UDK: 371.26::159.953 Hp Aypen A. Goxan CTPYIIHH gna~a~ B~rrra rrr~ona sa 0 6 p a s o s a ~ x B ~ C I I H T ~ ~ I ~ Bpmas IlpHMJbeH: 22. V 2003.

BIBLID: 0553-4569,49 (2003), 5-6, p 499-509

IIIKOJICKki YCIIEX KAO IICEiXOJIOIIIKkI IIPOEJIEM

Harcou ocopiiia ua uerce og najcaxuujux i i p o 6 n e ~ a caopeMetiux ucyulpax~ioa&a u~rconcrcoFyciiexa, ayLuop uanaxe, yrcpayulrco, ccoje au$e&e iurconcrco~yciiexa iiona3eliu 0 9 canyiiioFeue op~ijeuiiiai~~ije u ua &oj ~acuoaauoFcanyyuloFeuoZ ~ o g e nu, o ~ u o c u o opujeuiiialluje ua ~ l e n o t c y i i ~ xuooiii u u erconoFujy ~ b y g c ~ o pa3ooja. Z Y LUOW C A L L C ~ Y O H ogpegyje i l ~ ~ o n c r c yciiex u rcao ~ i c x o g iipeanagaoa&a, anu u rcao Feuepanu3oaauu pecypc oliliiopuociiiu rcoju E o ~ a x e y iipeonagaoa&y ciiipecoca oe~ ~ U L 34 I XL U K O ~ 1.1~ U L I C O A C ~ ~ yLie&e. O Mcilioope~euo,ociEane 3 u a ~ ~ a j uYuuuolie e U L K O ~ C K O Zyciiexa (yzEopfieue u n u rcoje iiierc iiipe6a yyulpopguiiiu) ~ourleiiyulyanusyje rcao Ze~epanu30oaueuncl ciieilu@urue pecypce oyuliiopuocLu~i.MoZyku H ~ Y L ~ U geU nooa&a zilarco ogpe$euux peneoatliiiu~ixruuunalia, %uxooe uuiiieparciuq'e, iiie &uxooa iiooe3auocG ca o c e h a j e ~ ~oxepeuluuoc~ rcao ~ r ~leuiiipanuu p~ e c y p c o ~iipecna9aoatba cy iiiarcofie i i p e g ~ e E &eFooux pa3~ayulpn~ba. K ~ b y ~ ip u e w : n~rconcrcu yciiex, canyiiioZeu~l ~ o g e n Zeuepafl~i30oauii , pecypcu oiiiiiopuociiiu, ocehaj rcoxepeuEuocyulu

6p0j T ~ O P H ~ C K H ti X ~ M I I H P H , ~ C K HPanOBa X 0 IIIKOJICKOM YCIIeXy C e TOKOM IIOcneEKMx n e q e ~ ~Tonmo ja yuehao na je c ~ p y s n a ~ y - n o j e ~ cse ~~ Texe q y cTnqaKe aneKBaTHOr Y B H A a y pan Ha OBOM np06ne~y.CaMa KOJIBYHHa PaAOBa je IIOKa3aTea 3~a11aja LUKOJICKOr YCneXa H EberOBe KOHTHHYMPaHe BKTYCJIHOCTH, aJIH ti ti3Y3eTHC CJIOXeHOCTH, BHUIeCTPYKe YCJI0BJbTbeHOCTI.I ti AHHaMHZIHOCTH, OAHOCHO HenoCTBTHOCTH HaUIHX T ~ O P H , ~ C K O - M ~ T O ~ O J I O I I IIIPHCTYIIa K~X (yn. Rodax & Spitz, 1982; E o j a ~y , I I I T ~ M ~3 M~ ) .a ~Ha aKTyenHocT j rrrKoncKor ycnexa, ~ j n . pens~$asa Tor ycnexa, Mory ce noeecm y ~ e s ca y HarnacKoM Ha n o c ~ ~ r ~ yTaKMwiene he, ti ycnex y CaBpeMeHHM P ~ ~ R H ~ ~ H HHH ~Y M CTPH~CKHM ,lQYLIITBtiMa( C ~ e ~ ~ 6 e 1996; p r , B. TaKObe E~OXHH, 2001a), Kao a y RpyruTsHMa ~ o j x a e n e aa MM ce n p ~ ~ j b yA ~p ~y e .r pe~~

nEflATOUII<A CTHAPHOCT, XLIX, 5-6 (2003). HOIIM Gal[

je y C a B p C M e H H M A p y U I T B H M a y 3Hax1ajHOJ Re311 C a M O T Y ~ H O 06pasoeafia H npo+ec~oaanaor O C ~ O C O ~ J L a ~ B TH ~M~ e ~ H ~ca , K B a J I H T e T O M H TOKOM X H B O T a I I ~ j e n H H q ay ~)'J(Y~HOCTH ((Roth & Z ~ i f k o v i c S ,1994). HCTO T a K O , ,,Ha UIKOJICKOM y 3 p a C T y , a K a f l e M C K 0 n 0 ~ T H r H y h e je B a X a H H H n H K a T O p (marker) ycnexa y p e a n H o M cserry" (Moss & St-Laurent, 2001:863). Y OBOM 1 p r r a T y C a A p X a H je T e P M H H , , a K a n e M C K O J ( 0 c T H r H y h C " H O n M a x B a J L a plOAaTH, K a K O 6 a c ~ o ~36ere nB~ eHTyanHe ~ecnopasy~ Hn ek i H ~ ~ O ~ M Hna I Jce ~ ,y a ~ r n o c a ~ c o ~ nwrec~oj p a T y p H KIecTo n p a m p a s n ~ e a I43~eby school performance ( I U K O ~ C K My c n e x , 7r.j. oqcHe ~ o j e YKIeHMK ~ 0 6 n j a y me on^), academic aclzievenzent ( ~ K ~ J J ~ M c n Ko oc~~r~yhe HJIH YCneX H a CTaHnaPJJH3OBZlHHM TeCTOBHMa ~ O C T H ~ H 'rj. ~3 ~H Z a F~ b a ) H ed~l~atlot~lll attainment ( 0 6 p a s o ~ ~ n o c ~ ~ r a y hTj. e , 6poj 3 a R p I l I e H H x paspena rueone). ~ K o J I CKH Y C n e X , a K a R e M C K O ~ ~ O C T H ~ 1 1H 0Y 6p ~a ~3 0 ~ ~ I I0 OCTEI~HY GHJIC ~ ~ 6 H n a K pa3JIHY a r e M e p e o6pa3oofioZ goct22uZuyka (educational achievement) ~ o j cy, e Ronyme, M e $yc06ao nose3a~e a n t i H e y TOJIHKO~M e p H KOJIHKO ce 0 6 ~ 9 MHCJIH ~ 0 (yn. Steinberg, 1996: 463-464). Hapan~o, MHOrH a y T O p H H e B o n e y ~ ~ O B O J ~ H M Oe,p ~H p a K 1 y H a 0 T O M e
.IHMa, IlIKOJICKH Y C n e X c m M a cTHqafia El npHJIMKIHO KOMOTHO K O P H C T e I I O j e n H H e OU THX HJIH H e K e CJIHKIHe T e P M H H e : T a K O

Y AaJI3eM TeKCTY (MOSS & St-Laurent, 2001:866), LLIKOJICKe O q e H e es~~ H M a a T e M a T H K e y311~a.j~ KaO 1 1 0 ~ a s a ~ e , ~, a bK ea n e M c K o r ycnexa" (academic performance). Y OBOM pany u l ~ o n cyciiex ~ ~ i je U I H ~ O K O cx~ahea H y ~ n , y l ~ y j sanpae,
qHTHPaHH aYTOPH, 143 j BO, C B e T P H I I O M e H y T e M e p e

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06pa30n~or )JOCTH~H~~~. ycnexa ( a s y s e ~ c ~n ao x c ~ o c rna,

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neaarora a R p y r H x y ~ o j je~n p H ~K ya r r n , c H B e n H K H Gpoj IIOA' 1 ' r a ~ a 0 TIHHM0411Ma UIKOJICKOr Y C n e X a . Te K I H H H O q e HJIH I I p e n H K T O p e UIKOJICKOr ycnexa jena~ a y T o p (Helmut Fend, 1980; r r p e M a : Sauer H Gattringer, (1985) j e , rrpe 1 m u e on A B e A e q H H j e , C B p C T a O y T P H r p y I I e : (1) JIHcIHOCT y l I e H H K a , (2) B a H I U K O n C K a C p e n H H a ( I I o p o ~ H q a ,B p U I f i a q H ) ?I (3) IIIKOJIa K a O CHCTeM ( J I H ~ I H O C THaCTaBHHKc?, OIIPCMJLeHOCT U I K O ~ H ~ ,a m H o p r a ~ ~ s ~ r u~ Ko an c ~K , o ra y x I e f i a H ,qp.). ~ P E TOM, I CBH TH IIHHHOqH, HCTHKIe HCTH a Y T O P , JJeJIyjy Y O D ~ ~ ~ ~(LUHpMM) H H M flPYLIITI3eHHM YCJIOBHMa
0 KOJHM~ T a ~ 0 bT e p e 6 a BOAHTH p a l I y H a .

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Je o ~ H o c M ~ M ~ ~ ~ T H x ~ H H H ~ ~ ~ ~ K ~ o ~ I IH~ T~ ~ ~~ H ~K ~T ~o H ~ T ~ H J H I xH B ~ ~ H ~ UIKOJICKOr y C n e X a K a O K ~ H T ~ ~ H J HJIH Y M IIOCJleAHqe ~ npOMeHJLHBe.

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MOAeJla MonenH

nonas~ n p H n n e o M e ~ r ~ ~ l p ~ r tjc T c p~ a xo HB r aH,a OR^ ~ ~ O ~ OUHOCHO T y M a c I e % a pesynrra~a THX H c T p a x H B a B a . H a x a n o c ~, , qocaaarrrfiH

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UIKOJICKOr Y C n e X a C y B e O M a IIeCTO 6HJlH CYBHUIe ~ ~ ~ H O C T ~ H B HHCY H H YKJbYKIHBaJIH

~ P H J I H K O M H , H X O B ~nponepe, ~ o p ~ r u h H e e~ a ne eC~ora He ~pe6a na ~ s ~ e ~ a bny on j ae T a K A a je npoq e H a T 06,jam%eae yrcynae s a p ~ j a ~ m ce K o n c K o r ycnexa y nocanaulfim H c T p a x H s a n H M a n e o M a p e T K o n e b on rise T p e h H ~ e Te nap~ja~c (B., e Sauer H Gattringer, 1985; Heller, 1995; Bo'in, 2001a, Bojin, y r r r ~ a ~ nT ~a )~ . oM , onenH y ~ o j k i ~ cy a
HeKe

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Y K J b y s e H e KOrHHTElBHe K a p a K T e P H C T H K e y Y e H H K a I l p O q e f i e H e I I 0 ~ 0 h T y e C T O B a HH-

~ e n ~ r e ~Hq CI ~ IO j Ce~ ~ H O C Ty H s e m 06jaurfia~ajy, 0nrrrl.e y s e ~ r uon ~ , 25% no 40% Y K y n H e B ~ ~ M J UIKOJICKOr ~ H c ~ Y C n e X a . AKO C e Y MOAeJI y K J b y c I e H H e K e MOTHBaqHOH e s a p ~ j a 6 n en , p o q e H a T 06jarufieae s a p k ~ j a ~ c ~ ee h H je 3a H e K o n H K o n p o q e a a T a : T a K O je, y AHOM OM HCTpa>KHBaH,y 0 KOM h e ~ 0 Y , HaCTaBKj', H a B e C T H BMUIe A C T a J L a ,

Ap A y p u ~ A. ~ 6omna: IIII<OJTCI<MYCITEX I<AO ITCMXOJIOUIKM ITPOEJIEM

yneo MoTnuaqaoHzx ~ a p ~ j a 6ao 6n~ on 5,9% (Sauer M Gattringer, 1985). ~ ~ H L I M J ~ H je Aa, npeMa HeKHM EICTpaXNBaEbMMa, KapaKTepHCTHKe IIlKOJIe KaO CEICTeMa ( ~ n pHHBO . 0 6 p a s o ~ a n ac , n o c o 6 ~ oH c~ sapaua ~ ysmen,a, o u ~ o c a o nennsma oneJbena Hnr? onpeMn,eHocT meone) 06jamna~ajycaMo go 5% YKynHe saptija~ce rueonceor ycnexa (B. Sauer M Gattringer, 1985). Monen UIKOJICKOr YCneXa y OCHOBHO~UIKOJIM ~ Y C T P I I ~ C K H X HaYgHMKa J o x e ~ a 3ayepa a X a ~ q a r a ~ p ~ ~ r (Sauer e p a H Gattringer, 1985) y ~ m y s y j e 56 KapaKTepnC T M K a pa~nOpe~eHI?X y TPEI H M B O B : 1) n M Y H O C T YYeHMKa ( H H T ~ J I c K T ~ ~ ~110~06JIH~ HOCTEI, ~ { o T L I B ~ 3a ~ HI ,I ~ O~ C T L I ~ H Y ~M ~M ~ e ~ n e ~K q a npanHcaeaby ~ j a y3po~a ycnexa M ~eycnexa), 2) nOpOfiHtIHa CpenMHa (pa3H~ O~JIH~ IIOJJCTHqaWa, H IIPHTHCaKa pans ~roc~~s6 ao na ae r ycnexa y InKonM O I ~cTpaHc ponaTesba, mixone a c l ~ ~ p a q y ~je rrorneny o6pa3o~aE.aPeTeTa, caHKqtioHHcaH,e n o ~ a 3 a ~ o ycnexa r y urKonH H saCIIMTaBaH>a 3a C ~ M O C T ~ ~ H MO 3) C,,JJPyIIITBeHa T) II03af~MHa" (npHrIafl~0 onpebe~~ HOM A P ~ L L I T B ~ H O cnojy M H non H C ~ H T ~ H IIonar~a H K ~ ) . o UIKoncKoM ycnexy y ~ n , y w cy orIeHe a3 , , ~ ~ R H npefiMeTa x" y IIerrspToM paspeny ocHoeHe rIrKone H pesynTaTe Ha ~ C ~ ~ H CTaH~apM30BaHOM O M TeCTy 3HaBa 3a Taj y3paCT. AOK 611 O C O ~ M H ~ JIMsHOCTti 6 ~ n y e H ~ I I o c ~ ~ ~ Re3H H O , ~ C a UIKOJICKMM YCIIeXOM, KapaKTepMcTMKe nopOplYHe CpenMHe AeJIOBaJIC 6 ~ 6 ~ 1IIOCPenHO, ~10 IIpeKO JIHsHOCTM, MJIH HenOCpeAHO Ha ~ a ycnex. j Y ~ ~ q npr?nauHocTH aj o , q p e $ e ~ oRpymTseHoM ~ cnojy EI nona Ha UIKOJICKH YCneX 6 ~ 6 0 ~ naK, , y IIOTIIyHOCTEI IIOCpe$(OBaH IIOpOAEfCIHOMCpenHHOM JWeHMKa. pe3yJI~aTHTeCTHpaKa OBOr CJIOXeHOr MOReJIa Ha nOrIeTHOM Y30PKj' On 651 yTIeHHKay ~ a s y j y na OH 06jarunasa 68,3% yKynae nap~jaace. Ca 28,1% o6jarnneae n a p ~ j a ~ ~ ce ~ ~ e n a r e ~yseHma q a j a je cBaKaKo ~ a j s ~ a c ~ a jn~oa jj e an ~ ~ a l ~ ~ ~ l IIpenHKTop ruKoncKor ycnexa, anti je TO He,qoBo&Ho 3a ycneurHo n p e ~ ~ ~ b a n e IIIKOnCKOr YCneXa -- 'IM%eHM~aK O ~ Y K O H C T ~ T Y ~Y Y 3aBPUIHOM neny pans C a M M ayTopm. A p y r ~ 3aal1aja~ r r o j e ~ ~ rIpeAHKTopH ~ a ~ ~ ~ a cy, nopen n ~ ~ e n c i r e ~ q acnn~je, paq~je ponwrefia y norneny o 6 p a 3 o ~ a n a nxxoBor ,qe.reTa (17,7% o6jaurwe~e nap~ja~ce H,MXOHO ), C ~ H K I J H O H H C ~n Ko ~ ~ a 3 a ~ ycnexa or (16,6%) H, Kao TO CMO seh HaIIOMeHyJIM, M O T H B ~ I J H 3a ~~ I I O C T H ~ H ~CaMOr ~ ~ M YqeHPiKa (5,9%). Hanenvr CMO BMLUC nerran,a o OBOM Moneny ruKoncKor ycnexa jep ce Ha n e rOBOM IIPMMePy BeOMa ~ 0 6 MOrY ~ 0 YOtIBTH OCHOBHe KapaKTepHCTMKe CaflaIII&er CTaKa HaIIIMX Ca3Ha%a y OBOJ 06nac.r~: HeKH O n H F ~ J B ~ > K H ~ I ~ IIpenHKTOpa I?x IIIKOJICKOr YCIIeXa (Hnp. EIHTeJIeKTyaJlHe C ~ O C O ~ H O C Tn0jeuEIHqa) H C y OAaBHO OTKPMBeHH M BHXOB BeJIElKH 3Hax1ajC e HCIIpeCTaHO 110~Bpby,je y CBaKOM HOBOM HCTpa>KHBa%y, anH a nan,e o c ~ a j c ~eoGjarrrnc 3~ ~ a l . neo a ~ ~ a p ~ j a Tor ~ c ycnexa: e y MoReny 3aycpa M r a ~ p ~ ~ r je ep pcKr a o rwono j e ~ ~ TpehkiHH oj (31,7%) s a p ~ j a ~ ~ ce rr~onc~or ycnexa. Hanahe, yKn,ysMuane noAarraKao r u ~ o n c ~cpefitiaH, oj nopen ~ H ~ T H M MeX TouonouIKnx n p o 6 n e ~ a ( ~ n pnpmynn,ane . nonaTaKa o ToMe KaKo yseHHqH oqenyjy csoje yxIHrren,ePI H ~ C T ~ B H H He K nonpmocc C), n p e r \ a 3 ~ on cp ~e ~ n ~ ~ $ a cpa~,a 3MePHO yJIO>KeHOM BpeMeHy M Tpyny y BMXOBOM IIpHKyUJbaKy. C ~ TOra, M OAHOC tis~eby TMX w w m a q a je HanmnHgyanHo cTpyKTypmcaH H y a3sec~o.j Meepa noBe3aH C a Y3paCTOM. M~ajyhkl CBe TO Y BEIAY, Y CBaKOM ~ I o , ~ ~ ~ H H cJIyclajy ~ ~ Ho npeM nopylryjy acTpa>KanacrM - Tpe6a oupenwrm yueo nojega~ux smmnaqa Kao H H,HXOBe M ~ $ Y C O ~OAHOCe H ~ I?, Ha OCHOBY TOTa, eBeHTyaJIH0, npeny3eTM 0~pebeHe Mepe. C~ora ce MO>I<C peha A a cy 3a cauarrrne cTane HcrpaxHBana y o ~ oo j6nac~ Ka~ pamcpwrMKIaenpc cncra cnenehe T ~ cTsapM: M nami n o ~ y u 1 a .n j~ p e q ~ s ~ p ape~,a
BO

J J . 1 3

AYI)CJI A. G o ) I ~ ~ H LUIZOJICIZM : YCnEX KAO I7CHXOJIOIlIIZPI nPOEJIEM

pn y cnoje o~peQeH,erueonceor ycnexa eKcrrnHqHTHo y ~ a y s y j ynopen , pesyn~a~a y YseH,!!, CTeIICH HHTerpHCaHOCTH Y rpyny yCIeHHKa H J'cBajaIla H3BeCHHX npyIIITIieHHX BpeAHOCTH y CKJIany C a YSPaCTOM, C THM LUTO 611 npaBO MepHno Tor YCnexa 6 ~ n o ,,IIocTHrHyhe y I I ~ O ~ ~ Y K TaKTHRHOCTH I ~ B H O ~ HaKOH L U K O J I O B ~ F ~ Z ~(Vintan~, " 1979: 394). H a n c n ~ c ~ ona o nsa onpe$ena jcp cy y n m a y s e n ~ ~MepH o j canpxaH a cRa ~ H T H o6cne>r<ja ~ rrrKoncKor ycnexa oHaKo KaKo r a ~ e h a ayrropa, ~ a Mafie HJIH RHLUC cKcnnnqmHo, naHac cxBaTa: Kao I I O J I O X ~ ~ l ~ o j e n t i ~ ~a ~ja MYJITH~HM~H-

y.leHma, popiTesa, BprrrIlaKa, peneuaHTmx o c ~ a n ~ x Moxe ); ce O ~ H O C H T HHa no~TPlrHyhc y onpe$eHoM TPeHYTKY HnH TOKOM AJ'2KeT RpeMeHCKOr IlepHOna, Ha HeKO y x e I I O ~ P Y ~ Im ~n C H ~HTH reHepanHor KapaKTepa H cn.; ycnex y BaxHm rronpy'-rj~M a IKHEOTa, a HapOKIHTO y npo@e~HjH, ~ ~ C T KpajIbe C M H ~ , ~ B ~ > K MePHJIO HHJ~ H~W~JCI' ~KOJICKO ycncxa. ~ Ca P a ~ ~ a p C. n oJiasapyco~ ~ (Lazarus, 1991:422) MOXeMO P ~ ~ J I H K O B ~ ,T,H T~H
coil~ljnn~ ~o y ~ l c l l u o ~ i ~ r c(y n fcny~rajy ie onpacnHx: Ha nocny, y onaocHMa c npyrHMa). Y.ICH,C je nocao yxIeHma H cTyneaapraH cTora ruKoncKti ycnex npencTaBma s~atraj~ Mepy y IIpennaRanaBa crpecopa y jen~0.j seoMa s a x ~ 0 . o6nac.r~ j xHeoTa T~KOM n03~or jieTMmmna H a n o n e c q e ~ q ~ jY e .npHnor ToMe rosope p e 3 y n ~ Hea~~ KEIX ~ c ~ p a > ~ a s a Tnaa~ . cy o C a p a c o ~UOHCOH , H Cwren (Sarason, Johnson & Siege], 1978) y'1'13p~an~ s~a~raj HerarrHnHy ~y ~ o p e n a q ~ jHy~ M C ~CTpecHHx Y >KMROTHHX acKycTaua M uIKoncKor ycnexa. P. Q e n ~ e p H capanmqH ( ~ D e n ~ e el.. p , an., 1995) ncnarlaeanH cy s~axraj >KEIB~THHXcTpccopa ( c r p e c ~ XHBOTHH ~ norabaj~, RHCBH~ HesrOne, KOH@JIMKTH Y flOPOflHqH, O T Y $ Y , ~ Y LUKOnCKa ~~ ~peflMHa) KaO IIOCPCflHHKa as~eby corir?oeKoHoMcKor cwryca ycreHHKa H ,,urKoncKc n p ~ n a r o $ e s o c r ~ (acade" mic adjustment). P c s y w r a ~ rro~asyjy ~ na cy anonecr(ea.rtr ~3 nopoAHqa ca IIMIKHM COqHOeKOHOMCKMM CTaTYCOM H3JI02KeHH 3HBTHO re he^ XHBOTHOM CTpeCy O n OHHX ~3 I I ~ H B H ~ ~ ~ O H ~ ApyLLITBeHHx H E ~ ~ H X cnojena M TO je pasnor ErxxoRor cna6lljer IIrKoncKor ycrrexa jep, HaKoH yjejtaacranana y nornegy no>KmsbeHHxcTpecopa, Hec~ajy s~arraj~ pasnmc c y uIKoncKHM oqeHaMa a s ~ e i j y Ecqe 143 C E I ~ O M ~ ~ H HEI~ H X 6oraTHj~x nopojlmqa (Felner et a]., 1995; yn. ~ a ~ o Steinberg, be 1996. H BoZin, 2001).

~ H O C T / H ~ - ~ ~ ~ ,iaRJLa,~y O ~ ~ H OCe CT H, npyrIl (MYJITH~HM~H~HOH~JIHH) KOHTHHYYMH ~~O~HOCTH/HC-~~ (AHTOHOBCK~~, O ~ H O C T H 1987; EOXHH, 20016). Ayx J ~ A H O 011 ~ THX KOH~THHYYM 61. ~ 1 CC, no HarueM MrnurJLeBy, pacnopeQ~nao H ruKoncKH ycnex Kao 3~ax1ajaa ~ c x o fnpkinaroQasa~ta i I-~a mKoncKy cpenmy. ICao mTo cc Moxe BMneTH 143 H B I I I C ~ nocaRauIH,er msnara~,a, onaKBo onpe$c~,eurKoncKor ycnexa je y cKnany ca y o 6 ~ ~ 1 a nokiManeM j e ~ ~ ~ Tor ycrrexa y nenarorcija, n c ~ x o n o rH j~ coqnonortij~, c cTpcca, H ~ X H OHarnarucII KeroR ananTHBHEI acIreeaT. Kao LIITO je ~ O ~ H ~ T AHTOHORCKH O , je xeneo na o 6 j a c ~ snpann,c ~ H 6x0 je IIpH.nEIcIHOCKenTHTIaHIIpeh4a eBeHTyaJIHOM IIpOUlHpHRar-tyMOHena Ha HCKe npyre

nEAArOIUKA CTRAPHOC'r, XLIX, 5-6 (2003), HOHM Call

6naroc~ana HIHJIHH c x o A e n p ~ n a r o $ a s a ~ , nocnenaqa a. T o r a je H e n o B o m (yn. Boiin, 2001a H 2001b), M a A a p e 3 y m a ~ ~ nerose e ~ n t i p ~ j npouepe c~e y ~ a s y j yn , p w e p a paan, H a s ~ a c ~ ocehaja a j KoxepeHTHOCTH H H e m x R p y r H x r e ~ e p a n ~ s o pecypca ~a~~x o T n o p H o c T n a 3 8 npyre M c x o f l e ~ r p H n a r o $ a ~ a n aa , H e c a M o 3 a s f l p a s m e (B., HIIP., S t r i i m p f e r , 1995; Boiin, 2001a a 2001b). OHOLUTO je AHTOHOBCKH 6110 c n p e M a H na I I P H X U ~ T H , 611310 6~ TO na ycnex Ha onpet)e~n s~ a~~a~p (task i~a performance) Y M H O r O M e 3BBHCH on Y H H H n a q a K a o LUTO cy t i ~ ~ e n ~ r e ~ s~ qa ~n jH a e I, ~ ~ I I I T H0co6e H~ ~ o j HX a H~BPIU~R no ~ . n e M y , noMeHYTH ocehaj K O X e p e H T H O C T H K a O O C O ~ H H JIHYHOCTH ~ O n q e H T p a J I H O r 3Hax1aJa 3 a npeenanauane C T p e c o p a , 6 ~ 614 0 jena~ on + a K T o p a K o j H he y T H q a T H H a H c x o J [ non y c n o e o M na je s a n a ~ cnoxea a~ M n B o c M I ? c n e H H a K o je y r p a H a q a M a oaor UITO je Ba>KHO 3a O H O r K O ~ H r Z i M3BPIIIZtBa. ~ K o J I C K M 3 a n a L t H H 0 6 a ~ e 3 CK 0 j e p c 3 y J I T H p a j y H ~ B ~ C H H (LIIKOJICKHM) M y c n e x o M c u a K a K o na cnanajy y T a m e s a n a ~ TOKOM ~e IIO3 ~ 0 A r e T H n c r B a H anonecue~qaje, T e jc onpeQcne r u K o J I c K o r ycnexa K a o nonoxaacneKTe H a apTHKynHcaHocT T e 3 o ~ M e onena ,]a H a J ~ A H O M MyJITI?nkIMeH3I?OHanHoM KOHTHHYYMY Y ~ O ~ H O C T ~ I / H ~ - Y ~ O J [ H O TJ. CT IICI? IIpHXBaTJLHBO M C T e C T p a H e . AHTOHOHCKM je T a K o k j e OIIeKHsao na nojen~aa HCXO,~H H acnema E i c x o n a n p e H n a n a s a K a H e k c HY>KHO GMTM y 3 H a c ~ a j ~uoej 3 ~ Qoca~aurna . H c T p a w H u a n a TO H no~np$yjy.T a ~ Jc o y r?cTpa>Kr?safiy H a CTyneHTHMa j e n ~ e H a m e nmue m K o n e (Boiin, 1992) y ~ s p $ e ~ s~ a a l ~ ap ja s ~n a kiea y j a x l & i ~ Hocehaja K O X e p e H T H O C T H I?3Me@y OHMX K0,jll CY A&iIIJIOMklp2iJlH H OHHX KO,]H XOna lIpeBJIaflaBa%a T O JOIU HHCY YxIHHHJIH A B e r O n H H e H a K O H LUTO CY 0,IJCJIYLIIaJIH lICTBPTH ( ~ B B P U I H H )

Y H c T p a x H s a n y H a c T y A e H T M M a jensor o n e J b e s a Y x ~ a ~ e f i c aaeyn~ o r y Eeorpany y ~ s p $ e ~ je, o k 1 3 ~ e $ y O c T a n o r , na ~ ~ ~ O B O J L C T B XHBOTOM O H cy~ ~ ~ K T H B3H np O a B J b e K a O MCXOAH I I p e B J I a A a B a B a HHCY Y CTHTHCTHYKH ~ H ~ ~ ~ KOJ H o p e n a q ~ (Boiin, j~ 2001a). M c ~ o s p e ~ ey~TOM o, acTpawMuany H H J ~ npoeabeaa 3 ~ a w j ~ aac o q k i j a q ~ j aM ~ M ~ $ I uY K o J I c K o r ycnexa ( n p o c e c ~ ~ oq a e H a y ~ ~ B P L U H OpaspeM ny cpenne ureone, Gpoj nonoxeamx k i c n m a H npocesaa o q e H a H a THM ~ c n m H M a
ceMecTap. TeTa H a K O H H O B ~ M ~ ~ ~PC OK Ka O KO ~ n C T y n e H a T a K O ~ HCY I I p e T X O n H e LUKOJICKC r 0 n H H e

cyy JIOHTMTYAHHaJIAOM H C T P a X H B a b Y Ha onpacnHM oco6a~a (Boiin, 20016), ~ o p e n a q ~ m j a~ e $ y c H M n T o M a c T p e c a , cy~ ~ ~ K T H B H3O np T a B J b a H 3aJ3,OI3OJbcTI3a X<MHOTOM je, n O f l y I l I e , HHCKa HJIH CTaTHCTH1IKH 3 ~ a 1 1 a j ~ (IIIIPCOHOB a ~ o e + n q ~~ jo ep ~e ~ n a q ~rj epeke ce on 0,22 no 0,28); y CBHM c n y c r a j e ~ a p ~a < 0,Ol).
~ ~ ~ K T H B3H np O a B & e , 3anOBOJI,CTBO XMBOTOM). AcneKaT ,,~~oJJHocTH/H~-~~o~HocT MYJITMnMMCH3kIOHaJlHOr H" KOIITHNYYM2i
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Kao LUTO ,ie n 0 3 H a T 0 , UIKOJICKH YCneX T e X k I , TOKOM B p e M e H a , fla C e c T a 6 H n H syje na, K a o H y cny11ajy H p y r H x a A a n T a q H o H H x acxona, M o > K e M o r o u o p H T H o I-IHBOY
LUKOJlCKOr Y C n e X a K a O PeJIaTkIBHO T ~ ~ J H K O a,p~ aKTepHCTkIqH I I o j e n H H ~ a T,]. 0 , , y C n e UIHHM'' H , , H ~ Y c ~ ~ I I ~ H I ? y M xI "e H H q H M a , , , ~ ~ o ~ P I ? M I? " ,,JIoIIII?M" $aqHMa, n p e M a

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~ I ~ ~ ~HaXIHHy H O M pa3MHKIJbaBa y ~ H X O T O MKaKO E~~ H~ a OBOM, M ~ , TaK H H aM H O r H M RpyrHM r ~ o n p y ~ ~xmoTa. j a ~ a TOKOM RpeMeaa, y s a s a c ~ o c ~ on u nonoxaja H a noMeHyToM K O H T ~ H I I~ IK~ O ~M C K~ M yc1Iex , nojena~qa T C W H na nocTaHe s~a~rajaa re~epan~sona pecypc ~a OT~OPHOC OT ~H H O,C H O Q ~ @ I I I ~ Tor ~ T pecypca O T I I O ~ H O ~ T H a m ( X P O H H ~ H M )mpecop, a ~ a j y y hB ~ H J na ~ ~ je rueonosbe naHaMaqaH rrpoqec KOja ~pa,ie ~ Y X H H H ronma. ~ H ~ E M y canyToreHoM ~ , Moneny, Kao mTo c ~ HcTtiqanH o y uarrIc HaBpaTa ( ~ n pBoiin, . 2001a; Boiin, 2001b; Bojin, y I I I T ~ M ~Fenepanu3ooaM), HU peCypCLL O ~ ~ L ~ O ~ H O Cy C ~ KapaKTepHCTHKe U oco6e, %eHe IlpHMapHe rpyne, CynKynType Hna npymTua ~ o j joj e rroMaxy na ~36erana H n H cys6~ja pasn~~ia cTpe~e cope, o n ~ o c na ~ ocnpetlaBa na ce ~ e a s ~HacTane je RenoeaBeM Tax cTpecopa npe~13apajy y cvpec. nopen r e ~ e p a n ~ 3 o pecypca ~ a ~ ~ xOTnopHocTH, AHTOHORCKH ronopH a o , , C ~ ~ I ~ E I + pecypcmMa H~HHM O T I I O ~ H O C T H "K O ~ H611 ~ H J I H o~ Benme IIOMOha y HeKm K O H K P C T H H M c a ~ y a q a j a ~ (a ~ n pneK . 3a o n p e b e ~ y 6onec~ H ~ omopeH H a ~ e n e a o ~n c ~~a ~ 3a~n o j ~ao h oco6a~a y XHBOTHOJ K ~ H S H ) n . prn~ep resepa~ J I H ~ ~ B ~ H pecypca H X O T I I O P H O C T M cy HoBaq, coqajan~a nonpmea, o n p e $ e ~ e cnoco6HOCTH, 3HaH>aPi BeLlITHHC, peJIHrHja H, HapaBHO, 0cehaj KOXepeHTHOCTH KaO QeHTpanHa pecypc ,re Bpcre K O ~ HrIpeMa M , AHTOHOBCKOM, pacnonaxeMo. O m r n e n ~ o , 1lOJIa3eh~ O n CajryTOreHOr MOaeJIa, KOrHMTHBHe CIIOCO~HOCTH, IIpeTXOAHa 3HaELa, acrrapalpije ponurresa y norneny o 6 p a 3 o ~ a ~ Haxouor ~a neTeTa, ~ o ~ a s a q3a ~j noa c ~ a r ~ t iceo~~, ~ ~ j IIonpuIKa a n ~ a H npyrI.1 Y H H H O ~ HI U K O ~ C K O ycnexa ~ cy seh ile+aHncaHa anti ce Mory 6e3 oehax ~ e r r ~ ~ o onpenmn ha Kao r e ~ e p a n ~ 3 o anx ~ a ~cnea I I ~ + M ~ I H HpecypcH O T I I O P H O C T H K O ~ HnoMaxy y npeBnanasamy cTpecopa s e 3 a ~ a x 3a I I I K O H ~ I ~I I K O ~ C K O ygeH,e. Kao r c ~ e p a ~ 1 ~ 3 opecypc s a ~ a O T I I O ~ H OmKoncKm C T H , ycnex 6 s . nenoM ~ H Q H PeKTHO IIpeKO oceha,ia KOXepeHTHOCTH, a HeJIOM AHpeKTHO, J'THqaO H a H C X O J I ripeunagauaH,a cTpecopa, KaKo y se3a ca rrrKoncKaM s a ~ a q k i ~ H ao6aee3a~a (a~~yenH a IrIKoncKki ycnex), TaKo H H a npyre Hcxone npeBnananaBa ( C M M ~ T O M I IcTpeca, C Y ~ J ~ K T E I I ~ H O3ApaHJbe, 3a~OBOJbCrBO W H B O T O M II ~ p . ) ?'o . 614 B;1>I<IIJIO H 3a ApYre re~epann3osa~ He c n e q ~ @ k ~pecypce q ~ e oTnopHocTa, anti npH cseMy ToMe, HapaBHO, HC Tpe6a A a 3a60pa~~h40 H a ELHXOB AHHaMI19HI.I KapaKTep KaO I4 H a %HXOBe H H r r e p a ~ ~ xM ~~ je ~ ,Y ~ H O C K TO H M ~ ~ H ~ O e B@ ~ H e~ , ~aj~ en a r ~ ~on x cTpaHe npyrHx H T ~ Y. K O ~ O MepH ~ H H a K O ~ HH 8 4 B H 6~ C e T O CBe o ~ B ~ ~ ~ Fje,, ~ J HapaBHO, I o Ta~obe 3aAaTaK 6ynyher H ~ T ~ ~ > K aH 3a B cnymj ~ K ~ rueonceor , ycnexa Hemi nonaqn nocanarrrrtnx ac.rpa>KauaKaany y npanor ~au10.j ~o~qen~yana3aq Taa j~ ~ .y o seh noMeHyToM McTpaXHBaKy H a 6 ~ ~ ~Y Hh T Cl Jbl H M~ E i (Boiin, 2001a) yCIIeX y c p e n ~ o j UIKOJIH o6jam~asa O K O 32% ~ a p a , j a ~ c ycnexa e H a c ~ y n ~ t j aAOK ~ a , ce t i ~ ~ e p ~ o p e n a ~ j a j e yclrexa y cpcnmoj ruKona a ycnexa H a c ~ y n ~ j (6poj a ~ a nonoxeanx HcnaTa H npoCeKIHao I J c H ~ ) Kpehy O n 0,58 no 0,63 (p<0,01). Y HCI'paXllBatby H a MaTypaHTHMa j e n ~ eHame r x ~ ~ a 3 a ja e~ , ~ e p ~ o p e n a q ycrrexa aje H a ~ p a j yrrrKoncKe ronme (on IrpBor j~o~peiierpaspena) H IronyronaurTy [IeTspTor paspena ~ p e h y ce o~ 0,58 no 0,75 (nonarla 143 palla y lrpanpe~a). Haname, KopenarJHje s s ~ e b y ycnexa H a nony~ O A H I I I IIpBor, T~ ~pctier, neTor H ceRMor paspena ocHoBHe uIKone, Te npeor a Tpetier paspeaa cpejt%c IrIKonc cy y pacnoHy oji 0,67 no 0,93 y j e n ~ o H C ~T ~ ~ > K ~ I ~ ~ E L Y e @ e ~ a IlpespcMeHor ~a yrIHca (Kevereski, 2003). 113 s n p a e c ~ s e ~ ncaxonoraje e rro~ H ~ je T O jta je ~openaqxja M~M~ npoqeHa $Y 3~panma y H H ~ Y Y ~ ~ C T O ~ H ronkiaa, H X T O K O M BenaKor riena ojipacne A O ~ O H K, O 0,70 (B.,Hnp., Lazarus 1991). T o 3aa.1~ na

nEAATOUII<A CTBAPHOCT, XLIX, 5-6 (2003), HOHM Caj~

je snpasme s e n m o r 6poja mynx, TOKOM nyxer upeMeHa, npHnHcIao cTa6Mn~a KapaKTepHcTnKa H na snp. npeTxonHo cTabe snpaema npencTanha j e n a ~ on Haj60~ H ~X O ~ ~ ~ H H ~ T npenmcropa - I H H X a e w j e r canaI1rher snpasma. M3 HaBeJJeHHXnonaTaKa Ce BHnM na Je CJIHcIHO M C a IIIKOJICKMM YCIICXOM. H a p a ~ ~KaO o , H 3npaBJbe, T ~ J ycnex y c e 6 ~ canpxti e + e ~ ~ Gpoj~ax, e K O ~ nojena~aqayMHoroMe ~ ~ ~ J I H ~ H T O CTPYKTYPHCaHHX YHHklJIaqa. C B TO ~ 36ynyje MHOre O n HaC, a peKOHqeIITyaJIH3aqMja KaKo snpanma TaKo H mKoncKor ycnexa M Kao r e ~ e p a n ~ 3 o n a pecypca ~or OT~ O P H O C T H , a He caMo K O Mcxona ~ npennanasana, o ~ o r y h a HaM ~ a pa 6ap noHeKne ~ ~ ~ J ~ C HHM 6ome M O CXBaTHMO Te CTBapH. Hanen~ CMO na je UIKOJICKM ycnex j e n a ~ 014 ~ H ~ X I ~ ~ IIOKa3aTeJLiL H H X pas13oja no.jen~aqaTOKOM n o 3 ~ o r NeTMhcTsa H a~onecqcaqaje.n p e n c ~ a e ~ pasnojac ~q~i IIclz~oJI0rHJe qeJIOKyIIHOr XHBOTa MCTHgY KaO BBXHe KapaKTepHCTHKe JI>ynCKOr p a 3 ~ 0 J Ha a CBHM y3paCTHMa herOBy ,,MCTOPHJCKY YKOTBJI,~HOCT" ki ,,KOHTeKCTYL?JIHs a ~ (Baltes, " 1990). 3ayep M r a ~ ~ ~ ry enoMeHyToM p, ~ 3 n e 1 u ~ ao jy CBOM M C T ~ ~ > K H Baby, YOnIIITe He HCTHKIyBpeMe H ~ P ~ L L I T B ~ H O - H C M T~ KyJITYPHe ~ H ~ C KyCnOBe ~ y KO~HM cy ~ nposepasam csoj Monen ruKoncKor ycnexa (BYCTPEIJCKM rpan Canq6ypr H oKoJIHa M C C T nogeTKoM ~, ocaMneceTHx ronma Irporunor s e ~ a M )~MXOB ~ o r y h ~ y ~ ~ qHa a jy ~ s p b e penaq~lje ~e m~e$y sapnja6n1.1 y Moneny. C ~ o r a ce ~ a ~ e nMh e TaBe no K O ~ H X6~ p e 3 y n ~ a ~ nosena a eseHTyanHa noHosHa e ~ n k i p k ~ j c npoBepa ~a nxxoeor Monena, OAHOCHO KaKo 614 o ~ ~ ki3~eby o c sap~ija6nki y Moneny nsmenao, Ha npHMep, y yCJIOBElMa HaUIe XPOHklgHe CTPYKTYPaJIHe RPyUITBeHe KpM3e TOKOM nocneuKHx ~ e q e ~ ~ Hama j a . npeTnocTasKa je na m o r e on TMX n a p ~ j a 6 na ~Hapo, K ~ ~ LU ~ KO r ~o CKM ycnex, y HamMM ycnoBaMa no6~jajy yMHoroMe ~ p y r a ~ t i3~a11ene je H na ce ynpaso Ta npoMeHa s a a ~ ~ e nycnosmeHa a, ~ ~ ~ ~ T B ~ H O - H CH TKyn~~EI~~C TYPHHM 9HHHOqMMa K0je TeK Tpe6a c I I ~ ~ H + H K o B ~ 3HaTHO T H , Gome MOlKe 3aXBaTHTM ~ K ce O rUKoncKn ycnex onpebyje H a H~IIMH H a KO~M CMO MPI TO YZIMHMJIH ~a cTpaHMIJaMa OBOr

~ K O J I C K HyCneX je, OsMmenHO, KOHTMHYllPaHO aKTyeJIHa, RMHaMlzqHa 110,ias a nosesaaa ca nenmHM 6 p o j e ~ e $ y c o 6 ~ scrIpenneTaHax 0 T~a~~n yayrap a q a 110jenaasa y pasnojy H y seronMM eKonomKm cPic.reMr?hfa. CTora ce, TOKOM m ~ o n o saKa j e a ~ ~ ca ~ e npoMeHaMa , y ~ o ~ c ~ e n a qTMX v r jgmxnaqa ~ Mena M 3HaTIeH>e IIIKOJICKOr yCneXa. &TO TaKO, TOKOM BpeMeHa, yCJIeJI M3BeCHHX COI[MO-KYJITYPHHX npoMeaa, n o n a 3 ~ no npoMeHe s ~ a ~ ~rrrKoncKor eha ycnexa M Ha H H B O ~ npymma. Y qumy 6omer p a s y ~ e n a n a Te r~qjase, np~ay$ea c~ ~ na o ,rpaxmMo Hone, n p ~ ~ e p e H~o~6 jye x s a ~ ~npHcryne. ~je Jena~ MoryhM, n o ~ e ~ q ~ j KopHcTaH an~o H n3IOAaH IIpHCTyII 6no 6 ~IT0 , HaLIIeM MMLIIJbeIby, npMCTyI1 K O ~ M je, YKPaTKO, H3JIOXeH y OBOM Panj'. Y heMy C y MHTerpHCaHEi BaXHM aCIleKTM ~ ~ e~ jH y ~ Y ~ ~ CaBpeH E I X Memx T ~ O P M ~ C K H o X p ~ j e ~ ~ a (u c~ an jy a~ o r e ~ opurjearraq~jc c H pasnojae ncMxonor ~ j qenoeynaor e x x n o ~ a )o , n ~ o c nua ~ o Monena ( c a n y ~ o r e ~ H o rceonour~or). To 1 1 3 ~ c ~ yp je e ~ o ~ q e n ~ y a n ~ 3MHortlx a q ~ j y peneBaHTHHx sapMja6nM IIpoqeca mKoncKor ycnexa, p e n e + x ~ ~ c a H~ ~X eO B M X M ~ $ ~ C O ~ H ojjHoca BX H, HapauHo, e ~ n ~ p a j CKY npoBepy peanHor AoMeTa M s ~ a r ~ acsera j a Tora.

flp Aypcr~ A.

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Aurel A. Boiin, Ph. D., VrSac

SCHOOL ACHIEVEMENT AS PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEM Summary After considering some most important problems of current researches of school achievement, the author presents briefly his own viewpoint starting with salute orientation and its model, more exactly, an orientation towards the whole life and ecology of human development. In that way it determines school achievement as a factor of avoiding stress as well as a generalized source of resistance which helps in relieving stress caused by school and learning. At the same time, he outlines the other important (that have already been stated or the ones which will be stated in future) factors of school achievement as

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generalized or specific source of resistance. The possible effect of these relevant factors, their interaction and correlation with the feeling of coherence as centralized source of stress control is also the subject of investigation.

Key w o r d s : school achievement, salute model, generalized resistance source, the feeling of coherence

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