Biology 310 Midterm #3 150 points

Biology 310 Animal Physiology

Name:________________________

Multiple Choice (Each correct answer will be worth 3 points) 1. Carbonic anhydrase a) Is important for catalyzing the reaction (H2CO3 HCO3- + H+) b) Is an important component of the plasma c) Is an enzyme involved in cellular respiration d) Is contained in a red blood cell and stimulates the chloride shift e) Plays an important physiological role in carbon dioxide transport 2. The I bands that are common to striated muscle are actually a. Regions of overlap between myosin and actin filaments b. Are regions of a muscle cell that are darkly stained c. Are region of a muscle cell that contain actin filaments but not myosin filaments d. Are only observed using a transmission electron microscope e. None of the above 3. Troponin is found in a. Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and skeletal muscle and is a calcium binding protein b. Skeletal and cardiac muscle cells and is a calcium binding protein c. Skeletal muscle cells only and is a calcium binding protein d. Skeletal and cardiac muscle and is an actin binding protein e. Neuromuscular junctions 4. One may calculate the partial pressure of a gas in a mixture of a gas if one knows which of the following a. Avogadros number and the gas constant b. The percentage of the gas in the mixture c. The partial pressure of the gas mixture d. The partial pressure of nitrogen in the mixture e. The partial pressure of the total mixture and the percentage composition of the gas in the mixture 5. The LAW that describes the phenomenon in question # 4 is a. Charles Law b. Henrys Law c. Daltons Law d. Tamones Law e. The Law of averages

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Biology 310 Midterm #3 150 points

6. Which entities contribute most to colloid osmotic pressure a. Proteins that may not pass through the endothelial cell membrane b. Ions c. Glucose d. All of the above e. Proteins that may pass in and out of the endothelial cell membrane 7. If a terrestrial vertebrate holds its breath a. Blood pH will decrease b. Blood PO2 decrease c. Blood PCO2 will increase d. Bicarbonate ion will increase e. All of the above 8. The chloride shift that occurs in red blood cells is most important for the following reason a. Chloride levels are important to maintain within a narrow range b. Chloride exchanges for anions that may build up in the cell c. Without this mechanism the pH of the cell would decrease d. It allows large amounts of bicarbonate to build up in the red blood cell e. CO2 is better able to be transported out of tissues 9. Arteries are vessels that leave the ventricles and carry oxygenated blood a. True b. False 10. Oxygen is the major regulator of fish ventilation rates because a. Oxygen levels in the water are typically low b. CO2 levels are very difficult to regulate c. CO2 levels to not increase in fish blood as they can in terrestrial animals d. Oxygen is the final electron acceptor e. None of the above 11. Which of the following is a homeotropic regulator of hemoglobin a. CO2 b. O2 c. Temperature d. 2,3, DPG e. H+ 12. The PCO2 within the alveoli is similar to the PCO2 in the atmosphere a. True b. False

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Biology 310 Midterm #3 150 points

13. The T-wave in an electrocardiogram represents a. atrial repolarization b. ventricular depolarization c. atrial depolarization d. ventricular repolarization e. ventricular systole 14. When you measure the characteristics of fetal hemoglobin a. You observe that the affinity of the hemoglobin for O2 is not as great as is adult hemoglobin b. The P50 value is higher c. The P50 value is lower d. None of the above e. All of the above 15. Oxidative muscle can be characterized by which of the following a. A fast myosin ATPase b. high amounts of myoglobin relative to fast twitch muscle c. higher levels of glycogen d. very fast recovery rates e. high fatigue rates

Fill in the following table. Each correct answer is worth 2 points Terrestrial Environment Milliliters of O2 in 1 liter of air or fresh water PO2 in each environment at sea level PO2 at altitude (Ptotal = 400 mm Hg) PO2 in water at 100 meters depth Milliliters of O2 in 1 liter of sea water Percentage of O2 in 1 liter of air from Mount Everest NOT APPLICABLE NOT APPLICABLE Aquatic Environment

NOT APPLICABLE

NOT APPLICABLE

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Biology 310 Midterm #3 150 points

Fill In (Each correct answer will be worth 3 points) 1) The amount of blood ejected out of each ventricle is known as the _____________ 2) The rate of atrial depolarization is established by ___________________________ 3) Activation of the contractile protein myosin occurs when ___________________________________________________________________ 4) The respiratory surface for gas exchange in a fish gill is found at the _________________________________ 5) Cardiac muscle tissue can be easily distinguished from skeletal muscle tissue by the presence of __________________________________________________ which can be observed using a compound microscope. 6) A lipoprotein that coats the surface of the alveoli and functions to reduce the surface tension is _________________________________________ 7) The functional unit of skeletal muscle is the _______________________________ 8) A motor neuron and all of the myofibers that it innervates is called a __________________________________________ 9) Rigor mortis can occur in all animals and is a result of __________________________________________________________________ 10) The major difference between multiunit smooth muscle and single unit smooth muscle is _________________________________________________________

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Biology 310 Midterm #3 150 points

1. (10 points) Draw an action potential as you should observe in ventricular cardiac muscle cells. Label the graph completely. Explain why this action potential differs from the type that you studied in a neuron. Explain why this type of action potential is important for heart function.

________________________________________________

2. (5 points) How does the Vagus (not Vegas) nerve specifically regulate atrial cells of the heart?

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Biology 310 Midterm #3 150 points

3. (5 points) The latent period occurs during excitation of skeletal muscle cells. What specific cellular processes are responsible for the latent period?

4. (10 points) Draw an oxygen dissociation curve that would be typical for mammalian hemoglobin and label this curve completely. Superimpose on this graph an oxygen dissociation curve for myoglobin. Circle the region of the curve that best represents blood removed from the pulmonary artery.

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Biology 310 Midterm #3 150 points

5. (6 points)Albumin is a protein produced in abundance by the liver that serves to maintain the colloid osmotic pressure at approximately 25 mm Hg. In liver disease, this protein is not produced at the normal level and folks that suffer from liver disease usually appear swollen with edema. Explain why this would occur.

6. (5 points) Frank Starling performed important research experiments on heart physiology. His findings came to be known as Starlings Law of the Heart. Explain his findings and their significance.

7. (6 points) A giraffe is capable of eating leaves out of tall branches of high trees which requires the head to be elevated a couple of meters above the heart. (This would be impossible for us) What are at least two physiological adaptations that allow this animal to continually supply blood to the brain

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Biology 310 Midterm #3 150 points

8. (6 points) What are 3 important sources of ATP in vertebrate muscle tissue?

1. ____________________________________________________________

2. ____________________________________________________________

3. ____________________________________________________________

9. (6 points) What are the three major ways in which carbon dioxide is transported in vertebrate blood? Circle the dominant method

1. ____________________________________________________________

2. ____________________________________________________________

3. ____________________________________________________________

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