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Course Instructor Dr. Avinash Kumar Agarwal Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur
Contents
Introduction of Engine Exhaust Pollutants Issues Related with Engine Exhaust Pollutants Health Effects Environmental effects Classification of Engine Exhaust Pollutants Regulated Emission Unregulated Emission Types of Regulated Pollutants Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) Hydrocarbons (HC) Carbon Monoxide (CO) Particulate Matter (PM) Summary
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Fuel Vapour (20%) chemicals that enter the air as fuel evaporate.
Engine Exhaust (60%)- blown out the tailpipe when engine burns a hydrocarbon based fuel.
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Chemical equilibrium q calculations show that a significant g amount of NO is formed the end of combustion. The majority of NO formed will however decompose at the low temperature of exhaust. But due to very low reaction rate at the exhaust temperature a part of NO formed remains in exhaust. It is far in excess of the equilibrium composition at that temperature as t formation of NO freezes at low exhaust temperatures. The NO formation will be less in rich mixtures than in lean mixtures. In general there are two types of NOx emission takes place in engine exhaust as; (1) Thermal NOx: formed by reaction between N2 and O2 in the air; sensitive to temperature Fast formation rate at high temperature, Fast cooling rate freezes formed Nox, (2) Fuel NOx: formed from combustion of fuels containing organic nitrogen in the fuel; dependent on local combustion conditions and nitrogen content in the fuel.
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A small amount of CO will come out of the exhaust even when the mixture is slightly lean in fuel. This is due to the fact that equilibrium is not established when the products pass to the exhaust. At the high temperature developed during the combustion, the products formed are unstable, and the following reactions take place before the equilibrium is established.
As the products cool down to exhaust temperature, major part of CO reacts with oxygen form CO2 However, a relatively small amount of CO will remain in exhaust, its concentration creasing with rich mixtures.
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Components of particulate matter (PM) include finely divided solids or liquids such as dust, fly ash, soot, smoke, aerosols, fumes, mists and condensing vapors that can be suspended in the air for extended periods of time. Particles originate from a variety of mobile sources and may be directly emitted (primary emissions) or formed in the atmosphere (secondary emissions) by transformation of gaseous emissions.
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Nucleation Mode Particles Nucleation-mode l i d particles i l were obscure b prior i to mid id 1990 as they h lie li at the h detection d i limit li i of f many instruments Admittedly this situation is changing rapidly Most, but not all, research suggests that nucleation-mode particles consist of volatile material Other research suggests that some nucleation-mode particles are in fact solid, or at least possess minute solid kernels
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The Th figure fi above b shows h th variation the i ti of f HC, HC CO and d NOx NO emission i i as a function f ti of f equivalence i l ratio ti for an SI engine. For rich mixture (>1) the HC and CO emission increased. For <0.8 HC emission increase due to poor combustion and misfire. NOx emission is highest near stoichiometric condition because NOx emission is a function of temperature.
The above figure g shows the HC, , CO and NOx emission with respect p to equivalence q ratio for a four stroke diesel engine. HC initially increase slightly with increase in due to high cylinder temperature make it easier to burn up any over-mixed or under mixed fuel mixture. CO emission is very low at all equivalence ratio since excess air is always available. NOx emission is steadily increase with due to high temperature and pressure.
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Non-Exhaust Emission
B: Secondary influence
Relevance of I.C. Engine A (for the SI Engine) A B (for the CI Engine) A A (for the SI Engine) A (for the SI Engine) B (for car with AC) B (may be even A) B (may be A if CNG used) A (for the SI Engine) A (for the SI Engine) B (for the CI Engine) A B (for car with AC) A (for the SI Engine) A
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