Fourth International Conference on Structural Stability and Dynamics (ICSSD 2012), 46 January, 2012 Malaviya National Institute of Technology,

Jaipur & Texas A&M University, USA

OPTIMUM SIZING OF X-PLATE DAMPERS FOR SEISMIC RESPONSE CONTROL OF MULTISTORIED BUILDINGS
Nikil N. Pujari1 and S.V. Bakre2
1

Ph.D Research Scholar, Civil Engineering Department, IIT-Bombay, Mumbai400076 2 Associate Professor, Applied Mechanics Department, VNIT, Nagpur440010 e-mail: pujarinikil@gmail.com, sachinbakre@gmail,com
ABSTRACT

The supplementary energy dissipation devices are known to be effective in reducing the earthquake induced response of structural systems. An X- plate damper (XPD) is one such supplementary device that is capable of sustaining many cycles of stable yielding deformation resulting in a high level of energy dissipation or damping. The most effective mechanism to dissipate energy is the inelastic strain of X-plate elements with plastic deforming characteristics. To be able to quantify this effectiveness, optimal sizing and placement of these protective systems are of practical interest. The present paper focuses on a numerical study to investigate the seismic effectiveness of an XPD for buildings. The optimal locations of XPD have been fixed whereas the sizes of XPD are varied. The main objective is to study the effect of the geometrical properties of XPD i.e. height (a), width (b) and thickness (t) on the seismic response of building. The controlled building is analysed in practical range of its sizes for different thickness (t=2-5mm) of XPD. For each of the above combination, the controlled G+3 building system is analyzed under uni-directional (X-direction) excitation of four components of real earthquake ground motion and peak response quantities are plotted against the geometric properties of the XPD. The response quantities of interest for the building under consideration are peak relative displacement (xp), peak absolute acceleration (p) and base shear (Rx). In addition, percentage energy dissipated (Ed) by the XPD is also noted. The relative displacement and the absolute acceleration of building are crucial from a design point of view of the XPD and the building. The base shear is directly proportional to the forces exerted on the building. In contrast percentage energy dissipated reflects the effectiveness of XPD for seismic control of buildings. Keywords: X-plate damper, metallic damper, passive control

1.

INTRODUCTION

Most structures are subjected to vibrations. These vibrations may arise from wind forces, earthquake excitation, machine vibrations, or many other sources. In some cases, especially under strong earthquake excitations, these vibrations can cause structural damage or even structural collapse. The higher the inherent or natural damping in structures, lower will be the likelihood of damage. However, for structures subjected to strong vibrations, the inherent damping in the structure is not sufficient to mitigate the structural response. In many situations, supplemental damping may be used to control the response of these structures. In this regard, many researchers have studied, developed and tested different supplemental damping techniques. The use of passive energy dissipation devices in civil engineering structures isone such alternative to active control systems because of excessive costs, high maintenance requirements, and high power consumption associated with active systems. Because of the added damping forces that passive devices provide, their distribution over the height of a building is critical towards reducing vibrations and preventing large structural damages. X-plate damper (XPD) is a metallic damper that is capable of sustaining many cycles of stable yielding deformation resulting in a high level of energy dissipation. XPD is also a hysteretic device because its energy dissipation depends primarily on relative displacement within the device and not on its relative velocities. XPD facilitates a constant strain over the height of device, thus ensuring that yielding occurs simultaneously and uniformly over full height of damper. The idea behind adding this device to structure is to enhance its energy dissipation capacity against environmental loads, providing an alternative to wind and conventional earthquake resistant design and retrofit. In order to use this device economically, optimization of locations in a structure is an important issue and has been studied by several researchers. Kelly et al.,6 were the first to propose the use of XPDs for seismic energy dissipation in structures, and this work was extended by Skinner et al.,12 and Tyler,10. A sequential procedure was developed by Zhang & Soong,11 for optimally placing VE dampers to structures, based on the concept of degree of controllability. This optimal placement procedure is then experimentally verified using a five-story steel model structure. Gluck et al.,7 first made use of optimal control theory using linear quadratic regulator to design a linear passive viscous or viscoelastic device dependent on their deformation and velocity. The design is aimed at minimizing a performance cost function that produces a most suitable minimum configuration of device while maximizing their effect. In a paper by Wu et al.,4 this optimal placement problem is addressed, when applied to structures where both translational and torsional

Optimum m Sizing of X-Plate Dampers fo or Seismic Resp ponse Control of f Multistoried Bu uildings 447

responses are a of major concern. c Take ewaki,5purpos sed an efficien nt and system matic procedur re for finding the optimal damper pl lacement to minimize m the sum of amp plitudes of th he transfer functions fu eval luated at the undamped fundament tal natural freq quency of a st tructural syste em subject to a constraint on o the sum of the damping coefficients of added dampers. Optim mal locations of passive Viscoelastic dam mpers were fo ound by Shukl la & Datta,2 with w the help of a contro ollability inde ex, which is obtained o with h the help of the root-mean n-square valu ue of the inter rstory drift. 9 Lavan & Levy, L addres ssed the proble em of minimi izing the adde ed damping su ubject to a con nstraint on the e maximum interstory drift d for an en nsemble of re ealistic ground d motion reco ords while ass suming linear behavior of the t damped structure. Most M recently y, general app proach for fin nding optimal l placement of o supplement tal dampers in n structural systems wi ith arbitrary degree d of com mplexity in con nfiguration has been propos sed by Kokil & Shrikhande e, 3. To seek the optima al location of dampers, a linear combina ation of maxim mum inter-sto orey drift and maximum ba ase shear of the damped structure no ormalized by their respecti ive undamped d counterparts s was taken a as the objectiv ve function. The effect t of soil-struc cture interaction on maxim mum response e reduction an nd also on th he optimal pl lacement of dampers is s studied for various v degre ees of soil com mpliance. It is s reported tha at the supplem mental damper rs are more effective in n reducing th he seismic res sponse of a symmetric s bu uilding and its s effectivenes ss reduces as either plan irregularity y, or soil comp pliance increa ases. The pr resent prelimi inary research h focuses on a numerical study s to inves stigate the sei ismic effectiveness of an XPD as a seismic s protec ctive system for f building sy ystems. The seismic s perfor rmance of a building system m is studied under impo ortant parame etric variation of the dampe er properties under u real ear rthquake grou und motions. The T damper parameters s considered are a height, width w and thick kness. It is observed o that the optimal X XPD properti ies are very difficult to o obtain by sim mply monitori ing the buildi ing responses. . Hence, use of o hysteretic e energy dissipa ation by the XPD is pro oposed to obta ain the optima al properties of an XPD for a givenbuildin ng system and d ground moti ion.

2.

MEC CHANISM OF O XPD

XPDs are made of thin metallic plates that dissipate energy y through thei ir flexural yie elding deform mation. They can sustain n many cycles s of stable yie elding deform mation,1resultin ng in high lev vels of energy y dissipation or o damping. The X sh hape of the da amper is adopted so as to have h a constan nt strain variat tion over its h height, thus en nsuring that yielding oc ccurs simultan neously and uniformly u ove er the full heig ght of the dam mper. A typical XPD with the holding device used in the prese ent work and is shown in Fig. F 1. A series of experim mental tests we ere conducted d at Bhabha Atomic Re esearch Centre e (BARC) by y Parulekar et. . al.,14. Bakree et. al.,13 also studied s the be ehavior of the ese dampers and noted that t (i) it exhi ibits smoothly y nonlinear hy ysteretic loops under plastic deformation; ; (ii) it can sus stain a large number of f yielding rev versals, (iii) there t is no significant s stif ffness or stre ength degrada ation and (iv) it can be accurately modelled by Wens W hystere etic model or as a bilinear elasto-plasticm e material.

Fig. 1: X- pla ate Damper, (B Bakre et. al.,13)

448 Structural Stability and Dynamics

Using beam theory, the elastic properties of the XPD are expressed as:

Kd =
Fy = q=

Ebt 3 12a 3

n
n

(1.1)

y bt 2
6a
2

(1.2)

2 y a Et

(1.3) where,Kd is the initial stiffness, Fy is the yield load and q is the yield displacement of the XPD; E and y are elastic modulus and yield stress of the damper material, respectively; a, b and t are the height, width and thickness of the XPD as shown in Fig. 1. It is to be noted here that using the above equations, the properties of the XPD, i.e. Kd,Fy, q and a, could be obtained for a particular combination of a, b and t of an XPD. These properties are required in Wens hysteretic model.

3.

MODELLING OF BUILDING WITH XPD

Fig. 2: (a) Elevation (b) Plan of G+3 Square Shaped Building

The building considered for present study is a G+3 square shaped building (Fig 2) with fixed XPDs configurations based on previous study,8. The sections used in building are given in Table 1.Damper placements are in the form of diagonal braces with connecting lugs as shown in Fig1.
Table 1: Steel Sections used for Square Shaped Building
Size B1 ISMB225 B2 ISMB250 C1 ISMB400 C2 ISMB400 C3 ISMB450

In the present study, the height and base of the triangular portion in an individual X-shaped plate arevaried from 40-120mm, whereas thickness is varied from 2-5mm. Number of X-plates used is restricted to one. The properties like yield stress, elastic modulus, and hardening rate for the element material were evaluated as 235MPa, 1.94 x 105MPa and 5.00 x 103MPa, respectively. The derived quantities like effective stiffness, yield strength and yield displacement of XPD are calculated and analysed for different of dimensions of height, base and thickness.

4.

NUMERICAL STUDY

All the numerical analysis is performed in SAP2000. The seismic response of building system with an XPD is investigated under uni-directional (X-direction) excitation of four components of real earthquake ground motions. The specific components of these ground motions are indicated in Table 2.
Table 2: Peak Ground Acceleration of Various Ground Motions Earthquake Imperial Valley, 1940 Loma Prieta,1989 Kobe, 1995 Northridge, 1994 Recording Station El Centro Loas Gatos Presentation Center Takarazuka Rinaldi Receiving Station Component N00E N00E N00E N90E Peak Ground Acceleration(g) 0.313g 0.563g 0.694g 0.852g

Optimum Sizing of X-Plate Dampers for Seismic Response Control of Multistoried Buildings 449

The response quantities of interest for the building under consideration are the relative displacements (xp), absolute accelerations (p) of the building at the XPD location and the base shear(Rx). In addition percentage energy dissipated (Ed) by the XPD as in (4.1), is also noted.

Ed =

100 Eh EI

(4.1)

Where, Eh is the total hysteretic energy dissipated by XPD and EI is the input energy to the building. The relative displacements and the absolute accelerations of the building are crucial from a design point of view of the XPD.The reaction supports or base shear is directly proportional to the forces exerted on the building. In contrast, the percentage energy dissipated reflects the effectiveness of the XPD for seismic control of the building. In Table 3, the peak response quantities of the building system with and without an XPD are compared under all ground motions.
Table 3: Peak Response Quantities for Piping System without and with X-plate Damper under Various Ground Motions (for a = 60mm and b = 60 mm)

The results are tabulated for an XPD of size aandb=60mm and for four different thicknesses of the XPD (i.e. 25 mm). The percentage energy dissipated in the building system is also compared for the XPD of various thicknesses. Reduction in the peak responses of the square shaped building is noted under all ground motions for higher thicknesses of the XPD. However, only in the case of the Northridge earthquake is the response of the square shaped buildingwith a 2mm thick XPD marginally increased. This is because of the typical frequency contents of the Northridge earthquake motion. The force-deformation hysteresis and the time variation of the hysteretic energy of the XPD are shown in Figs. 3 and 4, respectively, under various earthquakes. It is noted from Figs. 3 and 4 that XPDs are very effective in responses of the uncontrolled building system. This implies that XPDs are effective in reducing the seismic response of the building. The hysteretic energy increases with increase in thickness of the XPD. Thus, the hysteretic energy increases as the building becomes rigid.

Fig. 3: Hysteresis Loops of the XPD for Square Shaped Building under Various Real-earthquake Ground Motions

To study the effect of the properties of the XPD (i.e. a, b and t) on the seismic response of square shaped building, the controlled building system is analysed by varying the properties of the XPD, in the practical range of its sizes for different thicknesses (t) of the XPD (ranging from 2 to5 mm). For each of the above combinations, the controlled building system is analysed under all ground motions and the peak response quantities are plotted against the properties of the XPD, a andb, respectively in Figs. 5 and 6. It is noted that the seismic response of the building is significantly affected by changes in the properties of the XPD.The responses of square shaped building are

450 Structural Stability and Dynamics

varying for a particular range of lower values of a and remains unaffected for further increase in the values of a. Similarly, the responses of the building are varying for a particular range of b and remain unaffected for further increase in the value of b. Moreover, the responses are increasing with increase in the thickness of the XPD. This is expected because increasing the thickness of the XPD makes the buildingmore rigid thereby increasing the response values.

Fig. 4: Time Variation of the Hysteretic Energy for Various Thicknesses of the XPDs for Square Shaped Building under Various Real-earthquake Ground Motions

Fig. 5: Effect of a, for Various Thicknesses of the XPDs, on the Seismic Responses of Square Shaped Building under Various Real-earthquake Ground Motion

Optimum Sizing of X-Plate Dampers for Seismic Response Control of Multistoried Buildings 451

Hysteretic energy dissipated by any nonlinear system canbe effectively used as a criterion to obtain the optimal properties of the nonlinear system. In the present problem, the optimality criterion can be based upon the hysteretic energy dissipated by the XPD. For each combination of the XPD properties, the input energy and the corresponding hysteretic energy is obtained and the total energy dissipated by the XPD (Ed, as expressed by(4.1))is plotted in Figs. 5 and 6 against a and b, respectively along with other responses. The dissipated energy is plotted for four thicknesses of the XPD. It is noted that the hysteretic energy is significantly affected by changes in the damper properties, aandb. Unlike the variation of the other responses of the building, the plot of energy dissipated and base shear reduces with increasing values of a and remains unaffected for further increase in values if a. Similarly, the plot of percentage energy dissipation and base shear against b (Fig. 6) shows thatresponses increases with increasing values of b and remains unaffected for lower values of b.

Fig. 6: Effect of b, for Various Thicknesses of the XPDs, on the Seismic Responses of Square Shaped Building under Various Real-Earthquake Ground Motions

Fig. 7 shows variation of the displacement response of the building against both a andb under various earthquakes. The displacement responses are more sensitive to a thanb with reduction in the responses observed at lower values of a and higher values of b. Moreover, the responses are unaffected with no further reduction in the response values for higher values of a and lower values of b.Thus, it can be predicted that furtherreduction in a leads to impractical values and increase in b is of no use as the responses are very little sensitive to b. Moreover, it can also be predicted that further variation in the XPD properties will not lead to any optimal combination of the XPD properties that will result in the minimum responses of the controlled building system implying that this criterion of the response reduction of the building is not valid to numerically obtain the optimum properties of XPDs that yield the minimum response quantities. Fig. 8shows the plot of percentage energy dissipated inthe controlled square shaped building system against the properties of theXPD. It is observed that energy dissipation in building is more sensitive to variation in a thanb. Energy dissipated by XPD is observed to be rapidly reducing with increasing values of a and whereas there is slight decrease in energy dissipated with increasing values of b. Moreover, the response remains unaffected for higher values of a and lower values of b. However, it is to be noted here that there exists a range of the optimal combination of the properties of XPD for which energy dissipated is maximum. Thus, there exist different solutions dependent on the type, layout and the earthquake excitation used for analysing the building.

452 Structural Stability and Dynamics

Fig. 7: Variation of Displacement of Building against Properties of XPD (a and b) for t=4mm for Square Shaped Building under Various Real-earthquake Ground Motions

Fig. 8: Variation of the Hysteretic Energy in the XPD Against Properties of the XPD(a and b) for t=4mm for Square Shaped Building under Various Real-earthquake Ground Motions

Thus it can be seen that, application of XPDs in a building increases the stiffness of the entire system depending on the thickness of XPDs used. Though the stiffness of an individual XPD may be small compared to the stiffness of the building, it affects the free vibration characteristics of the building. Moreover, using a large number of XPDs in a building will significantly affect the free vibration characteristics of the building.

5.

CONCLUSION

A numerical study is presented in this paper that investigates the seismic effectiveness of the X-plate damper (XPD) for square shaped building. The seismic responses of asquare shaped building are then studied under important parametric variation of the damper properties under real earthquake ground motions to obtain the optimum properties of the XPD. The damper properties considered are height, width and thickness of the XPD. The effect of damper parameters on the response quantities of the square building is studied for damper width and height in the practical range of 20120mm for four different thicknesses of the XPD in the range of 25 mm. The role of

Optimum Sizing of X-Plate Dampers for Seismic Response Control of Multistoried Buildings 453

the hysteretic energy dissipated by the XPD is also studied by using the percentage energy dissipation in the square shaped building as a criterion to decide the optimal range of combinations of the properties of the XPD. Based on the trends of the results, the following conclusions are drawn. XPDs are very effective in reducing the seismic response of square shapedbuilding. The effectiveness of the XPD increases as the percentage energy dissipated by the XPD increases, implying that the dissipated energy controls the effectiveness of the XPD in the controlled square shaped building. There exists a range of sizes for which XPD gives maximum energy dissipated by XPD in square building. The energy dissipated in the square shaped building is dependent on the thickness of the XPD and input ground motion. As thickness increases the amount of energy dissipated by XPD increases. The percentage of energy dissipated by the XPD in square shaped buildings is higher for XPDs having lower values of a (half the height of XPD) and higher value of b (width of XPD).

REFERENCES
[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] A.D. Aiken, D.K. Nims, A.S.Whittakar, and J.M. Kelly, Testing of passive energy dissipation systems, Earthquake Spectra(1993), 9(3): 33570. A.K. Shukla and T.K. Datta, Optimal use of viscoelastic dampers in building frames for seismic force. Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, 1999; 125 (4): 401409. A.S. Kokil and M. Shrikhande, Optimal placement of supplemental dampers in seismic design of structures, JSEE Fall 2007, Vol. 9, No. 3. B. Wu, J.P. Ou and T.T. Soong, Optimal placement of energy dissipation devices for three-dimensional structures. Engineering Structures (1997), 19(2): 113125. I. Takewaki, Optimal damper placement for minimum transfer function, Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics (1997), 26(11), 11131124. J.M. Kelly, R.I. Skinner, and A.J. Heine, Mechanisms of energy absorption in special devices for use in earthquake resistant structures, Bull NZ Soc. Earthquake Engineering (1972), 5(3): 6388. N. Gluck, A.M. Reinhorn, J. Gluck and R. Levy, Design of supplemental dampers for control of structures, Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, (1996)Vol. 122,. 12, pp. 13941399. N.N. Pujari and S.V. Bakre, Optimum placement of X-plate dampers for seismic response control of multistoried buildings, International Journal of Earth Sciences and Engineering, ISSN 09745904, Volume 04, No 06 SPL, October 2011, pp 481485 O. Lavan and R. Levy, Optimal design of supplemental viscous dampers for linear framed structures, 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering (2004)., Vancouver, B.C., Canada, August 16, Paper No. 42. R.G. Tyler, Tapered steel energy dissipators for earthquake resistant structures. Bull NZ Nat Soc Earthquake Engineering (1978), 11(4):28294. R.H. Zhang and T.T. Soong, Seismic design of viscoelastic dampers for structural applications. Journal of Structural Engineering (1992), ASCE, 118 (5): 13751392. R.J. Skinner, J.M. Kelly, and A.J. Heine, Hysteresis dampers for earthquake resistant structures. Earthquake Engineering and Structure Dynamics (1975), 5(3): 28796. S.V. Bakre, R.S. Jangid, and G.R. Reddy, Optimum X-plate dampers for seismic response control of piping systems, International Journal of Pressure Vessel and Piping (2006), 83 672685. Y.M. Parulekar, G.R. Reddy, K.K. Vaze, and H.S. Kushwaha, Elasto-plastic damper for passive control of seismic response of piping systems, BARC Internal Report no. BARC/2003/E/028 (2003), Reactor Safety Division, BARC, Mumbai.