is father $praetor @4& died in @1 B; ; during his command

against 'editerranean piracy, and Julia soon remarried to ,u*lius ornelius 2entulus $7ura& $consul @1&, an eminent patrician politician and coBleader of the infamous onspiracy of atiline named after the latter; "ccording to authorities like ,lutarch, he spent his teenage years 0andering the streets of )ome 0ith his *rothers and friends, most nota*ly .aius urio $the later tri*une %# B; ;&, 0ith 0hom he is said to have had a long term homose+ual liaison; ,lutarch 0rites that *efore "ntony reached ># years of age, he 0as already inde*ted to the sum of >%# talents; 8>9 $"*out C% million in today/s money;839& "fter this period of recklessness, "ntony fled to .reece to escape his creditors and to study rhetoric; "fter a short time spent in attendance on the philosophers at "thens, he 0as summoned *y "ulus .a*inius, proconsul of 7yria, to take part in the campaigns against "risto*ulus 66 in Judea, and in support of -ing ,tolemy D66 "uletes in :gypt; 6n the ensuing campaign, he demonstrated his talents as a cavalry commander and distinguished himself 0ith *ravery and courage; 6ndeed, "ntony/s life 0as a mi+ture, often simultaneous, of astounding military honor along 0ith eEually astounding de*auchery; 6n a similar vein, ,lutarch noted that 0hile his generosity helped raise him to the heights of po0er, he 0as eEually hindered *y his countless faults; 849

%edit& (upporter of Caesar

6n %4 B , "ntony *ecame a mem*er of the staff of aesar/s armies in .aul and early .ermany; <e again proved to *e a competent military leader in the .allic Wars, *ut his personality caused insta*ility 0herever he 0ent; "ntony and aesar 0ere said to *e *est of friends as 0ell as *eing relatively close relatives; "ntony made himself ever availa*le to assist aesar in carrying out his military campaigns; )aised *y aesar/s influence to the offices of Euaestor, augur, and tri*une of the ple*eians $%# B &, he supported the cause of his patron 0ith great energy; aesar/s t0o proconsular commands, during a period of ten years, 0ere e+piring in %# B , and he 0anted to return to )ome for the consular elections; But resistance from the conservative faction of the )oman 7enate, led *y ,ompey, demanded that aesar resign his proconsulship and the command of his armies *efore *eing allo0ed to seek reBelection to the consulship; 1his aesar 0ould not do, as such an act 0ould at least temporarily render him a private citiFen and there*y leave him open to prosecution for his acts 0hile proconsul; 6t 0ould also place him at the mercy of ,ompey/s armies; 1o prevent this occurrence aesar *ri*ed the ple*ian tri*une urio to use his veto to prevent a senatorial decree 0hich 0ould deprive aesar of his armies and provincial command, and then made sure "ntony 0as elected tri*une for the ne+t term of office; "ntony e+ercised his tri*unician veto, 0ith the aim of preventing a senatorial decree declaring martial la0 against the veto, and 0as violently e+pelled from the senate 0ith another aesar adherent, assius, 0ho 0as

also a tri*une of the ple*s; aesar crossed the river )u*icon upon hearing of these affairs 0hich *egan the )epu*lican civil 0ar; "ntony left )ome and Goined aesar and his armies at "riminium, 0here he 0as presented to aesar/s soldiers still *loody and *ruised as an e+ample of the illegalities that his political opponents 0ere perpetrating, and as a casus *elli; 1ri*unes of the ,le*s 0ere meant to *e untoucha*le and their veto inaliena*le according to the )oman mos maiorum $although there 0as a grey line as to 0hat e+tent this e+isted in the declaration of and during martial la0&; "ntony commanded 6taly 0hilst aesar destroyed ,ompey/s legions in 7pain, and led the reinforcements to .reece, *efore commanding the right 0ing of aesar/s armies at ,harsalus; When aesar *ecame dictator for a second time, "ntony 0as made 'aster of the <orse, the dictator/s right hand man, and in this capacity he remained in 6taly as the peninsula/s administrator in 4@ B , 0hile aesar 0as fighting the last ,ompeians, 0ho had taken refuge in the province of "frica; But "ntony/s skills as an administrator 0ere a poor match for his generalship, and he seiFed the opportunity of indulging in the most e+travagant e+cesses, depicted *y icero in the Philippics; 6n 4? B he seems to have taken offense *ecause aesar insisted on payment for the property of ,ompey 0hich "ntony professedly had purchased, *ut had in fact simply appropriated; onflict soon arose, and, as on other occasions, "ntony resorted to violence; <undreds of citiFens 0ere killed and )ome itself descended into a state of anarchy; aesar 0as most displeased 0ith the 0hole affair and removed "ntony from all political responsi*ilities; 1he t0o men did not see each other for t0o years; 1he estrangement 0as not of long continuance, 0ith "ntony meeting the dictator at 4ar*o $4% B & and reGecting the suggestion of 1re*onius that he should Goin in the conspiracy that 0as already afoot; )econciliation arrived in 44 B , 0hen "ntony 0as chosen as partner for aesar/s fifth consulship; Whatever conflicts e+isted *et0een the t0o men, "ntony remained faithful to aesar at all times; 5n Fe*ruary 1%, 44 B , during the 2upercalia festival, "ntony pu*licly offered aesar a diadem; 1his 0as an event fraught 0ith meaning: a diadem 0as a sym*ol of a king, and in refusing it, aesar demonstrated that he did not intend to assume the throne; 5n 'arch 14, 44 B , "ntony 0as alarmed 0hen a 7enator named asca told him the gods 0ould strike do0n aesar; 1he follo0ing day, the 6des of 'arch, he 0ent do0n to 0arn the dictator *ut the Liberatores reached aesar first and he 0as assassinated on 'arch 1%, 44 B ; 6n the turmoil that surrounded the event, "ntony escaped )ome dressed as a slaveH fearing that the dictator/s assassination 0ould *e the start of a *lood*ath among his supporters; When this did not occur, he soon returned to )ome, discussing a truce 0ith the assassins/ faction; For a 0hile, "ntony, as consul, seemed to pursue peace and an end to the political tension; Follo0ing a speech *y icero in the 7enate, an amnesty 0as agreed for the assassins; 1hen came the day of aesar/s funeral; "s aesar/s everBpresent second in command, coB consul and cousin, "ntony 0as the natural choice to give the eulogy; 6n his speech, he made accusations of murder and ensured a permanent *reach 0ith the conspirators; 7ho0ing a talent for rhetoric and dramatic interpretation, "ntony snatched the toga from aesar/s *ody to sho0 the cro0d the sta* 0ounds, pointing at each and naming the

authors, pu*licly shaming them; =uring the eulogy he also read aesar/s 0ill, 0hich left most of his property to the people of )ome, demonstrating that, contrary to the conspirator/s assertions, aesar had no intention of forming a royal dynasty; ,u*lic opinion turned, and that night, the )oman populace attacked the assassins/ houses, forcing them to flee for their lives;

%edit& 'nemy of the state and triumvirate

)oman aureus *earing the portraits of 'ark "ntony $left& and 5ctavian $right&; 7truck in 41 B , this coin 0as issued to cele*rate the esta*lishment of the 7econd 1riumvirate *y 5ctavian, "ntony and 'arcus 2epidus in 43 B ; Both sides *ear the inscription I666 (6) ) , I, meaning I5ne of 1hree 'en for the )egulation of the )epu*licI;8%9 "ntony 0as left as sole onsul, he surrounded himself 0ith a *odyguard of aesar/s veterans and forced the senate to transfer to him the province of isalpine .aul, 0hich 0as then administered *y =ecimus Junius Brutus "l*inus, one of the conspirators; Brutus refused to surrender the province and "ntony set out to attack him in 5cto*er 44 B , *esieging him at 'utina; :ncouraged *y icero, the 7enate denounced "ntony and in January 43 they granted 5ctavian imperium $commanding po0er&, 0hich made his command of troops legal and sent him to relieve the siege, along 0ith <irtius and ,ansa, the consuls for 43 B ; 6n "pril 43, "ntony/s forces 0ere defeated at the Battles of Forum .allorum and 'utina, forcing "ntony to retreat to 1ransalpine .aul; <o0ever, *oth consuls 0ere killed, leaving 5ctavian in sole command of their armies; When they kne0 that 'arcus Junius Brutus and .aius assius 0ere assem*ling an army in order to march on )ome, "ntony, 5ctavian and 2epidus allied together in 4ovem*er 43 B , forming the 7econd 1riumvirate to stop aesar/s assassins;Brutus and assius 0ere defeated *y "ntony and 5ctavian at the Battle of ,hilippi in 5cto*er 4> B , "fter the *attle, a ne0 arrangement 0as made *et0een the mem*ers of the 7econd 1riumvirate: 0hile 5ctavian returned to )ome, "ntony 0ent on to govern the east; 2epidus 0ent on to govern <ispania and the province of "frica; 1he triumvirate/s enemies 0ere su*Gected to proscription including 'ark "ntony/s archenemy icero 0ho 0as killed on =ecem*er @ 43 B ;

%edit& Antony and Cleopatra

Antony and leopatra, *y 7ir 2a0rence "lmaB1adema $1883& "ntony summoned leopatra to 1arsus in 5cto*er 41 B ; 1here they formed an "lliance and *ecame lovers; "ntony returned to "le+andria 0ith her, 0here he spent the 0inter of 41 B B 4# B ; 6n spring 4# B he 0as forced to return to )ome follo0ing ne0s of his 0ife Fulvia/s ivil 0ar; Fulvia died 0hile "ntony 0as enBroute to 7icyon $Where Fulvia 0as e+iled&; "ntony made peace 0ith 5ctavian in 7eptem*er 4# B and married 5ctavian/s 7ister 5ctavia 'inor; 1he ,arthian :mpire had supported Brutus and assius in the civil 0ar, sending forces 0hich fought 0ith them at ,hilippiH follo0ing "ntony and 5ctavian/s victory, the ,arthians invaded )oman territory, occupying 7yria, advancing into "sia 'inor and installing "ntigonus as puppet king in Judaea to replace the proB )oman <yrcanus; "ntony sent his general (entidius to oppose this invasion; (entidius 0on a series of victories against the ,arthians, killing the cro0n prince ,acorus and e+pelling them from the )oman territories they had seiFed; "ntony no0 planned to retaliate *y invading ,arthia, and secured an agreement from 5ctavian to supply him 0ith e+tra troops for his campaign; With this military purpose on his mind, "ntony sailed to .reece 0ith 5ctavia, 0here he *ehaved in a most e+travagant manner, assuming the attri*utes of the .reek god =ionysus $3A B &; But the re*ellion in 7icily of 7e+tus ,ompeius, the last of the ,ompeians, kept the army promised to "ntony in 6taly; With his plans again disrupted, "ntony and 5ctavian Euarreled once more; 1his time 0ith the help of 5ctavia, a ne0 treaty 0as signed in 1arentum in 38 B ; 1he triumvirate 0as rene0ed for a period of another five years $ending in 33 B & and 5ctavian promised again to send legions to the :ast; But *y no0, "ntony 0as skeptical of 5ctavian/s true support of his ,arthian cause; 2eaving 5ctavia pregnant 0ith her second child "ntonia in )ome, he sailed to "le+andria, 0here he e+pected funding from leopatra, the mother of his t0ins; 1he Eueen of :gypt lent him the money he needed for the army, and after capturing Jerusalem and surrounding areas in 3@ B , he installed <erod as puppet king of Judaea, replacing the ,arthian appointee "ntigonus; "ntony then invaded ,arthian territory 0ith an army of a*out 1##,### )oman and allied troops *ut the campaign proved a disaster; "fter defeats in *attle, the desertion of his "rmenian allies and his failure to capture ,arthian strongholds convinced "ntony to retreat, his army 0as further depleted *y the hardships of its retreat through "rmenia in the depths of 0inter, losing more than a Euarter of its strength in the course of the campaign; 'ean0hile, in )ome, the triumvirate 0as no more; 2epidus 0as forced to resign after an illBGudged political move; 4o0 in sole po0er, 5ctavian 0as occupied in 0ooing the traditional )epu*lican aristocracy to his side; <e married 2ivia and started to attack

"ntony in order to raise himself to po0er; <e argued that "ntony 0as a man of lo0 morals to have left his faithful 0ife a*andoned in )ome 0ith the children to *e 0ith the promiscuous Eueen of :gypt; "ntony 0as accused of everything, *ut most of all, of I*ecoming nativeI, an unforgiva*le crime to the proud )omans; 7everal times "ntony 0as summoned to )ome, *ut remained in "le+andria 0ith leopatra;

" map of the !onations o" Ale#andria $*y 'ark "ntony to leopatra and her children& in 34 B "gain 0ith :gyptian money, "ntony invaded "rmenia, this time successfully; 6n the return, a mock )oman 1riumph 0as cele*rated in the streets of "le+andria; 1he parade through the city 0as a pastiche of )ome/s most important military cele*ration; For the finale, the 0hole city 0as summoned to hear a very important political statement; 7urrounded *y leopatra and her children, "ntony 0as a*out to put an end to his alliance 0ith 5ctavian; <e distri*uted kingdoms *et0een his children: "le+ander <elios 0as named king of "rmenia, 'edia and ,arthia $0hich 0ere never conEuered *y )ome&, his t0in 7elene got yrenaica and 2i*ya, and the young ,tolemy ,hiladelphus 0as a0arded 7yria and ilicia; "s for leopatra, she 0as proclaimed Jueen of -ings and Jueen of :gypt, to rule 0ith aesarion $,tolemy D( aesar, son of Julius aesar&, -ing of -ings and -ing of :gypt; 'ost important of all, aesarion 0as declared legitimate son and heir of aesar; 1hese proclamations 0ere kno0n as the !onations o" Ale#andria and caused a fatal *reach in "ntony/s relations 0ith )ome; =istri*uting insignificant8citation needed9 lands among the children of leopatra 0as not a peace move, *ut it 0as not a serious pro*lem either;8citation needed9 What did seriously threaten 5ctavian/s political position, ho0ever, 0as the ackno0ledgment of aesarion as legitimate and heir to aesar/s name; 5ctavian/s *ase of po0er 0as his link 0ith aesar through adoption, 0hich granted him muchBneeded popularity and loyalty of the legions; 1o see this convenient situation attacked *y a child *orne *y the richest 0oman in the 0orld 0as something 5ctavian could not accept; 1he triumvirate e+pired on the last day of 33 B and 0as not rene0ed; "nother civil 0ar 0as *eginning;

$he %attle o" Actium, *y 2orenFo astro, 1?@>, 4ational 'aritime 'useum, 2ondon =uring 33 and 3> B , a propaganda 0ar 0as fought in the political arena of )ome, 0ith accusations flying *et0een sides; "ntony $in :gypt& divorced 5ctavia and accused 5ctavian of *eing a social upstart, of usurping po0er, and of forging the adoption papers *y aesar; 5ctavian responded 0ith treason charges: of illegally keeping provinces that should *e given to other men *y lots, as 0as )ome/s tradition, and of starting 0ars against foreign nations $"rmenia and ,arthia& 0ithout the consent of the 7enate; "ntony 0as also held responsi*le for 7e+tus ,ompeius/ e+ecution 0ith no trial; 6n 3> B , the 7enate deprived him of his po0ers and declared 0ar against leopatra B not "ntony, *ecause 5ctavian kne0 that another civil 0ar 0ould lose him popular support; Both consuls $.naeus =omitius "heno*ar*us and .aius 7osius& and a third of the 7enate a*andoned )ome to meet "ntony and leopatra in .reece; 6n 31 B , the 0ar started; 5ctavian/s loyal and talented general 'arcus (ipsanius "grippa captured the .reek city and naval port of 'ethone, loyal to "ntony; 1he enormous popularity of 5ctavian 0ith the legions secured the defection of the provinces of yrenaica and .reece to his side; 5n 7eptem*er >, the naval *attle of "ctium took place; "ntony and leopatra/s navy 0as destroyed, and they 0ere forced to escape to :gypt 0ith ?# ships; 5ctavian, no0 close to a*solute po0er, did not intend to give them rest; 6n "ugust 3# B , assisted *y "grippa, he invaded :gypt; With no other refuge to escape to, "ntony committed suicide *y sta**ing himself 0ith his s0ord in the mistaken *elief that leopatra had already done so $3# B &; When he found out that leopatra 0as still alive, his friends *rought him to leopatra/s monument in 0hich she 0as hiding, and he died in her arms;$<o0ever, some sources claim that he did not commit suicide, *ut 0as killed *y an :gyptian priest 0ho 0as in favour of 5ctavian&; leopatra 0as allo0ed to conduct "ntony/s *urial rites after she had *een captured *y 5ctavian; )ealising that she 0as destined for 5ctavian/s triumph in )ome, she made several attempts to take her life and 0as finally successful in midB"ugust; "ntony/s children *y leopatra 0ere spared, *ut paraded through the streets of )ome *y 5ctavian; "ntony/s daughters *y 5ctavia 0ere spared, as 0as his son, 6ullus "ntonius; But his elder son, 'arcus "ntonius "ntyllus, 0as killed *y 5ctavian/s men 0hile pleading for his life in the aesarium;

%edit& Aftermath and legacy

When "ntony died, 5ctavian *ecame uncontested ruler of )ome; 6n the follo0ing years, 5ctavian, 0ho 0as kno0n as "ugustus after >@ B , managed to accumulate in his person all administrative, political, and military offices; When "ugustus died in 14 "=, his political po0ers passed to his adopted son 1i*eriusH the )oman ,rincipate had *egun; 1he rise of aesar and the su*seEuent civil 0ar *et0een his t0o most po0erful adherents effectively ended the credi*ility of the )oman oligarchy as a governing po0er and ensured that all future po0er struggles 0ould centre upon 0hich of t0o $or more& individuals 0ould achieve supreme control of the government, rather than upon an individual in conflict 0ith the 7enate; 1hus "ntony, as aesar/s key adherent and one of the t0o men around 0hom po0er coalesced follo0ing his assassination, 0as one of the three men chiefly responsi*le for the fall of the )oman )epu*lic;

%edit& Marriages and descendants

"ntony had *een married in succession to Fadia, "ntonia, Fulvia, 5ctavia and leopatra, and left *ehind him a num*er of children; 1hrough his daughters *y 5ctavia, he 0ould *e ancestor to the )oman :mperors aligula, laudius and 4ero; 1; 'arriage to Fadia, a daughter of a freedman; "ccording to icero, Fadia *ore "ntony several children; 4othing is kno0n a*out Fadia or their children; icero is the only )oman source that mentions "ntonyKs first 0ife; >; 'arriage to first paternal cousin "ntonia <y*rida 'inor; "ccording to ,lutarch, "ntony thre0 her out of his house in )ome, *ecause she slept 0ith his friend, the tri*une ,u*lius ornelius =ola*ella; 1his occurred *y 4@ B and "ntony divorced her; By "ntonia, he had a daughter: o "ntonia, married the 0ealthy .reek ,ythodoros of 1ralles; 3; 'arriage to Fulvia, *y 0hom he had t0o sons: o 'arcus "ntonius "ntyllus, e+ecuted *y 5ctavian in 3# B ; o 6ullus "ntonius, married laudia 'arcella 'aGor, daughter of 5ctavia; 4; 'arriage to 5ctavia 'inor, sister of 5ctavian, later "ugustusH they had t0o daughters: o "ntonia 'aGor, married =omitiusH grandmother of the :mpress (aleria 'essalina and the emperor 4ero; o "ntonia 'inor, married =rusus, the son of 2iviaH mother of the :mperor laudius, grandmother of the :mperor aligula and :mpress "grippina the Lounger, greatBgrandmother of the emperor 4ero; %; hildren 0ith the Eueen leopatra of :gypt, the former lover of Julius aesar: o 1he t0ins "le+ander <elios M leopatra 7elene 66; 7elene married -ing Ju*a 66 of 4umidia and later 'auretaniaH the Eueen of 7yria, Neno*ia of ,almyra, is descended from 7elene and Ju*a 66; o ,tolemy ,hiladelphus;

%edit& $ictional portrayals

Fictional 0orks in 0hich the character of 'ark "ntony plays a central role include:

William 7hakespeare/s &ulius aesar and Antony and leopatra, and the films made from these t0o plays John =ryden/s All "or Love 1he 1( series 'ena( )arrior Princess 1he 1( series *ome $see 'ark "ntony $character&& 1he 1A34 film leopatra 1he 1A?3 film leopatra olleen 'c ullough/s Masters o" *ome series $he Memoirs o" leopatra, a novel *y 'argaret .eorge 1he apcom videogame 7hado0 of )ome, in 0hich he is depicted as the main antagonist 1he 1AAA film leopatra 1he >##% tv mini series :mpire onn 6ggulden/s +mperor novels .iles oren portrayed 'ark "nthony in the si+th episode of the second series of $he ,upersi-ers +at $aired BB 5ne, A:##pm 'onday >@ July >##A&

%edit& References
Wikine0s has related ne0s: Egyptian archaeologist finds artifacts which may lead to Cleopatra's tomb
1;

>; 3; 4; %;

) Marcus Antonius Marci Filius Marci .eposH in :nglish, I'arcus "ntonius, son of 'arcus, grandson of 'arcusI; ) ,lutarch, I"nthonyI ) 5ne talent had a purchasing po0er of a*out C>#,###;819; " talent represented nine years of 0ages for a craftsman;8>9 ) http:OOpenelope;uchicago;eduO1hayerO:O)omanO1e+tsO,lutarchO2ivesO"ntonyP;html hapter 4, (erse 3 ) 7ear, =avid ); I ommon 2egend "**reviations 5n )oman oinsI;
http:OO000;davidrsear;comOacademyOromanQlegends;html;

)etrieved on >##@B#8B>4;

%edit& Primary sources

=io assius +li;!liii "ppian, %ell. iv. i;!v; aesar, ommentarii de %ello /allico and ommentarii de %ello ivili icero, Letters and Philippics o 0rations( $he "ourteen ,hilippics against 'arcus "ntonius R 1ufts Sniversity lassics ollection ,lutarch, Parallel Lives (Lives o" the .oble /reeks and *omans) o ,lutarch/s Parallel Lives: I"ntonyI R 6nternet lassics "rchive $'61& o ,lutarch/s Parallel Lives: I2ife of "ntonyI B 2oe* lassical 2i*rary edition, 1A>#

,lutarch/s Parallel Lives: I1he omparison of =emetrius and "ntonyI R 6nternet lassics "rchive $'61&