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3 Calculate the total air required for complete combustion per pound of coal. The excess air is assumed 20%. N = 1.3 S = 3.4 A = 9.1 W = 3.5
The theoretical air requirement is calculated as follows: Wta = 11.53C + 34.36 (H O/8) + 4.32S Or, Wta = 11.53*0.716 + 34.36*(0.048-0.063/8) + 4.32*0.034 Or, Wta = 9.78 lb/lb of coal. Now, calculate the total air: Excess air percentage = (Wa Wta)/ Wta *100 Or, 0.2 = (Wa 9.78)/9.78 *100 Or, Wa = 11.74 lb/lb of coal.
CONVERSION OF VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS BY MASS AND VICE-VERSA If the volumetric analysis of any fuel is given it can be reduced to mass analysis by applying Avogadros Law, thus: 1. Multiply the volume of each constituent by its own molecular mass. This will give the proportional mass of the constituents. 2. Add up these masses and then divide each mass by the total and express it as a percentage. This will give the percentage analysis by mass. For converting mass analysis into volume analysis the following procedure may be adopted: a. Divide the volume of each constituent by its own molecular mass. This will give the proportional volumes of the constituents. b. Add up all these volumes and divide each by the total and express it as a percentage. This will give the analysis by volume.
EXCESS AIR
In actual practice, the amount of air supplied is always more than the theoretical min. one, so as to ensure complete and rapid combustion of the fuel. This is because of the fact that all this air does not come into intimate contact with the fuel particles, and if just a part of minimum amount of air as theoretically required were supplied, the fuel might have remained un-burnt; on the other hand, however, a large amount of excess air has cooling effect on the process of combustion and thus results in loss of heat energy. In order to overcome this effect air is preheated before supplying it to the furnace of a boiler. The amount of excess air supplied varies with the type of fuel and the firing conditions. It may approach a value of 100% but the modern practice is to use 25% to 50% excess air.
Where, m is the mass of water vapour present in the products of combustion due to combustion of kg of fuel.
ESTIMATION OF CALORIFIC VALUE FROM CHEMICAL ANALYSIS The calorific value of a solid or liquid fuel may be obtained approximately from a chemical analysis of a dried sample. The analysis usually obtained gives the masses in one kg of dry sample of carbon, hydrogen, sulphur, nitrogen, ash and oxygen. Out of these elements only the first three contribute to calorific value of the fuel. Let C, H, O and S be the percentage of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and sulphur, contents of the fuel respectively. Let us