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Aunque los filtros activos son vitales para la electrnica moderna, el diseo y la verificacin
puede ser tedioso y consume mucho tiempo. El programa FilterPro est diseado para
ayudar en el diseo de filtros activos implementados con la retroalimentacin mltiple (MFB)
y la topologa Sallen-Key. Esta gua del usuario describe la informacin que el diseador
tiene que entrar en el programa y lo que el programa ofrece.
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Contents
Filter Type Definitions ...................................................................................................... 3
Filter Responses ............................................................................................................ 7
Circuit Implementation ...................................................................................................... 8
Using FilterPro Desktop v3.1 ............................................................................................ 11
Changing Components in FilterPro Desktop ........................................................................... 22
Capacitor Selection ........................................................................................................ 23
Op Amp Selection ......................................................................................................... 23
The UAF42 Universal Active Filter ...................................................................................... 25
Design Tools ............................................................................................................... 25
Migrating Designs from FilterPro v2.0 .................................................................................. 31
Important Notes ............................................................................................................ 32
Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 37
List of Figures
...........................................................................................
Response vs Frequency of Even-Order (Four-Pole), 3dB Ripple Chebyshev Filter Showing Cutoff at
0dB ............................................................................................................................
Response vs Frequency of Odd-Order (Five-Pole), 3dB Ripple Chebyshev Filter Showing Cutoff at
3dB ..........................................................................................................................
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Comments Tab
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49
Gain vs Frequency for Fifth-Order 20kHz Butterworth, Chebyshev, and Bessel Unity-Gain MFB
Low-Pass Filters, Showing Overall Filter Response .................................................................. 36
50
Gain vs Frequency for Fifth-Order 20kHz Butterworth, Chebyshev, and Bessel Unity-Gain MFB
Low-Pass Filters, Showing Transition-Band Detail ...................................................................
52
36
Step Response of Fifth-Order, 20kHz Butterworth Low-Pass MFB Filter .......................................... 37
Step Response of Fifth-Order, 20kHz Chebyshev Low-Pass MFB Filter .......................................... 37
53
...............................................
37
54
Measured Distortion for the Three 20kHz MFB Low-Pass Filters ...................................................
37
51
............................................................................................................
Design Report Tab ........................................................................................................
File Menu ...................................................................................................................
File Save Directory Dialog ................................................................................................
Design List..................................................................................................................
Design List: My Designs ..................................................................................................
Changing Component Values ............................................................................................
Component Tolerance Selection ........................................................................................
Example Fully-Differential MFB Filter Designed by FilterPro 3.1 ...................................................
Export to Excel Button ....................................................................................................
Print a Design Report Through the Printer Icon in the Upper Left Toolbar Area..................................
Save a Design from the File Menu ......................................................................................
Save As... Dialog ..........................................................................................................
Selecting a Design from the Design Manager .........................................................................
Opening a Design from the File Menu ..................................................................................
Opening a Design from the Toolbar Icon ...............................................................................
Design Manager Contextual Menu ......................................................................................
Rename Dialog ............................................................................................................
Open Design from File Menu ............................................................................................
Specifying and Opening FilterPro v2.0 Format Files .................................................................
Windows 7 Desktop Properties Selection ..............................................................................
Setting Privilege Level in Desktop Properties .........................................................................
Correct Look of Filter Design Wizard ...................................................................................
Incorrect Look of Filter Design Wizard..................................................................................
Selecting Properties from Desktop Contextual Menu.................................................................
Settings Button in System Properties ...................................................................................
Selecting Performance Options..........................................................................................
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1.1
Low-Pass Filters
Low-pass filters are the most widely applied filter type. They are designed to readily pass all frequencies
extending from dc to a set cutoff frequency, fc; refer to Figure 1. This region where the frequencies readily
pass through the filter is called the passband, and fc is defined as the filter bandwidth.
Passband
fc defines
Stop band
LP bandwidth
1.2
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High-Pass Filters
The high-pass filter, as shown in Figure 2, has a passband where all frequencies above the cutoff
frequency (fc) pass with little to no attenuation. Below fc, within the filter's stop-band, the signals are
attenuated at ever greater levels as the frequency moves lower.
fc cutoff
frequency
Stop band
Passband
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1.3
Bandpass Filters
The bandpass filter has a passband that allows a select band of frequencies that fall within the passband
to pass with little, or no, attenuation; refer to Figure 3. An upper (fH) and lower (fL) cutoff frequency define
the bandwidth of the filter (fH to fL). Frequencies beyond the passband lie in the two stopbands and receive
greater attenuation as the frequency moves further away from the passband in either direction.
fL cutoff
frequency
fH cutoff
frequency
Passband
Stop band
Stop band
Bandwidth
1.4
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Passband
fL cutoff
frequency
Passband
fH cutoff
frequency
Stop band
1.5
All-Pass Filters
The all-pass filter function passes all frequencies equally well (or at least within the intended passband)
with a specific phase shift or time behavior being of primary concern. For example, an all-pass filter can
be designed with a specified 45 input-to-output phase shift at 1kHz. Note that the amplitude vs.
frequency plot would be flat throughout its entire range. Often, a simple first-order, all-pass filter is
sufficient to achieve the required phase-shift. Keep in mind that the phase shift will be different from 45
at other input frequencies.
All-pass filters can be optimized for a particular time delay; for example, 159s at a 1kHz input frequency.
The phase shift for this filter is found by:
= tD/tP (360) = (159s/1ms)(360) = 57.2
Where: tD = delay time and tP = period time.
Filter Responses
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Filter Responses
An ideal low-pass filter would completely eliminate signals above the cutoff frequency, and perfectly pass
signals below the cutoff (in the passband). This ideal, brick-wall response is shown in Figure 1 through
Figure 4. In real filters, various tradeoffs are made attempting to approximate the ideal. Some filter
responses are optimized for gain flatness in the passband; some trade off gain variation (ripple) in the
passband for steeper roll-off; still others trade off both flatness and rate of roll-off in favor of
pulse-response fidelity. FilterPro supports several commonly-used filter responses: Butterworth,
Chebyshev, Bessel, Gaussian, and Linear-Phase.
2.1
2.2
+10
+10
0
Ripple
0
-10
-20
4-Pole Chebyshev
3dB Ripple
-30
-40
-50
fc/100
-10
-20
Ripple
5-Pole Chebyshev
3dB Ripple
-30
-40
fc/10
fc
10fc
Normalized Frequency
-50
fc/100
fc/10
fc
10fc
Normalized Frequency
Circuit Implementation
2.3
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2.4
2.5
Circuit Implementation
Even-order filters designed with this program consist of cascaded sections of complex pole-pairs. Oddorder filters contain an additional real-pole section. Figure 7 through Figure 11 show the recommended
cascading arrangement. The figures show the additional real-pole section ahead of the other sections, but
some configurations are better with the real-pole section following (see Figure 16). The program
automatically places lower Q stages ahead of higher Q stages to prevent op amp output saturation due to
gain peaking. The program can be used to design low-pass, high-pass, and all-pass filters up to the 10th
order. Bandpass and bandstop filters up to the 20th order may also be designed with FilterPro since each
low-pass pole-zero pair can be transformed into a second-order stage.
Table 1 lists the filter order and relevant example circuit.
Table 1. Filter Circuit vs Filter Order
Filter Order
Figure
One pole
Figure 7
Two poles
Figure 8
Three poles
Figure 9
Figure 10
Figure 11
Circuit Implementation
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R1
VO
A2
Complex
Pole-Pair
Section A
A1
A1
VIN
VIN
VO
C1
Optional Buffer
Optional Buffer
R1
Complex
Pole-Pair
Section A
A2
A1
VIN
VO
C1
Optional Buffer
Complex
Pole-Pair
Section A
A1
VIN
Complex
Pole-Pair
Section N
VO
Optional Buffer
Figure 10. Even-Order Low-Pass Filter using Cascaded Complex Pole-Pair Sections
R1
A2
A1
VIN
Complex
Pole-Pair
Section A
Complex
Pole-Pair
Section N
VO
C1
Optional Buffer
Figure 11. Odd-Order Low-Pass Filter using Cascaded Complex Pole-Pair Sections Plus One Real-Pole
Section
Circuit Implementation
3.1
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R2
C1
R1
R3
R1
VIN
A2
C2
R2
A2
VO
VIN
VO
C1
R1
R2
VIN
A2
C1
R3
VO
R4
3.2
MFB Topology
The MFB topology (sometimes called Infinite Gain or Rauch) is often preferred due to assured low
sensitivity to component variations. The MFB topology creates an inverting second-order stage. In designs
where an even number of stages are required, the output polarity will be the same as the input; this may
not always be the case for filters employing the MFB because each stage brings about an output-to-input
inversion. A sixth-order filter consisting of three MFB stages would invert three times, resulting in an
inverted output after the third stage. This inversion may, or may not, be a concern in the filter application.
FilterPro also allows designing fully-differential MFB stages, where the inversion may be less of an issue
because of the fully differential nature of the circuit.
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3.3
Sallen-Key Topology
There are instances where the Sallen-Key topology is a better choice. The Sallen-Key is a noninverting
circuit, which may make it preferable over the MFB, but this is not the only potential advantage. As a rule
of thumb, the Sallen-Key topology is better if:
1. Gain accuracy is important, and
2. A unity-gain filter is used, and
3. Pole-pair Q is low (for example, Q < 3)
At unity-gain, the Sallen-Key topology inherently has excellent gain accuracy. This is because the op amp
is used as a unity-gain buffer. With the MFB topology, gain is determined by the R2/R1 resistor ratio. The
unity-gain Sallen-Key topology also requires fewer componentstwo resistors versus three for the MFB.
The Sallen-Key topology may also be preferable for high-Q, high-frequency filter sections. In these
sections, the value required for C1 in an MFB design can be quite low for reasonable resistor values. Low
capacitor values can result in significant errors due to parasitic capacitance.
The best filter design may be a combination of MFB and Sallen-Key sections. To do this, use FilterPro to
define the component values of the same design using both circuit types, and then use some of the
sections from one design with some from the other design to build your filter design.
4.1
Computer Requirements
The system requirements for FilterPro are:
1GHz processor or faster
2GB RAM or greater
At least 250MB of free hard-disk space
Minimum 1024 x 768 display
Microsoft Windows XP with SP3 and Microsoft .NET Framework 3.5 or higher
It is helpful, but not required, to have a printer available, either locally or on a network.
4.2
Installation
To install FilterPro on your computer, run the setup program which you can download from
http://www.ti.com/filterpro-pr.
4.3
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4.3.1
4.3.2
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High-pass:
Gain (A0): Enter the overall gain required for the filter in volts per volt (V/V) or decibels (dB). The
gain value is automatically converted to the other unit if you did not enter it. For example, if you
enter '1' in the V/V box, the value '0dB' is automatically entered by the application, and vice-versa.
Passband Frequency (fc): Enter the passband frequency of the filter type chosen in hertz (Hz).
Allowable Passband Ripple (RP): Enter the maximum allowable passband ripple in decibels (dB),
in the range of 0 to 3dB.
Stopband Frequency (Fs): Enter the stopband frequency of the filter type chosen in hertz (Hz).
Stopband Attenuation (ASB): Enter the stopband attenuation of the filter type chosen in decibels
(dB).
Filter Order: Check the Set Fixed button if you want to force the order (up to 10) of the filter.
Bandpass:
Gain (A0):Enter the overall gain required for the filter in volts per volt (V/V) or decibels (dB). The
gain value is automatically converted to the other unit if you did not enter it. For example, if you
enter '1' in the V/V box, the value '0dB' is automatically entered by the application, and vice-versa.
Center Frequency (fo)
Allowable Passband Ripple (RP): Enter the maximum allowable passband ripple in decibels (dB),
in the range of 0 to 3dB.
Passband Bandwidth (BWP): Enter the passband bandwidth of the filter type chosen .
Stopband Bandwidth (BWS): Enter the stopband bandwidth of the filter type chosen.
Stopband Attenuation (ASB): Enter the stopband attenuation of the filter type chosen in decibels
(dB).
Filter Order: Check the Set Fixed button if you want to force the order (up to 10) of the filter.
Bandstop/Notch:
Gain (A0): Enter the overall gain required for the filter in volts per volt (V/V) or decibels (dB). The
gain value is automatically converted to the other unit if you did not enter it. For example, if you
enter '1' in the V/V box, the value '0dB' is automatically entered by the application, and vice-versa.
Center Frequency (fo): Enter the center frequency of the filter type chosen
Allowable Passband Ripple (RP): Enter the maximum allowable passband ripple in decibels (dB),
in the range of 0 to 3dB.
Passband Bandwidth (BWP): Enter the passband bandwidth of the filter type chosen.
Stopband Bandwidth (BWS): Enter the stopband bandwidth of the filter type chosen.
Stopband Attenuation (ASB): Enter the stopband attenuation of the filter type chosen in decibels
(dB).
Filter Order: Check the Set Fixed button if you want to force the order (up to 10) of the filter.
All-pass (Time Delay):
Gain (A0): Enter the overall gain required for the filter in volts per volt (V/V) or decibels (dB). The
gain value is automatically converted to the other unit if you did not enter it. For example, if you
enter '1' in the V/V box, the value '0dB' is automatically entered by the application, and vice-versa.
Passband Frequency (fc): Enter the passband frequency of the filter type chosen in hertz (Hz).
Phase Delay at fc (To): Enter the phase delay of the filter type chosen.
Approx. Phase Shift at fc (s): Enter the approximate phase shift delay of the filter type chosen.
Filter Order: Check the Set Fixed button if you want to force the order (up to 10) of the filter.
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4.3.3
4.3.4
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4.3.5
Schematic Tab
When a design is created or opened, this is the default view in the program. This tab displays the name
and specifications used to create the design at the top. The schematic has a few features to help you
easily change information:
Schematic: The schematic is displayed, followed by the gain and phase response for the filter created.
Group Delay is plotted as well.
Above the schematic at the top right corner, you can change component tolerances. Refer to Changing
Component Values for more information.
Reset: The Reset button is located beside the component tolerances. This button allows you to reset
the design to its original form before any changes were made. It does not simply undo the last action.
This button resets your designmeaning that the design specifications are kept the same but the
component value changes, if any, are lost and the design reverts back to its original state. For
example, you may have changed the component values for the design four times. If you hit the Reset
button, the program will take you back to the original component values chosen when the design was
created the first time.
Red Label: See information about the design. These labels cannot be edited.
Blue Label: Modify information for the items in blue by mousing over the label and changing values.
Zoom: Zoom into the design by placing the mouse over the graph and using the mouse wheel to zoom
in or out of the graph
Pan: Place the mouse over the graph. Press the left mouse button and drag it around the graph to
view information as needed.
SBFA001C June 1991 Revised February 2011
17
4.3.5.2
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Restore: Restore the graph to its original form by double-clicking on the left mouse button
Fit to View: The information on the main panel will automatically be resized depending on the screen
resolution of your desktop. This makes it more convenient when working with designs since you will
not need to resize the screen to see the complete design
Data Tab
BOM Tab
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4.3.5.4
Comments Tab
4.3.6
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To see files saved in FilterPro v3.1 in the Design List window, they must be saved in the default FilterPro
directory. The default location for designs is $\My Documents\Texas Instruments\FilterPro\My Designs. If a
file is saved in another directory on your desktop, the designs will NOT appear in the Design List.
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4.3.7
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5.1
Prefix
1015
1012
109
106
103
109
10
10
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2011
Submit Documentation Feedback
Capacitor Selection
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5.2
5.3
Capacitor Selection
Capacitor selection is very important for a high-performance filter. Capacitor behavior can vary
significantly from ideal, introducing series resistance and inductance, which limit Q. Also, nonlinearity of
capacitance versus voltage causes distortion.
Common ceramic capacitors with high dielectric constants, such as high-K types, can cause errors in filter
circuits. Recommended capacitor types are: NPO ceramic, silver mica, or metallized polycarbonate; and,
for temperatures up to +85C, polypropylene or polystyrene.
Op Amp Selection
It is important to choose an op amp that can provide the necessary dc precision, noise, distortion, and
speed. While FilterPro assumes the use of ideal op amps, Texas Instruments offers an excellent selection
of op amps that can be used for high-performance active filters. To aid in selection of the op amp, a
feature in FilterPro allows you to view pole-pair section fn and Q below each stage in the Schematic tab.
The fN and Q information is also useful when troubleshooting filters by comparing the expected to the
actual response of individual filter sections.
The following sections define parameters that should be evaluated when selecting op amps for filter
circuits.
Op Amp Selection
7.1
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7.2
The FilterPro display of required op amp GBP in the schematic tab is always calculated
using (100 GAIN fn), regardless of filter topology.
7.3
7.4
Current-Feedback Amplifiers
Although it is possible to configure current-feedback amplifiers as filters, neither the MFB nor the
Sallen-Key topologies should be used for a low-pass filter using values defined by FilterPro.
7.5
Fully-Differential Amplifiers
FilterPro 3.1 can design fully-balanced filters using a fully-differential amplifier in the MFB topology.
Figure 30 shows a filter using a fully-differential amplifier in this topology.
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Design Tools
9.1
Design Tools
9.2
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9.2.1
Exporting a Design
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9.3
Design Tools
Figure 32. Print a Design Report Through the Printer Icon in the Upper Left Toolbar Area
In order to print a design, there must be an active design displayed on the screen. To print, click on the
Print icon to initiate the print option. The current design will be sent to print.
The secondary toolbar includes the following options:
Print: Prints the design report. Select a printer and print options for the design needed
Copy: Activates when you select text from the design report. Highlighted text can be copied into
another application (such as Word, etc.)
Zoom In: Increases the size of the content
Zoom Out: Decreases the size of the content
100%: Displays the information on the page at 100%
Page Width: Displays the content in page width format
Whole Page: Displays the whole page on the screen
Two Pages: Displays two pages on the screen
Design Tools
9.4
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9.4.1
Saving Designs
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Design Tools
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9.4.2
Design Tools
9.4.3
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Editing Designs
To rename, copy or delete any item in the tree, the folder must first be expanded to display the file that
requires an action. Once this is done, you are able to make any changes needed.
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Click on the Rename option to rename the design. A text box will appear on the screen. Change the
name as preferred for the design. In addition, the schematic will appear in the center pane. To lock in
the new design name, click on OK.
Make a Copy: Click on the Make a Copy option to make a copy of the design clicked. The copy will be
named the same as the current design with Copy of . . . in the design name. Change the name of the
copy or leave as is to identify the copy from the original.
Delete: Click on the Delete option to delete any design that is no longer needed. No confirmation
message will appear so be sure the design is no longer needed when deleting files.
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10
Important Notes
11
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Important Notes
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Important Notes
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11.1.2
Important Notes
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If your wizard does not look like Figure 44, does it look like the screen in Figure 45 instead?
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Important Notes
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Step 2.
In the Visual Effects tab of the Performance Options pop-up window, select the option, Let
Windows choose what's best for my computer.
Important Notes
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Bessel
-10
-20
-30
Butterworth
-40
-50
3dB Chebyshev
-60
-70
-80
-90
200
1k
10k
Frequency (Hz)
200k
Figure 49. Gain vs Frequency for Fifth-Order 20kHz Butterworth, Chebyshev, and Bessel Unity-Gain MFB
Low-Pass Filters, Showing Overall Filter Response
+3
0
Filter Response (dB)
-3
-6
Bessel
-9
-12
Butterworth
-15
-18
3dB Chebyshev
-21
-24
-27
400
1k
10k
20k
40k
Frequency (Hz)
Figure 50. Gain vs Frequency for Fifth-Order 20kHz Butterworth, Chebyshev, and Bessel Unity-Gain MFB
Low-Pass Filters, Showing Transition-Band Detail
36
Conclusion
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The oscilloscope photographs (Figure 51 through Figure 53) show the step response for each filter. As
expected, the Chebyshev filter has the most ringing, while the Bessel has the least. Figure 54 shows
distortion plots vs frequency for the three filters.
100
10
1
Chebyshev
Butterworth
B essel
0.1
0.01
0.001
10
100
1k
10k
100k
Frequency (Hz)
12
Conclusion
Using FilterPro, the designer can develop active filters for many different applications without the need for
complex calculations.
This user guide can be used as a supplement to the built-in help available in FilterPro, which is accessible
from the Help menu or toolbar button.
For further support, go to http://www.ti.com/e2e-filterpro to access our online support forum.
Revision History
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Revision History
Changes from B Revision (October, 2010) to C Revision
Page
Corrected Q condition for GBP recommendation; changed " 1" to " 1"
.......................................................
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NOTE: Page numbers for previous revisions may differ from page numbers in the current version.
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Revision History
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