FORTEZA, BENEDICT C. BSEE 5C INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL, LEC ENGR. LAARNI D.

CORONEL

DIFFERENT TYPES OF SENSORS Microwave Sensors

Microwave sensors, also known as Radar, RF or Doppler sensors, detect walking, running or crawling human targets in an outdoor environment. Southwest Microwave developed the industrys first bi -static microwave sensor in 1971, and has pioneered the development of flexible, reliable microwave links and transceivers for the protection of open areas, gates or entryways and rooftop or wall applications. Microwave sensors generate an electromagnetic (RF) field between transmitter and receiver, creating an invisible volumetric detection zone. When an intruder enters the detection zone, changes to the field are registered and an alarm occurs. Our microwave sensors are easy to install, provide high probability of detection, low nuisance alarms and resistance to rain, fog, wind, dust, falling snow and temperature extremes. Most operate at K-Band frequency, maximizing detection performance and minimizing interference from external radar sources.

Infrared Sensors
Southwest Microwave offers several high-performance, stand-alone active and passive infrared sensors specifically designed for outdoor intrusion detection applications. Active infrared technology employs a two-column sensor for detection of intruders. The transmitter unit emits invisible active infrared beams. The receiver unit receives and analyses the beams and detects intruders passing between the two columns. With passive infrared technology, intrusions are detected by sensing temperature (heat radiation) contrast between an intruder moving through the detection pattern and the background environment. Rugged construction, integrated heaters and self-adapting technology assure the reliable operation and constant detection capacity of Southwest Microwaves infrared devices under changing environmental conditions or temperature extremes.

Dual Technology Sensors

Southwest Microwaves dual technology motion sensors offer the u nique combination of Doppler Microwave and passive infrared technology to provide volumetric protection for a variety of outdoor applications. These sensors are configured for And Gate operation; both technology elements must activate simultaneously for the sensor to alarm. The microwave portion must detect motion of an intruder, while the passive infrared portion must detect infrared (heat) radiation emitted by an intruder. Dual technology sensors feature a 15 m x 12 m (50 ft x 40 ft) detection pattern, and are specified for the protection of specific assets, strategic areas or as a gap-filler in conjunction with Southwest Microwaves INTREPID fence or buried cable perimeter intrusion detection system, microwave links or transceivers.

Fence Detection Sensors

With more than 5 million meters (16 million ft) of cable now protecting security sensitive sites worldwide, Southwest Microwaves INTREPID and MICRONET fence detection systems are todays perimeter security solutions of choice due to their unique ability to pinpoint perimeter disturbances to within 3 meters (10 ft) and eliminate nuisance alarms common to other fence sensors. INTREPID and MICRONET intelligent sensors reliably detect attempts to climb or cut a fence, while ignoring distributed noise from wind, rain or vehicle traffic. By successfully distinguishing legitimate attacks from harmless environmental disturbances, nuisance alarms are prevented. Software-controlled Free-format Zoning lets users assign alarm zones anywhere along the cable, reducing hardware requirements, lowering installed cost and assuring superior detection. Sensitivity Leveling calibrates the sensor to uniquely compensate for variations in fence fabric, resulting in uniform detection along the fence line.

Relocatable Microwave Sensors

Southwest Microwaves M.I.L.PAC relocatable microwave sensors are designed to satisfy temporary perimeter intrusion detection requirements in an outdoor environment. These rapid-deployment volumetric sensors provide high probability of detection and low nuisance alarms, and are resistant to rain, fog, wind, dust, falling snow and temperature extremes. Precise detection pattern, extended battery life and unmatched ease of installation make M.I.L.PAC sensors ideal for protection of visiting VIPs and critical mobile assets. They can be used at gates, portals or roadway crossings, or to establish a full perimeter of volumetric detection. For quick setup, M.I.L.PAC sensors include rugged, lightweight adjustable tripods and allow external access to sensitivity and range controls in tampered, weatherproof fittings. Alarm transmission and annunciation are achieved via wireless radio alarm transmitter and receiver at distances up to one mile. K-Band frequency maximizes resistance to external radar interference.

Radar Gun Sensors

A radar speed gun (also radar gun and speed gun) is a device used to measure the speed of moving objects. It is used in law-enforcement to measure the speed of moving vehicles and is often used in professional spectator sport, for such things as the measurement of the speed of pitched baseballs, runners and tennis serves. It was first used in the United States, in 1954, for traffic speed enforcement. A radar speed gun is a Doppler radar unit that may be hand-held, vehicle-mounted or static. It measures the speed of the objects at which it is pointed by detecting a change in frequency of the returned radar signal caused by the Doppler effect, whereby the frequency of the returned signal is increased in proportion to the object's speed of approach if the object is approaching, and lowered if the object is receding. Such devices are frequently used for speed limit enforcement, although more modern LIDAR speed gun instruments, which use pulsed laser light instead of radar, began to replace radar guns during the first decade of the twenty-first century, because of limitations associated with small radar systems.

Smoke Sensors
A smoke detector is a device that detects smoke, typically as an indicator of fire. Commercial, industrial, and mass residential devices issue a signal to a fire alarm system, while household detectors, known as smoke alarms, generally issue a local audible or visual alarm from the detector itself. Smoke detectors are typically housed in a disk-shaped plastic enclosure about 150 millimetres (6 in) in diameter and 25 millimetres (1 in) thick, but the shape can vary by manufacturer or product line. Most smoke detectors work either by optical detection (photoelectric) or by physical process (ionization), while others use both detection methods to increase sensitivity to smoke. Sensitive alarms can be used to detect, and thus deter, smoking in are as where it is banned such as toilets and schools. Smoke detectors in large commercial, industrial, and residential buildings are usually powered by a central fire alarm system, which is powered by the building power with a battery backup. However, in many single family detached and smaller multiple family housings, a smoke alarm is often powered only by a single disposable battery. In the United States, the National Fire Protection Association estimates that nearly two-thirds of deaths from home fires occur in properties without working smoke alarms/detectors

Parking Sensors
Parking sensors are proximity sensors for road vehicles which can alert the driver to unseen obstacles during parking manoeuvres. The whole system is sometimes referred to as Park Distance Control (PDC). 1. Electromagnetic parking sensors These rely on the vehicle moving slowly and smoothly towards the object to be avoided. Once detected the obstacle, if the vehicle momentarily stops on its approach, the sensor continues to give signal of presence of the obstacle. If the vehicle then resumes its manoeuvre the alarm signal becomes more and more impressive as the obstacle approaches. Electromagnetic parking sensors are often sold as not requiring any holes to be drilled offering a unique design that discreetly mounts on the inner side of the bumper preserving the 'new factory look' of your vehicle.

Mass Air/Flow Sensors

A mass air flow sensor (MAF) is used to find out the mass flowrate of air entering a fuelinjected internal combustion engine. The air mass information is necessary for the engine control unit (ECU) to balance and deliver the correct fuel mass to the engine. Air changes its density as it expands and contracts with temperature and pressure. In automotive applications, air density varies with the ambient temperature, altitudeand the use of forced induction, which means that mass flow sensors are more appropriate than volumetric flow sensors for determining the quantity of intake air in each piston stroke. (See stoichiometry and ideal gas law.) There are two common types of mass airflow sensors in use on automotive engines. These are the vane meter and the hot wire. Neither design employs technology that measures air mass directly. However, with additional sensors and inputs, an engine's electronic control unit can determine the massflowrate of intake air. Both approaches are used almost exclusively on electronic fuel injection (EFI) engines. Both sensor designs output a 0.0 5.0 volt or a pulse-width modulation (PWM) signal that is proportional to the air mass flow rate, and both sensors have an intake air temperature (IAT) sensor incorporated into their housings. When a MAF is used in conjunction with an oxygen sensor, the engine's air/fuel ratio can be controlled very accurately. The MAF sensor provides theopen-loop controller predicted air flow information (the measured air flow) to the ECU, and the oxygen sensor provides closed-loop feedback in order to make minor corrections to the predicted air mass. Also see MAP sensor.

Proximity Sensors
A proximity sensor is a sensor able to detect the presence of nearby objects without any physical contact. A proximity sensor often emits an electromagnetic field or a beam of electromagnetic radiation (infrared, for instance), and looks for changes in the fieldor return signal. The object being sensed is often referred to as the proximity sensor's target. Different proximity sensor targets demand different sensors. For example, a capacitive photoelectric sensor might be suitable for a plastic target; an inductive proximity sensor always requires a metal target. Proximity sensors can have a high reliability and long functional life because of the absence of mechanical parts and lack of physical contact between sensor and the sensed object. Proximity sensors are also used in machine vibration monitoring to measure the variation in distance between a shaft and its support bearing. This is common in large steam turbines,compressors, and motors that use sleeve-type bearings. Applications: Parktronic, car bumpers that sense distance to nearby cars for parking, Ground proximity warning system for aviation safety, Vibration measurements of rotating shafts in machinery, Top dead centre (TDC)/camshaft sensor in reciprocating engines, and Sheet break sensing in paper machine.