25/08/2011

1
Quasi-elastic property of granular material
1) Some fundamental questions on the static & dynamic
moduli with a brief historical review
2) Modelling
3) Some implications of the hypo-elastic model
4) Some case histories
25/08/2011
2
1) The elastic deformation characteristics:
can be obtained only by dynamic tests ?
2) Are statically and dynamically determined
elastic deformation properties different ?
Static tests (monotoni c or cycli c); stress-strain properties are
obtained from measured stresses and strains !
(or loads and displacements)
Dynamic tests (RC tests & wave-propagation tests);
stress-strain properties are obtained from dynamic responses !
Some questions:
Importance of proper understanding of the relationship
between static & dynamic tests in the framework of non-linear
stress-strain behaviour
25/08/2011
3
(Tatsuoka & Shibuya, 1991)
Non-linear stress-strain behaviour from quasi-elastic behaviour at very
small strains toward shear banding at very large strains
E
0
Quasi-Linear
elastic
Elastic-
weak visco-plastic
Elastic-
strongvisco-plastic
E
sec
E
eq
Shear banding
25/08/2011
4
(Tatsuoka & Shibuya, 1991)
Laboratory and field testing methods to evaluate non-linear stress-strain
behaviour from elastic behaviour at very small strains toward shear
banding at very large strainsdifficult by a single test method
Bender
Element
Smallest reliably
Measurable strains
30 40 years ago
Quasi-Linear
elastic
Shear banding
Elastic-plastic-
viscous
25/08/2011
5
ML or CL Loading
rate
Wave length/
particl e size
Number
of cycles
Strai n l evel
Static tests
Monotonic Slow Nearly infinitive cycle Very small
Fast Medium to
very large
Cyclic Slow Nearly infinitive Small Very small
Medium
Fast Large
Large
Dynami c
tests
Monotonic Large cycle Very small to
large
Fast Small
Cyclic Large Small Very small
Fast Large Medium
Small
Very fast Very large Large
What are different between static and dynamic tests ?
Influencing
factors
25/08/2011
6
ML or CL Loading
rate
Wave length/
particl e size
Number
of cycles
Strai n l evel
Static tests
Monotonic Slow Nearly infinitive cycle Very small
Fast Medium to
very large
Cyclic Slow Nearly
infinitive
Small Very small
Medium
Fast Large
Large
Dynami c
tests
Monotonic Large cycle Very small to
large
Fast Small
Cyclic Large Small Very small
Fast Large Medium
Small
Very fast Very
large
Large
Popular idea about the different factors between static
and dynamic tests, but which factors are important ??
25/08/2011
7
ML or CL Loading
rate
Wave
length/
particl e size
Number of
cycles
Strai n l evel
Static tests:
Static cyclic
loading
tests
starting in
60s
Monotonic Slow Nearly
infinitive
cycle Very small
Fast Medium to
very large
Cyclic Slow Nearly
infinitive
Small Very small
Medium
Fast Large
Large
Dynami c
tests:
Resonant-
Column
Monotonic Large cycle Very small to
large
Fast Small
Cyclic Large Small Very small
Fast Large Medium
Small
Very fast Very large Large
A historical review of the compari son between static
and dynamic tests - I
25/08/2011
8
Hollow cylindrical specimen
vh
t
: shear stress
Toyoura sand
Static torsional tests
starting from early 70s
at the PWRI and 80s at
the IIS
(Iwasaki et al., 1977; Tatsuoka et al.,1978, 1979a&b)
25/08/2011
9
Initial isotropic stress state:
o
2
=o
a
=o
r
=o
t
; and o=45
o,
b=0.5
o
b
Pure shear
25/08/2011
10
(Iwasaki et al., 1977)
S
e
c
a
n
t

s
h
e
a
r

m
o
d
u
l
u
s
,
G
e
q
(
k
g
f
/
c
m
2
)
Reliably measurable strain :
larger than about 0.01 %
Static torsional tests
1
2
W
h
W t
A
=
25/08/2011
11
Shear stress,
Shear strain,
Peak-peak secant m odulus:G
eq
Stored energy:W
Non-linear stress-strain
curve of actual soil
Dissipated energy
W
D am ping ratio:
1
2
W
h
W t
A
=
Equivalent linearization taking into account the strain-
nonlinearity of shear modulus and damping ratio
25/08/2011
12
Linear spring
havingG
eq
Linear dash
pot
t &
An equivalent linear system
having the same G
eq
& h as
soil (i.e., a Voigt model)
Stress-strain curve of the
equivalent linear system
(note a different shape from
the one of actual soil)

Single amplitude
shear strain,
G
eq
G
eq
and h depends on A
Shear stress,
Shear strain,
Equivalent shear
m odulus G
eq
Stored energy W
Dissipated energy
W
D am ping ratio:
1
4
W
h
W t
A
=
25/08/2011
13
Linear spring
havingG
eq
Linear dash
pot
t &
An equivalent linear system
having the same G
eq
& h as
soil (i.e., a Voigt model)
Stress-strain curve of the
equivalent linear system
(note a different shape from
the one of actual soil)

Shear stress,
Shear strain,
Equivalent shear
m odulus G
eq
Stored energy W
Dissipated energy
W
Note: This linear systemcan be equivalent only for a sinusoidal time history
of input strain. If it is assumed that the stress-strain relation of soil were rate-
independent (which is not true), the viscosity coefficient of the dash pot,
q=t/(d/dt), is inversely proportional to the frequency, f, of the sinusoidal
wave of strain. In this sense, the equivalent linearization method is
approximate in nature, in particular when used for an arbitrary time history of
input strain or stress. A relevant non-linear three-component model is a more
rational model (fore details, refer to Di Benedetto &Tatsuoka., 1997).
25/08/2011
14
Resonant-columnapparatus
(Lo Presti, D., Technical University
of Torino )
Reliably measurable strain,
smaller than about 0.01 %,
is possible, but a
uncontrollable large number
of loading cycles is applied.
Dynamic torsional tests:
Resonant-column test
25/08/2011
15
1) Cyclic torsional shear tests (f=1/10Hz at N=10); and
2) Resonant-column tests (fast, f=100 Hz at N larger 5,000)
Agood agreement betweenthe two types of tests
at shear strains around0.01%
N
o
r
m
a
l
i
s
e
d

s
e
c
a
n
t

s
h
e
a
r

m
o
d
u
l
u
s
,
G
e
q
/
G
*
Single amplitdu shear strain,
2
0.5
(2.17 )
* 700
1
e
G p
e

=
+
(Iwasaki et al., 1997)
25/08/2011
16
(Tatsuoka & Shibuya, 1991)
Laboratory and field testing methods to evaluate non-linear stress-strain
behaviour from elastic behaviour at very small strains toward shear
banding at very large strainsdifficult by a single test method
Bender
Element
Quasi-Linear
elastic
Shear banding
Elastic-plastic-
viscous
Present reli ably measurable
smallest strain in static tests
Devel opment in measurements of very small stress
and strain in static tests for the last 30 years
25/08/2011
17
ML or CL Loading
rate
Wave
length/
particl e size
Number of
cycles
Strai n l evel
Static tests:
New series
starting in
80s
Monotonic Slow Nearly
infinitive
cycle Very small
Fast Medium to
very large
Cyclic Slow Nearly
infinitive
Small Very small
Medium
Fast Large
Large
Dynami c
tests:
Resonant-
Column
Monotonic Large cycle Very small to
large
Fast Small
Cyclic Large Small Very small
Fast Large Medium
Small
Very fast Very large Large
A historical review of the compari son between static
and dynamic tests - II
25/08/2011
18
A new static (monotonic & cyclic
loading) torsional shear apparatus
developed at the IIS
(Tatsuoka et al., 1986, Tatsuoka, 1988)
25/08/2011
19
(Tatsuoka et al., 1986)
25/08/2011
20
Teachavorasinskunet al., 1991a&b;
Tatsuoka &Shibuya, 1991)
A typical test result:
shear strain rate=
0.001 %/min
25/08/2011
21
A typical test result:
shear strain rate=
0.001 %/min
Teachavorasinskunet al., 1991a&b;
Tatsuoka &Shibuya, 1991)
25/08/2011
22
Stiffness at strain less than
0.001 %; G
0
=1,100 kgf/cm
2
A typical test result:
shear strain rate=
0.001 %/min
Teachavorasinskunet al., 1991a&b;
Tatsuoka &Shibuya, 1991)
25/08/2011
23
Shear modulus at strains
less than 0.001 %;
G
0
=1,100 kgf/cm
2
25/08/2011
24
Newstatic cyclic (slow
& a limited number of
cycles, up to 10)
Teachavorasinskun
et al., 1991a&b)
Static monotonic
(Teachavorasin-
skun et al.,
1991a&b)
Shear strain,
S
h
e
a
r

m
o
d
u
l
u
s

r
a
t
i
o

G
/
G
0
2
0.5
0
(2.17 )
700
1
e
G p
e

=
+
(p: kgf/cm
2
)
Resonant-column tests
(fast and many cycles)
Cyclic (slow & a limited
number of cycles, up to 10)
Toyoura sand
(1.0 % (0.0001
RC & SC (Iwasaki et
al., 1977)
25/08/2011
25
Static monotonic
(Teachavorasin-
skun et al.,
1991a&b)
Shear strain,
S
h
e
a
r

m
o
d
u
l
u
s

r
a
t
i
o

G
/
G
0
2
0.5
0
(2.17 )
700
1
e
G p
e

=
+
(p: kgf/cm
2
)
Resonant-column tests
(fast and many cycles)
Cyclic (slow & a limited
number of cycles, up to 10)
Toyoura sand
(1.0 % (0.0001
RC & SC (Iwasaki et
al., 1977)
Agreement of G between static (slow ML & CL) and dynamic (fast CL) tests
Newstatic cyclic (slow
& a limited number of
cycles, up to 10)
Teachavorasinskun
et al., 1991a&b)
25/08/2011
26
Another example showing a good agreement between the G values from
static (slow ML & CL) and dynamic (fast CL & RC) torsional tests
Tatsuoka et al., 1999a&b)
25/08/2011
27
ML or CL Loading
rate
Wave length/
particle size
Number of
cycles
Strai n l evel
Static tests:
New series
starting in
80s
Monotonic Slow Nearly
infinitive
cycle Very small
Fast Medium to
very large
Cyclic Slow Nearly
infinitive
Small Very small
Medium
Fast Large
Large
Dynami c
tests:
Resonant-
column*
Wave
propagation
+
Monotonic Large cycle Very small
to large
Fast Small
Cyclic Large* Small (a half
to one)
+
Very
small
+
,*
Fast* Large
+
Medium*
Small
+
Very
fast*,
+
Very large* Large
A historical review of the compari son between static
and dynamic tests - III
25/08/2011
28
ML or CL Loading
rate
Wave length/
particl e size
Number of
cycles
Strai n l evel
Static tests:
new
Monotoni
c
Slow Nearly
infinitive
cycle Very small
Fast Medium to
very large
Cyclic Slow Nearly
infinitive
Small Very small
Medium
Fast Large
Large
Dynamic
tests:
wave
propagation
Monotoni
c
Large cycle Very small to
large
Fast Small
Cyclic Large Small (a half
to one)
Very small
Fast Large Medium
Small
Very fast Very large Large
A historical review of the compari son between static
and dynamic tests - IV
25/08/2011
29
Study on the effects of strai n rate on the stress-strain behaviour
at small strains by means of the triaxial tests:
Whythe triaxial test?
1) most relevant to undisturbedsamples;
2) less sophisticated and so better operational than torsional shear
tests
o
v
o
h
o
h
Triaxial compression: o
v
>o
h
Triaxial Extension: o
h
>o
v
But, one serious technical problem
to be overcome: bedding error !
25/08/2011
30
Proximity
transducer
Local
deformation
transducer
Local axial
strain
Axial strain
including B.E.
Bedding error
Pressure cell
25/08/2011
31
Triaxial testing system for small specimens
locally measuring axial strains developed at
the IIS, the University of Tokyo
25/08/2011
32
LDT; Local deformation transducer
(Goto et al., 1991).
Phosphor bronze
strain-gaged strip
LDT
Pseudo-hinge
Membrane
Heart of LDT
(includes electric resistance strain gages,
terminals, wiring, sealant)
Scotch tape used to fix wire
on the specimen surface
Instrument Leadwire
Membrane Surface
PB strip
(Back)
(Front)
Teflontubeprotection
Instrument
leadwire
Terminal
Gageleadwire
Activee.r.s.g.
D'
B'
C
A
No. 2
No. 1
Back face(compressionside)
C'
A'
B
D
No. 4
No. 3
Front face(tensionside)
25/08/2011
33
0
o
v
o
h
o
v
=o
h
Triaxial
compression
Proximity
transducer
Local
deformation
transducer
Local axial
strain
Axial strain
including B.E.
Proximity
transducer
Local
deformation
transducer
Local axial
strain
Axial strain
including B.E.
o
h
=49 kPa
Loose Toyoura sand (void ratio, e=0.798)
LDT
Proximeter
(Tatsuoka et al., 1995)
25/08/2011
34
Proximity
transducer
Local
deformation
transducer
Local axial
strain
Axial strain
including B.E.
Proximity
transducer
Local
deformation
transducer
Local axial
strain
Axial strain
including B.E.
0
o
v
o
h
o
v
=o
h
Triaxial
compression
o
h
=49 kPa
Loose Toyoura sand (void ratio, e=0.798)
Proximeter
LDT
Proximeter
LDT
25/08/2011
35
Proximity
transducer
Local
deformation
transducer
Local axial
strain
Axial strain
including B.E.
Proximity
transducer
Local
deformation
transducer
Local axial
strain
Axial strain
including B.E.
0
o
v
o
h
o
v
=o
h
Triaxial
compression
o
h
=49 kPa
Loose Toyoura sand (void ratio, e=0.798)
Proximeter
LDT
LDT
E
0
: Initial Youngs
modulus
=127.5MPa
LDT
Proximeter
25/08/2011
36
(Tatsuoka & Shibuya, 1991)
Howis this picture
distorted by BE!
E
0
Quasi-Linear
elastic
Elastic-
weak visco-plastic
Elastic-
strongvisco-plastic
E
sec
E
eq
Shear banding
25/08/2011
37
1. Even with a fine sand, serious bedding error.
2. Nearly the same Emax fromstatic ML and CL tests
LDT
Proximeter
Monotonic loading
(e
i
=0.798)
o
h
=49kPa
Loose Toyoura sand
Even with a fine sand, serious bedding error.
E
sec
E
s
e
c
(
M
P
a
)
BE
(Tatsuoka et al., 1995)
25/08/2011
38
LDT
Proximeter
Monotonic loading
(e
i
=0.798)
o
h
=49kPa
Loose Toyoura sand
Cyclic loading
(e
i
=0.819)
E
sec
E
s
e
c
o
r

E
e
q
(
M
P
a
)
E
eq
- Serious bedding error in both ML and CL tests
- Nearly the same
0
fromstatic ML and CL tests only when the
axial strains are measuredlocally.
25/08/2011
39
Dr. Goto,S.; the inventor of
LDT (local deformation
transducer)
Large triaxial apparatus
Institute of Industrial
Science, University of
Tokyo,1986
25/08/2011
40
Specimen (30 cm-dia.
& 60 cm-high)
25/08/2011
41
(Tatsuoka et al., 1995)
Gravel showing a more significant bedding error than sand
Monotonic loading
(e
i
=0.224)
Proximeter
Cyclic loading
(e
i
=0.235 &0.219)
LDT
Proximeter
Dense well-graded gravel o
h
=785kPa
BE
BE
25/08/2011
42
Monotonic loading
(e
i
=0.224)
Proximeter
Cyclic loading
(e
i
=0.235 &0.219)
LDT
Proximeter
Dense well-graded gravel o
h
=785kPa
BE
BE
- Serious bedding error in both ML and CL tests
- Nearly the same
0
fromstatic ML and CL tests only when the
axial strains are measuredlocally.
25/08/2011
43
ML or CL Loading
rate
Wave length/
particl e size
Number of
cycles
Strai n l evel
Static tests:
new
Monotoni
c
Slow Nearly
infinitive
cycle Very small
Fast Medium to
very large
Cyclic Slow Nearly
infinitive
Small Very small
Medium
Fast Large
Large
Dynamic
tests:
wave
propagation
Monotoni
c
Large cycle Very small to
large
Fast Small
Cyclic Large Small (a half
to one)
Very small
Fast Large Medium
Small
Very fast Very large Large
A historical review of the compari son between static
and dynamic tests - IV
25/08/2011
44
Usually;
- static: lowstrainrates
- dynamic: high strain rates
Then, the effects of strainrate are significant in static cyclic tests ?
At the number of loading cycle equal to 10 for the same stress amplitude
(Tatsuoka &Kohata., 1995;
Di Benedetto &Tatsuoka, 1997)
25/08/2011
45
Negligible effects of
loading frequency not
only at strains=
0.001 % or less but
also at lager strains
during cyclic loading
0
o
v
o
h
o
v
=o
h
Cyclic prestraining
196
78.4
137
Cyclic loading to
Evaluate E
eq
and h
(kPa)
1E-3 0.01
0
50
100
150
200
0.05 0.02 0.005 0.002
cyclic loading under steady state conditions
after cyclic prestraininng of 65,000 cycles
of o
v
=78.4~196 kPa
Air-dried Hostun sand
Test HOSTN5
Neutral stress state
o
v
=137 kPa &o
h
=78.4 kPa
f(Hz)
0.005
0.10
0.25
0.50
1.00
1.50
(Ac
v
)
SA
(%)
E
e
q


(
M
P
a
)
0.001
1E-3 0.01
0.000
0.005
0.010
0.015
0.020
0.025
HOSTN5
f(Hz)
0.005
0.10
0.25
0.50
1.00
1.50
D
a
m
p
i
n
g

r
a
t
i
o
,

h
(Ac
v
)
SA
(%)
0.005 0.02 0.05 0.002 0.001
(Tatsuoka &Kohata., 1995;
Tatsuoka et al., 1999b)
25/08/2011
46
0.0000 0.0005 0.0010 0.0015
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Start of loading
Chiba gravel
5
th
cycle
o
h
=19.6 kPa
dc
v
/dt (%/min)
3.6x10
-1
1.8x10
-1
3.6x10
-2
7.2x10
-3
3.6x10
-3
7.2x10
-4
3.6x10
-4
7.2x10
-5
D
e
v
i
a
t
o
r

s
t
r
e
s
s

i
n
c
r
e
m
e
n
t
,

q

(
k
P
a
)
Axial strain increment, Ac
v
(%)
Despite a large difference
among the loading
frequencies (up to 5,000
times), essentially no effects
of loading frequency.
(Tatsuoka et al., 1999b)
- Cyclic triaxial tests with a
very small axial strain
amplitude (less than
0.001 %)
- Chiba gravel (crushed
sub-angular sandstone
D
max
=38 mm, D
50
=3.5
mmand U
c
=12.75)
-0.0010 -0.0005 0.0000 0.0005 0.0010
-4
-2
0
2
4
f (Hz) E
v(s)
(MPa)
10 477.9
5 479.0
1 484.8
0.2 476.0
0.1 469.0
0.02 470.3
0.01 458.3
0.002 455.3
Chiba gravel
5
th
cycle
o
h
=19.6 kPa
D
e
v
i
a
t
o
r

s
t
r
e
s
s
,

q

(
k
P
a
)
Axial strain, c
v
(%)
25/08/2011
47
-0.0015 -0.0010 -0.0005 0.0000
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
Chiba gravel
5
th
cycle
o
h
=19.6 kPa
Start of
unloading
dc
v
/dt (%/min)
3.6x10
-1
1.8x10
-1
3.6x10
-2
7.2x10
-3
3.6x10
-3
7.2x10
-4
3.6x10
-4
7.2x10
-5
D
e
v
i
a
t
o
r

s
t
r
e
s
s

i
n
c
r
e
m
e
n
t
,
A
q

(
k
P
a
)
Axial strain increment, Ac
v
(%)
Despite a large difference
among the loading
frequencies (up to 5,000
times), essentially no effects
of loading frequency.
(Tatsuoka et al., 1999b)
- Cyclic triaxial tests with a
very small axial strain
amplitude (less than
0.001 %)
- Chiba gravel (crushed
sub-angular sandstone
D
max
=38 mm, D
50
=3.5
mmand U
c
=12.75)
-0.0010 -0.0005 0.0000 0.0005 0.0010
-4
-2
0
2
4
f (Hz) E
v(s)
(MPa)
10 477.9
5 479.0
1 484.8
0.2 476.0
0.1 469.0
0.02 470.3
0.01 458.3
0.002 455.3
Chiba gravel
5
th
cycle
o
h
=19.6 kPa
D
e
v
i
a
t
o
r

s
t
r
e
s
s
,

q

(
k
P
a
)
Axial strain, c
v
(%)
25/08/2011
48
1E-3 0.01 0.1 1 10
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
E
v
for (Ac
v
)
SA
=0.0005 %
o
v
/o
h
(E
v
)
f=10Hz
(MPa)
1.0 476.6
1.0 604.5
3.2 1111.0
5.3 1419.2
7.5 1594.5
E
v
/
(
E
v
)
f
=
1
0

H
z
f (Hz)
(Tatsuoka et al., 1999b)
1E-3 0.01 0.1 1 10
0
500
1000
1500
2000
o
h
(kPa) o
v
/o
h
19.6 1.0
49.0 1.0
49.0 3.2
49.0 5.3
49.0 7.5
E
v
for (Ac
v
)
SA
=0.0005 %
E
v

(
M
P
a
)
f (Hz)
Very small effects of
strain rate, or f, on the
stiffness at small strains,
in particular at more
isotropic stress state
25/08/2011
49
Very small effects of strain rate, or f, also on
the strain path at very small strains
-0.0008 -0.0004 0.0000 0.0004 0.0008
-0.0003
-0.0002
-0.0001
0.0000
0.0001
0.0002
0.0003
Chiba gravel
5
th
cycle
o
h
=19.6 kPa
f (Hz)
10
5
1
0.2
0.1
0.02
0.01
0.002
R
a
d
i
a
l

s
t
r
a
i
n
,
c
h

(
%
)
Axial strain, c
v
(%)
(Tatsuoka et al., 1999b)
25/08/2011
50
1E-3 0.01 0.1 1 10
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
v for (Ac
v
)
SA
=0.0005 %
o
h
(kPa) o
v
/o
h
19.6 1.0
49.0 1.0
49.0 3.2
49.0 5.3
49.0 7.5
v
v
h
=

-
d
c
h
/
d
c
v
f (Hz)
Very small effects of strain rate, or f, on the
Poissons ratio at very small strains
25/08/2011
51
10 100 1000
200
400
600
800
1000
o
v
/o
h
=7.5
e=0.2496
o
v
/o
h
=5.3
e=0.2481
o
v
/o
h
=3.2
e=0.2474
o
v
/o
h
=1
e=0.2470
o
v
/o
h
=1
e=0.2471
(Ac
v
)
SA
=0.0005 %
f(e)=(2.17 - e)
2
/(1+e)
f (Hz)
10
5
1
0.2
0.1
0.02
0.01
0.02
E
v
/
f
(
e
)

(
M
P
a
)
o
v
(kPa)
1 10
1
5
0.2
0.5
0.5
(Ac
v
)
SA
=0.0005 %
f (Hz)
10
5
1
0.2
0.1
0.02
0.01
0.02
v
v
h
o
v
/o
h
Youngs modulus and
Poissons ratio when dc
v
=dc
1
;
increase with an increase in o
v
and o
v
/o
h
respectively (this
issue is discussed more in
detail later in this lecture)
25/08/2011
52
(Tatsuoka et al., 1999b)
1E-3 0.01 0.1 1 10
0
2
4
6
o
h
(kPa) o
v
/o
h
19.6 1.0
49.0 1.0
49.0 3.2
49.0 5.3
49.0 7.5
h
0
for (Ac
v
)
SA
=0.0005 %
D
a
m
p
i
n
g

r
a
t
i
o
,
h
0

(
%
)
f (Hz)
- Small but noticeable effects of strain rate, or f, on the
damping ratio, h
0
(as h
0
is more sensitive to inelastic
behaviour than E and v.
- More effects due to more inelastic behaviour at more
anisotropic stress state
25/08/2011
53
Summary of E
v
at strains of 0.001 % or
less, obtained mostly by static tests
(mostly cyclic triaxial tests, and partly
monotonic triaxial tests):
- hard rock cores (Sato et al.,1997)
- mortar & concrete (Sato et al.,1997)
- sedimentary softrock
- gravels and sands
- clays
Sandy gravel (D)
sand (U)
Hostun sand (D)
Resonant-column
Hard rock core
Ultrasonic wave
Concrete
Mortar
Sagamihara soft rock (U)
OAP clay (U)
Air-dried
Wet Chiba gravel (D)
Metramo silty sand (U)
10
-5
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
10
1
10
2
10
3
10
4
10
3
10
4
10
5
10
6
Vallericca clay
.
E
v

(
k
g
f
/
c
m
2
)
Axial strain rate, dc
v
/dt (%/min)
N.C. Kaolin (CU TC)
Saturated Toyoura
-0.0010 -0.0005 0.0000 0.0005 0.0010
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
Chibagravel
5
th
cycle
o
h
=19.6 kPa
f(Hz) dc
v
/dt (%/min)
10 3.6x10
-1
5 1.8x10
-1
1 3.6x10
-2
0.2 7.2x10
-3
0.1 3.6x10
-3
0.02 7.2x10
-4
0.01 3.6x10
-4
0.002 7.2x10
-5
D
e
v
i
a
t
o
r

s
t
r
e
s
s
,

q

(
k
P
a
)
Axial strain, c
v
(%)
E
v
E
v
= E
0
in the
vertical direction
25/08/2011
54
Newdata:
Cement-mixed
well-graded gravel
CTX (o
h
=20 kPa)
Cement=60 kg/m
3
Compacted at w=5 %
Curedfor 7 days
10
-5
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
10
1
10
2
10
3
10
4
10
3
10
4
10
5
10
6
Sandy gravel (D)
sand (U)
Hostun sand (D)
Resonant-column
Hard rock core
Ultrasonic wave
Concrete
Mortar
Sagamiharasoft rock (U)
OAP clay (U)
Air-dried
Wet Chiba gravel (D)
Metramo silty sand (U)
10
2
10
3
10
4
Vallericcaclay (U)
.
E
v

(
M
N
/
m
2
)
Axial strain rate, dc
v
/dt (%/min)
N.C. Kaolin (CU TC)
10
5
Saturated Toyoura
Cement-mixed gravel (D)
Omae et al. (2003)
25/08/2011
55
Resonant-column
Hard rock core
Ultrasonic wave
Concrete
Mortar
Sagamihara soft rock (U)
10
5
10
6

(
k
g
f
/
c
m
2
)
10
-5
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
10
1
10
2
10
3
10
4
.
Axial strain rate, dc
v
/dt (%/min)
10
E
v

(
k
g
f
/
c
m
2
)
Hard rock core & mortar:
1. A very low dependency on the strain rate
2. With homogeneous* materials, nearly the same statically
and dynamically evaluated E
v
values
(* compared with the wave length)
E
v
= E
0
in the
vertical direction
(Tatsuoka et al., 1999a&b)
25/08/2011
56
Resonant-column
Hard rock core
Ultrasonic wave
Concrete
Mortar
Sagamihara soft rock (U)
10
5
10
6

(
k
g
f
/
c
m
2
)
10
-5
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
10
1
10
2
10
3
10
4
.
Axial strain rate, dc
v
/dt (%/min)
10
E
v

(
k
g
f
/
c
m
2
)
Concrete
E
v
frombody wave velocities (P waves): higher than those
evaluated statically, due likely to a high heterogeneity* of
the specimens (* compared with the wave length)
25/08/2011
57
Sandy gravel (D)
Resonant-column
Hard rock core
Ultrasonic wave
Concrete
Mortar
Sagamihara soft rock (U)
OAP clay (U)
Wet Chiba gravel (D)
Metramo silty sand (U)
10
4
10
5
10
6
E
v

(
k
g
f
/
c
m
2
)
Saturated Toyoura
Effects of heterogeneity;
Body waves that
propagate faster through
relatively stiffer parts are
first detected.
The resonant-frequency of
a system consisting of the
whole specimen represents
the average stiffness of the
whole specimen.
25/08/2011
58
Sandy gravel (D)
sand (U)
Hostun sand (D)
OAP clay (U)
Air-dried
Wet Chiba gravel (D)
Metramo silty sand (U)
10
-5
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
10
1
10
2
10
3
10
4
10
3
10
4
Vallericca clay
.
E
v

(
k
g
f
/
c
m
Axial strain rate, dc
v
/dt (%/min)
N.C. Kaolin (CU TC)
Saturated Toyoura
A very low
dependency on the
strain rate
25/08/2011
59
Sandy gravel (D)
sand (U)
Hostun sand (D)
OAP clay (U)
Air-dried
Wet Chiba gravel (D)
Metramo silty sand (U)
10
-5
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
10
1
10
2
10
3
10
4
10
3
10
4
Vallericca clay
.
E
v

(
k
g
f
/
c
m
Axial strain rate, dc
v
/dt (%/min)
N.C. Kaolin (CU TC)
Saturated Toyoura
10
E
v

(
k
g
f
/
c
m
2
)
A noticeable
dependency on
the strain rate
25/08/2011
60
E
v
(=E
0
at strains less than 0.001 %) from cyclic undrained
triaxial tests on isotropically consolidated Metramo silty sand
0.00001 0.00010 0.00100 0.01000 0.10000
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
o'
c
=98.1 kPa
o'
c
=196.2 kPa
o'
c
=392.4 kPa
.
(a)
I
n
i
t
i
a
l

Y
o
u
n
g
'
s

m
o
d
u
l
u
s
,

E
0

(
M
P
a
)
Axial strain rate,
v
(%/min)
v
c

Higher dependency on the strain

rate at lower strain rates
E
v
Lower dependency on the
strain rate at higher strain rates
(Santucci de Magistris et al., 1999)
25/08/2011
61
E
v
and h
0
at strains less than 0.001 %, respectively,
decreases and increases noticeably with a decrease in the
loading rate; showing that
1) the stress-strain behaviour at strains less than 0.001 % is not
perfectly elastic; and
2) the viscous property is important even at strains less than
0.001 %.
0.00001 0.00010 0.00100 0.01000 0.10000
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
o'
c
=98.1 kPa
o'
c
=196.2 kPa
o'
c
=392.4 kPa
.
(a)
I
n
i
t
i
a
l

Y
o
u
n
g
'
s

m
o
d
u
l
u
s
,

E
0

(
M
P
a
)
Axial strain rate,
v
(%/min)
0.00001 0.00010 0.00100 0.01000 0.10000
0
2
4
6
8
10
.
Metramo silty sand
test MO03
undrained
c
a,SA
=0.00075 %
e
0
=0.307
o'
c
=98.1 kPa
o'
c
=196.2 kPa
o'
c
=392.4 kPa
(b)
I
n
i
t
i
a
l

d
a
m
p
i
n
g

r
a
t
i
o
,

h
0

(
%
)
Axial strain rate,
v
(%/min)
v
c
v
c
(Santucci de Magistris et al., 1999)