ACI MATERIALS JOURNAL

Title no. 108-M37

TECHNICAL PAPER

Constitutive Relationships for Normal- and High-Strength Concrete at Elevated Temperatures

by Farhad Aslani and Morteza Bastami
In this study, constitutive relationships are developed for normal-strength concrete (NSC) and high-strength concrete (HSC) subjected to fire to provide efficient modeling and specify the fire-performance criteria for concrete structures exposed to fire. They are developed for unconfined NSC and HSC specimens that include compressive and tensile strengths, compressive elastic modulus, and compressive and tensile stress-strain relationships at elevated temperatures. The proposed relationships at elevated temperatures are compared with the experimental results and previous existing relationships revealing several advantages and disadvantages of present stress-strain relationships. These results are used to establish more accurate and general compressive and tensile stress-strain relationships. Further experimental results for tension and the other main parameters at elevated temperatures are needed to establish well-founded models and improve the proposed constitutive relationships, which are general and rational and fit well with the experimental results.
Keywords: constitutive relationships; elastic modulus; fire; high-strength concrete; normal-strength concrete; strain; strength; temperature.

of limited experimental tests of material properties. There are only limited test data for some high-temperature properties, and there are considerable variations and discrepancies in the hightemperature test data for other properties of concrete (Phan and Carino 1998, 2003; Naus 2006). These variations and discrepancies are mainly due to differences in test methods, the conditions of procedures, and the environmental parameters accompanying the tests (Flynn 1999). Many of the early studies showed that there are well-defined differences between the properties of NSC 55.2 MPa (8.0 ksi) and HSC > 55.2 MPa (8.0 ksi) (ACI Committee 363 1997) at elevated temperatures, with faster degradation of properties for HSC (Diederichs et al. 1988, Kodur and Harmathy 2002, Phan 1996). Therefore, the applicability to HSC of existing high-temperature relationships that were developed mostly from limited fire tests on conventional NSC needs critical examination (Phan and Carino 2003). This paper proposes reliable constitutive relationships for NSC and HSC for fire-resistance predictions of RC members. RESEARCH SIGNIFICANCE Although computational methods and techniques for evaluating the fire performance of structural members of buildings have been developed in recent years, research related to supplying input information (material properties) into these computational methods has not kept pace (Kodur et al. 2008). Much of the information in ACI 216R-89 (ACI Committee 216 1989) is based on the results of tests undertaken during the 1950s and 1960s and contains no comprehensive constitutive relationship for high-temperature properties (Kodur et al. 2008). There is an urgent need to establish constitutive relationships for modeling the fire response of concrete members. Regression analyses are conducted on existing experimental data to propose compressive strength, tensile strength, and compressive elastic modulus. First, the proposed relationships for mechanical propertiesthat is, compressive strength, tensile strength, and modulus of elasticityare compared with the test results. Second, the influence of high temperatures is discussed in light of the available models of peak strain (strain at peak stress). Third, the proposed compressive and tensile stress-strain relationships for NSC and HSC at elevated temperatures are compared with the test results. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF NSC AND HSC AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES The residual compressive behavior of NSC has been under investigation since the early 1960s (refer to Zoldners, Dougill,
ACI Materials Journal, V. 108, No. 4, July-August 2011. MS No. M-2009-037.R14 received October 19, 2010, and reviewed under Institute publication policies. Copyright 2011, American Concrete Institute. All rights reserved, including the making of copies unless permission is obtained from the copyright proprietors. Pertinent discussion including authors closure, if any, will be published in the May-June 2012 ACI Materials Journal if the discussion is received by February 1, 2012.

INTRODUCTION Structural fire safety is one of the primary considerations in the design of high-rise buildings and infrastructures, where concrete is often the material of choice for structural members. Currently, the fire resistance of reinforced concrete (RC) members is generally established using prescriptive approaches that are based on either the standard fire-resistance tests or empirical methods of calculation. Although these approaches have drawbacks, there have been no significant failures of concrete structures or members made of either normal-strength concrete (NSC) or highstrength concrete (HSC) exposed to fire when designed in accordance with current codes. There is an increased focus on the use of numerical methods for evaluating the fire performance of structural members. Because this depends on the properties of the constituent materials, knowledge of the high-temperature properties of concrete is critical for fire-resistance assessment under performance-based codes (Kodur et al. 2008). The properties that are known to control concrete behavior at elevated temperatures are compressive strength, tensile strength, peak strain (that is, strain at peak stress), modulus of elasticity, creep strain, thermal conductivity, thermal strain, and others that are nonlinear functions of temperature. Also, the aggregate types of concrete influence the behavior of the concrete when exposed to fire (Diederichs et al. 1987). The thermal expansion of aggregates is partly opposed to the drying of cement paste. This phenomenon makes it possible to conclude that a calcareous aggregate with a thermal coefficient of expansion lower than that of siliceous aggregates is more favorable to the behavior of concrete at high temperatures (Bouniol 2001). Many compressive and tensile constitutive models for concrete at normal temperatures are available. The constitutive laws of concrete materials under fire conditions are complicated and current knowledge of thermal properties is based on the outcome ACI Materials Journal/July-August 2011

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ACI member Farhad Aslani is a PhD Candidate in the School of Civil and Environmental Engineering in the Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology at the University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia. He is a member of ACI Committee 237, Self-Consolidating Concrete, and Joint ACI-ASCE Committees 447, Finite Element Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Structures, and 544, Fiber-Reinforced Concrete. His research interests include the fire resistance of reinforced concrete structures; constitutive modeling of concrete (normal-strength, high-strength, and fiber-reinforced concrete) at high temperatures; and cyclic loading. Morteza Bastami is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Civil Engineering at the University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran. His research interests include constitutive mechanics and fire performance of concrete.

is to consider the changeable experimental compressive strength of NSC and HSC behaviors at different elevated temperatures and develop the rational and simple relationships that can fit well with the experimental data. These proposed relationships are compared separately with the test results and the models in Table 1, as shown in Fig. 1 to 5. (To calculate conversions for the equations, refer to the conversion note at the bottom of Table 1.) NSC
1.012 0.0005 T 1.0 f = f c 0.985 + 0.0002 T 2.235 10 T + 8 10 cT 0.44 0.0004 T 0
6 2 10 3

Harmathy, Crook, Kasami et al., and Schneider and Diederichs [all quoted in Schneider (1985)]). Attention has been focused mostly on the compressive strength (the strength at room temperature after a specimen has been heated to a test temperature and subsequently cooled), the residual strain, and the strength recovery with time (fib 2008). The most important models of the compressive strength of concrete at high temperatures in the literature are summarized in Table 1. In this study, the relationships proposed for the compressive strength of NSC, HSC (siliceous aggregate), and calcareous and lightweight aggregate concrete at elevated temperatures are based on regression analyses on existing experimental data, with the results expressed as Eq. (1) to (5). The main aim of regression analyses

20 C T 100 C T 100 C < T 800 C (1) 900 C T 1000 C T > 1000 C

HSC (siliceous aggregate)

1.01 0.00068 T 1.0 f cT = f c 0.935 + 0.00026 T 2.13 10 T + 8 10 0.90 + 0.0002 T 2.13 10 T + 8 10 0.44 0.0004 T 0
6 2 6 2 10 3

20 C T 200 C T 200 C < T 400 C 400 C < T 800 C 900 C T 1000 C T > 1000 C
10 3

(2)

55.2 MPa f c 80 MPa

Table 1Compressive strength models of concrete at high temperatures

Reference Lie and Lin (1985) Compressive strength at elevated temperatures (unstressed tests)

Lie et al. (1986) BS EN 1992-1-2 (2004)

ASCE Manual (1992)

Lie and Irwin (1993)

Chang (advisor Jau) (2001)

Kodur et al. (2001)

Li and Purkiss (2005)

Hertz (2005)

Chang et al. (2006)

Notes: 1 MPa = 145 psi; T (F) = 1.8T (C) + 32.

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0.8 0.0005 T 1.0 f = f c 0.96 0.0008 T 5.17 10 T + 4 10 cT 0.44 0.0004 T 0 80 MPa < f c 110 MPa
7 2 10 3

20 C T 500 C T 500 C < T 800 C 800 C < T 1000 C T > 1000 C

(3)

Calcareous aggregate concrete

f cT 1.01 0.0006 T 1.0 20 C T 200 C

fc

1.0565 + 0.0017 T + 5 10 T 5 0

6 2

10

9 3

T 200 C < T 900 C 900 C < T

(4)

Lightweight aggregate concrete

f cT 1.01 0.00037 T 1.0 20 C T 300 C

fc

1.0491 0.00036 T + 10 T 2 0

6 2

10

9 3

T 300 C < T 900 C T 1000 C

(5)

Fig. 1Comparison between compressive strength of NSC at elevated temperatures with experimental data. (Note: F = [9/5]C + 32.)

Figures 1 to 3 show the variation of the compressive strength test results and the available models with temperature for NSC and HSC. Figure 1 makes a comparison between the models in Table 1 and the proposed relationship for NSC at different temperatures against published unstressed experimental test results (unstressed tests: the specimen is heated, without preload, at a constant rate to the target temperature, which is maintained until a thermal steady state is achieved) (Diederichs et al. 1988; Castillo and Durrani 1990; Furumura et al. 1995; Chang et al. 2006; Sancak et al. 2008). NSC typically loses 10 to 20% of its original compressive strength when heated to 300C (572F) and 60 to 75% at 600C (1112F). The models described by Lie and Lin (1985) and Lie et al. (1986) provide the upper and lower bounds for fcT . Figures 2 and 3 show comparisons between the models in Table 1 and the proposed relationship for high- strength siliceous aggregate concretethat is, 55.2 to 80 and 80 to 110 MPa (8.0 to 11.602 and 11.602 to 15.953 ksi), respectivelyat different temperatures against published unstressed experimental results (Diederichs et al. 1988; Castillo and Durrani 1990; Furumura et al. 1995; Sancak et al. 2008; Poon et al. 2003). It is clear that the Lie and Lin (1985) model provides an upper bound for fcT . Higher rates of original strength lossas much as 40%were observed for HSC at temperatures up to 450C (842F). Figure 4 shows a comparison between the models in Table 1 and the proposed relationship for normal-strength calcareous aggregate concrete against the unstressed experimental results reported by Abrams (1971) and Savva et al. (2005). The proposed relationship agrees with the test results fairly well. Figure 5 shows a comparison between the previous models (Table 1) and the relationship proposed herein for normal-strength lightweight aggregate concrete and the unstressed experimental results reported by Abrams (1971) and Sancak et al. (2008). The proposed relationships fit the experimental results well in comparison with others. TENSILE STRENGTH FOR NSC AND HSC AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES Very little attention has been paid to concrete behavior in tension, either direct or indirect (in bending or splitting). Before the mid-1980s (Schneider 1985), the studies in this area are limited and a few of them are still unpublished. Furthermore, another reason to investigate concrete properties in ACI Materials Journal/July-August 2011

Fig. 2Comparison between compressive strength of highstrength siliceous aggregate concrete (55.2 to 80 MPa [8.0 to 11.602 ksi]) at elevated temperatures with experimental data. (Note: F = [9/5]C + 32.)

Fig. 3Comparison between compressive strength of highstrength siliceous aggregate concrete (80 to 110 MPa [11.602 to 15.953 ksi]) at elevated temperatures with experimental data. (Note: F = [9/5]C + 32.) 357

Fig. 4Comparison between compressive strength of calcareous aggregate concrete at elevated temperatures with experimental data. (Note: F = [9/5]C + 32.)

Fig. 6Comparison between tensile strength for NSC and HSC at elevated temperatures with experimental data. (Note: F = [9/5]C + 32.) tension is spalling of the material (fib 2008). As documented in the literature, five models are available to evaluate the tensile strength of concrete at elevated temperatures, and these are summarized in Table 2. A relationship is proposed to evaluate the tensile strength of NSC and HSC at elevated temperatures using regression analyses conducted on experimental data and is expressed as Eq. (6). The main aim of regression analyses is to consider the changeable experimental tensile strength of NSC and HSC behaviors at different elevated temperatures and to develop the rational and simple relationships that can agree with the test results well.
f crT = 1.02 0.00098 T 1.0 0 20 C < T 300 C T 1000 C

(6)

fcr 0.965 0.0001 T 9 10 7 T 2 3 10 9 T 3 + 3.2 10 12 T 4 300 C < T 900 C

Fig. 5Comparison between compressive strength of lightweight aggregate concrete at elevated temperatures with experimental data. (Note: F = [9/5]C + 32.)

Figure 6 shows a comparison between the models in Table 2 and the proposed relationship for the tensile strength of NSC and

Table 2Tensile strength models of concrete at high temperatures

Reference Tensile strength at elevated temperatures (unstressed tests)

Baant and Chern (1987)

BS EN 1992-1-2 (2004)

Terro (1998) Li and Guo (reported in Xiao and Konig 2004)

Chang et al. (2006)

Notes: 1 MPa = 145 psi; T (F) = 1.8T (C) + 32.

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HSC against the unstressed experimental results reported by Lie (1992), Anderberg and Thelandersson (1976), Noumowe et al. (1996), and Xu et al. (2003), which shows that the results provide a reasonable fit to the available experimental data. ELASTIC MODULUS AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES The elastic modulus of concrete could be affected primarily by the same factors that influence its compressive strength (Malhotra 1982). The most important models available for the elastic modulus of concrete at high temperatures are summarized in Table 3. A relationship is proposed to

evaluate the elasticity modulus of concrete at elevated temperatures using regression analyses conducted on experimental data and is expressed as Eq. (7). The regression analyses consider the changeable experimental elastic modulus of NSC and HSC behaviors at different elevated temperatures and develop the rational and simple relationships that can fit well with the experimental data.
1.0 E crT = E c 1.015 0.00154 T + 2 10 T + 3 10 0
7 2 10 3

20 C T < 100 C T 100 C < T 1000 C T > 1000 C

(7)

Fig. 7Comparison between elastic modulus of NSC at elevated temperatures with experimental data. (Note: F = [9/5]C + 32.)

Fig. 8Comparison between elastic modulus of HSC at elevated temperatures with experimental data. (Note: F = [9/5]C + 32.)

Table 3Compressive elastic modulus at elevated temperatures

Reference Anderberg and Thelandersson (1976) BSI (1985) Compressive elastic modulus at elevated temperatures (unstressed tests)

Schneider (1986)

Khennane and Baker (1993)

Lu (reported in Xiao and Konig 2004) Li and Guo (reported in Xiao and Konig 2004) Li and Purkiss (2005)

Chang et al. (2006)

Notes: 1 MPa = 145 psi; T (F) = 1.8T (C) + 32.

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Figures 7 and 8 show comparisons between the models in Table 3 and the proposed relationship for the elasticity modulus of NSC and HSC against published unstressed experimental results (Diederichs et al. 1988; Castillo and Durrani 1990; Furumura et al. 1995). The proposed relationship agrees with the test results well. The reduction in the modulus of elasticity of HSC and NSC follow similar trends. STRAIN AT PEAK STRESS AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES The most important models for the peak strain of concrete at high temperatures are summarized in Table 4. As reported by Youssef and Moftah (2007), the models described by Lie (1992) and Li and Purkiss (2005) provide an upper bound for

the peak strain at high temperatures, whereas the model described by Lu and Yao (reported in Xiao and Konig [2004]) provides a lower bound. Among the models in the literature, Terros (1998) model has the advantages of accounting for different levels of compressive stress and providing good accuracy. CONCRETE STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONSHIPS AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES In the structural design of heated concrete, the entire stress-strain curveoften in idealized formmust be considered as a function of temperature (fib 2007). Compressive stress-strain relationships at elevated temperatures The most important available compressive stress-strain relationships for concrete at high temperatures are summarized in Table 5. In this study, a compressive stressstrain relationship for NSC and HSC at elevated temperatures, which is based on Carreira and Chus (1985) model with several modifications, is developed by using proposed compressive strength and elastic modulus relationships (that is, Eq. (1) to (5) and (7)), which is expressed as Eq. (8).
cT mT -------- cT max -; ------- = ------------------------------------------------mT f cT cT mT 1 + --------
max

(8)

Fig. 9Comparison between compressive stress-strain relationships for NSC at elevated temperatures with Chang et al. (2006) experimental data at 203C (397.4F). (Note: 1 MPa = 145 psi.) Table 4Peak strain at elevated temperatures
Reference Baant and Chern (1987) Lie (1992)

mT mT

= =

mT,

( fitted )

[ 1.02 1.17 ( E E ) ] p c

0.74

if cT max

mT, d ( fitted ) = mT, a ( fitted ) + ( a + 28 b ) if cT max

2 0.46

b = 0.83 exp ( 911 f cT ) a = 2.7 ( 12.4 1.66 10 f cT )

Peak strain at elevated temperatures (unstressed tests)

Khennane and Baker (1993)

Terro (1998)

Li and Purkiss (2005) Lu and Yao (reported in Terro 1998)

Kodur et al. (2004)

Chang et al. (2006)

Note: T (F) = 1.8T (C) + 32.

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Fig. 10Comparison between compressive stress-strain relationships for NSC at elevated temperatures with BS EN 1992-1-2 (2004) experimental data at 100C (212F). (Note: 1 MPa = 145 psi.)

Fig. 11Comparison between compressive stress-strain relationships for NSC at elevated temperatures with Furumura et al. (1995) experimental data at 500C (932F). (Note: 1 MPa = 145 psi.)

Table 5Compressive stress-strain relationships at elevated temperatures

Reference Peak strain at elevated temperatures (unstressed tests)

Anderberg and Thelandersson (1976)

Lie and Lin (1985)

Schneider (1986)

Terro (1998)

BS EN 1992-1-2 (2004)

Kodur et al. (2004)

Chang et al. (2006)

Youssef and Moftah (2007)

Notes: 1 MPa = 145 psi; T (F) = 1.8T (C) + 32.

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Fig. 12Comparison between compressive stress-strain relationships for NSC at elevated temperatures with Furumura et al. (1995) experimental data at 700C (1292F). (Note: 1 MPa = 145 psi.)

Figure 9 shows comparisons between the relationships in Table 5 and the proposed relationship for NSC against the unstressed experimental results at 203C (397.4F) reported by Chang et al. (2006). Figure 10 shows a comparison between the relationships in Table 5 and the proposed relationship for NSC against the experimental results of BS EN 1992-2-1 (2004) at 100C (212F). Figures 11 and 12 show comparisons between the relationships in Table 5 and the proposed compressive stress-strain relationship for NSC against unstressed experimental results at 500 and 700C (932 and 1292F) reported by Furumura et al. (1995). Figures 13 to 15 show comparisons between the relationships in Table 5 and the proposed relationship for HSC against unstressed experimental results at 250 and 850C (482 and 1562F) reported by Diederichs et al. (1988) and at 700C (1292F) reported by Khoury (2002). The proposed stress-strain relationship fits the experimental results at elevated temperatures well. Tensile stress-strain relationships at elevated temperatures Published tensile stress-strain relationships for concrete at elevated temperatures are limited. A linear relationship is widely used to represent the precracking behavior. After cracking, Terro (1998) suggested a linear degrading branch that joins the point of cracking and a point on the horizontal axis with a strain of 0.004. Also, Youssef and Moftah (2007) proposed tensile stress-strain relationships for confined concrete. In this study, a tensile stress-strain relationship for HSC at elevated temperatures is developed by using the proposed residual tension strength and elastic modulus relationships (that is, Eq. (6) and (7)), which is expressed as Eq. (9). f crT E c f crT ( ctT cT )
0.75

f ctT = Fig. 13Comparison between compressive stress-strain relationships for HSC at elevated temperatures with Diederichs et al. (1988) experimental data at 250C (482F). (Note: 1 MPa = 145 psi.)

cT ctT cT > ctT

(9)

Figures 16 to 18 show comparisons between the proposed tensile relationship and unstressed experimental results for HSC at 105 and 250C (221 and 482F), respectively, reported by Felicetti et al. (1996). The proposed relationship is in reasonable agreement with the test results.

Fig. 14Comparison between compressive stress-strain relationships for HSC at elevated temperatures with Diederichs et al. (1988) experimental data at 850C (1562F). (Note: 1 MPa = 145 psi.) 362

Fig. 15Comparison between compressive stress-strain relationships for HSC at elevated temperatures with Khoury et al. (2002) experimental data at 700C (1292F). (Note: 1 MPa = 145 psi.) ACI Materials Journal/July-August 2011

Fig. 16Comparison between developed tensile stressstrain relationship for HSC (72 MPa [10.442 ksi]) at elevated temperatures with Felicetti et al. (1996) experimental data at 105C (221F). (Note: 1 MPa = 145 psi.)

CONCLUSIONS The following major conclusions were reached in this study: 1. Most available compressive stress-strain relationships are not reliable for evaluating HSC at elevated temperatures. The proposed compressive stress-strain relationship of concrete at elevated temperatures is based on Carreira and Chus (1985) model with several modifications and is developed by using the proposed compressive strength and elastic modulus relationships that are in good agreement with the experimental test results for NSC and HSC at different temperatures. 2. To model the stress-strain relationship for concrete in tension, it is proposed to use a linear branch until reaching the cracking stress. After cracking, a tension softening model was proposed by accounting for the reduction in the tensile resistance of concrete. The proposed tensile stress-strain relationship shows that the results provide a reasonable fit to the available HSC experimental data. 3. The proposed compressive and tensile stress-strain relationships are simple and reliable for modeling the compressive and tensile behaviors of NSC and HSC at elevated temperatures. Also, using these relationships in the finite element method is more simple and suitable. 4. The proposed relationships for the compressive and tensile strengths and elasticity modulus of concrete at elevated temperatures are in good reasonable agreement with the experimental results. 5. This paper stressed the fact that additional tests at different temperatures are needed to investigate the role of the initial compressive and tensile stresses on the NSC and HSC compressive strength, concrete strain at peak stress, initial modulus of elasticity of concrete, and tensile stress-strain curves. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors wish to express their gratitude and sincere appreciation to M. Ala Saadeghvaziri in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ, for his valuable comments.

Fig. 17Comparison between developed tensile stressstrain relationship for HSC (72 MPa [10.442 ksi]) at elevated temperatures with Felicetti et al. (1996) experimental data at 250C (482F). (Note: 1 MPa = 145 psi.)

NOTATION
As c ds Ec EcrT Ep fc f ccT f cT f lT f1 fci fcr fcrT fyT g Ke KhT kt Sh z c 0 1 c cu max = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = cross-sectional area of transverse reinforcement stiffening parameter diameter of transverse reinforcing bars initial modulus of elasticity at ambient temperature initial modulus of elasticity at elevated temperature secant modulus at peak stress concrete compressive strength at ambient temperature compressive strength of confined concrete at elevated temperature concrete compressive stress at elevated temperature effective lateral confining stress at elevated temperature stress at point of intersection of two equations defining stressstrain curve of concrete (Anderberg and Thelandersson 1976) initial compressive stress before heating tensile strength of concrete tensile resistance of concrete at elevated temperature yield strength of reinforcing bars at elevated temperature function to account for increase in modulus of elasticity due to external loads confinement effectiveness coefficient confinement factor at elevated temperature initial tangent stiffness to stress-displacement curve center-to-center spacing of transverse reinforcement slope of decaying branch of concrete stress-strain curve strain at maximum stress for concrete at ambient temperature strain at elastic limit in compression strain at point of intersection of two equations defining stressstrain curve of concrete concrete strain at ambient temperature ultimate strain for concrete at ambient temperature strain at maximum stress of concrete at elevated temperature

Fig. 18Comparison between developed tensile stressstrain relationship for HSC (95 MPa [13.778 ksi]) at elevated temperatures with Felicetti et al. (1996) experimental data at 105C (221F). (Note: 1 MPa = 145 psi.) ACI Materials Journal/July-August 2011

363

oTc tu L s c cT

= = = = = =

strain at maximum stress of confined concrete at elevated temperature cracking strain factor accounting for initial compressive stress level ratio of volume of transverse reinforcement to volume of concrete core measured to outside of transverse reinforcement concrete compressive stress at ambient temperature concrete compressive stress at elevated temperature

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