SO CALLED ANCIENT GREEKS ARE ETHIOPIANS WHO CAME IN MACEDONIAN PENINSULA AS PIRA TES FILIP II OF MACEDON LIBERATE FROM

THEM MACEDONIAN ATHENS ATHENS WILL BE AGAIN PART OF MACEDONIAN INDEPENDENT COUNTRY ATHENS IS MACEDONIAN TERRITORY MACEDONIA IS THE OLDEST EUROPEAN COUNTRY The Nigerian/Ethiopian Roots Of the Ancient Greeks Ethiopian Greek Ethiopian Greek Genetic Evidence of the Nigerian and Ethiopian Origin of the Ancient Greek By Jide Uwechia with cited sources The Benin Haplogroup or Haplogroup 19 Common in Africans, southern Greeks, Sicil ians, and Albanians There are at least four distinct African, (known as Senegal, Congo, Benin, Bantu Hbs Haplogroups) and one Asian chromosomal backgrounds (haplotypes) on which th e sickle cell mutation has arisen. The Benin haplotype (which originates from Nigeria, West Africa) accounts for Hb S associated chromosomes in Sicily Northern Greece, Southern Turkey, and South W est Saudi Arabia, suggesting that these genes had their origin in West Africa. T he Asian haplotype is rarely encountered outside its geographic origin because t here have been few large population movements and Indian emigrants have been pre dominantly from non HbS containing populations. Per:Graham R. Serjeant, MD, FRCP , The Geography Of Sickle Cell Disease:Opportunities For Understanding Its Diver sityRSITY: http://www.kfshrc.edu.sa/annals/143/rev9239.html Ancient Greeks in multicolour[/caption ] Nigeria, west Africa appears the most logical origin of the sickle mutation in G reece evidence from beta S globin gene cluster polymorphisms (1991). It has been conclusively demonstrated that HbS in Greece is mostly haplotype #19 (the one t hat originated in Benin, Nigeria West Africa). See, Boussiou M, Loukopoulos D, C hristakis J, Fessas P.; The origin of the sickle mutation in Greece; evidence fr om beta S globin gene cluster polymorphisms. Unit for Prenatal Diagnosis, Laikon Hospital, Athens, Greece. greek-art Additionally, previous data suggest that the S/Bantu haplotype (from Southern Af rica) is heterogeneous at the molecular level. Recent studies also report a simi lar heterogenity for the Benin Haplogroup. A study demonstrated the presence of the A -499 TA variation in sickle cell anemia chromosomes of Sicilian and North African origin bearing the S/Benin haplotype (from Nigeria). Being absent from N orth American S/Benin chromosomes, which were studied previously, this variation is indicative for the molecular heterogeneity of the S/Benin haplotype. Am. J. Hematol. 80:79-80, 2005. A study was done in Albania (which borders Greece) relating to sickle cell anemi a, sickle cell beta-thalassemia, and thalassemia major in Albania. The focus of the study was the characterization of sickle cell mutations. As one would expect , it was shown that the HbS mutation in the Albanian sample is the Benin (Nigeri By Jide Uwechia

a)-originating haplotype #19. See, Boletini E, Svobodova M, Divoky V, Baysal E, Dimovski AJ, Liang R, Adekile AD, Huisman TH.; Sickle cell anemia, sickle cell b eta-thalassemia, and thalassemia major in Albania: characterization of mutations . : Hum Genet. 1994 Feb;93(2):182-7. According to a study done in 1973, before the availablity of the advanced data c ited above, the occurrence of the sickle-cell trait in southern Europe . is believ ed to reflect gene flow from the Middle East. See A. P. GELPI, M.D, Migrant Popula tions and the Diffusion of the Sickle-Cell Gene August 1, 1973 vol. 79 no. 2 258264 http://www.annals.org/content/79/2/258.abstract. The problem with this 1973 study is that it assumes that the sickle cell genes c ame with the Arabs. Alas, updated research work has proven beyond doubt that the sickle cell genes proven to exist in southern Europe are exclusively Sickle cel l gene Haplotype 19 or the Benin Sickle cell gene from Nigeria. Y Haplogroup E-M78 and YAP In Black Africans and Greeks Y Haplogroup E-M78 a derivative of E3B is a signature African gene as confirmed in research studies over the last few years. The high frequency of this haplogro up in Greece suggests the presence of a substantive African population in that r egion during prehistoric and historical time periods. A recent paper has detected clades of haplogroups J and E3b that were likely not part of pre-historic migrations into Europe, but rather spread by later histori cal movements. Greeks a .. [then there is] the marker J-M267, which may reflect mor e recent Middle Eastern admixture.a ? (Semino et al., Am J Hum Genet, 2004) E3b originates from East Africa while ther e is a high frequency of J-M267 in the East Coast of Africa as well as the Red s ea coast of Arabia. A recent sampling of the Greek population comprised 36 Peloponnesian samples, 5 of which were J-M172(xM12) and 17 of which were E-M78 (R.K., unpublished data). In spite of the small Peloponnesian sample size, the high E-M78 frequency (47%) observed here is consistent with that (44%) independently found in the same regi on (Di Giacomo et al. 2003) for the YAP chromosomes harboring microsatellite hap lotypes A. (Novelletto, personal communication) (Cruciani et al. 2004). The study by by Di Giacomo et al. found the following African haplogroups in Gre eks: Haplogroup A which is highly specific to West Africa, R1a, DE, and J2*(xDYS 413= 18)J*(xJ2). R1* which probably gave rise to R1a is found in Northern Camero on. DE is found principally among Nigerians and it is suspected that it originat ed from Nigeria. J is very prominent in East, and North Africa. High-resolution Y-chromosome haplotyping and particular microsatellite associati ons reveal an East Africa homeland for E-M78.Origin. See Ornella Semino, Chiara Magri, et al Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in the Med iterranean Area http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&p ubmedid=15069642 HLA Genetic Relationship Between Ancient Greeks and Black Africans HLA genes are reliable markers of past population movement and are still used in laboratories today to establish genetic inter-relationship amongst seemingly di verse peoples. HLA genes in Macedonians and the sub-Saharan origin of the Greeks (2001) was a s

tudy conducted by Dr. Arniaz and other scholars in a top flying Spanish Universi ty. This study uses HLA genes to establish the African dimension of the roots of ancient Greece. According to the Arniaz study, ..Greeks are found to have a substantial relatedne ss to sub-Saharan (Ethiopian) people, which separate them from other Mediterrane an groups. Both Greeks and Ethiopians share quasi-specific DRB1 alleles, such as *0305, *0307, *0411, *0413, *0416, *0417, *0420, *1110, *1112, *1304 and *1310. Genetic distances are closer between Greeks and Ethiopian/sub-Saharan groups th an to any other Mediterranean group and finally Greeks cluster with Ethiopians/s ub-Saharans in both neighbour joining dendrograms and correspondence analyses. T he time period when these relationships might have occurred was ancient but unce rtain and might be related to the displacement of Egyptian-Ethiopian people livi ng in pharaonic Egypt. See Arnaiz-Villena A,et.al: HLA genes in Macedonians and the sub-Saharan origin of the Greeks. Tissue Antigens. 2001 Feb;57(2):118-27 There is a fraudulent claim (by those with idealogical investments in the topic) on the Internet that this study has been retracted or refuted. The study is perfect ly valid. Sub-Saharan-specific and quasi-sub-Saharan-specific alleles were defin itely detected in the Greek population at the DRB1 locus, and this is not open t o question. It would be helpful here to discuss the study that was retracted, and the reason why. It is the work titled: The origin of Palestinians and their genetic related ness with other Mediterranean populations (which contained some cross-referenced Greek data in a neighbor-joining dendogram and a correspondence analysis) that w as retracted. And it was retracted solely and strictly for political reasons, as this Observer article makes crystal clear: http://www.guardian.co.uk/Archive/Article/0,4273,4307083,00.html (Keep in mind we are dealing with the study on the relatedness of Jews and Pales tinians at the moment, which was retracted, and not the one on the Greek-Black A frican relatedness, which was not retracted and remains valid. The two must not be confused.) http://www.africaresource.com/rasta/sesostris-the-great-the-egyptian-hercules/or iginal-west-african-greeks-how-blacks-buit-greece/ Appreciations to: http://onedroprule.org/about1071.html Epilogue: Hb S is common in some areas of the Mediterranean basin, including regions of Ita ly, Greece, Albania and Turkey (Boletini et al., 1994) (Schiliro et al., 1990). Haplotype analysis shows that the Hb S in these areas originated in Africa. The genes probably moved along ancient trading routes between wealthy kingdoms in we stern Africa and the trade centers in the Mediterranean basin. (Harvard Universit y, http://sickle.bwh.harvard.edu/scdmanage.html) Usually, people with sickle cell disease outside Africa (e.g., blacks in the Unit ed States) or India have mixed haplotypes for their sickle cell genes. (Harvard U niversity, http://sickle.bwh.harvard.edu/scdmanage.html) Templeton gives a modern-day analogy: the presence of a gene for sickle cell anem ia in Caucasians in Portugal. The gene traces back to a mutation that occurred i n Africa and spread through interbreeding between Africans and Europeans. The Afr icans didn t come up, reconquer the Iberian peninsula, kill off all the Europeans, and that s why there are sickle cell alleles in Portugal today, he says. The prese nce of the sickle cell gene in Portugal means that Portuguese and Africans have m

et and they ve interbred, just like humans tend to do. Out of Africa Ruth Flanagan, C ontributing Editor, Earth Magazine, http://www2.mc.maricopa.edu/anthro/l ofAfrica5 .html http://www.africaresource.com/rasta/sesostris-the-great-the-egyptian-hercules/th e-nigerian-origins-of-ancient-greeks-complied-by-jide-uwechia/