( )

()

The Hong Kong

Institute of Education


_________________________________________________________________I
__________________________________1
1.1 (Direct Current)_________________________________________________2
1.2 (Alternating Current)_____________________________________________3
1.3 ___________________________________________________5
1.3.1 (Solar Energy).............................................................................................................5
1.3.2 (Nuclear Energy)............................................................................................................6
1.3.3 (Wind Energy)................................................................................................................7
1.3.4 (Hydroelectric Energy)..................................................................................................8
1.3.5 (Coal-fired Energy)..........................................................................................................9

1.4 ________________________________________________________10
1.4.1 (Cell)..............................................................................................................................10
1.4.2 (Battery).....................................................................................................................10
1.4.3 (Adapter)........................................................................................................................11
1.4.4 (Power Supply)..................................................................................................11

____________________________________________________12
2.1 ________________________________________________________13
2.1.1 (Short Circuit)...................................................................................................................13
2.1.2 (Current Leakage).............................................................................................................13
2.1.3 (Polarity)...........................................................................................................................14

2.2 ______________________________________________________15
2.2.1 (Earthing).......................................................................................................................15
2.2.2 (Fuse)..............................................................................................................................16
2.2.3 (Earth Leakage Current Breaker)......................................................................17
2.2.4
(Miniature Circuit Breaker)..................................................................................17

__________________________________________18
3.1 __________________________________________________19
3.1.1 (Vacuum Tube)...............................................................................................................19
3.1.2 (Semiconductor).............................................................................................................20

3.1.3 (Transistor).....................................................................................................................21
3.1.4 (Integrated Circuit)......................................................................................................22
3.1.5 (Microcomputer)..........................................................................................................22
3.1.6 (Microprocessor)...................................................................................................22

3.2 ________________________________________24
3.2.1 (Computer Technology).........................................................................................24
3.2.2 (Radar)..............................................................................................................................24
3.2.3 (Satellite)......................................................................................................................26

________________________________________27
4.1 ____________________________________________________________28
4.2 ______________________________________________________29
4.3 ____________________________________________31
4.4 _________________________________________________________________31
4.5 _________________________________________________________________32

_________________________________________34
5.1 ________________________________________________________35
5.2 ______________________________________________________35
5.3 ________________________________________________________36

_____________________________________________37
6.1 ______________________________________________________________38
6.2 _________________________________________________________________39
6.3 _________________________________________________________________40
6.4 ______________________________________________________________41
6.5 ()_________________________________________________________41
6.6 __________________________________________43
6.7 (Multimeter)___________________________________44

______________________________________________45
7.1 ______________________________________________________46
7.2 __________________________________________________________47
7.3 ________________________________________48

II

7.3.1 ........................................................................................................................................48
7.3.2 ........................................................................................................................................48
7.3.3 .....................................................................................................................49

7.4 ______________________________________________________51
7.4.1 ..............................................................................................................................51
7.4.2 ..............................................................................................................................52
7.4.3 ()....................................................................................................................52
7.4.4 (PNP NPN).............................................................................................53
7.4.5 EBC ........................................................................................................53
7.4.6
............................................................................................................................53

_______________________________________________55
8.1 (Diode)________________________________________________________56
8.2 (Transistor)____________________________________________________57
8.3 (Transformer)__________________________________________________58
8.4 (Relay)________________________________________________________60
8.5 (Light Dependent Resistor)_____________________________________61
8.6 (Thermistor)_________________________________________________62
8.7 (Light Emitting Diode, LED)__________________________________63
8.8 (Buzzer)_______________________________________________________64

___________________________________________________65
9.1 ()___________________________________________________66
9.2 ________________________________________________________67
9.3 ________________________________________________________68
9.4 (Inductance)______________________________________________________69
9.5 (Ohms Law)_________________________________________________71
9.6 (Power)________________________________________________________72

III

1.1 (Direct Current)

Crocodile Clips()
1.1 0.06A

0.06A1.2

1.2

1.1

1.2

Crocodile Clips

1.2 (Alternating Current)

50 (Hertz, Hz)50

(sine wave)(square wave)

(sawtooth wave)

(root mean square

value)
(peak value)

0.7071.414
(instantaneous value)
(average value)


= x 1.44

1.30.25
6V

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.7

1.3
1.3.1 (Solar Energy)
(solar

cell)

1.8

1.3.2 (Nuclear Energy)

1.9

1.3.3 (Wind Energy)

1.10

1.3.4 (Hydroelectric Energy)

(
)

1.11

1.12

1.3.5 (Coal-fired Energy)

1.13

1.4

1.4.1 (Cell)

()

1.14

1.4.2 (Battery)

1.15

10

1.4.3 (Adapter)

()
220

1.16

1.4.4 (Power Supply)

1.5V 12V

1.17

11

12

2.1
2.1.1 (Short Circuit)

2.1.2 (Current Leakage)

13

2.1.3 (Polarity)

2.1

14

2.2
2.2.1 (Earthing)

()

(Protective Earthing)

()

15

2.2.2 (Fuse)

200
()

2.2

16

2.2.3 (Earth Leakage Current Breaker)

ELCB

2.2.4 (Miniature Circuit Breaker)

MCB

()

2.3

17

18

3.1
3.1.1 (Vacuum Tube)
()
()

0 V(+V)
(-V)

3.1

19

3.1.2 (Semiconductor)

()

(silicon)
N
P

3.2

20

3.1.3 (Transistor)

P N

3.3

(semiconductor triode transistor)

(semi-conductor device)
PN (P N
)

3.4NPN PNP

21

3.1.4 (Integrated Circuit)

3.1.5 (Microcomputer)

3.6

( )

3.7

3.1.6 (Microprocessor)

22

23

3.2
3.2.1 (Computer Technology)

3.8

3.2.2 (Radar)

3.9

24

25

3.2.3 (Satellite)

3.10

26

27

4.1
(radio wave)()

28

4.2

29

4.1

30

4.3
()

4.2

( )
()

4.3(
)

4.4

(1) 20Hz~20KHz

3000

31

(2)

()

(Amplitude Modulation,AM)
(Frequency Modulation,FM)
(Phase Modulation,PM)

(Demodulation)

4.5

(Noise)

(Line Of Sight)
VHF
30MHz

20MHz
120MHz

1600MHz
(Thermal Noise White
Noise)

32

(Signal-To-Noise Ratio)

33

34

5.1

5.2
5.1

()

5.2

35

5.3

(Live) (Neutral) (Earth)

5.3

36

37

6.1
(Jigsaw)

38

6.1

6.2

1.
2.
3.
4.

5.
6.

6.2

39

6.3

6.7(1. 2. 3.
4.)

1.

2.

40

6.4

1.

2.
6.16

3. ()
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

1.
2.
3.
4.

6.5 ()

()
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

1.
2.

41

6.17

42

6.6

6.18

350

43

6.7 (Multimeter)

6.19

0.7A1A
2.5V
3V

44

45

7.1

7.1

46

7.2

7.2

47

7.3
7.3.1

7.3.2

48

7.3.3

7.3Crocodile Clips

10 01
(probe)
1

0V
0 5V
0V

49

0
1

7.3

50

7.4

()

7.4.1
DCV

DC1.5V
( 3V )
DCV (3V
3V 30V ) 15
1.5V

7.4

51

7.4.2
DCmA

DCmA

7.4.3 ()
1.
2.
3.
4.

R1

LV 0.7V
LV 0.3V

52

7.4.4 (PNP NPN)

1.
2.
3.
4.

R1 R1

(P ) NPN
(N ) PNP

7.4.5 EBC
1. R1 ,
2. , , EC ,
B
3. B, ,
, NPN , ,
, B, , ,
PNP

7.4.6

7.5

1. NPN B
2. NPN E C
BC 7.5
B
B E C B

53

 C-E
3. B C-E

4.
EC B E

C
EC
5. R1 EC
R100

54

55

8.1 (Diode)

P
N PN P N

(unidirectional conduction)

8.1

56

8.2 (Transistor)

PN PN P N
PNP NPN PNP NPN

1.

2.
3. ()

1 = 1,000,000

57

8.3 (Transformer)

8.2

8.3

(primary winding)
(secondary winding)

58

(magnetic flux)

59

8.4 (Relay)

8.4

60

8.5 (Light Dependent Resistor)

(CdS)

8.5

61

8.6 (Thermistor)

(NTC)(PTC)

8.6

62

8.7 (Light Emitting Diode, LED)

PN

LED (GaAs)
(GaAsP)

(GaP)(
)

8.7

63

8.8 (Buzzer)

8.8

64

65

9.1 ()

AC CB
E
CB
C A C B E C AB
CB E C B CB
E

9.1

66

9.2

9.2

A B

A B

67

9.3

9.3

(bridge rectifier circuit)

A B D1 D3 D2
D4 A B
D1 D3 D2 D4

68

9.4 (Inductance)

1800

1831

(electro-magnetic induction)

69

9.4 U

9.5

(induced e.m.f)

(induced current)

9.6

70

9.6

9.5 (Ohms Law)

Crocodile Clips

9.7

V=I x R
(V)(I)(R)

71

9.6 (Power)

(work)
(electrical
power)P Watt (W)
P W

W=P x t
W=VIt
P=V x I.

72