DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION OF FOUNDATIONS

FOR JKR KELANTAN By Ir. Dr. Gue See Sew

G&P GEOTECHNICS SDN BHD

Scope of Presentation
Present general concepts of design & construction of foundations Focus on piled foundation Focus on basic concepts (for more in-depth treatment, refer to literatures)

Contents

Introduction Part I Pile Types Part II Design Methodology Single Pile Pile Group Good Design Practice Part III Construction Part IV Load Test Part V Case Studies

Introduction
What are Piled Foundations? Piled foundations are foundation systems that transfer building or structural loads to a deeper and competent soil layer.

Introduction

When to Use Piled Foundations Inadequate Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations To Prevent Uplift Forces To Reduce Excessive Settlement

Conventional Foundation for Low Rise Buildings

Conventional Foundation for Low Rise Buildings (Soil Settlement)

Settling Platform Detached from Building

Settlement

Exposed Pile

Low Rise Buildings on Piled Raft/Strips

Fill

Strip / Raft System 25-30m Soft Clay

Stiff Stratum Hard Layer

Comparison
Building on Piles Building on Piled Strips

Fill

25-30m Soft Clay Strip System Stiff Stratum Hard Layer

Comparison (after settlement)

Building on Piles Building on Piled Strips

Fill

25-30m Soft Clay Strip System Stiff Stratum Hard Layer

PART I - PILE TYPES

Pile Types
Pile Classification Displacement and Non-

displacement Piles Selection of Piles Types of Pile Shoe

Pile Classification
Friction

Pile Load Bearing Resistance derived mainly from skin friction End Bearing Pile Load Bearing Resistance derived mainly from base resistance

Friction Pile

Overburden Soil Layer

End Bearing Pile

Overburden Soil

Rock / Hard Layer

Types Of Piles
Driven Displacement Piles
Bakau Piles R.C. Square Piles Pre-Stressed Concrete Spun Piles Steel Piles

Non-displacement Piles (Bored Cast Insitu Piles)

Bored piles (Large Diameter) Micropiles (Small Diameter)

Bakau Piles
Size

: 75mm to 125mm diameter Lengths : 4 6m Allowable Capacity : 0.5Ton to 1Ton Material : Timber One length preferred (No joint) Installation Method :
Drop Hammer

Bakau Piles

R.C. Square Piles

Size

: 150mm to 400mm Lengths : 3m, 6m, 9m and 12m Structural Capacity : 25Ton to 185Ton Material : Grade 40MPa Concrete Joints: Welded Installation Method :
Drop Hammer, Diesel or Hydraulic Jacked-In

R.C. Square Piles

R.C. Square Piles: Jointing

Pre-stressed Concrete Spun Piles

Size

: 250mm to 1000mm : 6m, 9m and 12m (Typical) Capacity : 45Ton to 520Ton : Grade 60MPa & 80MPa Concrete Method :

Lengths

Structural Material Joints:

Welded

Installation

Diesel or Hydraulic Jacked-In

Pre-stressed Concrete Spun Piles

Spun Piles vs R.C. Square Piles

Spun Piles have Better Bending Resistance Better Manufacturing Quality Able to Sustain Higher Driving Stresses Higher Tensile Capacity Easier to Check Integrity of Pile Little cost difference compared to R.C. Square Piles

Steel H-Piles
Size

: 200mm to 400m Lengths : 6m and 12m Structural Capacity : 40Ton to 1,000Ton Material : 250N/mm2 to 410N/mm2 Steel Joints: Welded Installation Method :
Hydraulic Hammer Jacked-In

Steel H-Piles

Steel H-Piles

Steel H-Piles

Considerations:
Corrosion Rate Fatigue Over-Driving

Bored Cast-In-Situ Piles (Large Diameter)

Size

: 450mm to 2m Lengths : Varies Structural Capacity : 80Ton to 2,300Tons Concrete Grade : 20MPa to 30MPa (Typical), up to 60MPa (Maximum) Joints : None Installation Method : Drill then Cast-In-Situ

Bored Pile Construction

Drilling

Overburden Soil Layer Bedrock

Bored Pile Construction

Advance Drilling

Overburden Soil Layer Bedrock

Bored Pile Construction

Drilling & Advance Casing

Overburden Soil Layer Bedrock

Bored Pile Construction

Drill to Bedrock

Overburden Soil Layer Bedrock

Bored Pile Construction

Lower Reinforcement Cage

Overburden Soil Layer Bedrock

Bored Pile Construction

Lower Tremie Chute

Overburden Soil Layer Bedrock

Bored Pile Construction

Pour Tremie Concrete

Overburden Soil Layer Bedrock

Bored Pile Construction

Pour Tremie Concrete

Overburden Soil Layer Bedrock

Bored Pile Construction

Completed Borepile

Overburden Soil Layer Bedrock

Bored Pile Construction: Drilling

Bored Pile Construction: Lower Reinforcement

Bored Pile Construction: Place Tremie Concrete

Completed Bored Pile

Bored Cast-In-Situ Piles

Considerations: Bored Pile Base Difficult to Clean Bulging / Necking Collapse of Sidewall Dispute on Level of Weathered Rock

Micropiles (Small Diameter)

Size

: 100mm to 350mm Diameter : Varies Capacity : 20Ton to 250Ton N80 API Pipe as Reinforcement : Grade 25MPa to 35MPa Grout

Lengths

Structural Material

Joints:

None Method :

Installation

Drill and Cast-In-Situ Percussion and Cast-In-Situ

Micropiles

Selection Of Piles
Factors Influencing Pile Selection
Types of Piles Available in Market Installation Method and its influence on adjacent properties Contractual Requirements Ground Conditions (eg Limestone, etc) Site Conditions & Constraints (eg Accessibility) Type and Magnitude of Loading Development Programme & Cost, etc.

Pile Selection Based on Cost

Details: Total Points Average Length Average Rock Socket Length Indicative Rates : Supply Drive Jacked In Cut Excess, Dispose + Starter Bars Joint Drilling in Soil Drilling in Rock Concrete Steel Reinforcement Pile Head Est. Ave. Cost Per Point Est. Foundation Cost RM1,844 / Nos RM1,300,020 RM 2,228 / Nos RM1,570,740 RM 55.00 / Nos RM45.00 / Nos RM 88.00 / m RM 21.00 / m RM 45.00 / m RM 55.00 / Nos RM45.00 / Nos RM 130.00 / m RM 850.00 / m RM200 / m3 RM2.20 / kg RM 200.00 / Nos RM 4,733 / Nos RM1,320,399 RM 88.00 / m 500mm Spun Piles (Driven) 705 16 500mm Spun Piles (Jacked In) 705 16 600mm Bored Pile 279 16 1.2m

Types of Pile Shoes

Flat-Ended Shoe Oslo Point Cast-Iron Pointed Tip Cross Fin Shoe H-Section

Pile Shoes: Cross Fin Shoe

Pile Shoes: Oslo Point Shoe

Pile Shoes: Cast Iron Tip Shoe

Pile Shoes: H-Section Shoe

PART II