Example 1:

A car A is travelling on a straight level road with a uniform speed of 60 km h

-1
. It is
followed by another car B which is moving with a speed of 0 km h
-1
. !hen the distance
between them is ".# km$ the car b is given a deceleration of "0 km h
-"
. After what distance
and time will B catch up with A%
Solution:
&uppose the car B catches up with the car A in t hours. 'he distance travelled by the car A
moving with a velocity of 60 km h
-1
in time hours is given by s
1
( 60 t km.
'he distance traveled by the car B moving with an initial velocity
u ( 0 km h
-1
and decelerated at the rate of "0 km h
-"
in time t hours is given by
s
"
( ut ) * at
"
( 0t ) * +-"0,t
"
( 0t - 10t
"
But +s
"
-s
1
, ( ".# km
.-. 0 t -10 t
"
- 60 t ( ".# (. 10t
"
- 10t ) ".# ( 0
.-. t
"
- t ) 0."# ( 0 (. +t - 0.#,
"
( 0
(. t ( * h
&ubstituting t ( * h$ we get s
"
( /".# km. Ans.

Example 2:
A train moves from one station to another in two hours time. Its speed during the motion is
shown in the graph +0igure, 1alculate2
+i, ma3imum acceleration during the 4ourney.
+ii, distance covered during the time interval from 0.# hour to 1 hour.

Solution:
+i, &ince acceleration is the rate of change of velocity$ it is given by the slope of the
velocity time curve. 5ere the slope is greatest between 6 and 1 hour.
1hange in the velocity in this interval ( +60-"0, km h
-1
.-. Acceleration in this interval
( +60-"0,7+1-+/78,, km h
-"
( 160 km h
-"
Ans.
+ii, 9istance travelled during this interval is given by
s ( ut ) 17" at
"
( "0 +178, ) 17"+160,+178,
"
( 10 km
Note: !e can find distance covered during the time interval from 0.# hour to one hour
by assuming the concept of2
"Area enclosed between the velocity time graph represents the distance travelled
covered".

Example :
'he speed of a train increases at a constant rate : from ;ero to v and then remains constant
for an interval and finallydecreases to ;ero at a constant rate <. If l is the total distance
covered$ prove that total time taken is l7v ) v7" =17:)17<>.
Solution:

As shown in figure$ we can divide the distance covered into three stages2
I
st
stage - ?A2 v ( :t
1
$ s
1
( v
"
7":
II
nd
stage - AB s
"
( l - +s
1
)s
/
, ( vt
"
III
rd
stage - B1 s
/
( v
"
7"<
5ence$ total time t ( t
1
) t
"
) t
/
( v7: ) l+-s
1
)s
/
,7v ) v7<
( v7: ) l7v - v7": - v7"< ) v7<
( v7": ) v7"< ) l7v
( l7v ) v7" =17:)17<> 5ence @roved.

Example !:
A car accelerates from rest at a constant rate : for some time$ after which it decelerates at a
constant rate < to come to rest. If the total time elapsed is t seconds 1alculate +i, the
ma3imum velocity reached +ii, the total distance traveled.
Solution:
'he velocity time graph for the motion in Auestion is as shown in figure. Bet the car
acceleration is : for time interval t
1
. Bet v be the ma3imum velocity reached.

'hen acceleration
: ( v7t
1
.-. t
1
( v7: ............ +1,
Cetardation < ( v7+t-t
1,
.-. t - t1 ( v7< ............ +",
Adding +1, and +", we get$
or t ( v ( +17: ) 17<,
5ence v ( t+:<,7+:)<, Ans.
'o determine the total distance we can use eAuations of motion or area under the triangle
?AB. 5ere it is easier to find area under the triangle ?AB. 5ence
'otal distance traveled ( area of the triangle ?AB
( +17", D base D height ( +17", D t D v
( 17" t D ++:<,7+:)<,, t ( 17" ++:<,7+:)<,, t
"
Ans.
Example ":
A body falling freely from a given height E5E hits an inclined plane in its path at a height
FhF. As result of this impact the direction of the velocity of the body becomes hori;ontal. 0or
what value of +h75, the body will take ma3imum time to reach the ground.
Solution:
In this e3ample we use the eAuation of motion of the following form.
h ( ut ) 17" gt
"
'otal time to reach the ground$ t ( t
1
) t
"
where t
1
( time taken from ? to A and
t
"
( time taken from A to B

5ence
t
1
( G"+5-h,7g $ t" ( G"h7g
.-. t ( G"+5-h,7g ) G"h7g
0or ma3imum value of t$ the value of HG+5-h, ) GhH is ma3imum. 'o find the ma3imum
value$ we have to use the concept of differential calculus. 5ence$
d7dh=G+5-h, ) Gh> ( 0
or +5 - h,
*
+-1, ) h
-*
( 0
or 5 - h ( h
or h ( 57" h75 ( 17" Ans.

Example #:
A man wishes to cross a river to an e3actly opposite point on the other bank. If he can pull
his boat with twice the velocity of the current$ find$ at what inclination to the current he
must keep the boat pointed.
Solution:
'he man starts from A and wishes to reach the point B on the opposite bank. 5e has to
direct his boat towards the point 1$ to reach the point B. If A9 ( "v represents the and 9I
( v$ the velocity of the river.

5ence$
sin : ( v7"v ( 17"
.-. : ( /0
o
5ence the inclination with the current ( /0
o
) J0
o
( 1"0
o
Ans.

Example $:
'wo ships are 10 km apart on a line running south to north. 'he one farther north is
streaming west at "0 kmh
-1
. 'he other is streaming north at "0 kmh
-1
. !hat is the distance
of closest approach.
Solution:
&uppose the two ships K$ L moving with velocities u$ v respectively each "0 km h
-1
. 'he
velocity of L relative to K ( v - u ( v ) +-u,

!e therefore draw ?A to represent v and add to it AB which represents -u. 'he relative
velocity is then represented by ?B.
?B ( G+?A
"
) AB
"
, ( G+"0
"
) "0
"
,( "M."M km h
-1
.
Also tanN ( AB7?A ( "07"0 ( 1 (. N ( 8#
o
'hus the ship L will be move along a direction OC relative to the ship K where OC is at
8#
o
to @O$ the north south direction. !hen the relative velocity is considered$ the ship K is
at rest.

If @O ( 10 km the distance of closest approach is @P where @P is the perpendicular from @
to OC.
@P ( @O sin 8#
o
( 10 sin 8#
o
( .1 km
'he distance OP ( 10 cos 8#
o
( M.01 km
'ime to reach P ( .017"M."M ( 0."#h
Example %:
'he speed of a motor boat with respect to still water is v ( m7s and the speed of current in
a stream is u ( / m7sQ when the boat began travelling upstream a float was dropped from it.
'he boat traveled 8." km upstream and turned about and caught up with float. 5ow long is
it before boat reaches the float%
Solution:
Relocity of the boat while travelling upstream
( boat velocity - stream velocity ( v - u
'ime taken by the boat for travelling the distance l ( 8." km$
t
1
( l7+v-u,
Bet FtF be the time taken by the launch after dropping the float and meeting it again.
9istance traveled by the float during time t ( ut
9own-stream velocity of the boat ( v ) u
9istance traveled down the stream by the boat ( l ) ut
'ime taken t
"
( +l)ut,7+v)u,Q
'otal time taken by the boat t ( t
1
) t
"
t ( l7+v-u, ) +l)ut,7+v)u, ( l7+v-u, ) l7+v)u, ) ut7+v)u,
t+1-u7+v)u,, ( =+v)u,)+v-u, >l7+v-u,+v)u,
5ence$ t +1-u7+v)u,, ( "vl7+v-u,+v)u,
t ( "l7+v-u, ( +"D8."D10
/
,7++-/,, h ( +"D8."D10
/
,7+8D60, min ( /# min

Example &:
A particle is pro4ected vertically upwards$ and FtF seconds afterwards particle is pro4ected
upwards with same initial velocity. @rove that the particles will meet after a lapse of
=t7")u7g> seconds from the instant of pro4ection of the first particle. !hat are the velocities
of the particles when they meet%
Solution:
Bet the particles meet at a height h from the ground t
0
seconds after the pro4ection of the
first particle.
0or the first particle$
& ( h$ initial velocity is u m7s and time is t
0
.
Ssing the formula$ & ( ut ) +17", at
"
h ( ut
0
- +17", gt
0
"
...... +i,
0or the second particle$
& ( h$ initial velocity is u m7s and time is t0.
Ssing the same formula$ we get
h ( u +t
0
- t, - +17",g+t
0
-t,
"
...... +ii,
IAuation +i, and +ii,
ut
0
- 17"gt
0
"
( u+t
0
- t, - 17" g+t
0
- t,
"
( ut
0
- 17" gp=t
0
"
- "t
0
t ) t
"
>
(. -17" gt
"
) gt
0
t - ut ( 0
(. -17" gt ) gt
0
- u ( 0 (. t
0
( +t7")u7g, seconds 'ence proved
Relocity of the first particle ( u - gt
0
( u - g +t7")u7g, ( -17" gt Ans.

Example 1( :
A cricket ball is thrown with a speed of 8J m7sec. 0ind the greatest range on the hori;ontal
plane and the two directions in which the ball may be thrown so as to give a range 1"".# m.
Solution :
5ere initial speed u ( 8J m7sec
5ori;ontal range ( u
"
sin"N7g
'he range will be greatest when
sin "N ( 1 (. N ( T78

.-. Ureatest hori;ontal range ( +8J V 8J,7J.M ( "8# m Ans.
Pow it is given that range ( 1"".# m
.-. u
"
sin"N7g ( 1"".#
(. +8JV8J,sin"N7J.M ( 1"".#
(. sin"N ( * (. "N ( /0
o
or 1#0
o
(. N ( 1#
o
or #
o
.-. 'he reAuired two directions which will give the range of 1"".# are 1#
o
and #
o

Ans.
)hin* : 'he range remains the same when the particle is pro4ected at an angle of N or
+T7" - N, with the hori;ontal.
Example 11:
A particle is pro4ected form ? at an elevation : and after t seconds to have an elevation < as
seen from the point of pro4ection. @rove that the initial velocity was gt cos <7="sin+:-<,7>.

Solution:
Bet the velocity of pro4ection of the particle be u. Bet the particle be at @ after time t such
that ?@ ( l then in time t the particle moves
5ori;ontal distance ?P ( l cos <
Rertical distance @P ( l sin <
5ence considering motion of the particle in hori;ontal and vertical direction.
!e have
l cos < ( u cos :t ...... +i,
l sin <( u sin : t - * gt
"
...... +ii,
9ividing +1, by +ii,$ we get
cos<7sin< ( "u cos:7+"u sin:-gt,
After solving this eAuation$
(. u ( gt cos<7"sin+:-<, 5ence proved.

Example 12:
A pro4ectile aimed at a target$ which is in a hori;ontal plane through the point of pro4ection$
falls a meter short of it when the angle of pro4ection is :. It goes b meter too far when the
angle of pro4ection is <. 0ind the angle of pro4ection$ in terms of :$ <$ b and a to hit the
target if the velocity of pro4ection be the same in all cases.

Solution:
Bet ? be the point of pro4ection of the pro4ectile and the target is '. 5ere
A' ( a
'B ( b
?' ( c
Bet N be the proper angle of pro4ection and u the velocity of pro4ection which is the same in
all cases.
!hen angle of pro4ection is :$ the range is
?A ( c - a ( u
"
sin":7g ....... +i,
!hen angle of pro4ection is <$ the range is
?B ( c ) b ( u
"
sin"<7g ....... +ii,
!hen angle of pro4ection is N$ the range is
?' ( c ( u
"
sin"N7g ....... +iii,
Wultiplying +i, by b and +ii, by a$ and adding$ we have
c+b)a, ( u
"
+b sin ": ) a sin "<,7g ...... +iv,
&ubstitute value of c from +iii, in +iv,$
!e get FNF after solving
(. N ( 17"sin
-1
=+b sin ": ) a sin "< ,7+b)a,> Ans.

Example 1:
A shell bursts on contact with the ground and pieces from it fly in all directions with
velocities up to 8J metres per second. &how that a man 1"".# metres away is in danger for
#G" second.
Solution:
Uiven that C ( 1"".# metres and u - 8J.# m7sec.
But C ( +u
"
sin ":,7g
.-. 1"".# ( =+8J,
"
sin ":>7J.M or sin ": ( *
As there are always two directions of pro4ections : and +*T-:, for a given range$ hence for
the range of 1"".# metres there will be two directions of pro4ection i.e. 1#
o
and J0
o
- 1#
o

and #
o
.
Bet t
1
and t
"
be the times of flight in the two cases$ then
t
1
( "u sin1#X7g and t
"
( "u sin#X7g
'he man is in danger for a time ( t
"
- t
1
( "u7g +sin #
o
- sin 1#
o
, ( "u7g +" cos 8#
o
sin /0
o
,.
( "V"J7J.MV"V17G"V17" ( #G" seconds. 'ence proved

Example 1!:
A body is pro4ected at an angle : to the hori;ontal$ so that it is 4ust able to clear two walls
of eAual height FaF at a distance F"aF from each other. &how that the range is eAual to ": cot
:7".
Solution:
Bet us be the velocity of pro4ection and C the reAuired range of the particles
'hen C ( +"u
"
sin : cos :,7g ...... +i,
Also referred to hori;ontal and upward drawn vertical lines through the point of pro4ection
+and lying in the plane of flight, as coordinate a3es$ the eAuation of the path is
y ( 3 tan : - g3
"
7"u
"
cos
"
:
As the top of the walls of height a lie on it.
.-. 'he distance of the walls from the point of pro4ection of the particle be a ( 3 tan : -
g3
"
7"u
"
cos
"
:
or g3
"
- "u
"
3 sin : cos : ) "au
"
cos
"
: ( 0 ...... +ii,
Bet the distances of the walls from the point of pro4ection of the particle be 3
1
and 3
"
. 'hen
3
1
and 3
"
are the roots of the eAuation +ii,.
.-. 3
1
) 3
"
( +"u
"
sin : cos :,7g ( C$ ...... +iii,
and 3
1
3
"
( +"au
"
cos
"
:,7g
Pow distance between the walls ( "a ( 3
"
- 3
1
&Auiring 8a
"
( +3
"
- 3
1
,
"
( +3
"
) 3
1
,
"
- 83
1
3
"
or 8a
"
( C
"
- M:u
"
cos
"
:7g $ from +iii, and +iv,
or 8a
"
( C
"
- 8a cos
"
: = C7sin : cos :>$ from +i,
(. C
"
- 8aC cot : - 8a
"
( 0
(. C ( * =8a cot : ) GY16a
"
cot"a ) 16a
"
Z
+negative sign is inadmissible as C is positive,
or ' ( "a cot : "a cosec : ( "a =+cos : ) 1,7sin :>
.-. C ( "a cot :7". 'ence proved

Example 1":
&hots are fired simultaneously from the top and bottom of a vertical cliff with elevation :
and < respectively strike on ob4ect simultaneously. &how that if a be the hori;ontal distance
of the ob4ect from the cliff$ the height of the cliff is a +tan < - tan :,.

Solution:
Bet ??F is the cliff of height h. @ is the ob4ect. Bet u
1
and u
"
be the velocities of the shots
fired from the top and bottom of the cliff respectively.
.-. 'ime taken by each shot in reaching @ is the same.
Bet this time be t$ then as the hori;ontal component of velocity remains constant throughout
the motion and the hori;ontal distance traveled si due to this component of velocity$ so we
have
a ( u
1
cos :.t ( u
"
cos < t ...... +i,
Also referred to hori;ontal and vertical lines through the points of pro4ection as coordinate
a3es$ the eAuations of the paths traced out by the shots pro4ected form ? and ?F are
y ( 3 tan : - g3
"
7"u
1
"
cos
"
: ...... +ii,
and y ( 3 tan < - g3
"
7"u
1
"
cos
"
< ...... +iii,
Bet the height of @ above ? be y
1
$ then as shown in the diagram the depth of @ below ?F is
+h - y
1
,$
.-. 'he coordinates of @ referred to a3es through ? are +a$ y
1
, and through ?F are +a$ - h )
y
1
,.
5ence from +ii, and +iii, we have
-+h - y
1
, ( a tan : - g3
"
7"u
1
"
cos
"
: and y
1
( a tan < - g3
"
7"u
1
"
cos
"
<
&ubtracting$
h ( a+tan < - tan :, - ga
"
7"+17"u
1
"
cos
"
< - 17"u
1
"
cos
"
:,
( a +tan < - tan :,$ from +i,$ 'ence proved.

Example 1#:
If at any instant the velocity of a particle be u$ and its direction of motion N to the
hori;ontal$ then show that it will be moving at right angles to the direction after time +u7g,
cosec N.

Solution:
Bet at @ the velocity of the particle be u$ making an angle A with the hori;ontal. Bet N be the
velocity of the particle at O$ when it is moving at right angles to its direction at @.
.-. At O its direction of motion is inclined to the hori;ontal at an angle +J0
o
- N, as shown in
the diagram.
.-. 5ori;ontal component of velocity remains constant throughout the motion.
.-. u cos N ( v cos +J0
o
- N, or u cos N ( v sin N ...... +i,
Also for the vertical component of velocity from Ev ( u ) atE$

!e have v sin +J0
o
- N, ( u sin N - gt$
!here t is the time taken in moving from @ to O.
?r gt ( u sin N ) v cos N ( u sin N ) =u cos N7sin N> cos N$ from +i,
( +u7sin N, =sin
"
N ) cos
"
N>
?r t ( +u7g, cosec N. 'ence proved.

Example 1$:
A stone is thrown at an angle a with the hori;ontal from a point in a plane whose
inclination to the hori;ontal is <$ the tra4ectory lying in the vertical plane containing the line
of greatest slope. &how that if [ be the elevation of that point of the path that is farthest
from inclined plane$ then " tan [ ( tan : ) tan <.

Solution:
Bet B be that point of the path which is most distant from the inclined plane$ then the
tangent at B to the tra4ectory must be parallel to the inclined plane.
Bet the coordinates of B be +h$ k, referred to the hori;ontal and vertical lines through the
point of pro4ection ? and lying in the plane of flight as coordinate a3es.
'ra4ectory is y ( 3 tan : g3
"
7"u
"
cos
"
: ....... +i,
-.- B +h$ k, lies in it$ so k ( h tan : gh
"
7"u
"
cos
"
: ....... +ii,
Also from +i, we get dy7d3 ( tan : - g3
"
7u
"
cos
"
: ...... +iii,
!hich gives the inclination of the tangent to hori;ontal a any point of +i,. At B$ tangent to
+i, is inclined at an angle b to the hori;ontal.
.-. from +iii, at B$
tan < ( tan : - -gh7"u
"
cos
"
: or - gh7"u
"
cos
"
: ( tan : - tan <
Also [ is the elevation of B +h$ k,$ so tan [ ( k7h
or k ( h tan [
.-. 0rom +ii,$ h tan [ ( h tan : - =gh
"
7"u
"
cos
"
:,>
or tan [ ( tan : - =tan : - tan <>$ from +iv,
" tan [ ( tan : ) tan <. 'ence +roved

Example 1%:
'wo guns$ situated on the top of a hill of height 10 m one shot each with the same speed
#G/ ms
-1
at some interval of time. ?ne gun fires hori;ontally and other fires upwards at an
angle of 60
o
with the hori;ontal. 'he shots collide in air at a point @. 0ind +i, the time-
interval between the firings$ and +ii, the coordinates of the point @. 'ake origin of the
coordinate system at the foot of the hill right below the mu;;le and tra4ectories in 3-y
plane.
Solution:
Bet the 0
1
be fired upward at an angle 60
o
with the hori;ontal and the gun U
"
be fired
hori;ontally at the time interval of \. If t
1
and t
"
are the respective times taken by the shots
1 and " to reach the common point @$ we will have
t
1
( t
"
) \ ...... +i,
'he coordinates +3$ y, of a pro4ectile as a function of time are
3 - 3
0
( +v
0
cos N, t
y - y
0
( +v
0
sin N,t - 17" gt
"

0or the gun U
1
$ N ( 60
o
. 'he coordinates of the point @ at which shot 1 reaches in time t
1
are
3 - 3
0
( +v
0
cos 60
o
, t
1
(. 3 - 3
0
( 17" v
0
t
1
y - y
0
( +v
0
sin 60
o
, t
1
- 17" gt
1
"
(. y ( y
0
) G/7" v
0
t
1
- 17" gt
1
"
0or the gun U
"
$ N ( 0
o
. 'he coordinates of the point @ at which shot " reaches in time t
"
are
3 - 3
0
( +v
0
cos 0
o
, t
"
(. 3 ( 3
0
) v
0
t
"
y - y
0
( +v
0
sin 0
o
, t
"
- 17" gt
"
"
(. y ( y
0
- 17" gt
"
"
IAuating 3-coordinates$ we get
17" v
0
t
1
( v
0
t
"
(. 17" t
1
( t
"
or t
1
( "t
"
...... +ii,
IAuating y-coordinates$ we get
G/7" v
0
t
1
- 17" gt
"
"
( - 17" gt
"
"
or$ G/7" v
0
t
1
) 17" g+t
"
"
- t
1
"
, ( 0
Waking use of eAuation +ii,$ we get
G/7" v
0
+"t
0
, ) 17" g +t
"
"
- 8t
"
"
, ( 0
or$ t
"
+G/v
0
- /7"gt
"
, ( 0
'his gives t
"
( 0 and t
"
( +"7G/,+v
0
7g,
&ubstituting the values of v
0
and g in the e3pression of t
"
$ we get
t
"
( "7G/ +#G/ms
-1
,7+10ms
-"
, ( 1s
'hus$ t
1
( "t
"
( " +1 s, ( "s +IAuation ii,
\ ( t
1
- t
"
( "s - 1 ( 1 s +IAuation i, Ans.
'he coordinates of @ at which the two shots collides are
3 ( 3
0
) v
0
t
"
( 0 ) +#G/ms
-1
, +1s, ( #G/ m Ans.
y ( y
0
- 17" gt
"
"
( 10 m - 17" +10 ms
-"
,+1s,
"
( # m Ans.
!e can do the above problem using another2
'aking the point of firing as the origin$ the motion of pro4ectile at an angle N with the
hori;ontal 3-a3is is
y ( 3 tan N "+g3
"
7"

cos
"
:,
0or the gun U
"
$
N ( 0
o
$ tan N ( 0 and cos N ( 1
'hus$ y ( -g3
"
7" ...... +i,

0or the gun U
1
$
N ( 60
o
$ tan 60
o
( G/ $ and cos 60
o
( 17"
y ( 3G/ - g3
"
7" +178, ( 3G/ - "g3
"
7 ...... +ii,
&ince the two shots meet at @ +3$ y,$ we eAuate the y-coordinates as given eAuations +i, and
+ii,.
-g3
"
7" ( 3G/ - "g3
"
7
?r$ 3G/ - "g3
"
7 - g3
"
7"

(

/g3
"
7"
'his gives 3 ( 0 and 3 ( " 7G/g
&ubstituting the values of v
0
and g$ we get
3 ( +"+#G/ ms
-1
,
"
,7+G/ +10ms
-1
,, ( #G/ m Ans.
y(g3
"
7+ , ( -+10ms
-"
,+#G/ m,
"
7"+#G/ ms
-1
,
"
( -#m Ans.
'he coordinates of point @ with respect to the bottom of the hill are +#G/ m$ # m,.
'ime taken for the shot from U
"
to travel a distance #G/ m with velocity v
0
t
1
( 37v
0
( +#G/ m,7+#G/ ms
-1
, ( 1s
'ime taken for the shot from U
1
to travel a distance #G/ m with velocity v
0
cos 60
o
is t
"
( 37
+v
0
cos 60
o
, ( +#G/ m,7++#G/ ms
-1
,+17",, ( "s
'ime interval between the two shots is
\ ( t
"
- t
1
( " s - 1 s ( 1 s Ans.

Example 1&:
A large$ heavy bo3 is sliding without friction down to smooth plane of inclination N. 0rom
a point @ on the bottom of the bo3$ a particle is pro4ected inside the bo3. 'he initial speed
of the particle with respect to the bo3 is u$ and the direction of pro4ection makes an angle a
with the bottom as shown in figure.

+a, 0ind the distance along the bottom of the bo3 between the point of pro4ection @ and
the point O where the particle lands. +Assume that the particle does not hit any other
surface of the bo3. Peglect air resistance,.
+b, If the hori;ontal displacement of the particle as seen by an observer on the ground is
;ero$ find the speed of the bo3 with respect to the ground at the instant when the particle
was pro4ected.
Solution:
+a, 'o determine the distance @O$ we consider the motion of the pro4ectile with reference
to the frame of the bo3$ as shown in figure.
'he initial velocity u of the pro4ectile has two components
along 3 a3is u
3
( u cos : ... +i,
along y a3is u
y
( u sin : ... +ii,
'he accelerations e3perienced by the pro4ectile are
along 3 a3is g
3
( g sin N ... +iii,
along y a3is g
y
( g cos N ... +iv,

'he displacement of the particle along the 3 and y a3es are
3 ( u
3
t ... +v,
y ( u
y
t - 17" g
y
t
"
... +vi,
'o determine the range of the pro4ectile along the 3-a3is$ we set y ( 0 in eAuation +vi, so as
to determine the time at which the particle returns on the 3-a3is. 'his gives
t ( "uy7cosN ( "u sin:7gcosN
&ubstituting this in eAuation +v,$ we get
3 ( u
3
t ( +u cos :, +"u sin:7gcosN, +u sin:7gcosN, Ans.
+b, &ince the hori;ontal displacement of the particle as seen by an observer on the ground
is ;ero$ the bo3 covers a distance e3actly eAual to the pro4ectile range 3+( u sin":7gcosN, in
time t+( +"u sin:7gcosN,. 'he acceleration e3perienced by the bo3 along the inclined plane
is g sin N. If R is the velocity of the bo3 at the instant the pro4ectile was pro4ected$ then by
using the e3pression s ( ut ) +17", at
"
$ we get
+u sin":7gcosN, ( R +"u sin:7gcosN, ) 17"+g sinN,+"u sin:7gcosN,
"
After solving the above eAuations$ we get
u cos : ( R ) +u sinN sin:,7cosN
?r$ R ( u +cos: cosN - sinN sin:,7cosN ( u+cos+:)N,7cosN, Ans.

Example 2(:
A point moves along a circle of radius r with decelerationQ at any moment the magnitudes
of its tangential and normal accelerations are eAual. 'he point was set in motion with the
velocity v
0
. 0ind the velocity v and the magnitude of the total acceleration a of the point as
a function of the distances covered by it.
Solution:
As we know$ dv7dt ( -v
"
7r.
!e can write
dv7v ( -ds7r.
'he integration of this e3pression with regard to the initial velocity yields the following
result 2
R ( v
0
e
-s7r
.
In this case Ha
'
H ( a
P
$ and therefore the total acceleration
a ( G" a
P
( G" v
"
7r$ or
a ( G" v
0
"
7re
"s7r
.

Example 21:
A point moves along a plane path so that its tangential acceleration a
'
( a and the normal
acceleration a
P
( bt
8
$ where a and b are positive constants and t is time. 'he point started
moving at the moment t ( 0. 0ind the curvature radius r of its path and its total acceleration
a as a function of the distance s covered by the point.
Solution:
'he elementary velocity increment of the point dv ( a
'
dt. Integrating this eAuation$ we get
v ( at. 'he distance covered s ( at
"
7".
'he curvature radius for the path can be represented as r ( v
"
7a
P
( a
"
7bt
"
.
?r r ( a
/
7"bs.
'he total acceleration
a ( G+a
"
'
) a
"
P
, ( G+1)8bs
/
7a
"
,
"

Example 22:
A particle moves uniformly with the velocity v along a parabolic path y ( a3
"
$ where a is a
positive constant. 0ind the acceleration w of the particle at the point 3 ( 0.
Solution:
Bet us differentiate twice the path eAuation with respect to time2
dy7dt ( "a3+d37dt,Qd
"
y7dt
"
( "a =+d37dt,
"
) 3 d
"
37dt
"
>
&ince the particle moves uniformly$ its acceleration at all points of the path is purely
normal and at the point 3 ( 0 is coincides with the derivative d
"
y7dt
"
at the point. ]eeping
in mind that at the point 3 ( 0 Hd37dtH ( v we get
a ( "av
"
.
Pote that in this solution method we have avoided calculating the curvature radius of this
path at the point 3 ( 0$ which is usually needed to determine the normal acceleration +a
P
(
v
"
7r,.
Example 2:
A train travels due south at /0 m7s +relative to ground, in a train that is blown towards the
south by the wind. 'he path of each raindrop makes an angle of ""
o
with the vertical$ as
measured by an observer stationary on Iarth. An observer on a train$ however$ sees the
drops fall perfectly vertical. 9etermine the speed of rain drops relative to Iarth.
Solution:
5ere we notice that a change in reference frame changes the observation and mathematics
involved in it i.e. the statements made about the rain by two different observes are
different. Bet us draw vector diagram with the given information.

R
'rain
( /0 m7sec due south +see figure,
R
9rop
( R
9
at an 7""
o
with vertical +observed from the earth,
R
9rop
( RF
9
vertical as seen from train
.-. F
9
(
9
-
'
.
.-. from the ^$ R
9
( G+RF
9
"
- R
'
"
,
R
9
( M0.0M m7sec
A stationary person observes that rain is falling vertically down at /0 km7hr. A cyclist is
moving on the level road$ at 10 km7hr. In which direction should the cyclist hold his
umbrella to pro4ect himself from rain%

Solution:
Celative to stationary frame$ velocity of rain is /0 km7hr downward. 'ake hori;ontal a3is
as 3-a3is and vertical a3is as y-a3is and i$4 are the unit vectors along 3 and y a3es
respectively.

C
( 0-/04$
c
( 10i

C$c
(
C
-
c
( -/04 - 10i ( -10i - /04

If angle between hori;ontal and
C$c
is N$ then
tan N ( -/07-10 ( /
(. N ( tan
-1
/ (. N("X. .
'herefore$ to protect himself from rain the cyclist should hold the umbrella at an angle
of "X from hori;ontal.
,llustration:
A man walking eastward at # m7s observes that wind is blowing from the north. ?n
doubling his speed eastward$ he observes that wind is blowing from north-east. 0ind the
velocity of the wind.
Solution:
Bet velocity of the wind is
v
w
(+v
1
i)v
"
4,m7s
And velocity of the man is
v
m
(#i
.-. v
wm
( v
w
- v
m
(+v
1
-#,i ) v
"
4
In first case$
v
1
- # ( 0 (. v
1
( # m7s.
In the second case$ tan 8#
o
( v
"
7+v
1
- 10,
(. v
"
( v
1
- 10 ( -# m7s.
(. v
w
( +#i - #4, m7s.

,llustration:
0rom a lift moving upward with a uniform acceleration FaF$ a man throws a ball vertically
upwards with a velocity v relative to the lift. 'he ball comes back to the man after a time t.
&how that a ) g ( " v7t
Solution:
Bet us consider all the motion from lift frame. 'hen the acceleration$ displacement and
velocity everything will be considered from the lift frame itself. As the ball comes back to
the man$ therefore displacement from the lift frame is ;ero. Again$ the velocity with respect
to the lift frame is v.
g - +-a, ( a ) g +_, downwards
Pow$ s ( ut ) 17"at
"
(. 0 ( vt - 17" +a)g,t
"
or a ) g ( "+v7t, .
-elative .otion o/ a Swimmer in 0lowing 1ater
'ake
m
( velocity of man

w
( velocity of flow of river$

mw
( velocity of swimmer w.r.t. river

m
can be found by the velocity addition of
mw
and
w
.

1rossing of the Civer with Winimum 9rift
2ase 1:
mw
3
w
A man intends to reach the opposite bank at the point directly opposite to the stationary
point. 5e has to swim at angle N with a given speed
mw
w.r.t. water$ such that his actual
velocity
m
will direct along AB$ that is perpendicular to the bank +or velocity of water
w
,.


(. 0or minimum drift$
m

w

Lou can reali;e the situation by a simple e3ample. If you want to reach the directly
opposite point or cross the river perpendicularly$ a man$ that is to say$ 5ari$ must report
you that$ you are moving perpendicular to the shore. !hat does this report signify% &ince
5ari observes your actual velocity +
m
, to be perpendicular to the bank
m
is perpendicular
to
w
.
?bserving the vector-triangle v
w
( v
mw
sinN ` v
m
( v
mw
cosN
(. N ( sin
-1
+v
w
7v
mw
, ` v
m
( G++v
mw
,
"
- +v
w
,
"
,
(. 'he time of crossing$ t ( d7v
m
(. t ( d7G+v
mw
,
"
- +v
w
,
"
,
2ase 2 2 v
w
. v
mw

Bet the man swim at an angle Na with normal to the bank for minimum drift. &uppose the
drift is eAual to ;ero. 0or ;ero drift$ the velocity of the man along the bank must be ;ero.
(. v
m
( v
w
- v
mw
sin NF ( 0

'his gives$ sinNF ( v
w
7 v
mw
$ since v
w
. v
mw
$ sinNF . 1 which is impossible. 'herefore$ the
drift cannot be ;ero.
Pow$ let the man swim at an angle N with the normal to the bank to e3perience minimum
drift. &uppose that the drifting of the man during time t when the reaches the opposite bank
is
B1 ( 3
3 ( +v
m
,
3
+t, b +1,
where t ( AB7++v
m
,
y
cosN, ( d7+v
mw
cosN, b +",
and +v
m
,
3
( v
w
c v
mw
sin N b +/,
Ssing +1,$ +", ` +/,$ we obtain
3 ( +v
w
- v
mw
sinN d7+v
mw
cosN,,
( +v
w
7v
mw
sec N-tanN,d
3 ( +v
w
7v
mw
sec N-tanN,d b +8,
0or 3 to be minimum$
d37dN ( +v
w
7v
mw
secN - tanN - sec
"
N,d ( 0

v
w
7v
mw
tanN ( +sec N, (. sinN ( v
mw
7v
w

N ( sin
-1
+v
mw
7v
w
,
&ubstituting the value of N in +8,$ we obtain
3 (
A gun moving at a speed of /0m7sec fires at an angle /0
o
with a velocity 1#0m7s relative to
the gun. 0ind the distance between the gun and the pro4ectile when pro4ectile hits the
ground. +g ( 10 m7sec,
Solution:
Rertical component of velocity ( 1#0 sin /0
o
( # m7sec
5ori;ontal component of velocity relative to gun ( 1#0 cos /0
o
( #G/ m7sec
5ori;ontal component of velocity relative to ground
( #G/ ) /0 d 160m7sec
'ime of flight ( +"V#,7g ( 1# sec
Cange of pro4ectile ( 160 D 1# ( "800 m
9istance moved by the gun and pro4ectile ( "800 - 8#0 ( 1J#0 m.
,llustration:
A stone is thrown at a speed of 1J.6 m7sec at an angle /0
o
above the hori;ontal from a
tower of height 8J0 meter. 0ind the time during which the stone will be in air. Also find the
distance from the foot of the tower to the point where stone hits the ground%

Solution:
Bet us consider the motion of stone in the hori;ontal and vertical directions separately.
+i, Rertical motion +downward direction negative, 2
Initial vertical velocity y ( 1J.6 sin /0
o
Acceleration a ( g ( -J.M m7s
"
Rertical distance covered ( h ( 8J0 m
Ssing$ h ( ut ) 17"gt
"
!e have$ 8J0 ( - J.Mt ) +17", J.Mt
"
100 ( - "t ) t
"
or t
"
- "t - 100 ( 0
t (
.-. t ( 11."# sec. Ans.
+ii, 5ori;ontal motion2
Initial hori;ontal velocity y ( 1J.6 sin /0
o
( J.M m7s
5ence distance from the foot of tower to the point where stone hits the ground
( 5ori;ontal component D time of flight
( 1J.6 cos /0 D 11.0" ( 1J0 m Ans.

+ro4ectile .otion on an inclined plane
Bet the particle strike the plane at A so that ?A is the range of the pro4ectile on inclined
plane. 'his initial velocity can be resolved into two components2

+i, u cos +: - <, along the plane
+ii, u sin +: - <, perpendicular to the plane.
'he acceleration due to gravity g can be resolved into two components2
+i, g sin < parallel to the plane
+ii, g cos < perpendicular to the plane.
)ime o/ 0light
Bet t be the time taken by the particle to go from A to B. In this time the displacement of
the pro4ectile to the plane is ;ero.
5ence$ 0 ( u sin +:-<, t - *g < t
"
(. t ( "u sin+:-<,7gcos<
-ange
9uring time of flight$ the hori;ontal velocity u cos : remains constant.
5ence$
5ori;ontal distance
?B ( +ucos:, t ( "u
"
sin+:-<,cos:7gcos<
Pow$ ?A ( ?B7cos< ( "u
"
sin+:-<,cos:7gcos<
)hin* : 'he greatest distance of the pro4ectile from the inclined plane is u
"
sin
"
+:-
<,7"gcos< .

,llustration:
A @article is pro4ected with a velocity /J." m7sec at an angle of /0
o
to an inclined plane
+inclined at an angle of 8#
o
to the hori;ontal,. 0ind the range on the incline +a, when it is
pro4ected upward +b, when it is pro4ected downward$
Solution:
'ime of flight will be same in both cases because the acceleration perpendicular to the
plane is same. 'herefore
0 ( /J." sin /0
o
t - +*, g cos 8#
o
t
"
?r$ t ( +"D/J." sin /0,7+g cos 8#, ( 8G" sec
+a, Cange upward
( /J." cos /0
o
t - +*, g sin /0
o
t
"
( /J." D G/7" D 8G"- +17", D J.M D +17", D +8G",
"
( 11/.m Ans.
+b, Cange downward
( /J." cos /0 D t ) +*, g sin /0
o
t
"
( /J." D G/7" D 8G" ) +17", D J.M D +17", D +8G",
"
( "0.#m Ans.

.otion down the plane
Bet the particle be thrown at a velocity v
0
at angle e:a with the hori;ontal as shown in
figure.

v
0
sin +:)<,'- 17" gcos<'
"
(0 =for yF(0>

(. ' ( +"v
0
sin+:)<,,7gcos<
C ( v
0
cos+:) <,') 17" g sin <'
"
( + ,7g =+sin+":)<,)sin<,7+1-sin
"
<,>
&ince : is the variable and ma3imum value of sin function is 1$ therefore for C to be
ma3imum$ sin +":)<,(1
and C
ma3
+ ,7g =+1)sin<,7+1-sin
"
<,>( + ,7+g+1-sin<,, down the plane.
,llustration:
A bullet fired into a fi3ed target loses half of tis velocity after penetrating / cm. 5ow much
further it will penetrate before coming to rest assuming that it faces constant resistance to
motion.
Solution:
Bet initial velocity of the bullet ( u
After penetrating / cm its velocity becomes ( u7"
0rom v
"
( u
"
- "as
+u7",
"
( u
"
- "as
.-. a ( u
"
7M
Bet further it will penetrate through distance 3 and stops at some point
0 ( +u7",
"
- " +u
"
7M,3
.-. 3 ( 1 cm
,llustration:
An anti-aircraft shell is fired vertically upwards with a mu;;le velocity of "J8 m7s.
1alculate +a, the ma3imum height reached by it$ +b, time taken to reach this height$ +c, the
velocities at the ends of "0
th
and 80
th
second. +d, !hen will its height be "8#0 m% Uiven g
( J.M m7s
"
.
Solution:
+a, 5ere$ the initial velocity u ( "J8 m7s and g ( J.M m7s
"
.-. 'he ma3imum height reached by the shell is$
5 ( u
s
7"g ( "J8
"
7+" 3 J.M, ( 8810 m ( 8.81 km
+b, 'he time taken to reach the height is$ ' ( u7g ( "J87J.M ( /0 s
+c, 'he velocity at the end of "0
th
second is given by
v ( u - gt ( "J8 - J.M 3 "0 ( JM m7s upward$
and the velocity at the end of 80
th
second is given by$
v ( "J8 - J.M 3 80 ( -JM m7s
'he negative sign implies that the shell is falling downward.
+d, 0rom the eAuation
5 ( ut ) +17",gt
"
or "8#0 ( "J81 t - 17" 3 J.M t
"
or t
"
- 60 t ) #00 ( 0
.-. t ( 10 s and #0 s.
At t ( 10 s$ the shell is at a height of "8#0 m and is ascending$ and at the end of #0 s it is at
the same height$ but is falling.

Analysis o/ 5ni/ormly Accelerated .otion
2ase6,:
0or uniformly accelerated motion with initial velocity u and initial position 3
0
.

7elocity time graph

In every case tanN ( a
0
@osition time graph

Initial position 3 of the body in every case is 3
0
+. 0,
2ase ,,:
0or uniformly retarded motion with initial velocity u and initial position 3
0
.

7elocity time graph

In every case tanN ( -a
0
+osition time graph

Initial position 3 of the body in every case is 3
0
+. 0,

,llustration:
A particle is moving rectilinearly with a time varying acceleration a ( 8 - "t$ where a is in
m7s
"
and t is in sec. If the particle is starting its motion with a velocity of -/ m7s from 3 ( 0.
9raw a-t$ v-t and 3-t curve for the particle.
Solution:


,llustration:
A particle is rotating in a circular path having initial angular velocity # rad7sec and the
angular acceleration : ( 0.# f$ where f is angular velocity at that instant. 0ind the angular
velocity$ after it moved an angle g%
Solution:
5ere angular acceleration is
: ( 0.# f
(. df7dt ( 0.#f
(. +df7dN, +dN7dt, ( 0.#f
(. f df7dN ( 0.#f
(.
(. f - # ( 0.# D g
(. f ( # ) 0.# D g ( 6.# rad7sec. Ans.
5ence$ when acceleration is not constant$ use the method of calculus as shown in
above illustration.
,llustration:
'he moon revolved about the earth making a complete revolution in "./6 mega second.
Assume that the orbit is circular and has a radius of /M# mega meter. !hat is the
magnitude of the acceleration of the moon towards the earth%
Solution:
5ere first of all we calculate speed v of the moon which is given by v ( "gC7'
where C ( /M# mega meter ( /M# D 10
6
m
and ' ( "./6 mega second ( "./6 D 10
6
sec.
5ence v ( 10"0 m7sec.
'he magnitude of centripetal acceleration is
a ( v
"
7C ( 0.00"/ m7sec
"
. Ans.
,llustration:
@oint A travels along an arc of a circle of radius r as shown in figure given below. Its
velocity depends on the arc coordinates l as v ( A Gl where A is a constant. Bet us calculate
the angle : between the vectors of the total acceleration and of the velocity of the point as a
function of the coordinate l.

Solution:
It is seen from figure shown above that the angle : can be found by means of the
formula tan : ( a
C
7a
'
. Bet us find a
C
and a
'
.
a
C
( v
"
7r(+A
"
l,7rQ a
'
( dv7dt ( dv7dl ( A7+"Gl,DAGl ( A
"
7"
5ence tan : ( "l7r.
Solved Problems on Elementary 1-D Kinematics
Useful Formulae :
!hile solving a problem in kinematics a student first carefully decide about the type
of motion that is taking place. 'he following diagram will help you in deciding about
the type of motion.
?nce the nature of motion is decided$ the appropriate formula7formula should be
employed to solve the problem. 0or certain cases$ a list of formulas +not e3haustive, has
been given to help you. But remember$ in case of any complication the last resort is always
the basic definitions which$ in case are 2
+i,
dt
r d
v
+ii,
t
r
v

> <
+iii,
dt
v d
a
+iv,
t
v
a

> <
and +v, Average speed ( distance traveled 7time
Wotion
Sniform
Acceleration
Rariable
Acceleration
&traight line
motion
Wotion in plane
Ig .@ro4ectile
motion
Wotion in /
dimensions
&traight line
motion
Wotion in /
dimensions
@lane motion
e.g.$ circular
motion
A
1
A
"
A
/
B
1
B
"
B
/
B
A
Solved +roblems :
8.1 A wind is blowing with a constant velocity v in the direction denoted by the arrow
in the figure. 'wo airplanes start out from a point A and fly with a constant speed
c. ?ne flies against the wind to a point B and then returns to point A$ while the
other flies in the direction perpendicular to the wind to a point 1 and then returns
to point A. 'he distances A B and A 1 are the same. !hich plane will return to
point A first and what will be the ratio of the flight times of the two planes%

Sol.1 If
, l AC AB
then the times of flight from A to B and form B to A are$
respectively$
) /( v c l
and
) /( v c l +
.
'he entire flight time is
.
2 1
2 2
1
v c
lc
c c
t
t

+
+

0or the second airplane to fly form A$ to C$ its velocity must be directed at an angle
to the direction of the wind in such a manner that the resulting velocity directed to
ward C is eAual to
2 / 1 2 2
) ( v c in magnitude. 'he entire flight time of this airplane
will be
.
2
2 2
2
v c
l
t

'he second airplane will arrive before the first$ and the flight time ratio is
. / 1 /
2 2
1 2
c v t t

A B
1
v

8.2 A boat is moving across a river whose waters flow with a velocity u. 'he velocity
of the boat with respect to the current$
0
v
$ is directed at an angle

to the line
perpendicular to the current. !hat will be the angle at which the boat moves
with respect to this line%
!hat will be the velocity v of the boat with respect to the river banks% !hat should
be the angle at which the boat moves -directly across the current with given
u and v%
Sol.2 'he figure shows that
.
cos
tan
cos
sin
tan
0 0
0

u u
+
+

Relocity v can be found form the eAuation

, cos ) sin (
2 2 2
0
2
0
+ u v
which yields
. sin 2 1
2
0 0
0

,
_

+ +
v
u
v
u
v v
'he boat will travel directly across the river if . 0 Snder this condition$
. / sin
0
u
?bviously$ the boat can travel at right angles to the current only if
0

is greater then u.
0
v

8. 0rom a point A on a bank of a channel with still waters a person must get to a
point B on the opposite bank. All the distances are shown in the figure. 'he
person uses a boat to travel across the channel and then walks along the bank to
point B. 'he velocity of the boat is
1
v
and the velocity of the walking person is

.
2
v
@rove that the fastest way for the person to get from A to B is to select the
angles
1

and
2

in such a manner that +sin

1

7+sin
2

, (
2 1
/ v v
.
Sol. 'he time of travel by boat form A to C is
. /
1
2 2
1
a x t +
'he total time of travel is
. / ) (
2
2 2
2
b x d t +
'he total time of travel is
.
) (
2
2 2
1
2 2
2 1

b x d
a x
t t t
+
+
+
+
'he e3tremum condition is
, 0 / dx dt
or
. 0
) (
2 2
2
2 2
1

b x d
z d
a x
x
dx
dt

&ince
1
2 2
sin
+ a x
x
and
, sin
) (
2
2 2

+

b x d
x d
we can write
, sin / sin
2 2 1 1

whence
2
1
2
1
sin
sin
v
v

.
!e can easily see that the e3tremum corresponds to the minimum of time of travel.
1

A
3
a
d
b
B
2

c
8.! An ob4ect slides without friction down an inclined plane from a point B to a point
1 that is distant a from a point A.
At what height h +or at what angle

, is the sliding time minimal%

Sol.! 'he time of travel along straight line BC is determined by the length S of segment
BC and the acceleration w. 'he figure shows that
. ,
2 2
2 2
g
h a
h
w h a S
+
+
&ince , 2 /
2
wt S we can write
,
2
2
2 2
2 2
t
h a
h g
h a
+
+
whence
.
) ( 2
2 2
h
h a
e
t
+

Pullifying the derivative +the e3tremum condition,$

, 0
) ( 2
2 2 3
2 2

h a gh
a h
dh
dt
yields h ( 0.
'he same result is obtained if we e3press S and w in terms of
:
, cos / a S , sin g w
.
cos . sin
2

a
g
t
Pullifying the derivative
, / d dt
we find that . 45
B
h
a
1
A

8." 'he time dependence of the lengths. of the paths of two bodies moving in a
straight line is given by curves a and b$ respectively.
!hat curve corresponds to accelerated motion and what curve to decelerated
motion%
Sol." 'he acceleration in rectilinear motion is the second derivative of the distance
traveled with respect to time. 0or a concave cure the second derivative is
positive$ while for a conve3 curve the second derivative is negative$ whereby
curve +a, corresponds to decelerated motion and curve +b, to accelerated motion.
8.# A material particle is moving along a straight line in such a manner that its
velocity varies as shown in the figure.
At which moment in time numbered successively on the time a3is will the
acceleration of the particle be ma3imal% 5ow should one use the graph to
determine the average velocity of motion over the time interval from
1
t
to
2
t
%
Sol.# By definition$ acceleration is the time derivative of velocity$
. / dt dv w
0or
rectilinear motion the vector eAuation can be written in scalar form. 'he
acceleration is the highest when the derivative is the greatest$ that is$ when the
curvature of the curve is ma3imal. 'he curvature is determined by the slope of
the tangent line to the particular point on the curve. 'his corresponds to moment
" on the time a3is.
t
s
a
b
v
1 " /
t
1
t
"
8
t
Pote that for curvilinear motion the Auestion contains an ambiguity$ since to
determine the acceleration we must known the radius of the tra4ectory at every
moment in the course of the motion in addition to the magnitude of the velocity. 'o
find the average velocity$ we must known the distance traveled by the particle in the
course of a definite time interval. In terms of the velocity vs. time graph$ the
distance traveled is the area of the figure bounded by the curve$ the time a3is$ and
the vertical straight lines passing through the initial and final moments of time on
the time a3is. Analytically the distance is calculated via the integral 2

0
1
,
t
t
dt v S

when the average velocity is
.
1 2
2
1
t t
dt
t
t

8.$ 'he velocity of a particle moving in a straight line varies with time in such a
manner that the v vs. t curve is represented by one half of an ellipse.
'he ma3imal velocity is
m
v
and the total
time of motion is t. !hat is the path traversed by the
particle and the average velocity over t%
1an such motion
actually occur%
Sol.$ In terms of the velocity vs. time graph$ the distance traveled is determined by the
area bounded by the curve and the curve and the time a3is. 'his area is
.
4
t S
m

'he average velocity is

.
4
m
t
S

&uch motion cannot be reali;ed in practical terms since at the initial and final
moments of the motion the acceleration$ which is
, / dt d
is inifinitely large in
absolute value.
v
t 0
v
m
8.% 'he velocity of a particle decreases in relation to the path traversed according to
the linear law
ax v v
0
.
After what time will the particle get to a point B that lies on the a3is of abscissas
distant
m
x
from the origin of coordinates%
Sol.% 'he particle will never get to point B will approach it without bound. Indeed$ form
the eAuation
ax
0

we get
.
0
dt
ax
dx

Integration of this e3pression yields
In
,
/
/
0
0
at
a
a x

,
_

!hence
). 1 (
0 at
e
a
x



'he limit value
a x
m
/
0

can be attained only at . t 'he dependence of x on
t defined by IA. is represented by the shown in the figure.

A
B
0
3
m
3
v
8.& 'he velocity of a particle moving in a straight line increases according to the
linear law
kx v v +
0
.
5ow does the acceleration change in the course of such motion% 9oes it increase
or decrease or stay constant%
Sol.& 'he acceleration
) (
0
kx v k
dt
dx
dx
dv
dt
dw
w +
increases with x. 'he same result can be obtained form the following line of
reasoning2 at constant acceleration the relationship between the velocity and the
distance traveled is given by the formula
, 2
2
0
2
wx +
so that the velocity increases in proportion to the sAuare root of the distance. 5ence$
for the velocity to increase linearly with x$ the acceleration must increase.

8.1( 'he figure shows the EtimetableE of a train$ the dependence of the speed of the
train on the distance traveled.
5ow can this graph be used to determine the average speed over the time interval
it took the train to travel the entire distance%
Sol.1( 'he train covers the distance dx in the course of
), ( / x dx dt
where
) (x
is the
speed with which it travels over dx. 'he total time of motion is

S
x
dx
t
0
.
) (
'he average speed is determined by dividing the distance covered by the train by
the time t.
K
0
R
R
0
K
0
R
8.11 A rod of length l leans by its upper end against a smooth vertical wall$ while its
other end leans against the floor.
'he end that leans against the wall moves uniformly downward. !ill the other
end move uniformly$ too%
Sol.11 'he speed with which the lower end of the rod moves$
, / dt dx
x

can be written
in the form
.
dy
dx
dt
dy
x

&ince
,
2 2
y l x
we can write
,
2 2
y l
y
dy
dx

whence
.
| |
2 2 2 2
y l
v y
dt
dy
y l
y y
x

'hus$ the speed of the lower end gets smaller and smaller and vanishes at y ( 0.

y
0 3
l
R
3
R
y
8.12 An ob4ect is thrown upward with an initial velocity
.
0
v
'he drag on the ob4ect is
assumed to be proportional to the velocity. !hat time will it take the ob4ect to move
upward and what ma3imal altitude will it reach%
Sol.12 &ince the drag is proportional to the velocity of the ob4ect$ so is the acceleration
caused by this force +with a minus sign,. 5ence$ by Pewtonas second law$
, rv g
dt
dv

where r is the proportionality factor. !hence


+

0
0
.
/
t
dt r
r g
d
Integration yieldsV
.
0
r
g
e
r
g
rl

,
_

+


0or 0 this yields
r
t
m
1

ln
. 1
0

,
_

+
g
r
'o find the ma3imal altitude$ we rewrite in the form
.
0
r
g
e
h
g
dt
dh
rt

,
_

Integrating this eAuation up to t$ we find that

. ) 1 (
1
0
t
r
g
e
r r
g
h
rt

,
_

Bearing in mind that at the point of greatest ascent

( dh/dt = 0 and combining

this result with we get
.
0
r
g
m e
r
g
rt

,
_

1ombining with yields

.
0
r
gt
h
m

&ubstituting
m
t
form we arrive at the final result
. 1 ln
1
0
0
1
1
]
1

,
_

g
r
r
g
r
h

!hen drag is e3tremely low$ or

, 1
0
<< g r
we can employ the e3pansion
ln .
2
1
1
2
0 0 0 0

,
_

,
_

,
_

+
g
r
g
r
g
r
g
r
'his results in the well - known formula
.
2
2
0
g
h

V 'he section of the curve that lies below the curve lies below the t a3is +see the
figure, corresponds to the descent of the ob4ect after the ob4ects has reached the
ma3imal altitude. 'he rate of descent asymptotically approaches the value the
force of gravity is balanced by the drag.