Earthquake Resistant Design Using Tyres as Dampers

Submitted in partial fulfilment for the award of Degree of BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY OF MADRAS Submitted by ANANTHA NARAYAN C.K. ARUN KUMAR S. MAHARAJAN S.
under the guidance of

Mr. P. SACHITHANANTHAM , M.E.

Department of Civil Engineering

BHARATH INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

173, Agaram Road, Selaiyur, Chennai 600 073

MARCH 2003

Dedicated to all the lives lost in Earthquakes

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We wish to express our sincere thanks to our guide , Mr.P.Sachithanantham , M.E, M.I.S.T.E, Lecturer in the Civil Engineering Department for guiding the project work right from the inception.

We wish to express our gratitude and sincere thanks to Prof. S.Vaidyanathan, Head of the Civil Engineering Department for making available all the facilities and giving support throughout the project.

We thank our respected principal Dr.P.Srinivasulu for providing us with invaluable support and guidance right through our project work. We thank our respected Director Dr. Ing P.Vajravelu for providing us with all the encouragement right through our project.

We wish to thank all the staff members of the Civil Engineering, Mechanical engineering and Electrical Engineering Departments for sparing their invaluable times at different junctures of our project. We wish to thank Mr. Ved K. Ramesh,M.Tech of Marvel Engineering Co. Ltd, Chennai for readily sparing the Vibration Measuring Device; Mr. C.A.Krishna Murthy, FIE, for helping us with the vibration measurements; Dr.B.Sivarama Sarma, Head, R&D, Larsen and Toubro for giving us valuable guidance during the inception of this project.

We express our sincere thanks to Dr. James R. Morgan of Texas A & M University, Dr. Stephen Mahin and Dr. Nikos Makris of University of California, Berkeley for clarification of many procedures during the course of this project.

Our special thanks are due to all the lab assistants for providing us with all the help required during our p roject work.

Last but not the least, we would like to thank all our friends who gave us support during the various phases of our project.

CONTENTS

CHAPTER

PAGE NO.

List of Tables List of Figures List of Graphs Synopsis 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 INTRODUCTION LITERATURE REVIEW METHODOLOGY EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSION CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHY

i ii iii iv 2 24 25 33 51 52 53

LIST OF TABLES

Table No. 1.1 1.2 1.3 4.1

TITLE Classification of Earthquakes- Magnitude as basis Effect of soils conditions on earthquake intensity Natural Time period for varying building heights Vibration Measurements at 2270 RPM (Rigid Base Condition without tyre) Vibration Measurements at 2400 RPM (Rigid Base Condition without tyre) Vibration Measurements at 2270 RPM (Tyre infilled with coarse aggregate) Vibration Measurements at 2400 RPM (Tyre infilled with coarse aggregate) Vibration Measurements at 2270 RPM (Tyre infilled with sand) Vibration Measurements at 2400 RPM (Tyre infilled with coarse aggregate) Load vs Deflection (tyre infilled with sand) Load vs Deflection (tyre in filled with coarse aggregate) Frequency at 2270 RPM (Rigid Base Condition) Frequency at 2270 RPM (tyre infilled with sand)

Page No. 2 5 10 33

4.2 4.3

34 35

4.4 4.5

36 37

4.6

38

4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14

39 40 44 45 46 47 48 49

Frequency at 2270 RPM (tyre infilled with coarse aggregate) Frequency at 2400 RPM (Rigid Base Condition) Frequency at 2400 RPM (tyre infilled with sand) Frequency at 2400 RPM (tyre infilled with coarse aggregate)

LIST OF FIGURES

Table No.

TITLE

Page No.

1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 3.1 3.2 3.3 4.1 4.2

Plate Tectonic Zones Inertial Response Provision of Isolator Response of Isolated Building Plan of the Model Reinforcement Detailing Experimental Setup Vibration at Nodes (Rigid Base Condition) at 2270 RPM Vibration at Nodes (Rigid Base Condition) at 2400 RPM Vibration at Nodes (Tyre infilled with sand) at 2270 RPM Vibration at Nodes (Tyre infilled with sand) at 2400 RPM Vibration at Nodes ( Tyre infilled with aggregate) at 2270 RPM Vibration at Nodes (Tyre infilled with aggregate) at 2400 RPM

6 9 16 18 27 28 29 41 41

4.3 4.4

42 42

4.5 4.6

43 43

LIST OF GRAPHS

Table No.

TITLE

Page No.

4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10

Load Vs Deflection (tyre infilled with sand) Load Vs Deflection (tyre infilled with aggregate) Frequency Vs Height (Rigid Base condition at 2270 RPM) Frequency Vs Height (Tyre with Sand at 2270 RPM) Frequency Vs Height (Tyre with Aggregate at 2270 RPM) Frequency Vs Height (Rigid Base condition at 2400 RPM) Frequency Vs Height (Tyre with Sand at 2400 RPM) Frequency Vs Height (Tyre with Aggregate at 2400 RPM) Comparison of three cases at 2400 RPM Comparison of three cases at 2270 RPM

39 40 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 50

SYNOPSIS
There is a well-known saying that, Earthquakes do not kill people, it is man as a builder who kills people. Our country has also faced a number of earthquakes in recent years, which caused wide spread loss of life and property and the main causalities are due to collapse of structures. So there is a greater need for earthquake resistant design of structures in order to make the structure vibration resistant by improving its strength, durability and stiffness. One of the reasons why a structure fails during an earthquake is that the structure is not able to absorb and dissipate the seismic energy and as a result the structure develops cracks and fails ultimately. Studies have been conducted and research has been made in the using of dampers to absorb the energy and thus, prevent the structure from a collapse.

The provision of dampers in our case serves to solve two problems at the same time. The first being that rubber tyres are good absorbers of energy, can take up vibratory loads and hence can act as dampers. The second advantage is that it serves to act as a medium of disposal of old tyres which otherwise would cause an environmental issue. Tyres have an estimated half-life of 30,000 years so they are around for long time. Once they are filled with dirt and compacted, tyres make the most earth-friendly and strongest foundations. They will outlive any cement foundations by thousands of years. They will not outgas once they are buried because tyres only outgas when they are exposed to direct sunlight. They are termite proof and, once buried, are fireproof as well. The tests involve the fabrication of a vibrating table and the construction of a two storey two bay concrete frame which will be subjected to simulation seismic forces. The vibrations transmitted under the three cases namely, without tyre damper, with tyre infilled with sand and tyre infilled with aggregate are subjected to testing and the results are compared.

A bad earthquake at once destroys the oldest associations; the world, the very emblem of all that is solid, had moved beneath our feet like a crust over a fluid one second of time has created in the mind a strong idea of insecurity, which hours of reflection would not have produced. ---Charles Darwin

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Earthquakes are powerful manifestations of sudden releases of strain energy accumulated during extensive time intervals. They radiate seismic waves of various types which propagate in all directions through the Earth's interior. The passage of seismic waves through rocks cause shaking that we feel as earthquakes Source: Earthquake Research in India, Govt. of India, 1999 1.1 CLASSIFICATION OF EARTHQUAKES:

1.

DEPTH OF FOCUS AS BASIS a. Shallow earthquakes - depth of the focus lies anywhere up to 60km below the surface. A great majority of the earthquakes in the past had been of this type. b. Intermediate earthquakes - originate between 60 and 300km below the surface. These are rare in occurrence but their effects are felt over large areas. c. Deep seated earthquakes - originates between 300-700km, and are very rare phenomena.

2.

MAGNITUDE AS BASIS

Table No. 1.1 Type of earthquakes Great global earthquake Major regional earthquake Major local earthquake Medium earthquake Minor local earthquake 3. Magnitude Richter value 8 7-8 6-7 5-7 4-5 Avg. annual number of occurrences on the earth 1-2 15-20 100-150 750-1,000 5,000-7,000

CAUSES OF ORIGIN AS BASIS a. TECTONIC EARTHQUAKES- which are caused due to faulting or relative displacements of blocks of the crust of the earth along

the rupture planes. origin.

Most commonly earthquakes are tectonic

b. NON-TECTONIC EARTHQUAKES- that owe their origin to causes distinctly different from faulting such as volcanic eruptions, atomic explosions or due to landslides and subsidence.

1.2

CAUSES OF EARTHQUAKES a. Generally the origin and propagation of shock waves through the ground during an earthquake may be non-tectonic or tectonic in character. Shockwaves developed due to volcanic eruptions, huge landslides or rock bursts especially in hilly terrain are the common ways. b. The tectonic earthquakes-the most common and the most destructive events. Their exact cause of origin is as yet not fully establis hed. It is agreed that these are caused due to displacement of blocks along fractures called faults, and that focus of an earthquake indicates the depth at which this displacement originates. The elastic rebound theory put forth by then H.F. Reid in connection with San Francisco earthquake of 1906 is at present widely acclaimed as a satisfactory explanation.

According to this theory, rocks are believed to behave as elastic masses towards operating stresses. When these are stressed, the rocks respond by bending as a first reaction. When the stressing conditions continue, the elastic limit may be reached and rupture may develop associated with displacement of the blocks along the plane/surface of rupture (fault plane).

c. Reservoir associated earthquakes - it is that filling of water on the upstream side of the dam causes additional load on the strata below the reservoir could be the sole cause of tremors. In that case shocks should have been recorded all the major reservoirs of the world. However, in certai n regions that are already critically stressed earthquakes could be caused during and after filling of water in the reservoir due to any or both of the following reasons

d. Sagging effect of the load: Since the rocks at the base of a basin are to bear additional load due to impounded water, these adjust to the new loads by bending or sagging thereby initiating stressredistribution in their regime. This readjustment may be sufficient in certain already critically balanced cases to trigger seismic shocks. In the normal case, however, the additional stresses may be simply absorbed by the enormous stable rock regime below. Association of increased seismicity with peak filling is cited as an argument in favour of additional load hypothesis e. Increased pore pressure: It is believed that when water is stored in a reservoir, the pore pressure in the basin rocks is increased considerably Such an increase has an adverse effect on the shearing strength of the basin rocks which may lead to their failure and slippage, and the associated increase in seismicity.

1.3

EFFECT OF SOIL CONDITION ON EARTHQUAKE INTENSITY The vibrations caused by the seismic waves originating from the focus of an

earthquake, sets the overlying layers in reactive motion whose amplitude depends on the dynamic stiffness of the soil. If the surface layer of soil is sufficiently deep and its natural vibration characteristics are such that the forced vibrations of the overlying soil may give rise to resonance, the vibration of the overlying soil may turn out to be far more pronounced than that suffered by the underlying earthquake.

Table No. 1.2

Effect of soil condition on earthquake intensity Soil category Propagation velocity of P-waves (km/s) 5.6 4.5-2.5 3.0-1.7 2.1-1.9

1. Granites 2. Limestones and Sandstones 3. Half-rocks (gypsum and marbles) 4. Fragmental rocks (rock debris, gravel, pebble) 5. Sands 6. Clay soils (clays, loams, sandy loams) 7. Loose fill-up soils

1.6-0.6 1.5-0.6 0.6-0.2

1.4

PLATE TECTONICS

The world's earthquakes are not randomly distributed over the Earth's surface. They tend to be concentrated in narrow zones. Why is this? And why are volcanoes and mountain ranges found in these zones, too? An explanation is to be found in plate tectonics , a concept which has revolutionized thinking in the Earth's sciences during the late 1960's. The theory of plate tectonics combines many of the ideas about continental drift (originally proposed in 1912 by Alfred Wegener in Germany) and sea-floor spreading (suggested originally by Harry Hess of Princeton University). Plate tectonics tells us that the Earth's rigid outer shell, or lithosphere , is broken into a mosaic of oceanic and continental plates which can slide over the plastic aesthenosphere, which is the uppermost layer of the mantle. The plates are in constant motion. Where they interact, along their margins, important geological processes take place, such as the formation of mountain belts, earthquakes, and volcanoes. The lithosphere covers the whole Earth. Therefore, ocean plates are also involved, more particularly in the process of sea-floor spreading. This involves the mid-ocean ridges, which are a system of narrow submarine cracks that can be traced down the center of the major oceans. The ocean floor is being continuously pulled apart along these mid-ocean ridges. Hot volcanic material rises from the Earth's mantle to fill the gap and continuously forms new oceanic crust. The mid-ocean ridges themselves are broken by offsets know as transform faults .

Fig. 1.1 Plate Tectonic Zones

1.5

EARTHQUAKE PREDICTION AND PLATE TECTONICS How can plate tectonics help in earthquake prediction? We have seen that

earthquakes occur at the following three kinds of plate boundary: ocean ridges where the plates are pulled apart, margins where the plates scrape past one another, and margins where one plate is thrust under the other. Thus, we can predict the general regions on the Earth's surface where we can expect large earthquakes in the future. We know that each year about 140 earthquakes of magnitude 6 or greater will occur within this area which is 10 percent of the Earth's surface. But on a worldwide basis we cannot say with much accuracy when these events will occur. The reason is that the processes in plate tectonics have been going on for millions of years. Averaged over this interval, plate motions amount to several millimeters per year. But at any instant in geologic time, for example, the year 1977, we do not know exactly where we are in the worldwide cycle of strain buildup and strain release. Only by monitoring the stress and strain in small areas, for instance, the San Andreas Fault, in great detail can we hope to predict when renewed activity in that part of the plate tectonics arena is likely to take place. In summary, plate tectonics is a blunt, but, nevertheless, strong tool in earthquake prediction. It tells us where 90 percent of the Earth's major earthquakes are likely to occur. It cannot tell us much about exactly when they will occur. For that, we must study in detail the plate boundaries themselves. Perhaps the most important role of plate tectonics is that it is a guide to the use of finer techniques for earthquake prediction.

1.6

EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKES

1.6.1 Ground Acceleration and Building Damage Comparatively speaking, the absolute movement of the ground and buildings during an earthquake is not actually all that large, even during a major earthquake. That is, they do not usually undergo displacements that are large relative to the building's own dimensions. So, it is not the distance that a building moves which alones causes damage. Rather, it is because a building is suddenly forced to move very quickly that it suffers damage during an earthquake. Think of someone pulling a rug from beneath you. If they pull it quickly (i.e., accelerate it a great deal), then they needn't pull it very far to throw you off balance. On the other hand, if they pull the rug

slowly and only gradually increase the speed of the rug, they can move (displace) it a great distance without that same unfortunate result. In other words, the damage that a building suffers primarily depends not upon its displacement, but upon acceleration. Whereas displacement is the actual distance the ground and the building may move during an earthquake, acceleration is a measure of how quickly they change speed as they move. During an earthquake, the speed at which both the ground and building are moving will reach some maximum. The more quickly they reach this maximum, the greater their acceleration.

1.6.2 NEWTON'S LAW Acceleration has this important influence on damage, because, as an object in movement, the building obeys Newton' famous Second Law of Dynamics. The simplest form of the equation which expresses the Second Law of Motion is: F=M*A This states the F orce acting on the building is equal to the Mass of the building times the Acceleration. So, as the acceleration of the ground, and in turn, of the building, increase, so does the force which affects the building, since the mass of the building doesn't change. Of course, the greater the force affecting a building, the more damage it will suffer; decreasing F is an important goal of earthquake resistant design. When designing a new building, for example, it is desirable to make it as light as possible, which means, of course, that M , and in turn, F will be lessened. 1.6.3 INERTIAL FORCES It is important to note that F is actually what's known as an inertial force, that is, the force is created by the building's tendency to remain at rest, and in its original position, even though the ground beneath it is moving. This is in accordance with another important physical law known as D'Alembert's Principle, which states that a mass acted upon by acceleration tends to oppose that acceleration in an opposite direction and proportionally to the magnitude of the acceleration. This inertial force

F imposes strains upon the building's structural elements. These structural elements primarily include the building's beams, columns, load -bearing walls, floors, as well as the connecting elements that tie these various structural elements together. If these strains are large enough, the building's structural elements suffer damage of various kinds.

Fig. 1.2 INERTIAL RESPONSE To illustrate the process of inertia generated strains within a structure, we can consider the simplest kind of structure imaginable--a simple, perfectly rigid block of stone. During an earthquake, if this block is simply sitting on the ground without any attachment to it, the block will move freely in a direction opposite to that of the ground motion, and with a force proportional to the mass and acceleration of the block. If the same block, however, is solidly founded in the ground and no longer able to move freely, it must in some way absorb the inertial force internally. This internal uptake of force is shown to result in cracking near the base of the block. Of course, real buildings do not respond as simply as described above. There are a number of important characteristics common to all buildings, which further affect and complicate a building's response in terms of the accelerations it undergoes, and the deformations and damages that it suffers. 1.6.4 BUILDING FREQUENCY AND PERIOD The magnitude of the building response--that is, the accelerations which it undergoes-- depends primarily upon the frequencies of the input ground motion and the building's natural frequency. When these are near or equal to one another, the building's response reaches a peak level. In some circumstances, this dynamic amplification effect can increase the building acceleration to a value two times or more that of the ground acceleration at the base of the building. Generally, buildings with higher natural frequencies, and a short natural period, tend to suffer higher accelerations but smaller displacement. In the case of buildings with lower natural

frequencies, and a long natural period, this is reversed: the buildings will experience lower accelerations but larger displacements. The building period is simply the inverse of the frequency: Whereas the frequency is the number of times per second that the building will vibrate back and forth, the period is the time it takes for the building to make one complete vibration. The relationship between frequency f and period T is thus very simple math: T= 1 / f This means that a short building with a high natural frequency also has a short natural period. Conversely, a very tall building with a low frequency has a long period. For example, it takes the Empire State Building a comparatively long time to sway back and forth during a strong gust of wind. The table below gives a representative range of building heights and natural periods Table No. 1.3 - Natural Time Period for Varying Building heights Typical Natural Period 2 story 5 story 10 story 20 story 30 story 0.2 seconds 0.5 seconds 1.0 seconds 2.0 seconds 3.0 seconds

Building Height

1.6.5 BUILDING STIFFNESS The taller a building, the longer its natural period tends to be. But the height of a building is also related to another important structural characteristic: the building flexibility. Taller buildings tend to be more flexible than short buildings. (Only consider a thin metal rod. If it is very short, it is difficulty to b end it in your hand. If the rod is somewhat longer, and of the same diameter, it becomes much easier to bend. Buildings behave similarly.) We say that a short building is stiff, while a taller building is flexible. (Obviously, flexibility and stiffness are really just the two sides of the same coin. If something is stiff, it isn't flexible and vice-versa.)

Stiffness greatly affects the building's uptake of earthquake generated force. Reconsider our first example above, of the rigid stone block deeply founded in the soil. The rigid block of stone is very stiff; as a result it responds in a simple, dramatic manner. Real buildings, of course, are more inherently flexible, being composed of many different parts. Furthermore, not only is the block stiff, it is brittle ; and because of this, it cracks during the earthquake. This leads us to the next important structural characteristic affecting a building's earthquake response and performance: ductility 1.6.7 DUCTILITY Ductility is the ability to undergo distortion or deformation--bending, for example-- without resulting in complete breakage or failure. For the block, we have substituted a combination of a metal rod and a weight. In response to the ground motion, the rod bends but does not break. (Of course, metal s in general are more ductile than materials such as stone, brick and concrete.) Obviously, it is far more desirable for a building to sustain a limited amount of deformation than for it to suffer a complete breakage failure. The ductility of a structure is in fact one of the most important factors affecting its earthquake performance. One of the primary tasks of an engineer designing a building to be earthquake resistant is to ensure that the building will possess enough ductility to withstand the size and types of earthquakes it is likely to experience during its lifetime.

1.7

BASE ISOLATION
The concept of protecting a building from the damaging effects of

an earthquake by introducing some type of support that isolates it from the shaking ground is an attractive one, and many mechanisms to achieve this result have been proposed. Although the early proposals go back 100 years, it is only in recent years that base isolation has become a practical strategy for earthquake-resistant design.

Base isolation refers to a method of either retrofitting or designing structures to better withstand earthquake vibrations. In a typical structure, the structure is attached to the foundations through columns or other supporting members.

Most of us design the connections between the columns and the foundations as solid rigid connections. Usually for winds and other environmental loads, we have always found that a solid connection between the foundation and the supporting structure was the best performing connection. This same philosophy was also used for many years for resisting seismic loads. When an earthquake occurs, the surface of the earth fractures and moves. This makes the soil around the fracture move and vibrate. This radiates from the fracture zone in all directions. As these vibrations reach a structure, the vibrations shake the foundations which in turn shake the structure attached to them. Now, just what would happen if we were to separate the foundation from the structure so that the vibrations could not be transmitted to the structure. This is the idea behind base isolation. We insert some sort of device between the foundation and the structure so that earthquake vibrations cannot be transmitted to the structure. Base isolation techniques follow two basic approaches with certain common features. In the first approach the isolation system introduces a layer of low lateral stiffness between the structure and the foundation. With this isolation layer the structure has a natural period that is much longer than its fixed-base natural period. This lengthening of period can reduce the pseudo-acceleration and hence the earthquake -induced forces in the structure, but the deformation are increased. This type of isolation system is effective even if the structure is linear and undamped. The most common system of this type uses short, cylindrical bearings with one or more holes and alternating layers of steel plates and hard rubber. Interposed between the base of the structure and the foundation, these laminated bearings are strong and stiff under vertical loads, yet very flexible under lateral forces. Because the natural damping of the rubber is low, additional damping is usually provided by some form of mechanical damper. These have included lead plugs inserted in to the holes, hydraulic dampers, steel bars, or steel coils. In the second approach the isolation system uses sliding elements between the foundation and the base of the structure. The shear force is transmitted to the structure across the isolation interface is limited by keeping the coefficient of friction as low as practical. In this type of isolation systems, the sliding displacements are controlled by high-tension springs or laminated rubber bearings, or by making the sliding surface curved. These mechanisms provide a restoring force, otherwise unavailable in this type of system, to return the structure to its equilibrium position. The dynamics of structures on slider type of isolation systems is complicated because the slip process is intrinsically nonlinear.

1.7.1 PURPOSE OF BASE ISOLATION A high proportion of the world is subjected to earthquakes and society expects that structural engineers will design our buildings so that they can survive the effects of these earthquakes. As for all the load cases we encounter in the design process, such as gravity and wind, we work to meet a single basic equation: CAPACITY > DEMAND We know that earthquakes happen and are uncontrollable. So, in that sense, we have to accept the demand and make sure that the capacity exceeds it. The earthquake causes inertia forces proportional to the product of the building mass and the earthquake ground accelerations. As the ground accelerations increases, the strength of the building, the capacity must be increased to avoid structural damage.

It is not practical to continue to increase the strength of the building indefinitely. In high seismic zones the accelerations causing forces in the building may exceed one or even two times the acceleration due to gravity g. It is easy to visualize the strength needed for this level of load strength to resist 1g means than the building could resist gravity applied sideways, whic h means that the building could be tipped on its side and held horizontal without damage. Designing for this level of strength is neither easy, nor cheap. Hence, most codes allow engineers to use ductility to achieve the capacity.

1.7.2 PRINCIPLE OF BASE ISOLATION: The fundamental principle of base isolation is to modify the response of the building so that the ground can move below the building without transmitting these motions in to the building. In an ideal system this separation would be total. In the real world, there needs to be some contact between the structure and the ground.

A building that is perfectly rigid will have a zero period. When the ground moves the acceleration induced in the structure will be equal to the ground

acceleration and there will be zero relative displacement between the structure and the ground. The structure and the ground move the same amount. A building that is perfectly flexible will have an infinite period. For this type of structure, when the ground beneath the structure moves there will be zero acceleration induced in the structure and the relative displacement between the structure and ground will be equal to the ground displacement. The structure will not move, the ground will.

1.7.3 EFFECTIVENESS OF BASE ISOLATION SYSTEMS: The use of seismic isolation bearings permits the structure that they support to be less strong than would be required if the structure were to be firmly attached (through a conventional foundation) directly to the ground. This results in a lower cost and lower weight structure. For this reason, the employment of seismic isolation bearings is not only an efficient aseismic design strategy for new structures, but is an exceptionally effective method for the practical and economical retrofitting of structures that do not meet current seismic standards, or for which a higher degree of safety is desired. Seismic isolation permits a structure to function in the aftermath of potentially damaging earthquakes. This would be especially important for such structures as hospitals, communications centers, emergency centers, power stations, disaster response centers, etc. Proper isolation of such structures as nuclear power plants, chemical plants, oil refineries and processing plants can also preve nt potentially catastrophic area-wide secondary harm from occurring due to damage of such systems as a consequence of an earthquake. For many businesses and industries, the most significant benefit deriving from seismic isolation can be the prevention of l oss of operation in the aftermath of an earthquake. When the ground directly supports a building, the force of an earthquake is directly transmitted to the inside of the building. Providing a base isolation device between the building and the ground can minimize the level of earthquake force transmitted to the buildings by one-half to one -third. This system protects the building finish, furniture, utensils, electronic apparatus, building frames, etc. from the shock of an earthquake. Since the 1995 Great Hanshin Earthquake occurred, there has been

renewed recognition of the usefulness of a base isolation structure system, which serves to totally increase the safety of buildings against earthquakes. 1.7.4 BASE ISOLATION HOW IT WORKS? It is easiest to see thi s principle at work by referring directly to the most widely used of these advanced techniques, which is known as base isolation. A base isolated structure is supported by a series of bearing pads that are placed between the building and the building's foundation. A variety of different types of base isolation bearing pads have now been developed. Lead-rubber bearings are among the frequently used types of base isolation bearings. A lead-rubber bearing is made from layers of rubber sandwiched together with layers of steel. In the middle of the bearing is a solid lead "plug." On top and bottom, the bearing is fitted with steel plates, which are used to attach the bearing to the building and foundation. The bearing is very stiff and strong in the vertical direction, but flexible in the horizontal direction.

Fig. 1.3 Provision of Isolator To get a basic idea of how base isolation works, first examine the above picture. This shows earthquake acting on both a base isolated building and a conventional, fixed-base, and building. As a result of an earthquake, the ground beneath each building begins to move. It is shown moving to the left. Each building responds with movement, which tends toward the right. We say that the building undergoes displacement towards the right. The building's displacement in the direction opposite the ground motion is actually due to inertia. The inertial forces acting on a building are the most important of all those generated during an earthquake.

It is important to know that the inertial forces, which the building undergoes, are proportional to the building's acceleration during ground motion. It is also important to realize that buildings don't actually shift in only one direction. Because of the complex nature of earthquake ground motion, the building actually tends to vibrate back and forth in varying directions. So, it is really a kind of "snapshot" of the building at only one particular point of its earthquake response. 1.7.5 DEFORMATION AND DAMAGES In addition to displacing toward the right, the un-isolated building is also shown to be changing its shape-from a rectangle to a parallelogram. We say that the building is deforming. The primary cause of earthquake damage to buildings is the deformation, which the building undergoes as a result of the inertial forces acting upon it. The different types of damage, which buildings can suffer, are quite varied and depend upon a large number of complicated factors. But to take one simple example, one can easily imagine what happens to two pieces of wood joined at a right angle by a few nails, when the very heavy building containing them suddenly starts to move very quickly--the nails pull out and the connection fails. 1.7.6 RESPONSE OF BASE ISOLATED BUILDING By contrast, even though it too is displacing, the base-isolated building retains its original, rectangular shape. It is the lead-rubber bearings supporting the building that are deformed. The base-isolated building itself escapes the deformation and damage--which implies that the inertial forces acting on the base-isolated building have been reduced. Experiments and observations of base-isolated buildings in earthquakes have been shown to reduce building accelerations to as little as 1/4 of the acceleration of comparable fixed-base buildings, which each building undergoes as a percentage of gravity. As we noted above, inertial forces increase, and decrease, proportionally as acceleration increases or decreases. Acceleration is decreased because the base isolation system lengthens a building's period of vibration, the time it takes for the building to rock back and forth and then back again. And in general, structures with longer periods of vibration tend to reduce acceleration, while those with shorter periods tend to increase or amplify acceleration. Finally, since they are highly elastic, the rubber isolation bearings don't suffer any damage. But what about that lead plug in the middle of our example

bearing? It experiences the same deformation as the rubber. However, it also generates heat as it does so. In other words, the lead plug reduces, or dissipates, the energy of motion--i.e., kinetic energy--by converting that energy into heat. And by reducing the energy entering the building, it helps to slow and eventually stop the building's vibrations sooner than would otherwise be the case--in other words, it damps the building's vibrations. (Damping is the fundamental property of all vibrating bodies, which tends to absorb the body's energy of motion, and thus reduce the amplitude of vibrations until the body's motion eventually ceases.)

Fig 1.4 Response of Isolated Building

1.7.7 REQUIREMENTS OF ISOLATORS: Gravity The isolators must be able to support permanent (dead) and transient (live) vertical loads. Wind All isolator systems except those under internal equipment must resist lateral wind loads. Almost all systems are designed to remain stationary under wind loads and so they do not damp loads from this source. Thermal movements These are most commonly a design condition for bridges but may also affect some large building structures. Temperature variations will cause movements in the isolators. As thermal movements are relatively frequently occurring loads, the isolators must able to resist a large number of cycles of positive and negative displacements. If the isolators are installed at temperatures above or below average temperatures the cycling may be about a non-zero displacement.

Creep and Shrinkage As for temperature, these load conditions most commonly affect bridge isolation systems. For buildings, the flexibility of the isolators may allow large concrete floors to be constructed without joints. Creep and shrinkage is unidirectional and nonreversible.

Shock and operating loads Some equipment will have other load cases resulting from operating or extreme conditions that may apply loads to the isolators.

1.7.8 TYPES OF ISOLATORS:

Many types of isolation system have been proposed and have been developed to varying stages, with some remaining no more than concepts and others having a long list of installed projects. The following sections provide a discussion of generic types of system.

a.

SLIDING SYSTEMS Sliding systems are simple in concept and have theoretical appeal. A layer

with a defined coefficient of friction will limit the accelerations to this value and the forces which can be transmitted will also be limited to the coefficient of friction times the weight.

Sliders provide the three requirements of a practical system if the coefficient of friction is high enough to resist movement under service loads. Sliding movement provides the flexibility and the force-displacement trace provides a rectangular shape that is the optimum for equivalent viscous damping. A pure sliding system will have unbounded displacements, with an upper limit equal to the maximum ground displacement for a coefficient of friction close to zero. The system provides no restoring force and so the isolated structure will likely end up in a displaced position after an earthquake and may continue to displace with aftershocks. The lack of a restoring force may be remedied by using sliding bearings in parallel with other types which do have a restoring force or by using a shaped rather than flat sliding surface, for example, a spherical sliding surface.

b.

ELASTOMERIC (RUBBER) BEARINGS: Elastomeric bearings are formed of horizontal layers of natural or synthetic

rubber in thin layers bonded between steel plates. The steel plates prevent the rubber layers from bulging and so the bearing is able to support higher vertical loads with only small deformations. Under a lateral load the bearing is flexible.

Plain elastomeric b earings provide flexibility but no significant damping and will move under service loads. Methods used to overcome these deficits include lead cores in the bearing specially formatted elastomers with high damping and stiffness for small strains or other devices in parallel.

c.

SPRINGS There are some proprietary devices based on steel springs but they are not

widely used and their most likely application is for machinery isolation. The main drawback with springs is that most are flexible in both vertical and the lateral directions. The vertical flexibility will allow a pitching mode of response to occur. Springs alone have little damping and will move excessively under service loads.

d.

ROLLERS AND BALL BEARINGS Rolling devices include cylindrical rollers and ball races. As for springs. they

are most commonly used for machinery applications. Depending on the material of the roller or ball bearing the resistance to movement may be sufficient to resist service loads and may generate damping. e. SOFT STOREY, INCLUDING SLEEVE PILES : The flexibility may be provided by pin ended structural members such as piles inside a sleeve that allows movement or a soft first story in a building. These elements provide flexibility but no damping or service load resistance and so are used in parallel with other devices to provide these functions.

f.

ROCKING ISOLATION SYSTEMS Rocking isolation systems are a special case of energy dissipation that does

not fit the classic definition of isolation by permitting lateral translation. The rocking system is used for slender structures and is based on the principle that for a rocking body the period of response increases with increasing amplitude of rocking. This provides a period shift effect. Resistance to service loads is provided by the weight of

the structure. Damping can be added by using devices such as yielding bolts or steel cantilevers.

1.7.9 SUPPLEMENTARY DAMPING Some of the isolation types listed above provide flexibility but not significant damping or resistance to service loads. Supplementary devices that may be used include:

a.

Viscous dampers

These devices provide damping but not service load resistance. They have no elastic stiffness and so add less force to the system than other devices.

Yielding steel devices configured as either cantilevers yielding acting in flexure or beams yielding in torsion. These provide stiffness and damping. Lead yielding devices, acting in shear, provide stiffness and damping. Lead extrusion devices where lead is forced through an orifice. Added stiffness and damping.

All devices apart from the viscous dampers are displacement dependant and so provide a maximum force at maximum displacement, which is additive to the force in the isolation device. Viscous dampers are velocity dependant and provide a maximum force at zero displacement. This out-of-phase response adds less total force to the system.

1.8

DAMPING To damp is defined as to reduce or stop the vibration of .In structural

engineering, damping is defined the inherent property of materials which tends to oppose movement. The higher the damping of a system the quicker it will return to rest from a displaced position.

Damping in a system arises due to internal friction of the material, or due to drag effects of surrounding air or other fluids, in which a structure is immersed. Damping is usually classified in to four types. They are: Structural damping Viscous damping Coulomb damping Negative damping

a.

STRUCTURAL DAMPING Structural damping occurs in a system due to the internal molecular friction of

the material of the structure, or due to the connections inherent in a structural system.

b.

VISCOUS DAMPING Viscous damping occurs in a system vibrating in a fluid. The damping force in

this case is proportional to the velocity.

c.

COULOMB DAMPING Coulomb damping, also known as dry friction, occurs when the motion of the

body is on a dry surface.

d.

NEGATIVE DAMPING Negative damping is a very special case, when the system is such that

damping adds energy to the system instead of it being dissipated. As such, amplitude increases progressively in such cases. It occurs in the wires of transmission line tower.

1.8.1 ENERGY DISSIPATION DEVICES OR DAMPERS If part of the seismic energy could be dissipated through special devices whic h can easily be replaced, as necessary, after an earthquake, the structural damage could be reduced. Such devices may be cost-effective in the design of new structures or added to existing buildings that are deficient in their earthquake resistance. These energy dissipation devices are known as dampers.

Dampers can be briefly classified in to three categories: Visco-elastic dampers Metallic dampers Friction dampers

a.

VISCOELASTIC DAMPERS Various types of energy dissipating devices utilizing copolymers to dissipate

energy in shear deformation have been developed and tested by researchers. These devices significantly increase the capacity of the structure to dissipate energy, but have little influence on the natural vibration periods; they are shortened by about 10 to 20%.

A visco-elastic damper essentially consists of layers of copolymers bonded with steel plates. The energy is dissipated by relative motion between the outer steel flanges and the centre plate of the device.

b.

METALLIC DAMPERS Metallic dampers dissipate energy through hysteresis behaviour of metals

when deformed into their inelastic range. A wide variety of devices have been developed and tested that dissipate energy in flexural, shear, or extensional deformation modes. Metallic dampers using triangular steel plates are the most effective one as this device increases both stiffness and damping of the structure.

c.

FRICTION DAMPERS Various types of energy dissipating devices, utilizing friction as means of

energy dissipation, have been de veloped and tested by researchers. They increase the capacity of the structure to dissipate energy but do not change the natural vibration periods significantly by about 10 to 20%

CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
The idea for this project is collected from a paper presented in a journal of Environmental Geotechnics on the topic Utilisation of used tyres in civil engineering the pneusol Tyresoil by Nguyen -Thanh -Long. In this investigation the use of passenger car tyres in reinforcement of embankments has been studied. The heavy pneusol was used to relieve the active earth pressure and also to eliminate tensile forces on the piles. It was made of treads arranged in layers and tied together by polyester straps. Since the f ill inside the treads exerts no active earth pressure and that between two layers is highly confined, the pneusol mass, behaves like gravity wall made of thousands of tiny gabions stacked one to another. The idea of tyre as an energy absorption spring s i seen from common place observations of daily life. Tyres are used at tricky corners on motor racing circuits to slow the occasional car that spins of the track. This illustrates the energy absorption property of the tyres.

The salient conclusions based on the investigation are as follows. 1. 2. Tensile tests of tyre parts and soil- tyre adherence have yielded good results. The presence of tyres and the voids they create gives the pneusol embankment good anti-vibration, anti-frost and perhaps anti-seismic properties. 3. Finally, long life of the tyres, their ability to withstand aggression of all kinds (in particular chemical) the simplicity of the process make tyre an ideal material.

Referring to the above, the energy absorption properties of the tyre were seen. A study has been made to find the suitability of using tyre as an isolator in structures to provide an effective seismic resistant structure.

CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY 3. FABRICATION OF VIBRATING TABLE
The vibrating table was fabricated for producing simulator seismic vibrations. These vibrations were produced from a 1 HP single phase 220 V motor having a rated RPM of 2880 with a shaft having eccentric weights

The vibration table had overall dimensions of 1m x 1m and was fitted with side plates of 9 thickness. This setup was mounted on 8 springs each capable of carrying 125 kg that enabled the vibrating table to carry a maximum load of 1 Ton (1000 Kg). The springs, used to magnify the vibrations produced by the motor, were placed on channel sections at the bottom and couplings were used to connect the springs with the channel and the vibrating table. The motor was placed on one of the side plates and the vibrations produced from motor were transmitted to the base plate and then to the structure placed on it.

The frequencies of vibrations were adjusted by using a dimmerstat that controlled the voltage supply to the motor. The study was conducted at two different frequency ranges 36-38 Hz (2270 RPM) and 38-42 Hz (2400 RPM) corresponding to 120 V and 140 V.

3.1

DETAILS OF THE MODEL SUBJECTED TO SEISMIC FORCES

Model specifications: A Two Storey Two Bay concrete frame

Dimensions of base slab: 0.84 m x 0.54 m Thickness of base slab: 4 (101.6 mm)

Column dimensions: 4 x 3 (101.6 mm x 76.2 mm)

Beam dimensions: 4 x 3 (101.6 mm x 76.2 mm) Spacing of columns: 400 mm c/c along shorter bay and 500mm c/c along longer bay Height of storey: 1.5 (457.2 mm)

3.2

REINFORCEMENT DETAILS

Base slab: Mesh reinforcement 10mm bars at 2 (50.8mm) c/c along both directions

Columns: 4 Nos. 8mm longitudinal reinforcement

Lateral ties: 4mm Galvanized Iron wire at 5 (127 mm) c/c Beam: 4 Nos. 8mm longitudinal reinforcement

Stirrups: 4mm Galvanized Iron wire at 3 (76.2 mm) c/c

Concrete Mix ratio: 1: 1: 1 (average compressive strength 42.06 N/mm2)

Curing Period: 7 Days

Fig. 3.1 Plan of the structure

Fig 3.2 Reinforcement Detailing

Fig. 3.3 Experimental Test Setup 3.3 VIBRATION MEASURING EQUIPMENT

The vibrations produced in the structure were measured using a vibration level meter. The vibration meter model 308M was designed to meet the specifications of ANSI standard S1.4-1971 and IEC recommendation 123 (1961). Micro-power integrated circuitry in the meter enabled reliability, extended battery life and linear accuracy over a wide frequency range.

3.3.1

INSTRUMENT SPECIFICATIONS

Frequency Range 720 to 60000 CPM (12 1000 Hz) with model 544 pickup used as sensing transducer. (Instrument range is 300 to 600000 CPM or 5-10000 Hz)

Maximum Sensitivity Peak-to-Peak Displacement: 0.001 mils (0.03 microns) Peak Velocity: 0.001 inch per second (0.03 mm/second)

Amplitude Ranges Peak-to-Peak displacement: 0 to 100 mils (0-3000 microns) in eight overlapping ranges Peak Velocity: 0 -100 inches per second (0 -3000 mm/sec) in eight overlapping ranges

3.3.2 Type

MODEL 544 VIBRATION PICKUP SPECIFICATIONS

Seismic Velocity; self generating. The sensitive axis is the longitudinal axis, and is perpendicular to the mounting surface.

Output Sensitivity 240 (24)millivolts ac (rms) output for a peak-to-peak displacement of 0.001 inch at 100 Hz (6000 CPM). This corresponds to a velocity constant of 1.08 volts ac (peak) output per inch per second of peak vibration velocity. Sensitivity is unaffected by orientation.

Orientation Maybe used in any mounting position without adjustment or correction

Frequency Response Room ambient ( 77 F): 8% over the frequency range 12-1000 Hz; down 8% 13% @ 10 Hz; pickup frequency drops exponentially at lower frequencies. Elevated ambient (+250 F): 13% over the frequency range 12-1000 Hz. The above limits are total variations for any mounting positions of the pickup.

Transverse Response Average transverse response less than 5% of the longitudinal response over the frequency range 10-1000 Hz.

Natural Resonant Frequency 16 Hz critically damped at +77 F

Amplitude Range Minimum: limited only by amplifier gain and noise level. Maximum: 0.125 inch peak-to-peak displacement up to 70 Hz; 30gs peak acceleration above 70 Hz.

Amplitude Linearity 5% from 0.0001 inch to 0.1 inch peak-to-peak displacement

Recommended Maximum Acceleration 2.5 gs at 20 Hz to 30 gs above 70 Hz, continuous. Damping characteristic The pickup has a damping factor of approximately 0.7 which results in essentially flat operation over the frequency range. This provides improved accuracy and improved transient response for low frequency operations. Maximum Field Sensitivity Without shielding: 0.15 in/sec/gauss With 10:1 shield (Part No. 1157): 0.015 in/sec/gauss With 100:1 shield (Part No.3563): 0.0015 in/sec/gauss

Electrical Impedance 2,000 (200) ohms DC resistance

Temperature Range -40 F to 500 F

Humidity Pickup performance unaffected by humidity, condensation and immersion in water for short periods

Connections High-temperature solder connections. Machined aluminium case.

Weight and dimensions 21 ounces. 4-7/8 long x 2-3/16 diameter

CHAPTER IV

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION
4.1 WITHOUT TYRE AND CONCRETE FRAME RESTING ON A 1

LAYER OF SAND VIBRATION MEASUREMENTS RECORDED AT 2270 RPM PRODUCING VIBRATIONS OF FREQUENCY 36 Hz TO 40 Hz

Table No. 4.1

SL. NO.

NODE

VELOCITY (mm/sec)

DISPLACEMENT (Micron) 300 100 70 260 40 34 140 42 24 120 48 70 90 30 58 62 80

DOMINANT FREQUENCY (Hz) 14.87 18.48 38.24 15.93 41.43 65.61 34.14 44.01 66.39 37.18 33.19 45.52 28.33 42.49 43.95 46.26 55.77

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

1 4 7 2 5 8 3 6 9 10 12 14 11 13 15 A B

14 5.8 8.4 13 5.2 7 15 5.8 5 14 5 10 8 4 8 9 14

4.2.

WITHOUT TYRE AND CONCRETE FRAME RESTING ON A 1

LAYER OF SAND VIBRATION MEASUREMENTS RECORDED AT 2400 RPM PRODUCING VIBRATIONS OF FREQUENCY 38 Hz TO 42 Hz

Table No. 4.2

SL. NO.

NODE

VELOCITY (mm/sec)

DISPLACEMENT (Micron)

DOMINANT FREQUENCY (Hz)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

1 4 7 2 5 8 3 6 9 10 12 14 11 13 15 A B

8 4 8 5.6 2.5 8 7 3 6.4 28 10 5.8 28 4 5 5 18

300 100 70 260 40 34 140 42 24 120 48 70 90 30 58 62 80

8.50 12.75 36.42 6.86 19.92 74.98 15.93 22.76 84.98 74.36 66.39 26.40 99.14 42.49 27.47 25.70 71.70

4.3

CONCRETE FRAME RESTING ON TYRE AND THE TYRE

INFILLED WITH COARSE AGGREGATE VIBRATION MEASUREMENTS RECORDED AT 2270 RPM PRODUCING VIBRATIONS OF FREQUENCY 36 Hz TO 40 Hz

Table No. 4.3

SL. NO.

NODE

VELOCITY (mm/sec)

DISPLACEMENT (Micron) 120 340 140 120 340 90 140 360 60 300 140 50 340 150 58 74 180

DOMINANT FREQUENCY (Hz) 15.93 16.87 14.11 18.06 19.68 22.66 20.49 21.24 31.87 19.12 17.75 49.71 20.62 29.74 42.86 51.68 30.10

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

1 4 7 2 5 8 3 6 9 10 12 14 11 13 15 A B

6 18 6.2 6.8 21 6.4 9 24 6 18 7.8 7.8 22 14 7.8 12 17

4.4

CONCRETE FRAME RESTING ON TYRE AND THE TYRE

INFILLED WITH COARSE AGGREGATE VIBRATION MEASUREMENTS RECORDED AT 2400 RPM PRODUCING VIBRATIONS OF FREQUENCY 38 Hz TO 42 Hz

Table No. 4.4

SL. NO.

NODE

VELOCITY (mm/sec)

DISPLACEMENT (Micron)

DOMINANT FREQUENCY (Hz)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

1 4 7 2 5 8 3 6 9 10 12 14 11 13 15 A B

6.4 4.4 4.4 7 3.2 3 7.3 3.6 6.8 4.3 8 14 3.4 6.2 9 16 12

340 140 120 340 120 90 360 140 60 300 140 50 340 150 58 74 180

6.00 10.02 11.68 6.56 8.5 10.62 6.46 8.19 36.12 4.57 18.21 63.73 3.19 13.17 49.45 68.90 21.24

4.5

CONCRETE FRAME RESTING ON TYRE AND THE TYRE

INFILLED WITH SAND VIBRATION MEASUREMENTS RECORDED AT 2270 RPM PRODUCING VIBRATIONS OF FREQUENCY 36 Hz TO 40 Hz

Table No. 4.5

SL. NO.

NODE

VELOCITY (mm/sec)

DISPLACEMENT (Micron)

DOMINANT FREQUENCY (Hz)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

1 4 7 2 5 8 3 6 9 10 12 14 11 13 15 A B

2.5 1.2 3.8 1.7 1.5 4 2.8 2.4 3 3.8 6 14 4 5.8 10 17 16

240 80 70 180 130 40 50 30 30 42 38 84 15 40 72 74 180

3.32 4.78 17.30 3.01 3.68 31.87 17.85 25.49 31.87 28.83 50.32 53.11 84.98 46.21 44.26 73.21 28.33

4.6

CONCRETE FRAME RESTING ON TYRE AND THE TYRE

INFILLED WITH SAND VIBRATION MEASUREMENTS RECORDED AT 2400 RPM PRODUCING VIBRATIONS OF FREQUENCY 38 Hz TO 42 Hz

Table No. 4.6

SL. NO.

NODE

VELOCITY (mm/sec)

DISPLACEMENT (Micron) 340 140 120 340 120 90 360 140 60 300 140 50 340 150 58 74 180

DOMINANT FREQUENCY (Hz) 7.50 10.47 15.93 13.12 13.28 24.08 17.70 11.38 28.68 25.49 31.87 50.99 22.49 29.74 54.94 60.29 30.10

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

1 4 7 2 5 8 3 6 9 10 12 14 11 13 15 A B

8 4.6 6 14 5 6.8 20 5 5.4 24 14 8 24 14 10 14 17

4.7 LOAD VS. DEFLECTION CURVES FOR TYRE INFILLED WITH SAND

Table No. 4.7

SL.NO LOADS LOADING UNLOADING LOADING UNLOADING LOADING UNLOADING Kg mm Mm mm mm mm mm

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

0 19.8 39.6 59.4 79.2 99 118.8 138.6

0 0.28 0.72 1.09 1.42 1.7 1.95 2.21

1.16 1.51 1.73 1.85 1.99 2.1 2.2 2.21

1.16 1.37 1.57 1.78 1.96 2.16 2.3 2.48

1.6 1.82 2.02 2.21 2.24 2.35 2.46 2.48

1.6 1.86 2.06 2.32 2.4 2.56 2.73 2.89

1.91 2.14 2.35 2.54 2.66 2.76 2.86 2.89

LOAD VS. DEFLECTION

160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 1 2 DEFLECTION (mm) 3 4

LOAD (kg)

LOADING UNLOADING

Graph 4.1 : Load vs. Deflection

4.8.

LOAD VS. DEFLECTION CURVES FOR TYRE INFILLED WITH AGGREGATE

Table No. 4.8

SL.NO LOADS LOADING UNLOADING LOADING UNLOADING LOADING UNLOADING Kg mm mm mm mm mm mm

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

0 19.8 39.6 59.4 79.2 99 118.8 138.6

0 0.18 0.42 0.63 0.9 1.14 1.36 1.6

0.68 0.82 0.95 1.1 1.24 1.36 1.48 1.6

0.68 0.98 1.14 1.28 1.42 1.55 1.68 1.83

1.02 1.16 1.3 1.42 1.61 1.55 1.73 1.83

1.02 1.2 1.34 1.49 1.63 1.77 1.9 2.06

1.06 1.22 1.37 1.5 1.66 1.79 1.92 2.06

LOAD VS DEFLECTION
160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 DEFLECTION (mm)

LOAD (kg)

LOADING UNLOADING

Graph 4.2 Load vs. Deflection

Fig. 4.1 vibrations transmitted to the structure under rigid base condition at 2270 rpm

Fig. 4.2 Vibrations transmitted to the structure under rigid base condition at 2400 rpm NOTE : ALL VALUES ARE IN Hz

Fig.4.3 Vibrations transmitted to the structure with tyre infilled with sand as damper at 2270 rpm

Fig. 4.4 Vibrations transmitted to the structure with tyre infilled with sand as damper at 2400 rpm NOTE: ALL VALUES ARE IN Hz

Fig. 4.5 Vibrations transmitted to the structure with tyre infilled with aggregate as damper at 2270 rpm

Fig. 4.6 Vibrations transmitted to the structure with tyre infilled with aggregate as damper at 2400 rpm NOTE: ALL VALUES ARE IN Hz

4.9

FREQUENCY VARIATION WITH HEIGHT OF THE MODEL

Table No. 4.9: FREQUENCY VALUES AT 2270 RPM (RIGID BASE CONDITION)

SL.NO

HEIGHT (Feet)

FREQUENCY (Hz) 21.65 34.64 56.75

1 2 3

3.0 1.5 0

Frequency Vs Height
3.5 3
Height (feet)

2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 10 20 30

Frequency (Hz)

40

50

60

Graph 4.3: Variation of frequency with height

Table no. 4.10: FREQUENCY VALUES AT 2270 RPM (TYRE INFILLED WITH SAND AS DAMPER)

SL.NO

HEIGHT (Feet)

FREQUENCY (Hz) 8.06 11.32 27.01

1 2 3

3.0 1.5 0

Frequency Vs Height
3.5 3 Height (feet) 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 10 20 30 Frequency (Hz)

Graph 4.4 Variation of frequency with height

Table No. 4.1: FREQUENCY VALUES AT 2270 RPM (TYRE INFILLED WITH AGGREGATE AS DAMPER)

SL.NO

HEIGHT (Feet)

FREQUENCY (Hz) 18.16 19.26 22.88

1 2 3

3.0 1.5 0

Frequency Vs Height
3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 5 10 15 20 25

Height (feet)

Frequency (Hz)

Graph 4.5 Variation of frequency with height

Table No.4.12

FREQUENCY VALUES AT 2400 RPM (RIGID BASE CONDITION)

SL.NO

HEIGHT (Feet)

FREQUENCY (Hz) 10.43 18.48 65.46

1 2 3

3.0 1.5 0

Frequency Vs Height
3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 20 40 60 80

Height (feet)

Frequency (Hz)
Graph 4.6 Variation of frequency with height

Table no. 4.13 FREQUENCY VALUES AT 2400 RPM (TYRE INFILLED WITH SAND AS DAMPER)

SL.NO

HEIGHT (Feet)

FREQUENCY (Hz) 12.77 13.53 21.28

1 2 3

3.0 1.5 0

Frequency Vs Height
3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 5 10 15 20 25

Height (feet)

Frequency (Hz)

Graph 4.7 Variation of frequency with height

Table No. 4.14 FREQUENCY VALUES AT 2400 RPM (TYRE INFILLED WITH AGGREGATE AS DAMPER)

SL.NO

HEIGHT (Feet)

FREQUENCY (Hz) 6.34 8.39 19.47

1 2 3

3.0 1.5 0

Frequency Vs Height
3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 5 10 15 20 25

Height (feet)

Frequency (Hz)

Graph 4.8 Variation of frequency with height

Frequency Vs Height
3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 50 Frequency (Hz) 100

Height (feet)

Without Tyre Tyre+Sand Tyre+Aggregate

Graph 4.9 Comparison of three cases at 2400 RPM Frequency Vs Time

Frequency Vs Height
3.5 3 Height (feet) 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 20 40 60 Frequency (Hz) Without Tyre Tyre+Sand Tyre+Aggregate

Graph 4.10 Comparison of three cases at 2270 RPM Frequency Vs Time

CHAPTER V
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
5.1 Load Vs Deflection for tyre infilled with sand From the graph 4.1, it is seen that during loading the deflection varies linearly with load. The unloading curve shows the energy absorption potential of the tyre filled with sand. The same pattern is repeated over 3 cycles of loading and unloading.

5.2

Load Vs Deflection for tyre infilled with aggregate From the graph 4.2, it is seen that during loading the deflection varies linearly with load. The unloading curve shows the energy absorption potential of the tyre filled with aggregate. The same pattern is repeated over 3 cycles of loading and unloading. In comparison, it is noted that the sand filled tyre shows better hysteresis than the tyre filled with aggregate.

5.3

Frequency Vs Height for 2270 RPM and 2400 RPM From the graphs 4.3 to 4.8, it is seen that there is a decrease in the frequency as the height increases. (The highest frequency is always found to be at the base). This pattern remains same for tyre infilled with aggregate and tyre infilled with sand.

5.4

Comparison of tyre infilled with sand, tyre infilled with aggregate and without tyre damper. From the graphs 4.9 and 4.10, it is seen that the performance of tyre/sand matrix is better at lower frequency while the tyre/aggregate matrix performed better at higher frequency.

CHAPTER VI
CONCLUSION
This research project began with a desire to provide an inexpensive and plausible means of earthquake protection for residences in developing nations. Availability of materials, methods of construction, and simplicity were the decisive factors throughout the testing process. The data presented here are preliminary, but show the potential for this system. Although more extensive testing is necessary before this concept is implemented, the first step has been taken, and the results are very promising. The tyre/sand damper matrix on an average absorbed 55% of the applied vibrations while the tyre/aggregate matrix absorbed 52% of the applied vibrations. At higher frequencies, the performance of the aggregate was found to be better than that of the sand.

MERITS 1. Used tyre is a very cheap material and is available in plenty in our country. 2. Rubber has a half life period of 30,000 years and hence the decay of rubber tyres are not possible during the life time of the structure.

70 58.9 60

70 60

63

Percentage Absorptions

50 40 30 20 10 0

Percentage Absorptions

48.2

50 40 30 20 10

43.7

0 1 2

Tyre + Sand Tyre + Aggregate

Tyre + Sand

Tyre + Aggregate

HIGHER FREQUENCY RANGE

LOWER FREQUENCY RANGE

CHAPTER VII BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Anil K. Chopra, Dynamics of Structures, Theory and applications of earthquake engineering, 2. Kelly, J.M .(1996) Earthquake Engineering Research, Earthquake Resistant Design with rubber, University of California , Berkeley 3. Madhujit Mukhopadhyay, Vibrations, dynamics and structures

4. Parbin Singh, Engineering Geology , 5. Sargent, J. D., and A. F. Lang (2001). Cal Poly Senior Project Report, BaseIsolation with a Recycled Tire: Emphasis on Use in Developing Nations, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo.

6. Dr. C.V.R. Murty , Earthquake Tips, IIT , Kanpur

7. www.nisee.berkeley.edu 8. www.mceer.buffalo.edu