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Link Budget
- accurate model of coverage

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Link Budget Intro
Connection between o Received power PRx Transmitter power Path loss Transmitter losses (Cable, connector, etc) Antenna gains Receiver losses (Cable, connector, etc) o Receiver sensitivity S Rx Thermal noise Added noise in receiver o Margins M for fading, interference a.s.o: FFM, SFM, IM

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Received power
Received power at receiver base-band input

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PRx PTxGTxGRx / Lpath LRx LTx

o Trasmitted/receiver power: PRx /Tx o Path loss: Lpath Frequency dependence will be returned to o Transmit/receive antenna gains: G Rx /Tx Wavelength: Effective antenna aperture (size): A

4 ARx /Tx
2

Rx /Tx

Antenna directivity proportional to aperture size/ 2 Measured over an isotropic antenna radiating to 4 solid angle Isotropic radiator has G=1 (0 dBi) Typical value for omni antenna BS: G=13 dBi, for MS: G=2dBi BS gain from concentrating radiation in horizontal plane o Receiver/Transmitter losses (cable /connector losses etc), : LRx /Tx

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Noise power
Thermal noise level

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NT kBT0

W / Hz

o Bolzman s constant: kB o Noise temperature: T0 o At 20 C, T0 293K and

P P

1.3807 10

23 J / K

NT

4.04 10

21 W / Hz

174 dBm / Hz

Noise power spectral density N0 kBT0 N F o White noise power spectral density at base band o Receiver noise figure NF Additional signal degradation in analog parts of receiver, typically 5-9 dB Received noise power: N N0 B0 o noise floor o Noise bandwidth: B0

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Signal-to-noise Power Ratio

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Signal-to-noise power ratio o Ratio of power per modulated symbol and noise o Assume: Noise bandwidth = Modulated symbol rate: RS o Energy per symbol ES = PRx/RS

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Receiver Sensitivity
= The smaller the sensitivity, the better the receiver Noise power on modulated symbol bandwidth N0RS affects sensitivity
o E.g. if RS =12 kbps, N0RS = -131 dBm + noise figure o E.g. if RS =384 kbps, N0RS = -118 dBm + noise figure

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Required minimum SNR for reliable reception: ES / N0

min

o The connection to baseband (BB) processing o Depends on the modulation & coding scheme & BB receiver details o Note: if performance of modulation is characterized in terms of Eb / N 0 ,

energy per bit is Eb ES / log M where M is the number of constellation points and log M is the number of bits per symbol
2

Rx sensitivity is a measurable quantity

Testing & standardization

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Fading and Interference Margins

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Various statistical system impairments may be taken into account in the link budget by using margins. o Alternatively, statistical impairments can be taken into account directly in the sensitivity when defining ES / N0
min

o Or, packet radios are constructed to exploit the impairments throughput analysis instead of link budgeting Fast Fading Margin (FFM) o Increase in average received power required to guarantee service availability with given probability, taking fast fading into account o Fast fading distribution assumed known, e.g. Rayleigh distribution Shadow Fading Margin (SFM) o As above Interference Margin (IM) o Increase in the received power required to guarantee service availability taking a specified interference scenario into account

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Link Budget

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Link budget = minimum received power required allowing reliable service Linear scale: SRx PRx / FFM / SFM / IM dB-scale: SRx PRx FFM SFM IM

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Channel Model
- propagation effects created by the physical medium

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Large scale effects: 1. Average path loss as function of distance 2. Shadow fading due to large obstacles ( slow fading )

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Large and Small scale effects of Channel

Small scale effects: 3. (Fast) fading & Multipath effects

path loss (dB)

lg r

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Path loss as function of distance
The instantaneous path loss in dB-domain is

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L path

L Lsf

L ff

L is the distance-dependent average path loss in dB Lsf is the additional slow fade loss caused by large nearby obstacles, changes over distances of tens of meters

L ff is the additional loss caused by multipath propagation interference (fast fading)

changes over distances of half a wavelength

Lsf and L ff are modelled as random variables.

In link budget calculations slow & fast fading are taken into account by defining a slow fade margin (SFM), e.g. giving a certain degree of coverage at cell border or in the entire cell, and by defining a fast fade margin (FFM) or including the effects of multipath fading into the receiver sensitivity or by calculating a receiver sensitivity for a specific channel with a specific receiver (Es/N0 target)

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Free Space Average Path Loss
average path loss in free space: o distance between Tx and Rx:

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Lpath
r

4 r

o frequency (wave-length: ) the higher frequency, the larger path loss this is not a law of nature, but a consequence of the definition of antenna gains path loss with Rx antenna gain: G

Rx

/L

ARx path 4 r 2

o no dependence of frequency o fraction of the whole space solid angle seen by the antenna aperture In other propagation environments (non-free space), similar path loss models are used o Path loss exponent changed from 2 , =1, 6 o Fitting to measurement results. o if <2, attenuation smaller than in free space: wave guide

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Average path loss as function of distance between transmitter and receiver
single-slope model is often used L Lo 10 lg r ro (dB)
B B

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Lo is the average path loss at the reference distance ro, (e.g. 1 km, 1m etc.) Lo 10 lg(4 ro / ) 10 lg(4 ro fo / c ) where the speed of light is c=3*108 m/s and fo is the carrier frequency is the path loss exponent, which depends on: antenna heights frequency propagation environment
P P

Example: Free space propagation at 2 GHz: Lo 92.45 20 lg(2)

=2

98.47 if r is given in km (i.e. ro= 1 km)

B B

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Shadow Fading

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Shadow (Slow) Fading
models large scale deviations from the average path loss buildings, trees, etc modelled statistically by a log-normal random variable
( L Li ) 2

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p ( L)

1 2
L

2 2 L

o L is the attenuation in dB (this makes it log-normal) o Li is the average distance-dependent path loss o L is the standard deviation of the shadow fading, typically 6-8 dB Shadow fading correlation: o The shadow fading of paths to/from different base stations may be correlated Often shadow fading correlation 0.5 is assumed between base stations o The shadow fading at different MS locations are correlated Often a correlation distance of 50 m is assumed for MS locations

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Shadow Fading Margin
In link budget calculations, shadow fading may be taken into account through a shadow fading margin By adding a margin SFM L in the link budget, you can guarantee the availability of the link budgeted service with probability P o Outage probability due to shadow fading would be 1 P

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Probability that path loss L [dB] is larger than average path loss L1 + L is
exp P L L1 L P L L L1
L1 L

L L1
2 2 L

exp dL
L
L

x2 2 2 dx Q

L
L

90% SFM L50% L90% =150.0 dB L

= Lpath

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Fast Fading, Recapitulation
Fast fading channel channel coefficients hn ( t ) are modelled as random variables Most commonly hn ( t ) modeled by zero mean complex Gaussian distribution

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p( h )

1 e P

h2 P

o The average power channel power is P When h is complex Gaussian, amplitude is Rayleigh distributed Channel power P | h |2 a 2 has exponential distribution

p( P )

1 P e P