Permaculture

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Permaculture is a branch of ecological design, ecological engineering, and environmental design that develops sustainable architecture and self#maintained agricultural systems modeled from natural ecosystems/012032

Contents

1 4ore tenets 3 5heory

o o o o o o o o

3/1 56elve design principles 3/3 .atterns 3/7 -ayers 3/8 (uilds 3/9 Edge effect 3/: ;ones 3/< .eople and permaculture 3/= +omesticated animals

7 4ommon practices
o o o

7/1 Agroforestry 7/3 %>gelkultur 7/7 )atural building

o o o o

7/8 &ain6ater harvesting 7/9 "heet mulching 7/: Managed intensive rotational gra,ing 7/< ?eyline design

8 Etymology 9 %istory
o

9/1 Mollison and %olmgren

: 5rademark and copyright issues < 4riticisms

o o

</1 (eneral criticisms </3 Agroforestry

= "ee also @ )otes 1A &eferences 11 External links

Core tenets
5he core tenets of permaculture are:072082092

Care for the earth: .rovision for all life systems to continue and multiply/ 5his is the first principle, because 6ithout a healthy earth, humans cannot flourish/ Care for the people: .rovision for people to access those resources necessary for their existence/ Return of surplus: &einvesting surpluses back into the system to provide for the first t6o ethics/ 5his includes returning 6aste back into the system to recycle into usefulness/0:2

.ermaculture design emphasi,es patterns of landscape, function, and species assemblies/ t determines 6here these elements should be placed so they can provide maximum benefit to the local environment/ 5he central concept of permaculture is maximi,ing useful connections bet6een components and synergy of the final design/ 5he focus of permaculture, therefore, is not on each separate element, but rather on the relationships created among elements by the 6ay they are placed togetherB the 6hole becoming greater than the sum of its parts/ .ermaculture design therefore seeks to minimi,e 6aste, human labor, and energy input by building systems 6ith maximal benefits bet6een design elements to achieve a high level of synergy/ .ermaculture designs evolve over time by taking into account these relationships and elements and

can become extremely complex systems that produce a high density of food and materials 6ith minimal input/0<2 5he design principles 6hich are the conceptual foundation of permaculture 6ere derived from the science of systems ecology and study of pre#industrial examples of sustainable land use/ .ermaculture dra6s from several disciplines including organic farming, agroforestry, integrated farming, sustainable development, and applied ecology/0=2 .ermaculture has been applied most commonly to the design of housing and landscaping, integrating techni*ues such as agroforestry, natural building, and rain6ater harvesting 6ithin the context of permaculture design principles and theory/