A & B LEADS Designation of leads derived from the midpoints of the two pairs comprising a 4-wire circuit.

ABBRE !A"ED D!AL!#$ %reprogramming of a caller&s phone s'stem or long distance compan'&s switch to recogni(e a )- to 4-digit num*er as an a**reviation for a fre+uentl' dialed phone num*er, and automaticall' dial the whole num*er. S'non'm- Speed Dialing. A..ESS ./AR$E 0onies collected *' local phone companies for use of their circuits to originate and terminate long distance calls. .an *e per minute fees levied on long distance companies, Su*scri*er Line .harges 1SL.s2 levied directl' on regular local lines, fi3ed monthl' fees for special telco circuits 1ie. 4AL, DAL,"-52, or Special Access Surcharge 1SAS2 on special access circuits. A..ESS L!#E A telephone circuit which connects a customer location to a networ6 switching center. A!RL!#E 0!LEA$E .alculated point-to-point mileage *etween terminal facilities. ALL "R7#8S B7S9 1A"B2 A single tone interrupted at a 5): ipm 1impulses per minute2 rate to indicate all lines or trun6s in a routing group are *us'. AL"ER#A"E R;7"E A secondar' communications path used to reach a destination if the primar' path is unavaila*le. AL"ER#A"E 7SE "he a*ilit' to switch communications facilities from one t'pe to another, i.e., voice to data, etc. AL"ER#A"E ;!.E DA"A 1A D2 A single transmission facilit' which can *e used for either voice or data. A#AL;$ S!$#AL A signal in the form of a continuous var'ing ph'sical +uantit', e.g., voltage which reflects variations in some +uantit', e.g., loudness in the human voice. A##7#.!A";R An audi*le intercept device that states the condition or restrictions associated with circuits or procedures. A#S4ER BA.8 An electrical and<or visual indication to the calling or sending end that the called or received station is on the line.

A#S4ER S7%ER !S!;# An electrical signal fed *ac6 up the line *' the local telephone compan' at the distant end of a long distance call to indicate positivel' the call has *een answered *' the called part'. "ells *illing e+uipment to start timing the call. AREA .;DE A three digit num*er identif'ing more than 5=: geographic areas of the 7nited States and .anada which permits direct distance dialing on the telephone s'stem. A similar glo*al num*ering plan has *een esta*lished for international su*scri*er dialing. S'non'm- #um*ering %lan Area 1#%A2. A""E#DA#" %;S!"!;# A telephone switch*oard operator&s position. !t provides either automatic 1cordless2 or manual 1plug and >ac62 operator controls for incoming and<or outgoing telephone calls. A""E#"7A"!;# A general term used to denote the decrease in power *etween that transmitted and that received due to loss through e+uipment, lines, or other transmission devices. !t is usuall' e3pressed as a ratio in dB 1deci*el2. A7D!BLE R!#$!#$ ";#E An audi*le signal heard *' the calling part' during the ringing-interval. A7"/;R!?A"!;# .;DE A =- to 54-digit num*er entered using a touch-tone phone to identif' the caller as a customer of the long distance service. 7sed primaril' *efore E+ual Access as a wa' to verif' the caller as a customer and *ill calls. A7"; A#S4ER A machine feature that allows a transmission control unit or station to automaticall' respond to a call that it receives. A7";0A"!. .ALL D!S"R!B7";R 1A.D2 A switching s'stem designed to +ueue and<or distri*ute a large volume of incoming calls to a group of attendants to the ne3t availa*le @answering@ position. A7";0A"!. D!AL!#$ 7#!" A device which is programmed with fre+uentl' called num*ers. "he caller presses one to three digits and the preprogrammed num*er is automaticall' dialed into the phone circuit. A7";0A"!. !DE#"!A!.A"!;# ;A ;7"4ARD D!AL!#$ 1A!;D2 "he a*ilit' of some centre3 units to provide an itemi(ed *rea6down of charges 1including individual charges for toll calls2 for calls made *' each telephone e3tension. A7";0A"!. #70BER !DE#"!A!.A"!;# 1A#!2 ;n long distance calls, the process *' which the local phone

compan' passes a caller&s local *illing phone num*er to his<her long distance compan' when a @5B@ or @5:-CCC@ call is made. 4ith A#! a caller&s long distance carrier 6nows who 1what phone num*er2 to *ill without re+uiring the caller to enter an' e3tra digits to *e identified. A7";0A"!. R;7"E SELE."!;# 1ARS2 S'non'mBA#D 152 "he range of fre+uencies *etween two defined limits. 1)2 !n reference to 4A"S, one of the five specific geographic areas as defined *' the carrier. S'non'm- Bandwidth. BA#D4!D"/ see BA#D. BASEBA#D "he total fre+uenc' *and occupied *' the aggregate of all the voice and data signals used to modulate a radio carrier. BA7D A unit of signaling speed. "he speed in Baud is the num*er of discrete conditions or signal elements per second. !f each signal event represents onl' one *it condition, then Baud is the same as *its per second. Baud does not e+ual *its per second. Least .ost Routing

BL;.8ED .ALLS Attempted calls that are not connected *ecause 152 all lines to the central offices are in useD or 1)2 all connecting paths through the %BC<switch are in use. BREA8 A means of interrupting transmission, a momentar' interruption of a circuit. BREA8E E# %;!#" Level of usage at which the total cost of a service with a high fi3ed up-front monthl' fee *ut low minute costs *ecomes e+ual to the total cost of another service with low 1or (ero2 monthl' fee *ut relativel' high per minute cost. At usage levels higher than *rea6even, the service with the high monthl' fee is cheaper. BR;ADBA#D A transmission facilit' having a *andwidth of greater than ): 6/(. B7S A heav' conductor, or group of conductors, to which several units of the same t'pe of e+uipment ma' *e connected. "he condition in which facilities over which a call is to *e transmitted are alread' in use.

B7S9

B7S9 /;7R "he time of da' when phone lines are most in demand. B7S9 ";#E A single tone that is interrupted at E: ipm 1impulses per minute2 to indicate that the terminal point of a call is alread' in use. B9%ASS "he direct connection to customer-premises e+uipment *' an !.. "his occurs when an !. connects its own facilities 1or facilities leased from a non-B;. entit'2 directl' to an end user&s premises, circumventing the use of the B;. networ6.. .ARR!ER A long distance compan' which uses primaril' its own transmission facilities, as opposed to resellers which lease or *u' most or all transmission facilities from carriers. 0an' people refer to an' t'pe of long distance compan', whether it has its own networ6 or not, as a carrier, so the term is not as restrictive as it used to *e. .ARR!ER A..ESS .;DE 1.A.2 "he se+uence an end user dials to o*tain access to the switched services of a carrier. .arrier Access .odes for Aeature $roup D are composed of five digits, in the form 5:CCC, where CCC is the .arrier !dentification .ode. .ARR!ER .;00;# L!#E ./AR$E 1..L.2 A per minute charge paid *' long distance companies to local phone companies for the use of local pu*lic switched networ6s at either or *oth ends of a long distance call. "his charge goes to pa' part of the cost of telephone poles, wires, etc. .ARR!ER !DE#"!A!.A"!;# .;DE 1.!.2 "he three-digit num*er that uni+uel' identifies a carrier. "he .arrier !dentification .ode is indicated *' CCC in the .arrier Access .ode. "he same code applies to an individual carrier throughout the area served *' the #orth American #um*ering %lan. .ARR!ER S9S"E0 A s'stem for providing several communications channels over a single path. .ELL7LAR 0;B!LE RAD!; A high capacit' land mo*ile radio s'stem in which an assigned fre+uenc' spectrum is divided into discrete channels that are assigned to a cellular geographic serving area. .E#"RAL ;AA!.E 1.;2 4ith local telephone companies, the near*' *uilding containing the local telco switch which provides local telephone service. Also the ph'sical point where calls enter the long distance networ6. Sometimes referred to as

.lass = office, end office, or Local Dial ;ffice. .E#"REC, .; %BC Service provided *' a switch located at the telephone compan' central office. .E#"REC, .7 A variation on .entre3 .; provided *' a telephone compan' maintained @.entral ;ffice@ t'pe switch located at the customer&s premises. ./A##EL A communications path via a carrier or microwave radio. .!R.7!" A path for the transmission of electromagnetic signals to include all conditioning and signaling e+uipment. S'non'm- Aacilit'. .!R.7!" S4!"./!#$ A switching s'stem that completes a dedicated transmission path from sender to receiver at the time of transmission. .LASS ;A SER !.E<.LASS 0AR8 1.;S2 A su*grouping of telephone customers or users for the sa6e of rate distinction or limitation of service. .;AC!AL .ABLE A ca*le with a solid outer shield, a space and then a solid inner conductor. "he electromagnetic wave travels *etween the outer shield and the conductor. !t can carr' a much higher *and width than a wire pair. .;DE. .oder-Decoder. 7sed to convert analog signals to digital form for transmission over a digital median and *ac6 again to the original analog form. .;00;# .ARR!ER A government regulated private compan' that provides the general pu*lic with telecommunications services and facilities. .;00;# ./A##EL !#"ER;AA!.E S!$#AL!#$ 1..!S2 A digital technolog' used *' A"&" to enhance their !ntegrated Services Digital #etwor6. !t uses a separate data line to route interoffice signals to provide faster call set-up and more efficient use of trun6s. .;00;# .;#"R;L S4!"./!#$ ARRA#$E0E#" 1..SA2 "he use of carrier switches under a carrier&s control as part of a customer&s private networ6. "he carrier&s software controls and switches the customer&s calls over private lines the customer has rented. .ontrol of the switch and switching functions is done in common for all users using the software and switching s'stem. .;#D!"!;#!#$ EF7!%0E#" E+uipment modifications or ad>ustments necessar' to match

transmission levels and impedances and which e+uali(e transmission and dela' to *ring circuit losses, levels, and distortion within esta*lished standards. .;#A!$7RA"!;# "he com*ination of long-distance services and<or e+uipment that ma6e up a communications s'stem. .;#"R;L 7#!" 1.72 "he central processor of a telephone switching device. .;S" .;0%;#E#" "he price of each t'pe of long distance service and<or e+uipment that constitutes a configuration. .R;SS .;##E."!;# "he wire connections running *etween terminals on the two sides of a distri*ution frame, or *etween *inding posts in a terminal. .R;SS "AL8 "he unwanted energ' 1speech or tone2 transferred from one circuit to another circuit. .7S";0ER A..ESS L!#E ./AR$E 1.AL.2 "he A..-imposed monthl' surcharge added to all local lines to recover a portion of the cost of telephone poles, wires, etc., from end users. Before deregulation, a large part of these costs were financed *' long distance users in the form of higher charges. .7S";0ER ;4#ED A#D 0A!#"A!#ED 1.;A02 .ustomer provided communications apparatus and associated wiring. .7S";0ER %RE0!SE EF7!%0E#" 1.%E2 "elephone e+uipment, usuall' including wiring located within the customer&s part of a *uilding. .7" "o transfer a service from one facilit' to another.

.7" "/R;7$/ "he esta*lishment of a complete path for signaling and<or audio communications. DA"A SE" A device which converts data into signals suita*le for transmission over communications lines. DA"A "ER0!#AL A station in a s'stem capa*le of sending and<or receiving data signals. DE.!BEL 1dB2 A unit measurement represented as a ratio of two voltages, currents or powers and is used to measure transmission loss or gain.

DED!.A"ED A..ESS L!#E 1DAL2 An analog special access line going from a caller&s own e+uipment directl' to a long distance compan'&s switch or %;%. 7suall' provided *' a local telephone compan'. "he line ma' go through the local telco .entral ;ffice, *ut the local telco does not switch calls on this line. DELA9 D!AL A dialing configuration where*' local dial e+uipment will wait until it receives the entire telephone num*er *efore sei(ing a circuit to transmit the call. DEL"A 0;D7LA"!;# 1D02 A variant of pulse code modulation where*' a code representing the difference *etween the amplitude of a sample and the amplitude of the previous one is sent. ;perates well in the presence of noise, *ut re+uires a wide fre+uenc' *and. DE0;D7LA"!;# "he process of retrieving data from a modulated signal. D!AL LE EL "he selection of stations or services associated with a %BC using a one to four digit code 1e.g., dialing G for access to outside dial tone2. D!AL %7LS!#$ "he transmitting of telephone address signals *' momentaril' opening a D. circuit a num*er of times corresponding to the decimal digit which is dialed. D!AL RE%EA"!#$ "!E L!#E<D!AL RE%EA"!#$ "!E "R7#8 A tie line arrangement which permits direct trun6 to trun6 connections without use of the attendant. D!AL SELE."! E S!$#AL!#$ A multipoint networ6 in which the called part' is selected *' a prearranged dialing code. D!AL ";#E A tone indicating that automatic switching e+uipment is read' to receive dial signals. D!AL!#$ %LA# A description of the dialing arrangements for customer use on a networ6. D!RE." D!S"A#.E D!AL!#$ 1DDD2 A *asic toll service that permits customers to dial their own long distance call without the aid of an operator. D!RE." !#4ARD D!AL!#$ 1D!D2 A %BC or .E#"REC feature that allows a customer outside the s'stem to directl' dial a station within the s'stem. D!RE." ;7"4ARD D!AL!#$ A %BC or .E#"REC feature that allows a station user to gain

direct access to an e3change networ6. DR;% "he portion of outside telephone plant which e3tends from the telephone distri*ution ca*le to the su*scri*er&s premises. DR9 .!R.7!" A circuit which transmits voice signals and carries no direct current. D7AL ";#E 07L"!-AREF7E#.9 1D"0A2 Also 6nown as "ouch-"one. A t'pe of signaling which emits two distinct fre+uencies for each indicated digit. D7%LEC Simultaneous two-wa' independent transmission. D7%LEC S!$#AL!#$ A long-range *idirectional signaling method using paths derived from transmission ca*le pairs. !t is *ased on a *alanced and s'mmetrical circuit that is identical at *oth ends. "his circuit presents an E&0 lead interface to connecting circuits. E./; A signal that has *een reflected or otherwise returned with sufficient magnitude and dela' to *e perceived *' the spea6er.

E./; RE"7R# L;SS 1ERL2 "he loss which must *e in the echo path to reduce echo to a tolera*le amount. E./; S7%%RESS;R A device which detects speech signals transmitted in either direction on a four-wire circuit, and introduces loss in the direction of transmission. E!"/ER E#D /;% ;AA 1EE/;2 !n private networ6s, a switch program that allows a call destined for an off-net location to *e placed into the pu*lic networ6 at either the closest switch to the origination or to the destination. "he choice is usuall' *' time of da'. 7ses either /ead End /op ;ff or "ail End /op ;ff. ELE."R;#!. 8E9 "ELE%/;#E SE"S 1E8"S2 A generic term indicating 6e' telephones with *uilt-in microprocessors which allow access to %BC-li6e features as well as access to multiple .; lines, using ) to 4 pair wiring. ELE."R;#!. S4!"./ 0odern programma*le switch 1often denoted ESS, for Electronic Switching S'stem2 used in most B;. telephone companies, man' independent telephone companies, and *' virtuall' all new long distance companies. .ompletel' solid

state electronics, as opposed to older electro-mechanical switches. ELE."R;#!. S4!"./!#$ S9S"E0 1ESS2 7sed as a station instrument on a %BC. Also a Bell S'stem term for electronic e3change switching e+uipment. ELE."R;#!. "A#DE0 #E"4;R8 1E"#2 152 A private networ6 automaticall' and electronicall' connecting the calling office to the called office through "andem-"ie "run6s. "he networ6 switches also function as %BCs. 1)2 An A"&" product name. 1H2 7sed as a generic term for a %BC *ase networ6. E#/A#.ED %R! A"E S4!"./ED .;007#!.A"!;#S SER !.E 1E%S.S2 A private networ6 utili(ing Bell provided e+uipment located in the central office and dedicated to a specific customer. E&0 LEADS A pair of leads which carr' signals *etween trun6 e+uipment and separate signaling e+uipment unit. "he 0 lead transmits *atter' or ground signals to the signaling e+uipment, and the E lead receives open or ground signals from the signaling e+uipment. E&0 S!$#AL!#$ An arrangement where*' signaling *etween a trun6 circuit and an associated signaling unit is effected over two leads providing full-time, )-wa', )-level supervision. E#"ER%R!SE #70BER A uni+ue telephone e3change num*er that permits the called part' to *e automaticall' *illed for incoming calls. EF7AL A..ESS Reprogramming of Local E3change .ompan' 1LE.2 switches to allow other long distance companies *esides A"&" to *e the @5B@ primar' long distance compan' for users of long distance 1*' creating a new t'pe of Aeature $roup access circuit, A$D2. Also provides @5:-CCC@ dialing for secondar' and casual calling, generates true hardware Answer Supervision when calls are terminated over A$D circuits, and provides A#! 1Automatic #um*er !dentification2 on originating calls. EF7AL!?A"!;# "he procedure of compensating for fluctuation in circuit amplitude, dela', or distortion. ERLA#$ A unit of traffic intensit'. ;ne Erlang is the intensit' at which one traffic path would *e continuousl' occupied, e.g. one call per hour. ERLA#$ B "ABLE A widel' used ta*le derived from a mathematical formula which allows the determination of the traffic capacit' of a given group of circuits.

EC./A#$E A telephone switching center. EC./A#$E #E"4;R8 AA.!L!"!ES A;R !#"ERS"A"E A..ESS 1E#A!A2 A"&"&s pricing arrangement for local loops offered to ;..s for connecting the ;..&s networ6 to the local telephone compan'&s central office. EC"E#DED AREA SER !.E 1EAS2 Adding e3panded local calling areas to a caller&s *asic local calling area for a 1generall'2 small additional monthl' fee. "he EAS local calls can *e either free 1after a small additional monthl' fee is paid2 or at a cost of reduced per call charges. AA.!L!"!ES "'picall' refers to transmission lines or circuits, or long distance services. A caller&s facilities are the circuits availa*le to ma6e calls. AA.S!0!LE "he transmission of pictures, maps or other documents via communications circuits using a device which scans the original document, transforms the image into coded signals and reproduces the original document at a distant point. AEA"7RE $R;7% A Line-side originating and terminating LA"A access for which an originating su*scri*er dials an assigned telephone num*er that connects to a specific !.. "he !. returns a tone to signal the caller to input additional tone-generated digits of the called num*er. AEA"7RE $R;7% B "run6-side originating and terminating LA"A access for which an originating su*scri*er dials a G=:-4CCC num*er 1where 4I:,5 and CCC is the .arrier Access .ode2, which is translated to a specified CCC carrier trun6 group. ;ptional rotar' dial service and A#! ma' *e availa*le. AEA"7RE $R;7% . "run6-side LA"A access for A"&", generall', on a direct *asis *etween each E; and an A"&" switching s'stem. AEA"7RE $R;7% D Also referred to as @E+ual Access,@ Aeature $roup D is trun6-side LA"A access affording call supervision to an !., a uniform access code 15:CCC2, optional calling-part' identification, recording of access-charge *illing details, and presu*scription to a customer-specified !.. AEDERAL .;007#!.A"!;#S .;00!SS!;# 1A..2 "he government agenc' esta*lished *' the .ommunications Act of 5GH4 which regulates the interstate communications industr'. A!BER ;%"!.S

/igh speed transmission using light to send images 1in telecommunications- voice or data2 through a fle3i*le *undle of glass fi*ers. A;7R 4!RE .!R.7!"S .ircuits which use two separate one-wa' transmission paths of two wires each, as opposed to regular local lines which usuall' onl' have two wires to carr' conversations in *oth directions. ;ne set of wires carries conversation in one direction, the other in the opposite direction. AREF7E#.9 "he num*er of complete c'cles per unit of time. AREF7E#.9 D! !S!;# 07L"!%LEC!#$ 1AD02 "he division of an availa*le fre+uenc' range 1*andwidth2 into various su*divisions, each having enough *andwidth to carr' one voice or data channel. AREF7E#.9 RES%;#SE "he reaction of fre+uencies to the circuit components. A7LL D7%LEC A circuit which allows transmission of a message in *oth directions at the same time. S'non'm- 4-wire. A7LL %ER!;D Relates to private line service, which is rented for the e3clusive use of a single customer for an entire month. AC 1A;RE!$# EC./A#$E2 SER !.E A service which allows a customer to appear to have a local presence in a distant part of town or, a different town altogether, *' connecting his<her phone directl' to a local *usiness line in a part of town with a different e3change than his<her local calling area over a leased private line, or to a local telco in a distant town through long haul private lines purchased from a long distance carrier. $RADE ;A SER !.E "he pro*a*ilit' of a call *eing *loc6ed *' *us' trun6s, e3pressed as a decimal fraction, and usuall' meaning the *us'-hour pro*a*ilit'. $R;7% 5) circuits processed as a unit in a carrier s'stem. /ALA D7%LEC A circuit for transmitting or receiving signals in one direction at a time. /ARD4!RE "o wire or ca*le directl' *etween units of e+uipment. /AR0;#!. "he full multiple of a *ase fre+uenc'.

/AR0;#!. D!S";R"!;# "he ratio, e3pressed in deci*els, of the power at the fundamental fre+uenc', to the power of a harmonic of that fundamental. /EAD E#D /;% ;AA 1/E/;2 A method of traffic engineering where*' calls are completed *' using long distance facilities directl' off the switch that serves that location. /ER"? 1/(2 !nternational standard unit of fre+uenc'. Replaces, and is identical to, the order unit @.'cles-per-second.@ /;0!#$ Returning to the starting position, as in a rotar' stepping switch. /;;8S4!"./ "he device on which the telephone receiver hangs or on which a telephone handset hangs or rests when not in use. "he weight of the receiver or handset operates a switch which opens the telephone circuit, leaving onl' the *ell connected to the line. /;"-.7" irtuall' instantaneous replacement of one line with another. /9BR!D An electronic circuit which performs the wire conversions necessar' for the connection of a local loop with a longhaul facilit'. !#"ER.E%" "o stop a telephone call directed to an improper telephone num*er, and redirect that call to an operator or a recording. !#"ER.;##E." 152 "he arrangement that permits the connection of customer&s telecommunications e+uipment to a communications common carrier networ6. 1)2 "he industr' name for manufacturers, e3cluding the Bell s'stem, which provide telephone e+uipment for the customer premises. !#"ER-EC./A#$E 0!LEA$E 1!C.2 "he airline mileage *etween two cities. S'non'm- Long /aul 0ileage. !#"EREC./A#$E %LA#" "he facilities *etween the su*scri*er switching center and another switching center. !#"ERAA.E "he >unction or point of interconnection *etween two s'stems or e+uipment having different characteristics.

!#"ERAERE#.E An' unwanted noise or crosstal6 on a communications circuit which acts to reduce the intelligi*ilit' of the desired signal or speech. !#"ER-0A./!#E "R7#8 1!0"2 A circuit which connects two automatic switching centers. !#"ER-;AA!.E "R7#8 1!;"2 A direct trun6 *etween local e3change offices. !#"ER#A"!;#AL RE.;RD .ARR!ER 1!R.2 .arriers providing international telecommunications services, including voice, tele3, and data communications. !#"ERS"A"E An' connection made *etween two states. !#"RAS"A"E An' connection made that remains within the *oundaries of a single state. J!""ER Short term insta*ilit' of the amplitude and<or phase of a signal. .ommonl' called %/ASE J!""ER. 8E9SE" A telephone instrument having an appearance of two or more telephone lines which can *e accessed *' depressing a *utton 16e'2 on the face of the set. 8E9 S9S"E0 "he e+uipment utili(ed to provide the features associated with 6e' sets, including 6e'sets, multipair ca*le, 6e' service unit, distri*ution frames. LEASED L!#ES An' circuit or com*ination of circuits designated to *e at the e3clusive disposal of a given su*scri*er. S'non'm- %rivate lineD Aull %eriod Line. LEAS" .;S" R;7"!#$ 1L.R2 A method of automaticall' facilit' for transmission S'non'm- 0ost Economical Route SelectionD Ale3i*le selecting the least costl' of a call. Route Selection 10ERS2D Automatic Route Selection.

LE EL An e3pression of the relative signal strength at a point in a communications circuit compared to a standard. L;AD!#$ A s'stem for adding regularl' spaced inductance units to a circuit to improve its transmission characteristics. L;.AL A..ESS A#D "RA#S%;R" AREA 1LA"A2 A geographic area 1called @e3change@ or @e3change area@ in the 0AJ2 within each B;.&s franchised area that has *een esta*lished *' a B;. in accordance with the provisions of

the 0AJ for the purpose of defining the territor' within which a B;. ma' offer its telecommunications services. L;.AL AREA #E"4;R8 1LA#2 !ntraoffice communication s'stem usuall' used to provide data transmission in addition to voice transmission. L;.AL EC./A#$E .ARR!ER 1LE.2 A local telephone compan', either one of the Bell ;perating .ompanies or one of the 54::B independent local telephone companies. L;.AL L;;% "he local connection *etween the end user and the .lass = central office. L;#$ /A7L .ircuits spanning considera*le distances. L;;% BA.8 A method of performing transmission tests on a circuit not re+uiring the assistance of personnel at the distant end. L;;% S!$#AL!#$ An' of the three signaling methods which use the metallic loop formed *' the trun6 conductors and the terminating e+uipment *ridges. 0A!# D!S"R!B7"!;# ARA0E 10DA2 "he point where outside plant ca*les terminate and from which the' cross connect to terminal or central office line e+uipment. 0A!# %BC A %BC directl' connected to a tandem switch via an access trun6 group. 0A#7AL "!E L!#E A tie line which re+uires the assistance of an attendant at *oth ends of the circuit in order to complete a call. 0AS"ER $R;7% 10$2 )4: circuits processed as a unit in a carrier s'stem. 0ESSA$E "ELE%/;#E SER !.E 10"S2 A"&"&s tariffed pricing name for long distance telephone calls. 0ESSA$E 7#!" 1072 A local toll rate calling plan which is time and distance sensitive. 0!.R;4A E 10<42 Radio transmission using ver' short lengths, corresponding to a fre+uenc' of 5,::: megahert( or greater. S'non'm- 0icrowave Radio. 0!.R;4A E RAD!;

S'non'm-

0icrowave.

0;DE0 A device which modulates and demodulates signals on a carrier fre+uenc' and allows the interface of digital terminals with analog carrier s'stems. 0;D!A!ED A!#AL J7D$E0E#" 10AJ2 "he agreement *etween the 7.S. Department of Justice and A"&" governing the *rea6up of the pre-Divestiture Bell S'stem into A"&" and )) Bell ;perating .ompanies and other entities. ;n August )E, 5GK), 7.S. District .ourt Judge /arold $reene accepted, with modifications, an A"&"<Justice Department settlement terminating the government&s 5GL4 antitrust suit against A"&". Judge $reene&s decree did awa' with the provisions of the 5G=E consent decree that had 6ept A"&" out of competitive, unregulated ventures. 0;D7LA"!;# Alterations in the characteristics of carrier waves. 7suall' impressed on the amplitude and<or the fre+uenc'. 0;#!";R!#$ DE !.E Records data on calls placed through a compan'&s telephone s'stem- num*er called, length of calls, calling location. 0;S" E.;#;0!.AL R;7"E SELE."!;# 10ERS2 S'non'mLeast .ost Routing.

07L"!%LEC!#$ "he act of com*ining a num*er of individual message circuits for transmission over a common path. "wo methods are used152 fre+uenc' division, and 1)2 time division. #E"4;R8 A collection of switches connected to one another *' transmission facilities. #E"4;R8 #70BER!#$ EC./A#$E 1#CC2 "he three digit location code representing the central office. @#@ ma' *e an' num*er *etween @)@ and @G@ and @C@ ma' *e an' num*er. #E"4;R8 "R7#8S .ircuits connecting switching centers. ##C .;DES "he H-digit code used historicall' for local E3change .odes. @#@ can *e an' num*er from : to ), @C@ can *e an' digit. "he current num*ering plan allows for more variation in assigning E3change .odes, and under it E3change .odes are commonl' referred to as @#CCs.@ #;DE A ma>or switching center of a networ6.

#;#-BL;.8!#$ A switching networ6 having a sufficient num*er of paths such that a su*scri*er originating a call can alwa's reach an' other idle su*scri*er without encountering a *us'. #70BER!#$ %LA# AREA 1#%A2 A geographical division within which no two telephones will have the same L digit num*er. @#@ is an' num*er *etween @)@ and @G@D @%@ is alwa's @5@ or @:@D and @A@ is an' num*er e3cluding @:@. .ommonl' referred to as @area code.@ #CC .;DES "he current general configuration for E3change .odes within each Area .ode. See also- @##C .odes@ ;AAERED "RAAA!. "he num*er of call attempts in an' specified period of time. ;AA /;;8 "he condition which results when a telephone is lifted from its mounting, allowing the hoo6switch to operate. ;AA-#E"4;R8 A..ESS L!#E 1;#AL2 A local e3change 1Aeature $roup access2, Aoreign E3change, or 4A"S line connecting *oth incoming and outgoing traffic from a long distance compan'&s networ6 to the pu*lic switched networ6. $enerall' a circuit leased *' a long distance carrier to *e used *' man' customers not hoo6ed directl' into the long distance carrier&s networ6. ;AA #E"4;R8 .ALL!#$ "elephone calls through a private switching s'stem and transmission networ6 which e3tend to the pu*lic telephone s'stem. ;AA %RE0!SES EC"E#S!;# 1;%C2 An e3tension telephone or 6e'set that is geographicall' separated from its associated %BC. ;# /;;8 "he condition which results when a telephone handset is placed on its mounting, which causes the hoo6-switch to open its contacts. ;# #E"4;R8 .ALL!#$ A term used to descri*e a call that originates and terminates on a private networ6. ;%ERA";R ASS!S"ED .ALLS #on-DDD calls re+uiring manual intervention. ;R!$!#A"!#$ ;AA!.E "he central office that serves the calling part'. ;"/ER .;00;# .ARR!ER 1;..2 A long distance compan' other than A"&" having man' of its own long distance circuits, either owned or leased. Some people use ;.. to refer to all A"&" long distance

competitors, including resellers, *ut this is not technicall' correct. ;7"-;A-BA#D An' fre+uenc' outside the *and used for voice fre+uencies. ;7"-;A-BA#D S!$#AL!#$ 7se of narrow *and filters to place the voice signal on a carrier channel *elow H,4:: .%S, reserving the H,4:: - H,L:: .%S *and for supervisor' signals. ; ERB7!LD Adding radio capacit' to a telecommunications networ6. ; ERAL;4 Switching e+uipment which operates when the traffic load e3ceeds the capacit' of the regular e+uipment. %AD A non-ad>usta*le resistance networ6 used to insert transmission loss into a circuit. %/ASE J!""ER SEE Jitter %;!#" ;A %RESE#.E 1%;%2 A ph'sical location within a LA"A at which an !. esta*lishes itself for the purpose of o*taining LA"A access and to which the B;. provides access services. %;!#"-";-%;!#" A communications circuit *etween two terminations which does not connect with a pu*lic telephone s'stem. %;R" Entrance or access point to a computer, multiple3or device or networ6 where signals ma' *e supplied, e3tracted or o*served. %;S"AL "ELE%/;#E A#D "ELE%$RA%/ 1%""2 Aoreign government agencies responsi*le for regulating communications. %R!0AR9 AREA A customer&s local telphone calling area. %R!0AR9 !#"EREC./A#$E .ARR!ER 1%!.2 "he !. designated *' a customer to provide inter-LA"A service automaticall' without re+uiring the customer to dial an access code for that carrier. %R!0AR9 R;7"!#$ %;!#" "he switch designated as the control point for a longhaul telephone call. %R! A"E BRA#./ EC./A#$E 1%BC2 A private phone s'stem 1switch2 used *' medium and large companies which is connected to the pu*lic telephone networ6

1local telco2 and performs a variet' of in-house routing and switching. 7ser usuall' dial @G@ to get outside s'stem to the local lines. %R! A"E L!#E 1%L2 A full-time leased line directl' connecting two points, used sole' *' purchaser. "he most common form is a tie line connecting two pieces of a user&s own phone e+uipment - flat rate *illing, not usage sensitive. %R! A"E 7SE #E"4;R8 "wo or more private line channels contracted for *' a customer and restricted for use *' that customer onl'. %7BL!. S4!"./ED #E"4;R8 1%S#2 "he pre-Divestiture nationwide networ6 maintained *' A"&" and the independent telephone companies which provides nationwide, unrestricted telephone service. 1%S.2 %7BL!. 7"!L!"9 .;00!S!;# 1%7.2<%7BL!. SER !.E .;00!SS!;# "he state commissions regulating intrastate communications. %7LSE .;DE 0;D7LA"!;# 1%.02 "he form of modulation in which the information signals are sampled at regular intervals and a series of pulses in coded form are transmitted representing the amplitude of the information signal at that time. %7LSE-L!#8 RE%EA"ER .onnects one E&0 signaling circuit directl' to another. %7LSE 0;D7LA"!;# "he modulation of a series of pulses which represents information-*earing signals. "'pical methods involve modif'ing the amplitude 1%A02, width or duration 1%402 or position 1%%02. %ulse .ode 0odulation 1%.02 is the most common modulation techni+ue involved in telephone wor6. %7S/ B7"";# D!AL!#$ S'non'mDual "one 0ulti-Are+uenc'.

F7E7E A temporar' dela' in providing service caused *' the ina*ilit' of the s'stem provided to handle the num*er of messages or calls attempted. RAD!; .;00;# .ARR!ER 1R..2 A communications common carrier that provides radio paging and mo*ile telephone services to the pu*lic. RA"E .E#"ER A specified geographic location used *' the telephone compan' to determine interchange mileage for rate determination purposes. RED7#DA#.9 Duplicate e+uipment that is provided to minimi(e the effect

of failures or e+uipment *rea6downs. RE$E#ERA"!;# "he process of receiving distorted signal pulses and from them recreating new pulses at the correct repetition rate, pulse amplitude, and pulse width. RE-/;0!#$ A ma>or networ6 change which involves moving customer services from one switching center to another and esta*lishing the necessar' trun6ing facilities to do so. RE0;"E A..ESS "he a*ilit' of transmission points to gain access to a computer which is at a different location. RE%EA"ER An electronic device used to amplif' signals which have *ecome too wea6. RE%EA"!#$ .;!L "he telephone industr'&s term for a voice-fre+uenc' transformer. RESELLER A long distance compan' that purchases large amounts of transmission capacit' or calls from other carriers and resells it to smaller users. RES";RA"!;# "he re-esta*lishment of service *' rerouting, su*stitution of component parts, or as otherwise determined. RE"ARD .;!L A coil having a large inductance which retards sudden changes of the current flowing through its winding. R!#$BA.8 ";#E S'non'mAudi*le Ringing "one.

R!#$D;4# A circuit or method of signaling where the incoming signal is actuated *' alternating current over the circuit. R;7"E D! ERS!"9 "wo 1or more2 private line channels 1circuits2 furnished partiall' or entirel' over two ph'sicall' separate routes. Serves to prevent total loss of service if one ca*le gets cut or goes out. R;7"E ;%"!0!?A"!;# S'non'mLeast .ost Routing.

R;"AR9 /7#" An arrangement which allows calls placed to see6 out an idle circuit in a prearranged multi-circuit group and find the

ne3t open line to esta*lish a through circuit. SA"ELL!"E RELA9 An active or passive repeater in geos'nchronous or*it around the Earth which amplifies the signal it receives *efore transmitting it *ac6 to earth. SELE."! E .ALL!#$ "he a*ilit' of a transmitting station to specif' *' the use of assigned codes which of several stations is to receive a message. SER !.E A#D EF7!%0E#" RE.;RD A list of e+uipment *illed to customer *' t'pe, +uantit', monthl' charge, location and *illing dates. SA S!$#AL!#$ 1S!#$LE-AREF7E#.92 A signaling s'stem which uses a ),E:: /( in-*and signal on the voice path. "he tone is on in the idle condition, pulsed for dialing, and off when the circuit is in use. S/;R" /A7L .ircuits designed for use over distances of 5:-):: miles. S!$#AL!#$ "he process of transferring information *etween two parts of a telephone networ6 to control the esta*lishment of communications *etween long distance carrier terminal points, and customer e+uipment re+uired for voice grade dedicated circuits. S!$#AL!#$ .;# ER"ER A device with input and output signals that contain the same information *ut emplo' different electrical s'stems for transmitting that information. 7sed at the terminal of a trun6 to convert the e+uipment signals to the s'stem used on the trun6. E3amples are- 152 ring down to SA, 1)2 E&0 to SA. S!$#AL!#$, !#-BA#D A t'pe of signaling using an A. signal 1usuall' ),E:: /(2 within the normal voice *and. "his signal can *e transmitted from end to end of a long voice circuit without an intermediate signaling e+uipment. Since the signaling is audi*le, the signaling e+uipment must *e arranged for @tone on when idle@ operation. S!$#AL "; #;!SE RA"!; Ratio of the signal power to the noise power in a specified *andwidth, usuall' e3pressed in d*. S!0%LEC 1SC2 S!$#AL!#$ A signaling path over a dr' tal6ing circuit which uses the two sides of the circuit in parallel, derived *' connecting the midpoints of repeating coils or retardation coils which are across the circuit. S!#$LE S!DEBA#D RAD!; 1SSB2 A form of amplitude modulation of a radio signal in which

onl' one of the two side*ands is transmitted. Either of the two side*ands ma' *e transmitted, and the carrier ma' *e transmitted, reduced or suppressed. S!#$!#$ A continued whistle or howl in an amplified telephone circuit. !t occurs when the sum of the repeater gains e3ceeds the sum of the circuit losses. S;A"4ARE DEA!#ED #E"4;R8 1SD#2 A switched long distance service for ver' large users with multiple locations. !nstead of putting together their own networ6, large users can get special usage rates for calls made on regular long distance compan' switched long distance services. S'non'mirtual %rivate #etwor6. S%E.!AL $RADE #E"4;R8 "R7#8 A trun6 speciall' conditioned *' providing amplitude and dela' e+uili(ation for the purpose of handling special services such as medium-speed data 1E:: to )4:: B%S2. S%E.!AL!?ED .;00;# .ARR!ER 1S..2 S'non'm;ther .ommon .arrier.

S%EED #70BER A one, three, or four digit num*er that replaces a seven or ten digit telephone num*er. "hese num*ers are programmed into the switch in the carrier&s office or in a %BC. S"A"!;# An' customer location on a networ6 capa*le of sending or receiving messages or calls. S"A"!;# 0ESSA$E DE"A!L RE.;RD!#$ 1S0DR2 A computer generated report showing internal usage on a telephone s'stem. 7suall' including e3tension num*er, trun6 num*er used, phone num*er dialed, time of call, duration and operator involvement. S";RE-A#D-A;R4ARD A techni+ue in which a message is received from the originator and held in storage until a circuit to the addressee *ecomes availa*le. S";RED %R;$RA0 .;#"R;L 1S%.2 A s'stem where*' the instructions are placed in the memor' of a commoncontrolled switching unit and to which it refers while processing a call for instructions regarding class mar6s, code conversions, routing, as well as for trou*le anal'sis. S7%ER$R;7% 1S$2 E: circuits processed as a unit in a carrier s'stem. S7%ER0AS"ER$R;7% 1S0$2 E:: circuits processed as a unit in a carrier s'stem.

S7%ER !S!;# S'non'mAnswer Supervision.

S7%ER !S;R9 S!$#ALS A signal, such as @on-hoo6@ or @off-hoo6,@ which indicates whether a circuit or line is in use. S4!"./ E+uipment used to interconnect lines and trun6s. S4!"./ED A..ESS .onnection *etween caller&s phone s'stem and switch of chosen long distance carrier when a regular long distance call using regular local lines is made. Also the connection *etween the switch of caller&s long distance carrier in the distant cit' and the phone *eing called. S4!"./ /;;8 S'non'm/oo6switch.

S4!"./!#$ "he operations involved in interconnecting circuits in order to esta*lish communications. S4!"./!#$ .E#"ER A location at which telephone traffic, either local or toll, is switched or connected from one circuit or line to another. S4!"./!#$ ;AA!.E A telephone compan' office which contains a switch. "-5 )4 voice channels digiti(ed at E4,::: *ps, com*ined into a single 5.=44 0*ps digital stream 1K,::: *ps signaling2, and carried over two pairs of regular copper telephone wires. 7sed primaril' *' telephone companies until 5GKH. #ow used for dedicated local access to long distance facilities, long-haul private lines, and for regular local service. "oda', most an' 5.=44 0*ps digital stream is called "-5, regardless of its ma6eup or what the transmission medium is.

"-.ARR!ER A time-division, pulse-code modulation, voice carrier used on e3change ca*le to provide short-haul trun6s. "A!L E#D /;% ;AA 1"E/;2 !n a private networ6, a call which is carried over flat rate facilities 1!ntermachine "run6s or !0"2 to the closest switch node to the destination of the call, and then connected into the pu*lic networ6 as a local call. "A#DE0 A switching arrangement in which the trun6 from the calling office is connected to a trun6 to the called office through

an intermediate point. "A#DE0 S4!"./!#$ S9S"E0 S'non'm"andem "ie "run6 #etwor6.

"A#DE0 "!E "R7#8 #E"4;R8 1"""#2 A serving arrangement which permits se+uential connection of tie trun6s *etween %BC<.E#"REC locations *' utili(ing tandem operation. "A#DE0 "R7#8!#$ "run6s which connect two or more switches together. "AR!AA "he pu*lished rates, regulations, and descriptions governing the provisions of communications service. "EL.; Local telephone compan'. "ELE.;007#!.A"!;#S "he transmission of voice and<or data through a medium *' means of electrical impulses and includes all aspects of transmitting information. "ELE$RA%/ A s'stem emplo'ing the interruption of, or change in, the polarit' of D. current signaling to conve' coded information. "ELE%/;#E A device which converts acoustical 1sound2 energ' into electrical energ' for transmission to a distant point. "ELE"9%E4R!"ER A machine used to transmit and<or receive communications on printed page and<or tape. "ER0!#AL A point at which information can enter or leave a communications networ6. "ER0!#AL EF7!%0E#" Devices, apparatus and their associated interfaces used to forward information to a local customer or distant terminal. "ER0!#A"!;# 152 An item that is connected to the terminal of a circuit or e+uipment. 1)2 An impedance connected to the end of a circuit *eing tested. 1H2 "he points on a switching networ6 to which a trun6 or line ma' *e attached. "!E-L!#E A private leased line lin6ing two phones or phone s'stems directl'. .an ring distant phone automaticall' when telephone is lifted from its mounting, or when a short code is dialed.

"!0E D! !S!;# 07L"!%LEC!#$ 1"D02 E+uipment which ena*les the transmitting of a num*er of signals over a single common path *' transmitting them se+uentiall' at different instants of time. ";LL .ALL An' call to a point outside the local service area. ";LL .E#"ER A central office where operators 1human or mechanical2 are present to assist in completing incoming toll calls. ";LL ;AA!.E A center for the switching of toll calls. ";LL %LA#" "he facilities that connect toll offices throughout the countr'. ";LL RES"R!."!;# A restriction in outgoing trun6s which counts the first three digits dialed and diverts calls to for*idden codes either to a *us' tone, to the operator, or to a recorded announcement. ";7./-";#E ADA%";R A device that can *e connected to a rotar' dial telephone to allow for D"0A signaling. "RAAA!. .alls *eing sent and received over a communications networ6. "RAAA!. 0EAS7RE0E#" A#D RE.;RD!#$ S9S"E0S 1"0RS2 A computer generated report showing usage information of telephone s'stems. 7suall' this includes trun6 utili(ation, outages, +ueueing time, and the need for additional common e+uipment. "RAAA!. SER !.E %;S!"!;# S9S"E0 1"S%S2 A toll switch*oard position configured as a push *utton console. "RA#S0!SS!;# "he electrical transfer of a signal, message or other form of data from one location to another without unaccepta*le loss of information content due to attenuation, distortion, or noise. "RA#S0!SS!;# LE EL "he level of power of a signal, normall' 5,::: /(, which should *e measured at a particular reference point. "RA#S0!SS!;# S%EED #um*er of pulses or *its transmitted in a given period of time, usuall' e3pressed as Bits %er Second 1B%S2 or 4ords %er 0inute 14%02.

"R7#8 A telephone circuit or path *etween two switches, at least one of which is usuall' a telephone compan' .entral ;ffice or switching center. Regular local .; circuits are called %BC trun6s, *ecause there is a switch at *oth ends of the circuit. "R7#8 $R;7% An arrangement of communications channels into an identical group. "R7#8 "9%E 1""2 "run6s that use the same t'pe of e+uipment going to the same terminating location. "R7#8 7"!L!?A"!;# RE%;R" 1"7R2 A computer printout detailing the traffic use of a trun6. "4;-4!RE .!R.7!" 152 A channel for transmitting data in one direction at a time. 1)2 A short distance channel using a single send<receive pathwa', usuall' ) copper wires, connecting a telephone to a switch. "ELE"9%E4R!"ER EC./A#$E SER !.E 1"4C2 A service where*' a customer&s leased telet'pewriter is connected to a @"4C@ switch*oard and from there connected over regular toll circuits to a telet'pewriter of an' 7.S. customer who su*scri*es to a similar service. 7#!A;R0 .ALL D!S"R!B7";R 17.D2 A device located at the telephone office or in a %ABC which distri*utes incoming calls evenl' among individuals. 7#!A;R0 SER !.E ;RDER .;DE 17S;.2 "he information in coded form for *illing purposes *' the local telephone compan' pertaining to information on service orders and service e+uipment records. AL7E-ADDED #E"4;R8 SER !.E 1 A#S2 A data transmission networ6 which routes messages according to availa*le paths, assures that the message will *e received as it was sent, provides for user securit', high speed transmission and conferencing among terminals. !A #E" L;SS 1 #L2 "he lowest loss in dB at which a trun6 facilit' can *e operated considering limitations of echo, crosstal6, noise and singing. ;!.E .;##E."!#$ ARRA#$E0E#" An interface arrangement provided *' the telephone compan' to accomodate the connections of non-carrier provided voice terminal e+uipment to the pu*lic switched telephone networ6. ;!.E AREF7E#.9 1 A2 An' of the fre+uencies in the *and H::-H,4:: /( which must *e transmitted to reproduce the voice with reasona*le

fidelit'. ;!.E $RADE An access line suita*le for voice, low-speed data, facsimile, or telegraph service. $enerall', it has a fre+uenc' range of a*out H::-H::: /(. ;!.E $RADE AA.!L!"9 1 $A2 A circuit designed to DDD networ6 standards which is suita*le for voice, low-speed data, facsimile, or telegraph service. 4!DE AREA "ELE.;007#!.A"!;#S SER !.E 14A"S2 4A"S permits customers to ma6e 1;7"4A"S2 or receive long-distance calls and to have them *illed on a *ul6 rather than individual call *asis. "he service is provided within selected service areas, or *ands, *' means of special private access lines connected to the pu*ic telephone networ6 via 4A"S-e+uipped central offices. A single access line permits inward or outward service, *ut not *oth. 4!DEBA#D A term applied to facilities or circuits where *andwidths are greater than that re+uired for one voice channel. 4!RE .E#"ER "he ph'sical structure that houses one or more central office switching s'stems. @:@ or @:-@ ?ero minus dialing. Allows a caller to dial (ero and nothing else to get the ;perator. @:B@ ?ero plus dialing. An operator assisted long distance call which is charged to the calling part'. @::B@ or @::-@ Dou*le (ero dialing. Allows a caller to get an A"&" ;perator in areas in which dialing onl' one (ero would connect the caller with the local ;perator *ecause A"&" has given ;perators *ac6 to the local telephone compan'. @5B@ D!AL!#$ "he capa*ilit' to dial @5@ plus the long distance num*er for calls withing the #orth American #um*ering %lan area. !ntra-LA"A calls are carried *' the local telephone compan'. !nter-LA"A calls are carried *' the caller&s primar' carrier, or *' A"&" if e+ual access has not come to the caller&s area 'et. @5:-CCC@ D!AL!#$ "he a*ilit' to send calls over a carrier other than a caller&s primar' carrier *' dialing @5:-CCC@ then @5B@ the long distance num*er, where @CCC@ is the H-digit .arrier .ode of the alternative long distance compan' 1also called a secondar' carrier2. Availa*le onl' to E+ual Access

1!#4A"S2

customers. K:: SER !.E "he a*ilit' of a caller to dial a long distance telephone num*er without incurring a charge for the call, which is paid for *' the part' offering the K:: num*er. S'non'm- !nward 4A"S service. G:: SER !.E Allows callers to receive information from the service provider via a recorded audio message, which can range from E: seconds to a continuous live hoo6up, *' calling a G:: num*er. "his service can also *e used to ena*le callers to vote or @ma6e a choice@ *' dialing one of two G:: num*ers. G:: calls are t'picall' *illed to the caller at M.=: for the first minute of an' call and M.H= for each additional minute. GLE #70BERS Service which allows callers to listen to recorded messages such as horoscopes, &adult& dialogue, stoc6 mar6et or sports reports *' calling GLE-3333. "he local telephone compan' charges callers a fee which is split *etween the local telephone compan' and the service provider.