N V U ] H ] T ] I I l I S N ] S S N V

9 N n r E r _ 8 V - N l I S V U n l
r n l t l s N t s t H l s t 9 0 t o v H l d v s t H l s l n l c
' I
O N V S
N V U n r 0 N n N V U r N r l r 9 O l O Y H ) V
lran Turan 1/ - Tltelel - Selte 3 - 26. /. 13
urasien-AbteiIung
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lran Turan 1/ - Tltelel - Selte / - 26. /. 13
vlll, 221 Selten mlt 15/ Abblldungen und 3 Tabellen
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InhaItsverzeichnis
vcrwcrt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vll
Mlke Teufer
vcm 0rab als Tctenhaus zum ,Faus des Lcblledes" lm }enselts. uberlegungen zum
Aufkcmmen des Zcrcastrlsmus aus archaclcglscher Slcht. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Claude kapln
Un the way tc kcxane. The rcute cf Alexander the 0reat ln 8actrla and Scgdlana
(328-327 8C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . /3
kalf vcn den Fcff
Alexanderblldnlsse und imitctic /lcxcndri ln 8aktrlen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Llse Fannestad
A ccmparatlve study cf the cultural dynamlcs ln twc cltles cf the eastern Seleucld
Klngdcm: uruk and Al Khancum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Peter Franz Mlttag
0eschlchte und Munzpragung 8aktrlens vcn den Seleuklden bls zum Fnde der graecc-
baktrlschen Ferrschaft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Askcld l. lvantchlk
heue grlechlsche lnschrlften aus Tacht-l Sangln und das Prcblem der Fntstehung der
baktrlschen Schrlftllchkelt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
hlkclaus 8crcffka und }lan|un Mel
Technclcgletransfer ln Mlttelaslen - chlneslsche, grlechlsche und skythc-saklsche
lnteraktlcn ln der 0usstechnlk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1/3
An|ellna uru|lnlna und 0unvcr Llndstrcm
Kultgefae lm Uxcs-Tempel - zur Frage der Kultkcntlnultat lm unruhlgen 2. }h. v. Chr. . . . . . 171
valery P. hlkcncrcv
Mcre abcut western elements ln the armament cf Fellenlstlc 8actrla: the case cf the
warrlcr terracctta frcm Kampyr-Tepe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Markus Mcde
ule Skulpturenfrlese vcn Chalc`a|an. heue kekcnstruktlcnsversuche zur Kunst der fruhen
Kuschan ln 8aktrlen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Adressen der Autcren. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
v
lran Turan 1/ - Tltelel - Selte 5 - 26. /. 13
Mere abeut western eIements in the armament
eI heIIenistic actria: the case eI the warrier terracetta
Irem kampyr-1epe
valery P. hlkcncrcv
1
0cdirctcd tc thc lctc /rcdcmiricn 8cris /. litvinsky,
c rcct cxpcrt in thc jicld cj Ccntrcl /sicn crrhccclcy cnd my tccrhcr in cnricnt wcrjcrc
The achlevements ln studylng anclent 8actrlan
warfare have been ccnslderably lncreased, espe-
clally after the publlcatlcn cf the seccnd vclume
cf the entlre ccrpus cf flnds frcm the Temple cf
the Uxus at Takht-l Sangln (ln Scuthern Ta|lkl-
stan), deallng wlth weapcnry and armcur.
2
The
authcr, Academlclan 8crls A. Lltvlnsky, whcse
encrmcus ccntrlbutlcn tc the ln-depth studles
cf Central Aslan archaeclcgy, hlstcry and culture
ls unlversally reccgnlzed, has ccntrlbuted very
much tc the study cf anclent warfare by ccmpcs-
lng thls vclume and many cther papers cn
anclent mllltary equlpment cf Central Asla, espe-
clally 8actrla.
3
lt ls very regrettable that Lltvlnsky
dled cn August the 20th, 2010 at the age cf 87.
8elng deeply lnfluenced by hls wcrks cn anclent
warfare durlng my academlc career, l am bcund
tc dedlcate thls paper tc hls blessed memcry.
Thls artlcle deals wlth scme mlncr aspects cf
8actrlan warfare ln Fellenlstlc tlmes and exam-
lnes cne cf the mcst lnterestlng wcrks cf arts
dlsccvered at Kampyr-Tepe. The slte ls sltuated
ln ncrth-western 8actrla (ncw Surkhan uarya re-
glcn cf uzbeklstan), abcut 30 km westward cf
Termez. The excavatlcns cf the slte have already
dellvered much lnfcrmatlcn ccncernlng the cul-
ture cf Fellenlstlc 8actrla, lncludlng lts warfare.
Slnce 1982, a detachment cf the Fxpedltlcn cf
the Flstcry cf Art cf uzbeklstan (cf the Khamza
Flne Arts kesearch Centre ln Tashkent) headed
by Fdvard v. ktveladze ccnducted regular excava-
tlcns at Kampyr-Tepe. Frcm 1988 tc 1991, fleld
lnvestlgatlcns were undertaken ln cccperatlcn
wlth the 8actrlan Fxpedltlcn cf the Lenlngrad
8ranch cf the lnstltute cf Archaeclcgy cf the
Academy cf Sclences cf the uSSk dlrected by va-
dlm M. Masscn. The authcr cf thls artlcle was the
fleld dlrectcr at the western sectlcn cf the ncrth-
ern external wall at the slte. After the ccllapse cf
the Scvlet unlcn ln 1991 the fleld wcrks at Kam-
pyr-Tepe were unfcrtunately lnterrupted. Fcw-
ever, ln 1999 the Tashkent expedltlcn headed
by ktveladze resumed the fleld wcrk at Kampyr-
Tepe whlch currently ccntlnues ln cccperatlcn
wlth the kusslan cclleagues frcm the State Mu-
seum cf Urlental Art ln Mcsccw. ln ccurse cf the
excavatlcns, a large amcunt cf lnterestlng and
lmpcrtant materlal, sheddlng llght cn anclent
8actrlan culture and hlstcry has been unccvered.
The flnds lnclude numercus cclns cf the Seleu-
cld, 0raecc-8actrlan, Yuezhl, Kushan and
Parthlan klngs, terracctta flgurlnes and cther
pleces cf flne arts, ceramlcs, tccls and weapcnry,
0reek and 8actrlan lnscrlptlcns, dcmestlc and
funeral archltecture, fcrtlflcatlcns, etc.
ln antlqulty Kampyr-Tepe was a fcrtress prctect-
lng a strateglcally lmpcrtant fcrdlng cver the
Uxus]Amu uarya klver cn the rcad frcm 8actra]
8alkh, the capltal cf 8actrla, ncrthward tc Scg-
dla. The earllest settlement here dates tc the ear-
llest Fellenlstlc perlcd, lts remalns have been
unccvered recently cn the eastern slde cf the cl-
tadel and the resldentlal area. Acccrdlng tc the
excavatcrs, the settlement was fcunded nct later
than the last quarter cf the /
th
century 8C. uurlng
the 0reat Kushan perlcd, arcund the mld 1
st
cen-
tury Au, lt was extended and surrcunded by an
external defenslve wall. The fcrtress was aban-
dcned nct later than the seccnd quarter cf the
2
nd
century Au, mcst prcbably durlng the relgn
cf the famcus Kushan empercr Kanlshka l the
0reat. The maln reascn fcr the desclatlcn was
prcbably a natural catastrcphe - the shlftlng cf
the Uxus]Amu uarya rlverbed, whlch destrcyed
the scuthern part cf the fcrtress. The pcpulatlcn
was fcrced tc relccate and ncbcdy resettled
Kampyr-Tepe slnce then. uue tc thls catastrcphe
the fcrtress was preserved as a 'pure' hcrth-8ac-
trlan archaeclcglcal slte.
/
The cb|ect cf thls study ls a small mculded terra-
cctta slab (arcund 10 7 cm) wlth a rellef cf a
warrlcr standlng under scmethlng llke an arch
187
AlT 1/ - 09_hlkcncrcv - Selte 187 - 26. /. 13
1
l want tc thank thcse cclleagues whc helped me ln scme
way durlng the preparatlcn cf thls artlcle: Prcf. ur. Svend
Fansen (8erlln), ur. }angar Ya. ll'yascv (Tashkent), ur. Yurl h.
Kuz'mln (Samara), Prcf. Plerre Lerlche (Parls), ur. 0unvcr
Llndstrcm (8erlln), and Prcf. ur. vercnlka A. Meshkerls (St.
Petersburg).
2
ueuncku 2001.
3
Fcr detalls see hukcncpce 2008.
/
Un Kampyr-Tepe ln general: Peenap:e 198/, ktveladze
199/, ktveladze 1995. See fcr a shcrt hlstcry cf research
and a kusslan-language blbllcgraphy (updated tc 2009) cf
thls slte Annakuna 2009.
(Fig. 1). Fls bcdy ls shcwn frcntally, whereas hls
head and legs ln prcflle turned rlght. Althcugh
the terracctta was prcduced ln a crude manner,
the deplcted detalls cf the mllltary equlpment
appear tc be reallstlc. The armcur ccnslsts cf a
helmet, culrass, thlgh-guard ln the shape cf a
sklrt, greaves and an cblcng cval shleld, the cnly
cffenslve equlpment ls a shcrt stralght swcrd
held ln the rlght hand.
The terracctta was unccvered durlng excavatlcns
cn the cltadel, ln Tcwer hc. 2, by Sergel A.
Savchuk (Kurbancv). Fe preclsely lnfcrmed me
abcut the flndlng clrcumstances, mentlcned ln
cur |clnt publlcatlcn (ln 1992) as fcllcwlng: the
slab lay cn the vlrgln scll "abcve whlch were
twc layers, and abcve these a sllver ccln cf the
0raecc-8actrlan klng Fucratldes (c. 170-1/5 8C)
was dlsccvered ln the plaster cf a wall levelled
ln the Kushan perlcd. Thus, the relgn cf Fucra-
tldes ls llkely tc be the latest date fcr cur terra-
cctta".
5
Such a chrcnclcglcal ccncluslcn seemed
qulte reascnable, especlally ln vlew cf the war-
rlcr's equlpment, apparently cf Fellenlstlc crlgln.
l have lnterpreted the flgure as a scldler cr cffl-
cer cf an ellte lnfantry unlt cf the 0raecc-8ac-
trlan army and dated lt tc the flrst half cf the
2
nd
century 8C. The cutflt cf the flgure demcn-
stratlng mcstly 0reek but alsc Celtlc elements
was a typlcal representatlcn cf warfare ln the
Fellenlstlc perlcd. The terracctta mlght have
served as a small sacred lmage, ln thls case tc
wcrshlp a certaln lccal herc.
6
Fcwever, Savchuk and l were nct the flrst tc glve
nctlce cf thls flnd frcm Kampyr-Tepe. The terra-
cctta was prlmarlly publlshed by the late emlnent
expert ln the flelds cf Central Aslan and lranlan
archaeclcgy and arts, 0allna A. Pugachenkcva
whc was the fcunder and the dlrectcr cf the
uzbek Art-Flstcrlcal Fxpedltlcn. Acccrdlng tc
her, the rellef ln questlcn represents a kcman
leglcnary cf a perlcd nct later than the flrst half
cf the 2
nd
century Au.
7
She |ustlfled her vlew by
referrlng tc analcgles fcr the mllltary equlpment
cf Farly kcman art as the '}ulll Mauscleum' at
St. kemy ln Prcvence (France) and the famcus
'Tra|an's Cclumn' ln kcme. Pugachenkcva
pclnted cut that thls terracctta was fcund cn the
surface cf the cltadel ln Kampyr-Tepe. She ccn-
nected lt wlth descendants cf the kcman scl-
dlers whc had been captured at the battle cf Car-
rhae ln 53 8C, as Crassus was defeated by the
Parthlans, and whc then were depcrted tc Margl-
ana, the farthest Fast cf the Arsacld Fmplre.
Fcwever ln her later artlcle, Pugachenkcva ques-
tlcned the archaeclcglcal ccntext cf the terracct-
ta and lts datlng as glven ln cur publlcatlcn. She
argued that thls flnd had been rather mcved frcm
an upper tc a lcwer cultural level due tc the pe-
cullarltles cf the mud-brlck archltecture ln Central
Asla. And ccnsequently she dld nct belleve that
the terracctta belcnged tc the Fellenlstlc perl-
cd.
8
Mcrecver she stated that the detalls cf the
armcur such as the helmet and swcrd were lnccr-
rectly drawn ln cur publlcatlcn cf 1992.
9
l dc nct
agree wlth thls, but the reader can ccmpare the
phctcgraphlc lmage wlth the drawlng, whlch ls
the same as publlshed ln 1992 (Fig. 2).
10
188
AlT 1/ - 09_hlkcncrcv - Selte 188 - 26. /. 13
valery P. hlkcncrcv
Fig. 1 Terracctta rellef frcm
Kampyr-Tepe, phctc
5
hlkcncrcv]Savchuk 1992, 50.
6
hlkcncrcv]Savchuk 1992, 50, 52-5/ Flg. 2 Pl. 1/ a, hlkc-
ncrcv 1997a, 38-39, /6, /8, /9, hlkcncrcv 1997b, 10, 20
Flg. 2/ a Pl. 3 A.
7
hyrauenkcea 1989a, 19-21, hyrauenkcea 1989b, Puga-
cenkcva 1992, 6/-67.
8
hyrauenkcea 1995, 22-2/. Fer lnterpretatlcn seems tc
have lnfluenced the dlfferent dates cf the terracctta glven by
Savchuk fcr twc catalcgues publlshed ln 1991: ln cne cf
them lt ls dated tc the 3
rd
]2
nd
century 8C (Abdullaev]ktve-
ladze]Shlshklna 1991, 11/ cat. nc. 125), ln the cther - edl-
ted by Pugachenkcva herself - tc the 1
st
]2
nd
century Au. l. e.
ln favcur cf her cplnlcn (hyrauenkcea 1991, 28/-285 cat.
nc. 152).
9
hyrauenkcea 1995, 23.
10
hlkcncrcv]Savchuk 1992 Flg. 2.
lt may be added that M. Fassall, a 8rltlsh expert
ln kcman mllltary antlqultles ln hls revlew cf cur
artlcle submltted tc the |curnal 'lran', suppcrted
Pugachenkcva's vlewpclnt: he lnterpreted the
flgure cn the terracctta frcm Kampyr-Tepe as a
kcman warrlcr.
Scme cther cplnlcns cn thls wcrk cf art frcm Kam-
pyr-Tepe are kncwn: Kazlm Abdullaev belleves
that the flgure cn lt "represents a heavlly ar-
mcured lnfantry warrlcr llke a 0reek hcpllte . . .
and . . . reflects the reallty cf the 0raecc-8actrlan
mllltary envlrcnment".
11
l cculd agree wlth scme
detalls cf hls descrlptlcn and lnterpretatlcn cf
the terracctta, but wlth twc remarks. Flrstly, Ab-
dullaev ls deflnltely lnccrrect descrlblng the war-
rlcr's shleld as a rcund cne,
12
lt ls dcubtless cval.
Seccndly, ccntrary tc the cplnlcn cf Pugachenkc-
va, that the warrlcr stands under an arch,
13
he ln-
terprets the cb|ect arcund the warrlcr as "a dec-
cratlcn cf the helmet ln the shape cf a tall".
1/
Thls ccncluslcn ls qulte strange, slnce there ls nc
satlsfylng explanatlcn cf the functlcnal meanlng
cf such a lcng helmet plume.
hevertheless, bcth ccntrcverslal pclnts prcpcsed
by Abdullaev - the shape cf the shleld and the
extremely lcng helmet plume - were suppcrted
by Zcya v. Serdltykh and 0ennady A. Kcshelen-
kc.
15
Mcrecver they suggested that the helmet
had a tall splke bendlng fcrward, typlcal fcr the
'Macedcnlan' and 'Phryglan' helmets wldely
used ln the Macedcnlan army cf Alexander the
0reat and later. The authcrs alsc suggested that
the emblem cn the shleld was a dlsflgured repre-
sentatlcn cf the famcus symbcl cf anclent Mace-
dcnla - a multl-ray star. As a result, these schc-
lars ccncluded that the flgure cn terracctta ls "a
heavlly armed Macedcnlan warrlcr".
Lastly, hlchclas Sekunda studled the terracctta
frcm Kampyr-Tepe ln hls mcncgraph cn the sc-
called 'kcmanlzatlcn' cf Fellenlstlc armles ln the
2
nd
century 8C.
16
Fcllcwlng hls thecry cn the recr-
ganlzatlcn cf Seleucld and Ptclemalc lnfantry un-
der strcng kcman lnsplratlcn, Sekunda suggested
that the Kampyr-Tepe flgure cculd be a kcman
armed lnfantryman ln the rank cf a senlcr cfflcer.
ln cther wcrds, he assumed that the 0reek klngs
cf 8actrla, llke the Seleuclds ln Syrla and the Ptcle-
mles ln Fgypt, may have attempted tc refcrm thelr
lnfantry cn the kcman mcdel ln the 2
nd
century 8C.
Taklng ncte cf my cclleagues' thecrles llsted
abcve, l ccnslder lt necessary tc return tc the
ldentlflcatlcn cf the terracctta warrlcr frcm Kam-
pyr-Tepe, addlng new arguments and ccrrectlcns
tc scme cf my earller lnferences. Acccrdlngly,
there are three pclnts regardlng the ldentlty cf
the warrlcr:
1) he ls a 8actrlan 0reek - as suggested by myself
and Savchuk, as well as by Abdullaev and }an-
gar Ya. ll'yascv,
17
2) he ls a Macedcnlan - acccrdlng tc Serdltykh
and Kcshelenkc,
3) he ls a kcman - the vlewpclnt cf Pugachenkcva
and Fassall. kelated tc thls pclnt cf vlew ls the
cplnlcn cf Sekunda ccncernlng the 2
nd
century
8C kcman lnfantry style cf the warrlcr's equlp-
ment.
Tc answer the questlcn, what klnd cf warrlcr ls
represented cn the rellef, l wlll analyse the de-
plcted armament ln detalls.
Mcre abcut western elements ln the armament cf Fellenlstlc 8actrla: the case cf the warrlcr terracctta frcm Kampyr-Tepe
189
AlT 1/ - 09_hlkcncrcv - Selte 189 - 26. /. 13
Fig. 2 Terracctta rellef frcm
Kampyr-Tepe, drawlng
11
Abdullaev 1995, 167-168, 170.
12
Abdullaev 1995, 167.
13
hyrauenkcea 1989a, 19, hyrauenkcea 1989b, 56,
hyrauenkcea 1995, 22, Pugacenkcva 1992, 6/.
1/
Abdullaev 1995, 168.
15
Ceppusx]hcuenenkc 2000.
16
Sekunda 2001b, 173-17/.
17
HnsBcce 2000a, 99.
1he heImet
The helmet shcwn cn the terracctta frcm Kampyr-
Tepe has a hemlspherlcal bcwl crcwned wlth a
splke-llke cb|ect and cheek-pleces. Serdltykh
and Kcshelenkc ccmpared the helmet wlth the
'Macedcnlan'- and 'Phryglan'-type helmets frcm
the thlrd quarter cf the /
th
century 8.C, fcund ln
the 'Phlllp's Tcmb' at verglna (Macedcnla)
18
and
vltsa (Fplrus)
19
(Fig. 3,1 and 3,2).
20
8ut the
headplece cn the terracctta has an uprlght bcss,
whereas the tall tcps cf the Macedcnlan- and
Phryglan-type helmets are bendlng fcrward. Alsc
the crest ls dlfferent frcm all cther types cf head-
pleces wcrn by Macedcnlan scldlery durlng the
early Fellenlstlc perlcd.
Un the cther hand, the ccne end cf cur helmet ls
nct an uprlght splke, as l belleved earller.
21
Ccn-
vlnced by Sekunda,
22
l ldentlfy the ccne-end ncw
as a crest-kncb whlch was typlcal fcr 'Mcntefcrtl-
nc' helmets. Thls helmet type was ccmmcn
amcng Celtlc trlbes nct later than the late 5
th
]
early /
th
century 8C (Fig. 3,3-7 and 4,2) and la-
ter alsc by the kcman army, beccmlng the stan-
dard kcman lnfantry helmet frcm the Punlc wars
untll the Late kepubllc perlcd.
23
Actually, even
the cheek-pleces and the cupcla shape cf cur
helmet resemble these cf the 'Mcntefcrtlnc' hel-
met type. Admlttedly, the dlstlnctlve feature cf
the 'Mcntefcrtlnc' casques such as peak-llke prc-
|ectlcn tc prctect the nape cf the neck (there-
upcn referred tc as '|cckey-cap helmet') ls nct
vlslble cn cur helmet. 8ut thls detall cculd hardly
be reprcduced cn a small-slzed wcrk cf plastlc
art. Therefcre, the terracctta helmet can be
traced dlrectly tc lts Celtlc prctctype. Fcwever
thls headplece ls unlque fcr the anclent 8actrlan
armcur and has nc parallels amcng cther hel-
mets kncwn fcr thls reglcn.
2/
valery P. hlkcncrcv
190
AlT 1/ - 09_hlkcncrcv - Selte 190 - 26. /. 13
Fig. 3 Felmets: 1 'Macedcnlan' type frcm verglna, 2 'Phryglan' type frcm vltsa, 3 'Mcnte-
fcrtlnc' type at the 8rltlsh Museum, 4 'Mcntefcrtlnc' type frcm the Mcntefcrtlnc necrcpclls
(ncrthern ltaly), 5 'Mcntefcrtlnc' type (lrcn), frcm a rlch Celtlc grave at Clumes tl (kumanla),
6 Celtlc warrlcr cn a crater frcm vclterra (Ftrurla), 7 Celtlc cr Celtlberlan warrlcr cn a brccch
18
uucrey 1986, 81 Pl. 51, Andrcnlccs 1997, 1// Flg. 97-
98, ulntsls 1986, /0 Pl. 18,2, waurlck 1988, 176-177
Flg. 6/.
19
uucrey 1986 Pl. 58 a, vckctcpculcu 1982, /97-50/
Flg. 3-13, ulntsls 1986, 2/ Pl. 10,1, waurlck 1988, 163
Flg. 3/.
20
Ceppusx]hcuenenkc 2000, 36/.
21
hlkcncrcv]Savchuk 1992, 53, hlkcncrcv 1997a, /8, hl-
kcncrcv 1997b, 10.
22
Sekunda 2001b, 17/.
23
Un these helmets cf Celtlc crlgln adcpted by kcmans see
kcblnscn 1975, 13-25, 8lshcp]Cculstcn 2006, 65-66. Cel-
tlc helmets and thelr ltallc varlants are ccnsldered ln Schaaff
197/, Schaaff 1988a, Schaaff 1988b, ulntsls 1986, 1/9-
168, 293-298, Feuge`re 199/, 36-76, Feuge`re 2002, 70-73.
2/
See thelr llst ln Lltvlnsky 2000.
1he shieId
The shleld cn the terracctta ls elcngated cval ln
shape - and nct rcund, as scme cf the abcve-
mentlcned schclars suggested ccnslderlng lt tc
be cf 0reek cr Macedcnlan crlgln.
25
The shleld
ls certalnly the deplctlcn cf the famcus thyrccs
(llterally 'dccr' ln 0reek, kcmans called lt sru-
tum).
26
These cval shlelds, usually mcre than
100 cm hlgh, were made cf wccden planks ccv-
ered wlth leather and relnfcrced wlth a splndle-
shaped rlb (spinc) dcwn the mlddle and wlth a
transverse metal bcss (umbc) (Fig. 4,1-2 and
3,6-7). Shlelds cf thls type seem tc have been
lnvented ln Central ltaly durlng the Farly lrcn
Age, then adcpted by Trans-Alplne Celts, and fl-
nally spread by Celts acrcss the Medlterranean
ln ccurse cf thelr lnvaslcns ln the /
th
and 3
rd
cen-
turles 8C.
27
These lcng cval shlelds represented
a very dlstlnctlve feature cf the Celtlc arma-
ment.
28
Llke the 'Mcntefcrtlnc' helmets, they
were bcrrcwed by the kcmans whc used these
shlelds wlth scme mcdlflcatlcns ln thelr heavy
lnfantry.
29
ln addltlcn tc Kampyr-Tepe, fragments and deplc-
tlcns cf thyrcci are kncwn frcm cther sltes cf
Fellenlstlc 8actrla. A battle scene cn an lvcry
mcrhccrc sheath frcm the Temple cf the Uxus at
Takht-l Sangln (mcdern Scuthern Ta|lklstan)
shcws an lnfantryman wlth a thyrccs (Fig. 4,3),
lt must be dated arcund the mld 3
rd
century 8C
Mcre abcut western elements ln the armament cf Fellenlstlc 8actrla: the case cf the warrlcr terracctta frcm Kampyr-Tepe
191
AlT 1/ - 09_hlkcncrcv - Selte 191 - 26. /. 13
Fig. 4 Shlelds: 1 Ccnstructlcn
cf the Celtlc thyrccs,
2 weapcn frleze (detall),
sanctuary cf Athena, Per-
gamcn, 3 lvcry sheath (detall)
frcm the Temple cf the Uxus,
4 Shleld bcss]umbc cf a
thyrccs frcm the same tem-
ple, 5 ueccratlcn cf a thyrccs
frcm Ai Khancum, 6 Terracctta
flgurlne frcm 8egram,
7 Shleld frcm Uld hlsa,
prcbably 2
nd
century 8C
25
Abdullaev 1995, 167, Ceppusx]hcuenenkc 2000, 365.
26
ln the flrst publlcatlcn cf the terracctta l named the shleld
errcnecusly rlipcus (hlkcncrcv]Savchuk 1992, 5/).
27
Un the crlgln and spread cf the thyrcci and srutc see
Stary 1981, Flchberg 1987.
28
8runaux]Lambct 1987, 97-101, kltchle]kltchle 1985,
37-/1, Allen 2007, 118-119.
29
Un kcman shlelds see e. g. habbefeld 2008, 8lshcp]Ccul-
stcn 2006, 61-63, 91-9/, Feuge`re 2002, 76-78, 87-93.
cr even later.
30
Fxcavatlcns at the same slte have
brcught tc llght a brcnze shleld-bcss (umbc),
27.9 cm lcng, whlch lmltates a splndle-shaped
splne cf a thyrccs, lt dates prcbably tc the sec-
cnd half cf the 3
rd
cr 2
nd
century 8C (Fig. 4,4).
31
The palnted deccratlcn cf a large cval shleld
(130 6/ cm ln slze) was revealed as an lmprlnt
cn ccmpacted earth ln the 0reek clty at Ai Kha-
ncum (hcrth-Fastern Afghanlstan), lt can be da-
ted tc the mld 2
nd
century 8C (Fig. 4,5).
32
A terracctta cf a warrlcr cn fcct wlth a Celtlc-style
elcngated cval shleld was fcund ln the nelgh-
bcurhccd cf 8actrla - ln 8egram, the capltal cf
the anclent reglcn Parcpamlsadae (Fastern Af-
ghanlstan) abcut 60 kllcmetres ncrth cf Kabul
(Fig. 4,6). Apparently, the terracctta was fcund
ln the 0reek strata cf the slte, and can be dated
tc the 2
nd
cr 1
st
century 8C.
33
All these flndlngs
evldence the penetratlcn cf the thyrccs-type
shlelds lntc the Fellenlstlc Far Fast.
ln my fcrmer publlcatlcns l argued that the shleld
cn the terracctta frcm Kampyr-Tepe has nc splne
cr rlb dcwn the mlddle and therefcre ls dlfferent
frcm the Celtlc thyrcci. l suggested that lnstead
cf such a splne there ls the large llzard-llke
badge cn the surface cf the shleld tc relnfcrce
lts entlre ccnstructlcn.
3/
8ut ncw l ccnslder the
emblem cn the shleld tc serve as the vertlcal
splne and as the badge deslgn at the same tlme.
ln thls ccnnectlcn lt seems apprcprlate tc qucte
the anclent hlstcrlan ulcdcrus cf Slclly cltlng hls
cclleague Pcsldcnlus: Celtlc defenslve arms ln-
cluded "man-slzed shlelds, deccrated ln lndlvl-
dual fashlcn. Scme cf these have prc|ectlng
brcnze anlmals cf flne wcrkmanshlp whlch serve
fcr defence as well as deccratlcn" (ulcdcrus
5,30,2).
35
Clcse analcgles tc the shlelds reln-
fcrced and deccrated ln thls way are twc cval
shlelds cf the 2
nd
]1
st
century 8C dlsccvered nct
far frcm 8actrla - ln the rcyal fcrtlfled resldence
cf Uld hlsa ln scuthern Turkmenlstan (anclent
ncrthern Parthyena). Thelr surfaces were ccvered
wlth lrcn flgured plates and, ln cne case at least,
wlth a large lrcn trldent ln the centre (Fig. 4,7).
36
valery P. hlkcncrcv
192
AlT 1/ - 09_hlkcncrcv - Selte 192 - 26. /. 13
Fig. 5 Macedcnlan star as an
emblem: 1 weapcn frleze
(detall), sanctuary cf Athena,
Pergamcn, 2 Tetradrachm
(reverse) cf Seleucus l mlnted
ln Persepclls cr Susa,
3 Aemlllus Paullus mcnument
at uelphl (detall), 4 Larnax
frcm the 'Phlllp's Tcmb' at
verglna, 5 Mural palntlng
(detall) at the 'Tcmb cf Lyscn
and Kalllkles' near Lefkadla
30
ueuncku]huuukBn 1997 Flg. 3, 6, ueuncku 2000
Flg. 3, ueuncku 2010, 218 Flg. 27.
31
ueuncku 2001, 368, 378 Pl. 107,2, 108, ueuncku
2000, 221 Flg. 2.
32
8ernard et al. 1980, 59 Pl. XXlll, hlkcncrcv 1997a, /9, hl-
kcncrcv 1997b, 6 Flg. 8 m.
33
0hlrshman 19/6 Pl. XXvlll,8.0. 539, lcpenuk 1982 Pl. 12 p.
3/
hlkcncrcv]Savchuk 1992, 5/, hlkcncrcv 1997b, 10.
35
See Thlerney 1960, 228 (0reek), 251 (Fngllsh translatlcn).
36
Plllpkc 2006, 265, 272-273 Flg. 1/-15, lnvernlzzl 1999,
117-128 Flg. 55 Pl. F b-d.
8ut what ls deplcted as the rellef badge cf the
shleld cn cur terracctta! Serdltykh and Kcshelen-
kc assumed lt tc represent the Macedcnlan rcyal
symbcl, the multl-ray star.
37
8ut the deslgn ls
very dlfferent: even ln vlew cf the styllzatlcn cf
the representatlcn, the shleld emblem has at
least fcur curved llnes whlch dcn't resemble the
lcng and pclnted rays sc typlcal fcr the Macedc-
nlan star as deplcted cn many Fellenlstlc wcrks
cf art (Fig. 5,1-5).
38
ln my fcrmer publlcatlcns l ldentlfled the shleld
badge as a llzard cr rather a desert mcnltcr -
the reptlles abcundlng untll ncw Central Asla, ln-
cludlng the fcrmer terrltcry cf anclent 8actrla.
39
Fcwever, ncw l prefer tc agree wlth the ccllea-
gues whc regarded lt as a styllzed wlnged thun-
derbclt.
/0
Amcng the kcman lnfantry 'thunder-
bclt-and-llghtnlng' (julmcn) mctlves were very
pcpular durlng the flrst half cf the Prlnclpate
epcch, lncludlng the empercr's Tra|an's relgn.
Pugachenkcva dated the mllltary equlpment cf
cur warrlcr tc thls perlcd (Fig. 6,12-17).
/1
Fcw-
ever, the thunderbclt as a shleld devlce ap-
peared much earller. Acccrdlng tc llterary and
lccncgraphlc scurces, the wlnged thunderbclt
(kcrcuncs) as a symbcl related tc the cult cf Zeus
was plctured cn 0reek shlelds already ln the late
Archalc and Classlcal perlcds.
/2
ln the Fellenlstlc
wcrld, thls symbcl became even mcre pcpular
due tc the fact that ln the last years cf hls relgn
Alexander the 0reat was cften pcrtrayed llke a
gcd hcldlng a wlnged thunderbclt.
/3
As a shleld
devlce, the thunderbclt mctlve seems tc appear
flrst cn a mural palntlng ln the Macedcnlan tcmb
at Aghlcs Athanaslcs (near Thessalcnlkl) dated
tc c. 300 8C (Fig. 6,1).
//
A mlnlature terracctta
cf a Celtlc-style thyrccs deccrated wlth a thunder-
bclt ccmblned wlth the head cf Medusa was
fcund ln the 'Tcmb cf the Frctes' at Fretrla (cn
the lsland cf Fubcea), lt dates tc the seccnd
quarter cf the 3
rd
century 8C (Fig. 6,2).
/5
Une cf
the mural palntlngs ln the Macedcnlan 'Tcmb cf
Lyscn and Kalllkles' near Lefkadla, dated tc the
seccnd half cf the 3
rd
century 8C, deplcts a blg
rcund shleld deccrated wlth elght truncated clrcles
alcng the rlm separated by thunderbclts
(Flg. 6,3).
/6
The devlce alsc crnamented shculder-
pleces cf ccrselets and cheek-pleces cf helmets as
deplcted cn wcrks cf art cf the Fellenlstlc perlcd
Mcre abcut western elements ln the armament cf Fellenlstlc 8actrla: the case cf the warrlcr terracctta frcm Kampyr-Tepe
193
AlT 1/ - 09_hlkcncrcv - Selte 193 - 26. /. 13
Fig. 6 wlnged thunderbclt mctlf: 1 Mural palntlng (detall), Aghlcs Athanaslcs, 2 Terracctta
mlnlature frcm Fretrla, 3 Mural palntlng (detall), 'Tcmb cf Lyscn and Kalllkles', 4 Alexander
Mcsalc (detall), 5 weapcn frleze (detall), sanctuary cf Athena, Pergamcn, 6 'Ptclemaeus
camec', vlenna, 7 Fead cf a clay statue frcm Uld hlsa, 2
nd
century 8C, 8-9 Cclns (reverse)
mlnted at Susa under uemetrlus l (162-150 8C) and Mlthrldates ll (c. 123-88 8C),
10 Ccln (reverse) cf Antlmachus l Thecs (c. 185-170 8C), the 0raecc-8actrlan ruler cf
Arachcsla and Parcpamlsadae, 11 Ccln cf the lndc-0reek klng uemetrlus lll, c. 100 8C,
12 Trcpaeum Tralanl at Adamkllssl ln kumanla (frleze detall), 13-17 Tra|an's Cclumn at
kcme (detalls)
37
Ceppusx]hcuenenkc 2000, 365-366.
38
See Andrcnlccs 1997, 170, 191 Flg. 135, 136, 155, 8er-
nard 199/, 15-16 Flg. 1, }aeckel 1965, 108-109 Flg. /2, Ya-
lcurls et al. 1980, 110 cat. nc. 23, Kahler 1965, 26, 27-28,
33 Pl. /, 7, 20-22, Markle 1982, 96-97 Flg. 16, 20, Mlller
1993, 55 Pl. ll b, lll b, 9 b, 13 b, 8recculakl 2006, 230 Pl.
81,2, Pandermalls 200/, 55 cat. nc. 5.
39
hlkcncrcv 1997a, 38-39, hlkcncrcv 1997b, 10.
/0
Pugacenkcva 1992, 65-66, Abdullaev 1995, 167,
HnsBcce 2000a, 98-99, Sekunda 2001b, 173.
/1
kcssl 1971, 108-109, 112 Flg. 6 A-F.F-L, 7,/-8, Flcres-
cu 1965 Flg. 210, 337, 352, 353.
/2
Chase 1979, 12, 20, 26, 29, 32, 62-63, 68.
/3
Fclt 2003, 118-12/ Flg. 5 Pl. 2-5, Stewart 1993 Flg. 66-
70.
//
Tslmbldcu-Avlcnltl 2005 Pl. 37, 8recculakl 2006, 287,
291-292 Pl. 90,1, 98,1. lt seems that slmllar devlces are
palnted cn twc shlelds ln ancther mural scene frcm the same
tcmb, see 8recculakl 2006 Pl. 9/,2, Pandermalls 200/ Flg.
p. 151 (lcwest reglster).
/5
Yalcurls et al. 1980, 152 cat. nc. 97.
/6
Mlller 1993, 55 Pl. ll a, lll a, 9 a, 13 c, 8recculakl 2006,
229 Pl. 81,1, Markle 1982, 96 Flg. 17, Feckel]}cnes 2006
Flg. p. 15 (rlght).
(Fig. 6,4-7).
/7
Therefcre, the wlnged thunderbclt
as an emblem fcr prctectlve armament was wlde-
spread ln the Fellenlstlc tradltlcn, but was nct ln-
vented by kcmans.
/8
Fspeclally nctewcrthy ls the dlffuslcn cf the
wlnged thunderbclt far lntc the Fellenlstlc Fast.
lt ls deplcted cn cclns and sculpture frcm Seleu-
cld and Parthlan lran (Fig. 6,7-9).
/9
Fven mcre
slgnlflcant fcr cur tcplc ls the wlnged thunderbclt
cn the sandal belcnglng cf the cult lmage at Al
Khancum (ncrthern Afghanlstan), dated arcund
the mlddle cf the 2
nd
century 8C.
50
The same
symbcl ls represented cn cclns mlnted ln the
0reek dcmalns - ln 8actrla, Arachcsla, Parcpa-
mlsadae and ncrth-western lndla (Fig. 6,10-
11).
51
Sc lts cccurrence cn the shleld cf the ter-
racctta frcm Kampyr-Tepe was nct due tc fcrelgn
lnfluence, but cculd be rccted ln the lccal 0rae-
cc-8actrlan cultural mllleu.
1he cuirass and the thigh- and Ieg-guards
The warrlcr frcm Kampyr-Tepe wears a ccrselet
wlth a ccllar-llke neck-prctectcr. The v-shaped
llnes cn the breast deflnltely represent the fclds
cf a clcak pushed back cver the shculders llke
thcse cf a warrlcr cn a rhytcn cf the 2
nd
century
8C frcm Uld hlsa (Fig. 7,3).
52
whether the culr-
ass cf the Kampyr-Tepe flgure has shculder-
pleces cr nct ls nct vlslble. The ccrselet ltself
has an even surface and therefcre seems tc re-
present the well-kncwn 0reek culrass called thcr-
cx. Such a bcdy-armcur was shcrt, usually end-
lng abcve cr at the walst, and ccnslsted cf twc
large plates made cf metal cr thlck leather - fcr
the breast and fcr the back - tled tcgether by
slde clasps and shaped frequently llke muscles
cf a man's bcdy.
53
The muscle culrass appeared
ln 0reece ln the 5
th
century 8C as a develcpment
and reflnement cf the Archalc 'bell-culrass'.
5/
Subsequently lt was spread ln the Fellenlstlc
and kcman wcrld, where shculder-pleces were
added tc thls type cf bcdy-armcur (Fig. 7,1-2).
55
The assumptlcn that thcrckcs were ccmmcn ln
0reek 8actrla and ncrth-western lndla ls ccn-
flrmed by cclns deplctlng the lccal rulers cf Fel-
lenlc ancestry.
56
ln a late Fellenlstlc ccntext at
Kampyr-Tepe a large fragment cf the breast-plate
cf a culrass made cf brcnze was unccvered. lt
has a cavlty fcr the left arm and bears traces cf
repalr. lt ls the easternmcst flnd cf thls klnd cf
all currently kncwn (Fig. 7,5).
57
Fven after the
Fellenlstlc perlcd, durlng the Yuezhl, Kushan
and pcst-Kushan perlcds, thcrckcs were de-
plcted cn wcrks cf art ln 8actrla (Fig. 7,4)
58
and
ad|acent reglcns
59
.
valery P. hlkcncrcv
19/
AlT 1/ - 09_hlkcncrcv - Selte 19/ - 26. /. 13
/7
Mcrenc 2001, 23 Pl. ll, vll-vlll, Andreae 1977 Flg. 1, 5,
}aeckel 1965, 10/ Flg. 33, ulntsls 1986 Pl. 30,12, 8leber
19/9, 390-391 Flg. /, hununkc 1989, 170, 17/ Flg. 1-2, 5,
7-8, Plllpkc 1995, 17, Pl. lll-lv, Plllpkc 2006 Flg. 17.
/8
Un kcman shlelds there seem tc have been nc represen-
tatlcns cf wlnged thunderbclt ln the 2
nd
century 8C cr earller.
Furthermcre, Sumner 1997, 111 hclds the vlew that these
devlces cn kcman srutcc "were nct lntrcduced untll the Clvll
wars at the end cf the kepubllc". Apparently due tc the Fel-
lenlstlc lnsplratlcn the thunderbclt as a shleld emblem came
lntc wlde use amcng the kcman scldlery nct earller than the
early Prlnclpate epcch.
/9
hununkc 1989, 170, 17/ Flg. 1, 2, 5, 7-8, Plllpkc 1995,
17 Pl. lll-lv, Plllpkc 2006 Flg. 17. Fcr the representatlcns cn
cclns see Le klder 1965, 56, 71, 83, 86, 87, 90, 133, 1/1,
181, 18/ Pl. lll,39, vll,75,5-8, Xl,108,3-/, Xll,118,1-3,
123,1.3-6, Xlv,139,1.6-9, XXlll,292,1, XXlv,292,2, XXvll,A,
XXXv,/07, XXXvl,/16.
50
8ernard 1969, 3/0 Flg. 16, 0renet 1991, 1/8 Flg. 2.
51
8cpearachchl 1991, 1/7-150, 153, 177-178, 186-187,
222-22/, 226-237, 239-2/0, 277-283, 286-287, 379-
380, 38/ Pl. 1 ser. 1-7, 2 ser. 16, 8 ser. 13-15, 10 ser. 6-
9.2/-26 (Fellccles l: ser. 1,2, Menander l: ser. 3-6), 27-30
ser. 6-16, 31 ser. 21, 23, /1 ser. 1/-17, /2 (Antlalcldes and
Lyslas: ser. 1, Fellccles ll: ser. 1-6), /3 (Pclyxenus: ser. 1,2,
uemetrlus lll: ser. 1-3), Fclt 1999 Pl. 3-5, 7-16, Srlvastava
1969 Flg. 32.
52
Macccn]hyrauenkcea 1956 Pl. XXvl (rlght). lt seems ccn-
vlnclng that the famcus rhyta unccvered at Uld hlsa had been
prcduced ln 0reek 8actrla, see 0hlrshman 1962, 30, 8arnett
1968, /9, 8ernard 1985, 89-91. ln thls case, the armament cf
the warrlcr remalns ln the 0reek 8actrlan tradltlcn.
53
ln my prevlcus publlcatlcn l pclnted cut that the culrass
seems tc be rather plaln wlthcut the human physlc, see hlkc-
ncrcv]Savchuk 1992, 53, hlkcncrcv 1997a, /8, hlkcncrcv
1997b, 10, 20. 8ut as Sekunda ccrrectly ncted "cne shculd
nct necessarlly expect the musculature tc be shcwn ln an cb-
|ect cf such small slze", Sekunda 2001b, 173.
5/
Sncdgrass 1999, 92, Sekunda 2000, 11.
55
Sncdgrass 1999, 119, 122, kcblnscn 1975, 1/7-152. Fcr
the plctcrlal evldence see vermeule 1959-1978, vermeule
1980-1981, Stemmer 1978. A very gccd example cf an early
Fellenlstlc muscle culrass made cf lrcn was fcund ln a tcmb
at Prcdrcml ln ncrthwestern 0reece, see Chcremls 1980,
10-13 Flg. /-6.
56
hlkcncrcv 1997a, /8, hlkcncrcv 1997b, 8-9 Flg. 19 a-d,
21 a.c-d, 22 b.e. Ancther evldence cculd be a palr cf gcld
clasps representlng twc warrlcrs ln full pancply, lncludlng a
muscle culrass, frcm grave 3 cf the Tlllya-Tepe necrcpclls ln
ncrthwestern Afghanlstan (anclent scuth-western 8actrla),
see Sarlanldl 1985, 30-31, 236 cat. nc. 3]1 Flg. 81-8/,
Capuanupu 1989, 73-77 Flg. 28, hlkcncrcv 1997b, 10, 20-
21 Flg. 2/ e-f Pl. 3 C. Prevlcusly l attrlbuted thls wcrk cf art
tc the later 0raecc-8actrlan perlcd, but because cf the mlx-
ture cf 0raecc-8actrlan and ncmadlc tradltlcns lt shculd be
dated scmewhat later (see Capuanupu 1989, 77) cr even tc
the Yuezhl epcch: the scabbard-sllde must have been
brcught tc the Uxus]Amu uarya valley by the steppe ccn-
quercrs cf 0reek 8actrla ln the last thlrd cf the 2
nd
century
8C. Thls pclnts rather tc a date ln the 1
st
century 8C, see
hukcncpce 2005, 159 ncte 70.
57
hlkcncrcv]Savchuk 1992, /9-50 Flg. 1, hlkcncrcv
1997a, /8, hlkcncrcv 1997b, 7 Flg. 13 a, }ager 2006, 21
Flg. 6.
58
hlkcncrcv]Savchuk 1992, 50, 52-53 Flg. /-5 Pl. 1/ c-d,
hlkcncrcv 1997a, 58, 61, hlkcncrcv 1997b, 1/-15, 18
Flg. 36 c.f, 39 a-b.d, /5,d, hukcncpce 2000, 171-173 Flg. 5
.e, hukcncpce 2001, 39-/2 Flg. 1-2, Lekc]hukuenkc
2001, 3/-35 Flg. 6. See alsc the culrass deplcted cn the
gcld clasps frcm Tlllya-Tepe (see ncte 56).
59
lcpenuk 1982, 90-91 Pl. /, hlkcncrcv 1997b, 16
Flg. /2d, }ager 2006, 22 Flg. 11.
A muscle culrass was ncrmally ccmblned wlth a
guard fcr belly and thlghs called ptcrycs ln
0reek. Thls guard was llke a sklrt ccmpcsed cf
twc rcws cf leather flaps, shcrt and lcng.
60
lt was
wldespread ln the 0reek and Fellenlstlc sets cf ar-
mcur. Uur terracctta warrlcr has such ptcrycs,
and the ccmblnatlcn cf the culrass and the thlgh-
guard ls clearly the same as cn scme representa-
tlcns cf pancplles cf the Fellenlstlc age, kncwn
frcm Asla Mlncr and Parthyena (Fig. 7,1-3).
61
The legs cf the warrlcr frcm Kampyr-Tepe seem tc
be prctected wlth greaves (kncmidcs).
62
0reaves
were characterlstlc fcr the lnfantry cutflt cf the
0reek and Fellenlstlc armles, shaped tc flt the legs
as clcsely as pcsslble and lntended tc glve a suffl-
clent prctectlcn frcm knee tc fcct (Fig. 7,6-7).
63
Slnce greaves were malnly used by cfflcers and
nct by ccmmcn scldlers, thelr deplctlcn cn cur ter-
racctta may serve as an argument tc suppcrt the
lnterpretatlcn cf the warrlcr as an cfflcer.
1he swerd
The cnly cffenslve weapcn cf cur warrlcr ls the
shcrt stralght swcrd wlth a dlstlnctlve blade. lt
has a stretched rhcmbcld cutllne characterlstlc
fcr the typlcal 0reek lnfantry shcrt and stralght
swcrd, whlch was mcst llkely called by anclent
0reeks xiphcs (there ls a certaln lncertltude ccn-
cernlng the 0reek termlnclcgy).
6/
\iphci had a
cruclfcrm hllt and a dcuble-edged blade usually
swelllng frcm the crcss-guard tc reach the great-
est wldth at apprcxlmately twc-thlrds cf lts
length, befcre taperlng tc the pclnt (Fig. 8,1-
Mcre abcut western elements ln the armament cf Fellenlstlc 8actrla: the case cf the warrlcr terracctta frcm Kampyr-Tepe
195
AlT 1/ - 09_hlkcncrcv - Selte 195 - 26. /. 13
Fig. 7 Culrasses and greaves:
1 Terracctta mcdel frcm Myrl-
na, Asla Mlncr, 2 weapcn
frleze (detall), sanctuary cf
Athena, Pergamcn, 3 Frleze cf
an lvcry rhytcn (detall) frcm
Uld hlsa, 4 Terracctta flgurlne
frcm Kampyr-Tepe, 5 8rcnze
culrass frcm Kampyr-Tepe,
6 0reaves frcm the 'Phlllp's
Tcmb' at verglna, 7 0reave
frcm the Celtlc burlal at
Clumes tl (kumanla)
60
Sncdgrass 1999, 91, Sekunda 2000, 11.
61
Sekunda 199/, 76, 77 Flg. 32-3/, /3, //, }aeckel 1965,
103-10/ Flg. 28-30, Macccn]hyrauenkcea 1956 Pl. 26
(rlght).
62
l can't fcllcw Pugachenkcva's argument that cur warrlcr
wears clcsely flttlng bccts llke kcman scldlers, see
hyrauenkcea 1989b, 56-57, Pugacenkcva 1992, 65,
hyrauenkcea 1995, 22.
63
See ln general Fanscn 1989, 75-76, Fanscn 1999, 60,
Sekunda 2000, 12, Tclstlkcv 1999, 126, 1/1, Lumpkln 1975,
201. The evldence fcr preserved greaves cf the Fellenlstlc
perlcd ls qucted by Andrcnlccs 1997 Flg. 103, 150, 185,
Pandermalls 200/, 53, 56 cat. ncs. 2, 6, uucrey 1986 Pl. 52,
kusu 1969 Flg. 6. Fcr the plctcrlal evldence see Mlller 1993
Pl. ll b, lll b, 9 b, 12 a.b, Markle 1982 Flg. 16, uucrey 1986
Pl. 59, }aeckel 1965 Flg. /0.
6/
See Cckcnscku 195/, 130, 136, Sekunda 2000, 16-17,
Sekunda 2001a, 38-39, Tclstlkcv 1999, 128, 1/3, u-
euncku 2001, 287, Mlks 2007, 30.
11).
65
Such swcrds cculd be very shcrt as the fa-
mcus Spartan cnes wlth a length abcut 30 cm
(Fig. 8,9-10),
66
but they cculd measure up tc
60 cm (very rarely lcnger, llke a 75 cm lcng
swcrd frcm the 'Phlllp's Tcmb' at verglna
67
), and
the lcnger cnes cculd be used fcr bcth cut and
thrust. The xiphcs was emplcyed as a seccndary
hcpllte weapcn ln 0reece durlng the late Archalc
and the Classlcal perlcds, and was lnherlted by
the Fellenlstlc scldlery.
valery P. hlkcncrcv
196
AlT 1/ - 09_hlkcncrcv - Selte 196 - 26. /. 13
Fig. 8 Shcrt swcrds]xiphci:
1 frcm Campcvalanc dl
Campll (lrcn), 6
th
]5
th
centu-
ry 8C, 2 frcm 0reece (lrcn),
5
th
(!) century 8C,
3 frcm verglna (lrcn), seccnd
half cf the /
th
century 8C,
4 frcm verglna (lrcn), Felle-
nlstlc perlcd,
5 dcuble-edged swcrd frcm
Khalchayan, scuthern uzbe-
klstan (anclent ncrthwestern
8actrla), early 1
st
century
Au(!),
6 Pebble mcsalc (detall), frcm
Pella (Macedcnla), c. 300 8C,
7-8 Alexander Mcsalc
(detalls),
9 Spartan-type swcrd (detall
cf a statue!), frcm Crete,
10 Attlc grave rellef wlth a
Spartan hcpllte (detall), late
5
th
century 8C,
11 Mural palntlng (detall) at
the 'Tcmb cf Lyscn and
Kalllkles'
65
Un these 0reek swcrds, lncludlng bcth the representa-
tlcnal and materlal evldence, see Cckcnscku 195/, 136-
137 Pl. l,1-2, Sncdgrass 1999, 8/-85, 97 Pl. 51-52, Ander-
scn 1991, 25-26, Ccnnclly 1996, 20-21, Sekunda, 2000,
16 Flg. p. 25, p. 31, p. 32, p. 55, Sekunda 2001a, 36 Flg.
p. 35, Tclstlkcv 1999, 128-130, 1/3-1/5 Flg. 1, 3, Mlks
2007, 30-33, Mcrenc 2001 Pl. l-ll, lX, Xll, Andreae 1977
Flg. 8, 13, Markle 1982, 101 Flg. 16, 17, 23, Pandermalls
200/, 53 cat. nc. 1, Mlller 1993, 5/ Pl. ll-lll, 9, 12 d, Feckel]
}cnes 2006, 17 Flg. p. 28, p. 29.
66
Un the shcrter Spartan varlety cf the 0reek stralght
swcrd, lntended flrst cf all fcr stabblng, see Anderscn 1991,
27, Sekunda 1999, 31 Flg. p. 16, Sekunda 2001a, /0-/2,
heepkun 2002, /6-/7.
67
Andrcnlccs 1997, 1//-1/5 Flg. 99-101, Pandermalls
200/, 56 cat. nc. 7.
A xiphcs-llke lrcn swcrd, unlque fcr Central Asla
at all, unccvered ln the palace at Khalchayan ln
scuthern uzbeklstan (anclent ncrth-western 8ac-
trla) can be dated tc the Yuezhl epcch (Fig. 8,5).
lt ls 5/ cm lcng ln tctal, the twc-edged blade ls
/8 cm lcng, 3 cm wlde, and 1 cm hlgh.
68
Puga-
chenkcva ccmpared lt tc the swcrds frcm the
ncmadlc barrcw burlals cf the 8ukhara casls (an-
clent Scgdla), and tc the swcrds cf the Sarma-
tlan type. Un thls basls she dated the swcrd frcm
Khalchayan tc the beglnnlng cf the Ccmmcn
Fra.
69
Fcwever, the ldentlflcatlcn cf the swcrd
frcm Khalchayan as a 0reek xiphcs seems tc be
mcre ccnvlnclng.
70
8ut hcw dld the xiphcs end
up ln the archaeclcglcal ccntext cf the flrst half
cf the 1
st
century Au, sc many years after the nc-
madlc ccnquest cf the 0raecc-8actrlan klngdcm!
l have already prcpcsed the fcllcwlng explana-
tlcn: "Slnce the Khalchayan palace was bullt dur-
lng the Yuezhl perlcd the swcrd was elther an cld
trcphy cr an lmltatlcn cf an clder type and used
by the Yuezhl as an lnfantry weapcn".
71
The use cf xiphci ln Fellenlstlc 8actrla ls addl-
tlcnally attested by a unlque ccllectlcn cf swcrd
accesscrles made cf lvcry. lt came tc llght ln the
ccurse cf archaeclcglcal excavatlcns ln the Tem-
ple cf the Uxus at Takht-l Sangln lccated ln the
very scuth cf Ta|lklstan. The ccllectlcn lncludes
handles, scabbard apertures and chapes cf ac-
tual and vctlve (mlnlature) xiphci.
72
Un the ccntrary, Pugachenkcva assumed that the
swcrd cn the terracctta frcm Kampyr-Tepe ls cf
kcman crlgln and the fcrm cf the blade ls nct
rhcmblc but "stralght, wlth an elcngated and
sharpened pclnt".
73
Thls cbservatlcn seems tc
relate tc her attrlbutlcn cf the terracctta tc the
kcman mllltary mllleu. Sc let me brlefly dlscuss
the typlcal kcman leglcnary swcrd, the lcdius.
Frcm kepubllcan up tc the early lmperlal tlmes,
the lcdius was the hallmark cf kcman lnfantry-
men, belng used prlmarlly fcr thrustlng but alsc
fcr slashlng. lt had a stralght dcuble-edged blade
wlth a sllghtly tapered pclnt. lts earllest type was
Mcre abcut western elements ln the armament cf Fellenlstlc 8actrla: the case cf the warrlcr terracctta frcm Kampyr-Tepe
197
AlT 1/ - 09_hlkcncrcv - Selte 197 - 26. /. 13
Fig. 9 kcman lcdii:
1 '0ladlus Flspanlensls' wlth
remalns cf a leather scabbard,
frcm uelcs, 2-4 kcman lcdii
frcm khelngcnhelm,
hewstead, and Fcd Flll, early
Prlnclpate, 5-7 kcman lcdii
types reccnstructed after
flnds frcm Pcmpell, Cclches-
ter, and khelngcnhelm,
8 Funerary mcnument cf Tlbe-
rlus Flavlus Mlccalus (detall),
1
st
century 8C, 9 kellef cn a
cclumn-base frcm Malnz,
1
st
century Au, 10-11 Trcpa-
eum Tralanl at Adamkllssl ln
kumanla (frleze detall), early
2
nd
century Au
68
hyrauenkcea 1966, 56 Flg. 30, hlkcncrcv 1997a, 52,
hlkcncrcv 1997b, 6-7 Flg. 12 p.
69
hyrauenkcea 1966, 56.
70
Uensuenkc 1978, 125.
71
hlkcncrcv 1997b, 7.
72
huuukBn 1980, huuukBn 1986, Lltvlnskl|]Plc`lk|an 1999,
ueuncku 2001, 26/-29/ Pl. 73-80, hlkcncrcv 1997a,
/6, hlkcncrcv 1997b, 6 Flg. 12 e-h.
73
hyrauenkcea 1995, 23.
the lcdius hispcnicnsis whlch was wldespread
ln kepubllcan tlmes. lt was lcng-pclnted and ta-
per-bladed and up tc 76 cm ln length (lncludlng
the tang) and 5.7 cm ln wldth. Fcwever, slnce
the early Prlnclpate, the lcdii tended tc beccme
shcrter. Sc, befcre the mld-1
st
century Au, the sc
called 'Malnz' type was lnvented wlth blades cnly
/0 tc 55 cm lcng and /.8 tc 6 cm wlde (decreas-
lng frcm 5./ tc 7.5 cm ln wldth). Scme tlme later
a new varlant, the 'Pcmpell' type wlth parallel
edges was lntrcduced. lts blades were frcm /2
tc 50 cm lcng and frcm /.2 tc 5.5 cm wlde
(Fig. 9,1-7).
7/
ln addltlcn tc actual flnds, kcman
lcdii are sufflclently kncwn frcm thelr represen-
tatlcns cn wcrks cf Late kepubllcan and early lm-
perlal art (Fig. 9,8-11).
75
A ccmparlscn cf the
blade ccntcurs cf the swcrd cn cur terracctta
wlth thcse cf the kcman lcdii demcnstrates
clearly that they have ncthlng ln ccmmcn.
Tc sum up the analysls cf the arms and armcur cf
the warrlcr deplcted cn the terracctta frcm Kam-
pyr-Tepe:
1. The deplcted warrlcr ls nct a Macedcnlan scl-
dler as suggested by Serdltykh and Kcshelen-
kc. Fls helmet ls nct cf Macedcnlan, but evl-
dently cf Celtlc crlgln and the fcrm cf the
shleld ls nct rcund llke the 0reek and Macedc-
nlan cnes, but cval, whlch ls typlcal fcr shlelds
cf Celtlc style. These Celtlc elements had been
adcpted already by the Fellenlstlc mllltary. Fur-
thermcre, the shleld emblem ls nct the Mace-
dcnlan 'multl-ray star', but the 'wlnged thunder-
bclt' that appeared cn 0reek shlelds nct later
than ln the late Archalc and Classlcal perlcd
and became subsequently a ccmmcn devlce cf
Fellenlstlc and kcman shlelds.
2. The deplcted warrlcr ls nct a kcman scldler, as
suggested by Pugachenkcva, Fassall and
Sekunda. The allegedly kcman elements cf hls
armcur such as the 'Mcntefcrtlnc' helmet and
the elcngated cval shleld (thyrccs) can be tra-
ced back tc thelr Celtlc prctctypes. They mcst
prcbably were lntrcduced ln 8actrla nct due tc
the kcman, but rather due tc the Celtlc lnfluen-
ce. lt ls well kncwn that the Fellenlstlc armles
had lnccrpcrated Celtlc arms and armcur as
well as Celtlc mercenarles after thelr ccmbats
wlth Celtlc trlbes ln 0reece and the Fastern Me-
dlterranean durlng the early Fellenlstlc perlcd.
Furthermcre, the 'wlnged thunderbclt' shleld de-
vlce came tc 8actrla nct frcm kcmans, but was
rather an adcptlcn frcm the Fellenlstlc symbcl-
cgy. The cccurrence cf thls devlce cn 0raecc-8ac-
trlan shlelds cculd gc back tc a lccal tradltlcn.
The wlnged thunderbclt was a pcpular mctlf ln
the 0reek klngdcms cf 8actrla and ncrth-western
lndla frequently represented ln thelr cclnage and
sculpture.
}ust a few mlncr remarks shculd be added ccn-
cernlng the fcllcwlng passage frcm Sekunda's
cplnlcn cn the terracctta rellef frcm Kampyr-Tepe:
"The fact that the warrlcr wears a mlxture cf 0reek
and 'kcman' equlpment dces nct exclude the ln-
terpretatlcn cf the flgure as a kcman-armed lnfan-
tryman. Senlcr cfflcers ln the kcman army wcre
muscle culrasses wlth ptcrycs and greaves, and
thls flgure cculd be a senlcr cfflcer".
76
lf we as-
sume lt's a kcman lnfantryman why dces cur war-
rlcr carry the standard 0reek hcpllte xiphcs ln-
stead cf the kcman lcdius typlcal fcr a kcman
lnfantryman cf the flrst half cf the 2
nd
century
8C!
77
lt ls alsc necessary tc pclnt cut that Sekun-
da's suggestlcn cn scme attempts tc refcrm the
army cf the 8actrlan 0reeks after the kcman mcd-
el ls ccntrcverslal even fcr hlmself, and he dces
nct lnslst cn lt.
78
Ancther strcng argument agalnst the attrlbutlcn
cf the terracctta warrlcr as a kcman remalns the
stratlgraphlc clrcumstance cf lts flndlng de-
scrlbed ln the beglnnlng cf the paper.
3. The deplcted set cf armament gces back tc
Fellenlstlc perlcd and ccnslsts cf 0reek and Cel-
tlc types.
79
The warrlcr seems tc be an lnfantry-
man, mcre prcbably an cfflcer, ln servlce cf the
0reek rulers cf 8actrla cf the flrst half cf the 2
nd
century 8C (Fig. 10). That hls mllltary cutflt ls
mcstly 0reek - culrass (thcrcxj, thlgh-guards
(ptcrycsj, greaves (kncmidcsj and swcrd (xi-
phcs) - ls absclutely reascnable ccnslderlng the
hlstcrlcal backgrcund: startlng frcm the cam-
palgns cf Alexander the 0reat ln 329-327 8C
and untll the seccnd half cf the 2
nd
century 8C
0reek and Macedcnlan mllltary cclcnlsts settled
dcwn ln 8actrla.
The presence cf the prctectlve arms cf Celtlc crl-
gln, such as the 'Mcntefcrtlnc' headplece and
valery P. hlkcncrcv
198
AlT 1/ - 09_hlkcncrcv - Selte 198 - 26. /. 13
7/
Un the kcman lcdius ln detall see Mlks 2007, 8lshcp]
Cculstcn 2006, 5/-56, 78-83, Fazell 1981, Ccnnclly 1996,
2/-27, 0cldswcrthy 1998, 216-218, Feuge`re 2002, 79-80,
108-11/, Sumner 1997, 96-100.
75
8lshcp]Cculstcn 2006 Flg. 3,1-2, 5 b-c, 21,5, 22, 53,1-
2, 65,3, 66,1, Flcrescu 1965 Flg. 178, 195, 198, 199, 211,
217, 330-332, kcssl 1971 Flg. 26-27, Flelds 2008 Flgs.
p. 16, p. 18.
76
Sekunda 2001b, 17/.
77
Sekunda accepts thls datlng cf the terracctta.
78
Sekunda 2001b, 17/: "lf the prcpcsltlcn advanced abcve
ls ccrrect and thls dces represent a kcman-armed lnfantry-
man, then the prcbablllty must be that the warrlcr repre-
sented cn the plaque must belcng tc the 0raecc-8actrlan
army, perhaps cf the relgn cf Fucratldes the 0reat (c. 170-
1/5 8C), whlch ls where hlkcncrcv placed hlm. lt wculd lm-
ply that the 0raecc-8actrlan army alsc attempted mllltary re-
fcrm alcng kcman llnes. The tentatlve nature cf thls sugges-
tlcn cannct be emphaslzed tcc strcngly. Une shculd reslst
the temptatlcn cf erectlng a ccmplex lntellectual structure cn
the fcundatlcn cf cne terracctta".
79
See ncte 6.
the shleld-thyrccs ls nct dlfflcult tc explaln. lt ls
well kncwn that the great Celtlc lnvaslcn tc the
8alkans ln 279 8C resulted ln the establlshment
cf the 0alatlan klngdcm ln Central Anatclla by
the Celts ccmlng tc Asla Mlncr ln 260s 8C. The
klngdcm was lccated ln clcse vlclnlty tc the Se-
leucld emplre.
80
Acccrdlng tc anclent scurces,
0alatlan Celts appeared ln Seleucld mllltary ser-
vlce nct later than 2/6 8C.
81
undcubtedly, these
Celts made a lastlng lmpact cn the armament cf
the Seleucld army. Further tc the east, thelr ar-
mcur cculd penetrate the mllltary cf the Seleucld
mcnarchs, Seleucus ll Calllnlcus and Antlcchus
lll the 0reat, whc attempted tc re-ccnquer the
fcrmer far eastern prcvlnces - Parthla and 8ac-
trla - ln c. 230 and ln 208-206 8C respectlvely.
Althcugh Seleucus' campalgn had prcbably
falled, ln the ccurse cf the next cne Antlcchus
and hls army (whlch must have lncluded 0alatlan
mercenarles) reached the reglcn and carrled cn
war there.
82
As a result Celtlc-style helmets and
shlelds became kncwn tc the 0raecc-8actrlan
warrlcrs whc appreclated thelr quallty and began
tc use them. Prcbably, there was ancther way fcr
the Celtlc-style armlng tc reach 8actrla, vlz.
thrcugh mercenarles frcm the eastern Medlterra-
nean, lncludlng Celts by blrth, whc respcnded tc
the call cf the 0raecc-8actrlan klngs and arrlved
ln sc remcte lands ln chase cf mllltary glcry and
spclls.
Scme wcrds shculd be added abcut cur terracct-
ta slab ltself. lt ls a unlque plece amcng terracct-
ta flgurlnes and rellefs nct cnly cf 8actrla, but
alsc cf cther lands cf anclent Central Asla. lts ar-
tlstlc unlqueness ls determlned by the fact that
the warrlcr ls shcwn ln prcflle and under the cr-
namented arch. Slmllar 'arches' appeared cn
several slabs deplctlng armed flgures ln 8actrla-
Tckharlstan and Scgdla cnly much later - ln early
medleval tlmes. Fcwever, these flgures are
shcwn standlng under arches frcntally, nct ln
prcflle.
83
Therefcre, the warrlcr terracctta frcm
Kampyr-Tepe represents the earllest example cf
the 'arch' mctlf ln anclent Central Aslan terracct-
ta plastlcs. As fcr lts functlcnal lnterpretatlcn, lt
was rather scmethlng llke a small lccn tc wcrshlp
a lccal delty cr delfled herc rather than a plece cf
art tc plcture "slmply a scldler" as Pugachenkcva
suggested.
8/
whatever lt was, any cf these lnter-
pretatlcns ls purely tentatlve. Uur slab certalnly
cculd nct be lmpcrted frcm scmewhere cutslde.
The terraccttas fcund ln 8actrla, Scgdla, Chcras-
mla, Parthyena and Marglana were, as a rule,
prcduced ncwhere else but cn the spct and ln
full acccrdance wlth lccal bellefs and nctlcns,
belng thus lntended fcr the use by abcrlglnal re-
sldents wlthln the reglcnal bcrders, and nct fcr
thelr dlstrlbutlcn beycnd.
85
Mcre abcut western elements ln the armament cf Fellenlstlc 8actrla: the case cf the warrlcr terracctta frcm Kampyr-Tepe
199
AlT 1/ - 09_hlkcncrcv - Selte 199 - 26. /. 13
Fig. 10 keccnstructlcn cf a
0raecc-8actrlan lnfantryman
after the terracctta frcm
Kampyr-Tepe
80
See ln detall Fllls 1997, 113ff.
81
0rlfflth 1975, 166-167, Sekunda 199/, 18-19, 8ar-Kcch-
va 1976, 18, 52, 99, 119, 215 ncte 21.
82
Lerner 1999, 33-/3, /5-62, wclskl 1999, 57-60, 75-82,
Fclt 1999, 126-133.
83
8actrla-Tckharlstan: HnsBcce 2000b, 156-157 Flg. 1,7-9,
hyrauenkcea 1991, 280 cat. nc. 1/3, Scgdla: Meukepuc
1989, 2/6-252 Flg. 1/1-1/5.
8/
hyrauenkcea 1989a, 21.
85
Thls statement ls based cn a verbal ccnsultatlcn gct by
me frcm sc authcrltatlve an expert ln studylng the anclent
terracctta plastlcs cf Central Asla as vercnlka A. Meshkerls
(St. Petersburg).
Picture credits
Fig. 1 Phctc by }angar Ya. ll'yascv.
Fig. 2 urawlng by Tamara v. Chupyra.
Fig. 3 1 after uucrey 1986 Pl. 51, 2 after uucrey 1986
Pl. 58 a, 3 after kcblnscn 1975 Flg. 2, 6, 9, 4 after
Schaaff 197/ Flg. 31,3, 5 after kusu 1971 Flg. 2, 6 after
ulntsls 1986 Pl. 70,/, 7 after Feuge`re 199/ Flg. p. /0.
Fig. 4 1 after 8runaux]Lambct 1987 Flg. p. 98, 2 after
ulntsls 1986 Pl. 73,5, 3 after ueuncku]huuukBn 1997
Flg. 3, 4 after ueuncku 2001 Pl. 108, 5 after 8ernard
et al. 1980 Pl.. XXlll, 6 after 0hlrshman 19/6 Pl. XXvlll
8.0. 539, 7 after Plllpkc 2006 Flg. 1/.
Fig. 5 1 after }aeckel 1965 Flg. /2, 2 after Yalcurls et al.
1980, 110 cat. nc. 23, 3 after Kahler 1965 Pl. 7, 4 after
Andrcnlccs 1997 Flg. 136, 5 after 8recculakl 2006 Pl.
81,2.
Fig. 6 1 after Tslmbldcu-Avlcnltl 2005 Pl. 37, 2 after Ya-
lcurls et al. 1980, 152 cat. nc. 97, 3 after 8recculakl
2006 Pl.81,1, 4 after Mcrenc 2001 Pl. vll, 5 after ulntsls
1986 Pl. 30,12, 6 after 8leber 19/9 Flg. /, 7 after
hununkc 1989 Flg. 2, 8-9 after Le klder 1965
Pl. vll,75,7, Xlv,139,8, 10 after 8cpearachchl 1991
Pl. 10, ser. 8]16, /3, ser. 3 F, 11 after Srlvastava 1969
Flg. 32, 12 after Flcrescu 1965 Flg. 337, 352, 353.
Fig. 7 1 after Sekunda 199/ Flg. /3, 2 after }aeckel
1965 Flg. 28, 3 after Macccn]hyrauenkcea 1956 Pl. XXvl
(rlght), 4 phctc }angar Ya. llyascv, 5 after hlkcncrcv]Sav-
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valery P. hlkcncrcv
20/
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