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Professor Caroline M. Hoxby Department of Economics Stanford University Teaching Fellow: Michael Dinerstein mdiner@stanford.edu
Professor Caroline M. Hoxby office: Landau 246 telephone: 650-725-8719 e-mail: choxby@stanford.edu (subject: Econ 146) assistant: Kelly Carson (carson@stanford.edu, 650-723-9678)
ECONOMICS 146: THE ECONOMICS OF EDUCATION Monday, Wednesday 1:15-3:05 pm Economics/Landau Building, Room 139 Economics 146 investigates economic issues related to education. The first topic is the decision to invest in education and how this decision is affected by ability, family background, and other factors. We go on to examine markets for schooling at the elementary and secondary level, with attention to topics like vouchers and charter schools, accountability, expenditure equalization among schools, and the labor market for teachers. We then analyze the market for college education, with emphasis on how college tuition is determined, and whether students are matched efficiently with colleges. Finally, the course investigates how education affects economic growth, especially in developing countries. The course balances theory with empirical results. We apply economics from several fields (public economics, labor economics, macroeconomics, industrial organization) to questions related to education. The course is designed to prepare students to understand and/or conduct original research (including senior theses). It is suitable for people who wish to become or advise policy makers. Requirements There are 3 problem sets that count for 30% of the grade. An annotated bibliography (see below) on a topic in the economics of education counts for 30% of the grade. The remaining 40% of the grade will be determined either by the final examination or the term paper. If you pursue the term paper option, then the paper will grow out of the annotated bibliography you write. The term paper will be especially useful as a Stanford capstone experience or preparation for a thesis. Prerequisites In general, students who take the course have completed or are in the process of completing intermediate microeconomics (Economics 50) and a statistics course that includes at least univariate regression (Economics 102a). A course in econometrics that includes multiple regression (Economics 102b) is extremely helpful. You may take Economics 102b concurrently with Economics 146, and many students have found that taking them concurrently works very well. If you are unsure about your preparation, please talk to Professor Hoxby. The Annotated Bibliography The annotated bibliography will be on a question in the economics of education that interests you. A list of sample questions will be distributed in class along with an exemplary annotated bibliography. An annotated bibliography is an outline of how you would research a question. Its key components are a review of the literature and data that are available on the topic--with just 1
Economics 146 Winter 2012-13 Quarter enough description of each item to show how it fits.
The Term Paper Option Students who complete an annotated bibliography will generally have the option of submitting a term paper (on the same subject as the annotated bibliography) in lieu of the final examination. Annotated bibliographies are returned with suggestions about how to turn the bibliography into a term paper. Students then meet with Professor Hoxby and the teaching fellow to discuss how to implement their idea. Term papers must contain original research. Numerous data sets and other resources are available to Economics 146 term paper writers. Readings There is no textbook for the field of the Economics of Education. Therefore, Economics 146 makes extensive use of lecture handouts, which are effectively the textbook. The readings on the syllabus that are designated as core will also be very helpful to students, but students are not expected to master technical material in these readings that goes beyond the technical material covered in lecture. The additional interest readings mainly as a guide to the literature and a starting place for research for the annotated bibliography and term paper. Students who enroll in the course will be provided with the readings on a USB drive. The Course Webpage The course Coursework page contains: ! this syllabus and various other handouts ! the readings ! problem sets (posted when they are distributed in class) ! solutions for the problem sets (posted when they are distributed in class) ! links that might be useful for your annotated bibliography or term paper The course webpage does not contain lecture handouts. You must attend lecture to obtain them. Contacting the Instructors: E-mail, Office Hours, etc. Michael Dinerstein holds a weekly section to review material from lectures, cover difficult material, answer questions, and discuss the problem sets. The sections are also an excellent resource for questions about the annotated bibliography, the term paper, how to use data, how to use Stata to estimate a model, and so on. Professor Hoxby offers appointment slots via Google Calendar. You will get a link for the appointment calendar when you enroll in the class. You can schedule yourselves. If you cannot make any of the appointment slots, for any reason, please let us know. The final exam is scheduled for Monday, March 18, 8:30-11:30 am. Please let Professor Hoxby or Michael Dinerstein know if you have a conflict with the exam.
Economics 146 Winter 2012-13 Quarter Readings I. Investing in Education I.1. The Theory of Human Capital Investment Core: none: lecture notes are the core Additional Interest:
S. Rosen 1977. "Human Capital: A Survey of Empirical Research" Research in Labor Economics, Vol. 1, pp. 3-40. G. Becker 1993. Human Capital, 3rd Edition (especially pp. 59-70). T.W. Schultz. 1975. The Value of the Ability to Deal with Disequilibria, Journal of Economic Literature, 827-846. O. Malamud and A. Wozniak 2012.. "The Impact of College on Migration Evidence from the Vietnam Generation," Journal of Human Resources, 47.4, pp. 913-950. I.2. Ability and the Return to Education Core: B. Sacerdote 2004. "What Happens When We Randomly Assign Children to Families?" NBER Working Paper 10894. C. Dobkin and F. Ferreira 2009.. "Do School Entry Laws Affect Educational Attainment and Labor Market Outcomes? NBER Working Paper 14945 (published as "Do school entry laws affect educational attainment and labor market outcomes?," Economics of Education Review, 29.1, pp. 40-54, 2010). Additional Interest: L. Guizo, F. Monte, P. Sapienza, and L. Zingales 2007.. "Math and Gender" NBER conference paper. (published as "Culture, Gender, and Math," Science, 320.1164, 2008.) G. Ellison and A. Swanson 2010.. "The Gender Gap in Secondary School Mathematics at High Achievement Levels: Evidence from the American Mathematics Competitions," Journal of Economic Perspectives, 24.2, pp. 109-28. S. Black, P. Devereux, K. Salvanes 2009.. "Like Father, like Son? A Note on the 3
Intergenerational Transmission of IQ Scores," Economics Letters, Vol. 105.1, pp. 138-140. S. Black, P. Devereux, K. Salvanes 2005.. "Why the Apple Doesnt Fall Far: Understanding Intergenerational Transmission of Human Capital," American Economic Review, 95.1, pp. 437-449. J. Angrist and A. Krueger 1991. "Does Compulsory School Attendance Affect Schooling and Earnings?" Quarterly Journal of Economics, pp. 979-1015. O. Ashenfelter and A. Krueger 1994. Estimates of the Economic Returns to Schooling from a New Sample of Twins, American Economic Review. Vol. 84.5, pp. 1157-73. J. McCrary and H. Royer 2006. "The Effect of Female Education on Fertility and Infant Health: Evidence from School Entry Policies Using Exact Date of Birth" NBER Working Paper 12329. J.S. Pischke. 1999. Does Shorter Schooling Hurt Student Performance and Earnings? Evidence from the German Short School Years, LSE Working Paper. P. Oreopoulos. 2003. Do Dropouts Drop Out Too Soon? Evidence from Changes in School-Leaving Laws, NBER Working Paper 10155. Z. Griliches. 1977. Estimating the Returns to Schooling: Some Econometric Problems. Econometrica, Vol. 45.1 (January), pp. 1-22. I.3. Education as a Signal Core: M. Spence 1974. Market Signaling, Introduction and Chapters 1-2, "Introduction," "Job Market Signalling," "Education as a Signal." Cambridge: Harvard University Press. R.M. Costrell. 1994. A Simple Model of Educational Standards. American Economic Review. Vol. 84.4 (September), pp. 956-71. F. Martorell and D. Clark 2010. "The Signalling Value of a High School Diploma," Rand Working Paper 780. R.J. Murnane, J.H. Tyler, and J.B.Willet. 2000. Estimating the Impact of the GED on the Earnings of Young Dropouts Using a Series of Natural Experiments. Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 115.2 (May), 431-468. Additional Interest: 4
J. Betts 1998. The Impact of Educational Standards on the Level and Distribution of Earnings,American Economic Review, Vol. 88.1 (March), pp. 266-75. J.H. Bishop. 1996. Signaling, Incentives, and School Organization in France, the Netherlands, Britain, and the United States, Chapter 7 in E.A. Hanushek and D.W. Jorgenson, eds. Improving Americas Schools: The Role of Incentives. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. S. Cameron and J. Heckman 1993. "The Non-Equivalence of High School Equivalents" Journal of Labor Economics, 11, pp. 1-47. P. Arcidiacono, P. Bayer, A. Hizmo 2010. "Beyond Signaling and Human Capital: Education and the Revelation of Ability" American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 2, pp. 76104. J. Altonji and C.R. Pierret 1996. Employer Learning and the Signaling Value of Education, NBER Working Paper 5438. (published as "Employer Learning and Statistical Discrimination," Quarterly Journal of Economics, 2001). I.4. Private Schools Core: P. Peterson. 2003. School Vouchers: Results from Randomized Experiments, in C. Hoxby, ed. The Economics of School Choice, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. J. Angrist, E. Bettinger, E. Bloom, E. King, and M. Kremer. 2001. Vouchers for Private Schooling in Colombia: Evidence from a Randomized Natural Experiment, National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 8343. Neal, Derek. 1997. The Effects of Catholic Secondary Schooling on Educational Achievement. Journal of Labor Economics. Vol. 15.1 (January), pp. 98-123. Additional Interest: J. Angrist, E. Bettinger and M. Kremer. 2006. "Long-Term Educational Consequences of Secondary School Vouchers: Evidence from Administrative Records in Colombia," American Economic Review. W. Evans and R. Schwab 1993. "Finishing High School and Starting College: Do Catholic Schools Make a Difference?" Quarterly Journal of Economics. Vol. 110.4 (November), pp. 941-74. J. Coleman and T. Hoffer 1987. Public and Private High Schools, New York: Basic Books.
A.S. Bryk, V.E. Lee, and P.B. Holland. 1993. Catholic Schools and the Common Good. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. I.5. College Choice Which College, Which Major, When to Choose a Major, When to Drop out? Core: M. Hoekstra. 2009. "The Effect of Attending the Flagship State University on Earnings: A Discontinuity-Based Approach," Review of Economics and Statistics, 91 (4): 717-724. Saavedra, Juan Estaban. 2009. "The Learning and Early Labor Market Effects of College Quality: a Regression Discontinuity Analysis." Rand Corporation working paper. http://tinyurl.com/saavedracollrd-pdf. D. Hamermesh and S. Donald. 2004. "The Effect of College Curriculum on Earnings." NBER Working Paper 10809 (published in Journal of Econometrics, 2008, 144: 479-491). Additional Interest: C. Avery, M. Glickman, C. Hoxby, and A. Metrick. 2013. "A Revealed Preference Ranking of American Colleges and Universities,"Quarterly Journal of Economics. Hastings, Justine, Christopher Neilson, and Seth Zimmerman. "Determinants of Causal Returns to Postsecondary Education in Chile: Whats Luck Got to Do With It?" NBER Conference Paper 2012. http://conference.nber.org/confer/2012/PEf12/Hastings_Zimmerman.pdf M. Wiswall and B. Zafar. 2011. "Determinants of College Major Choice: Identification Using an Information Experiment," Federal Reserve Bank of New York Staff Report 500. I. McFarlin. 2006. "Do Public Subsidies Promote College Access and Completion? Evidence from Community College Districts" University of Michigan manuscript. O. Malamud. 2010. "Breadth versus Depth: The Timing of Specialization in Higher Education," Labour 24.4: 359-390. T. Stinebrickner and R. Stinebrickner. 2012. "Learning about Academic Ability and the College Dropout Decision," Journal of Labor Economics, 30.4: 707-748.
Economics 146 Winter 2012-13 Quarter I.6. College Choice and Financial Aid Core:
T. Kane. 2003. A Quasi-experimental Estimate of the Impact of Financial Aid on College-going, NBER Working Paper No. 9703. C. Avery and C. Hoxby. 2003. Do and Should Financial Aid Packages Affect Students College Choices? in College Choices, ed. C. Hoxby. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. S. Dynarski. 2000. Hope for Whom? Financial Aid for the Middle Class and Its Impact on College Attendance, National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 7756. Additional Interest: B. Long. 2003. Does the Format of a Financial Aid Program Matter? The Effect of State In-Kind Tuition Subsidies NBER Working Paper No. 9720. S. Peltzman. 1973. The Effect of Government Subsidies-in-Kind on Private Expenditures: The Case of Higher Education, Journal of Political Economy. Vol. 81.1 (January/February), pp. 1-27. J. Scott-Clayton. 2011. On Money and Motivation: A Quasi-Experimental Analysis of Financial Incentives for College Achievement. Journal of Human Resources, 46.3: 614-646. If you are interested in graduate and professional education: M.D.s, J.D.s, M.B.A.s, Ph.Ds. (no lecture on this topic) R. Freeman. 1976. A Cobweb Model of the Supply and Starting Salary of New Engineers, Industrial & Labor Relations Review, Vol. 29.2 (January), pp. 236-48. A. Goolsbee. 1998. Does Government R&D Policy Mainly Benefit Scientists and Engineers? American Economic Review, Vol. 88.2 (May), pp. 298-302. R. Ehrenberg. 1988. An Economic Analysis of the Market for Law School Students, National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 2602. B. Seldon, C. Jung, and R. Cavazos. 1998. Market Power among Physicians in the U.S., 1983-1991, Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Vol. 38.4, pp. 799-824. R.B. Freeman. 1971. The Market for College-Trained Manpower: A Study in the Economics of Career Choice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 7
II. Producing Education II.1. Does Money Matter? Does it Matter Especially for Young Children? Core: J. Betts. 1996. "Is There a Link Between School Inputs and Earnings? Fresh Scrutiny of an Old Literature" in G. Burtless, ed. Does Money Matter? The Effect of School Resources on Student Achievement and Adult Success. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press. C. Hoxby. 2000. "The Effect of Class Size on Student Achievement: New Evidence from Natural Population Variation," Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 115.4: 1239-1285. J. Rockoff. 2004. "The Impact of Individual Teachers on Student Achievement: New Estimates from Panel Data," American Economic Review, Vol. 94.2. D. Staiger and J. Rockoff. 2011. "Searching for Effective Teachers with Imperfect Information," Journal of Economic Perspectives, 24.3: 97118. R. Chetty, J. Friedman, and J. Rockoff. 2011. "The Long-term Impacts of Teachers: Teacher Value-added and Student Outcomes in Adulthood," NBER Working Paper 17699. K. Muralidharan and V. Sundararaman. 2011. "Teacher Performance Pay: Experimental Evidence from India," Journal of Political Ecoomy, 119.1: 39-77 M. Anderson. 2008. "Multiple Inference and Gender Differences in the Effects of Early Intervention: A Reevaluation of the Abecedarian, Perry Preschool, and Early Training Projects," Journal of the American Statistical Association, 103.484: 1481-1495. S. Machin and S. McNally. 2008. "The Literacy Hour," Journal of Public Economics, 92: 14411462 Additional Interest: M. Fitzpatrick. 2008. "Starting School at Four: The Effect of Universal Pre-Kindergarten on Childrens Academic Achievement," The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy: Advances, 8.1: Article 46. M. Gentzkow and J. Shapiro. 2008. Preschool Television Viewing and Adolescent Test Scores: Historical Evidence from the Coleman Study," Quarterly Journal of Economics. 8
S. Reber. 2010. "Desegregation and Educational Attainment for Blacks," Journal of Human Resouces, 45.4: 893-914. W. Ding and S. Lehrer. 2011. "Class Size and Student Achievement: Experimental Estimates of Who Benefits and Who Loses from Reductions," Education Economics, 19.3: 229-252. W. Ding and S. Lehrer. 2010. "Estimating Treatment Effects from Contaminated Multi-Period Education Experiments: The Dynamic Impacts of Class Size Reductions, Review of Economics and Statistics, 92.1: 31-42. CSR Research Consortium. Technical Report: Class Size Reduction In California: Findings from 199900 and 200001, eds. Brian M. Stecher and George W. Bohrnstedt. http://www.classize.org/techreport/year3_technicalreport.pdf E.A. Hanushek. 1996. Outcomes, Costs, and Incentives in Schools, Chapter 3 in E.A. Hanushek and D.W. Jorgenson, eds. Improving Americas Schools: The Role of Incentives. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. A. B. Krueger. 1999. Experimental Estimates of Education Production Functions. Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 114.2 (May), pp. 497-532. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2010. Head Start Impact Study Final Report. Washington, DC: Westat. II.2. School Accountability Core: T. Dee and B. Jacob. 2010. "The Impact of No Child Left Behind on Students, Teachers, and Schools," Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 149-194. E. Hanushek and M. Raymond. 2004. "Does School Accountability Lead to Improved Student Performance?" NBER Working Paper 10591. H. Chiang. 2009. "How Accountability Pressure on Failing Schools Affects Student Achievement," Journal of Public Economics, 93.9-10: 1045-1057. Additional Interest: J. Rockoff and L. Turner. 2010. "Short Run Impacts of Accountability on School Quality," American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 2.4: 119-147 N. Gordon, E. Cascio, S. Reber and Ethan Lewis. 2010. "Paying for Progress: Conditional Grants and the Desegregation of Southern Schools," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 125.1: 445-482. 9
II.3. Peer Effects and Related Issues Core: B. Sacerdote. 2001. Peer Effects with Random Assignment: Results for Dartmouth Roommates, Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 116.2 (May), pp. 681-704. C. Hoxby and G. Salyer. 2006. "School Reassignment and the Structure of Peer Effects" NBER Conference Paper. T. Dee. 2001. Teachers, Race, and Student Achievement in a Randomized Experiment, National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 8432. Additional Interest: J. Kling, L. Sanbonmatsu, G. Duncan, J. Brooks-Gunn. 2004. "Neighborhoods and Academic Achievement: Results from the Moving to Opportunity Experiment," NBER Conference Paper. C. Hoxby. 2000. Peer Effects in the Classroom: Learning from Gender and Race Variation, National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 7867. R.G. Ehrenberg, D.D. Goldhaber, and D.J. Brewer. 1995 Do Teachers' Race, Gender, and Ethnicity Matter? Evidence from the National Educational Longitudinal Study of 1988. Industrial & Labor Relations Review, 48.3: 547-61. E. Lazear. 2001. Education Production, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 116.3: 777803. C. Clotfelter. 2000. Interracial Contact in High School Extracurricular Activities, NBER Working Paper 7999. III. The Market for Elementary and Secondary Education III.I. School Choice Core: C. Hoxby. 2003. "School Choice and School Competition: Evidence from the United States," Swedish Economic Policy Review, Vol 10, 9-65. C. Hoxby and S. Murarka. 2007. "The Effects of New York Citys Charter Schools on Student Achievement," New York City Charter Schools Evaluation Project. Additional Interest: 10
C. Hoxby. 2000. Does Competition Among Public Schools Benefit Students and Taxpayers? American Economic Review, Vol. 90.5 (December), pp. 1209-1238. C. Hoxby and J. Rockoff. 2004. "The Impact of Charter Schools on Student Achievement: A Study of Students Who Attend Schools Chartered by the Chicago Charter School Foundation," NBER conference paper. P.E. Peterson. 1999. Top Ten Questions Asked about School Choice. in D. Ravitch, ed. Brookings Papers on Education Policy 1999. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. J. Hastings, R. Van Weelden and J. Weinstein 2007. "Preferences, Information, and Parental Choice Behavior in Public School Choice," NBER Conference Paper. M. Friedman. 1962. The Role of Government in Education, in R.A. Solo, ed. Economics and the Public Interest. Rutgers: Rutgers University Press. L. Kenny and A. Schmidt 1994. "The Decline in the Number of School Districts in the U.S.: 1950-80" Public Choice, 79, pp. 1-18. J.E. Chubb and T.M. Moe. 1990. Politics, Markets, and Americas Schools. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution. III.2. The Capitalization of School Quality Core: S.E. Black. 1999. Do Better Schools Matter? Parental Valuation of Elementary Education. The Quarterly Journal of Economics. Vol. 114.2 (May), pp. 577-99. T. Kane, D. Staiger, and G. Samms. 2003. "School Accountability Ratings and Housing Values," Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs: 83-137. Additional Interest: G. Bulman. 2012. "Heterogeneity in Financial Incentives for High and Low Income School Districts," SIEPR Discussion Paper No. 10-010. T. Kane, D. Staiger, and S. Reigg. 2005. "School Quality, Neighborhoods and Housing Prices: The Impacts of School Desegregation," NBER Working Paper 11347.
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Economics 146 Winter 2012-13 Quarter III.3. School Finance Core: C. Hoxby. Lecture notes are the core reading.
C. Hoxby. 2004. "Robin Hood and His Not-So-Merry Plan: Capitalization and the SelfDestruction of Texas' School Finance Plan," NBER Working Paper No. 10722. Additional Interest: C. Hoxby. 2001. "All School Finance Equalizations Are Not Created Equal," Quarterly Journal of Economics. F. Silva and J. Sonstelie 1995. "Did Serrano Cause a Decline in School Spending?" National Tax Journal, pp. 199-215. D. Epple and R. Romano. 1996. Ends against the Middle: Determining Public Service Provision When There Are Private Alternatives. Journal of Public Economics. Vol. 62.3 (November), pp. 297-325. IV. The Market for Teachers Core: S. Corcoran, W. Evans, and R. Schwab. 2004. Changing Labor Market Opportunities for Women and the Quality of Teachers 1957-1992, American Economic Review. Vol 94.2. J. Angrist and J. Guryan. 2004. Teacher Testing, Teacher Education, and Teacher Characteristics," American Economic Review. Vol 94.2. C. Hoxby and A. Leigh. 2004. "Pulled Away or Pushed Out? Explaining the Decline of Teacher Aptitude in the United States," American Economic Review. Vol 94.2. T. Kane, J. Rockoff, and D. Staiger. 2005. "Teacher Quality and Alternative Teacher Certification," NBER Conference Paper. B. Jacob. 2007. "Do Principals Fire the Worse Teachers? An Examination of the Non-Renewal Policy in the Chicago Public Schools" NBER Conference Paper. Additional Interest: D. Ballou and M. Podursky 1997. What Went Wrong, Chapter 4 in Teacher Pay and Teacher Quality. Kalamazoo MI: W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment 12
C.M. Hoxby 1996. "The Effects of Teachers' Unions on Education Production" Quarterly Journal of Economics. D. Lakdawalla. 2001. The Declining Quality of Teachers, National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 8263. T. Kane, D. Staiger, S. Cantrell, J. Fullerton 2007. "National Board Certification and Teacher Effectiveness: Evidence from a Random Assignment Experiment" NBER conference paper. V. The Market for College Education Core: M. Rothschild and L.J. White. 1995. "The Analytics of the Pricing of Higher Education and Other Services in Which the Customers Are Inputs," Journal of Political Economy, 103.3: 573-586. C. Hoxby. 2009. "The Changing Selectivity of American Colleges," Journal of Economic Perspectives, 23.4: 95118. Additional Interest:
M. Rothschild and L.J. White. 1993. The University in the Marketplace: Some Insights and Some Puzzles. in C.T. Clotfelter and M. Rothschild, eds. Studies of Supply and Demand in Higher Education. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. G. Winston. 1999. Subsidies, Hierarchy and Peers: The Awkward Economics of Higher Education, Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 13.1 (Winter), pp. 13-36. C. Avery, A. Fairbanks, and R. Zeckhauser. 2003. The Early Admissions Game: Joining the Elite. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. VI. The Effects of Education of Economic Growth, Development, and Inequality Core: A. Khwaja, T. Andrabi, J. Das 2007. "Students Today, Teachers Tomorrow? Identifying Constraints on the Provision of Education" NBER Conference Paper. P. Glewwe, M. Kremer, S. Moulin, and E. Zitzewitz. 2000. Retrospective versus Prospective Analyses of School Inputs: The Case of Flip Charts in Kenya, 13
National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 8018. A. Banerjee, S. Cole, E. Duflo and L. Linden. 2003. Improving the Quality of Education in India: Evidence from Three Randomized Experiments, NBER mimeo. P. Aghion, L. Boustan, C. Hoxby, and J. Vandenbussche. 2005. "Exploiting States' Mistakes to Estimate the Causal Impact of Education on Growth." NBER Working Paper. Additional Interest: E. Duflo. 2000. Schooling and labor market consequences of school construction in Indonesia: Evidence from an unusual policy experiment, National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 7860. M. Kremer and E. Miguel. 2001. Worms: Education and Health Externalities in Kenya, NBER Working Paper No. 8481. L. Linden, M. Bertrand, F. Barrera, and F. Perez. 2007. "Designing Incentives for Education in Secondary School: The Bogota Subsidios Program," NBER Conference Paper. C. Hoxby. 2008. "School Spending, Income, and Inequality: The Efficient Redistribution Hypothesis," Stanford University manuscript.
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