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s s
Transverse splitting
Ld
2 cos 1
Ld
s L 2L
2 d
L s4
2 d
Ld
s 2
Ld
Ld
2 cos 1
+ Ld
+s 2
Area = L 2 d
s L 2L
d
2 d
360 0
L s4
2 d
Circle - Sector + Triangle (b) Failure Cone Near an Edge (Note: the inverse cosine term listed in the equations is in degrees)
Figure 29 Calculation of the projected area of two intersecting failure cones or one failure cone near an edge (Ref. [30])
Simple procedures to calculate the effective tensile areas of bolt groups are provided in [30], i.e. the procedure to calculate two intersecting cones is shown in Fig. 29. [30] Depending upon the bolt group layout other possible failure modes could take place such as the one shown in Fig. 30 where an entire part of the concrete foundation would pull-out. In such cases the effective tensile area should be calculated selecting the smallest projected area due to the possible concrete failure surfaces as shown in Fig. 30. A similar average tensile strength as in the case of the pull-out cones can be adopted. [2][17] Tension Force
3d f but 75mm df
Ld
Figure 32 Suggested layout for Cored Holes to Permit Minor Adjustments in Position on Site (Ref. [26])
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