KACOF Blue Print2013

KAKAMEGA COUNTY BLUEPRINT
KAKAMEGA COUNTY FORUM (KACOF)

Gerishom Wafula Manase January 2013
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Kakamega County Blueprint
PREFACE
Through the initiative of Kakamega County Forum (KACOF) members, the proposed Blueprint for Kakamega County was developed. It is a cluster-based plan that will provide not only the Leadership, but all stakeholders with social-economic and political development future plan and guide for the County. The document is not conclusive; there is room for more ideas, proposals and improvement. Kakamega County Forum (KACOF) was conceived immediately upon the promulgation of the New Constitution on August 27th 2010 to bring together all non-state actors within the County in order to chart their social, economic and political future. KACOF supports an initiative that will raise the well-being of all residents where the greatest extent possible local needs are met efficiently and effectively. Kakamega County is in the Western region of Kenya. Its capital town is Kakamega. It has a population of 1,660,651 (2009 Census), with the second highest population in Kenya and an area of 3, 0301.4 square kilometers. Kakamega town is in Western Kenya lies about 30 km north of the Equator. Local inhabitants are mostly the Luhya tribe, whose economic activities are mainly farming and fishing. The cluster plans are: Agriculture and Cooperatives; Health; Education; Infrastructure; Industrialization Investment and Resource Mobilization and Financial Services; Infrastructure; Land and Housing; Climate Change. Each of the clusters gives an introduction, challenges and recommendations on what is to be done to alleviate the challenges. We hope this paper will be a wake-up call and challenge t o all stakeholders. The paper indicates a lot of optimism and hope for the County. The challenge is to the leadership and citizens to make Kakamega the best county in Kenya.
Dr. Machanja Ligabo PhD (Jurisprudence); LLM (Hon), Diploma Cooperatives Gerishom Wafula Manase MBA(Finance), B.Ed (Maths, B/Studies)
Kakamega County Blueprint Kakamega County Forum (KACOF)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We appreciate the contribution of the following cluster coordinators:Mr. Wesechere, Mr. Omutanyi, Mr. Nabwera Makokha, Dr. Gabriel Mukoya, Mr. Angule, Dan Murwa, Mr. Victor Shiveka, Mrs. Jackline Okanya, Dr. Machanja Ligabo, Rev. Patrick Maina, Mr. Francis Lutomia, Jeremiah Sunguti, Mr. Mangula Alfred, Dr. Omani Odongo, Tom Shivachi, Mauria Mudeheri, Patrick Nzaywa, Prof Sammy Kubasu. Special appreciation goes to Gerishom Wafula and Dr. Machanja Ligabo for making the initiative to have the blue print realized. Above all, we appreciate God for giving us the strength and wisdom to accomplish this noble task.
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Kakamega County Forum (KACOF)
Contents PREFACE i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................................. ii INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................01 KAKAMEGA COUNTY FORUM (KACOF) ...........................................................................01 Registration .......................................................................................................................01 Mandate .............................................................................................................................01 Vision ...................................................................................................................................01 Mission ................................................................................................................................01 Value Statement ..............................................................................................................01 Philosophy .........................................................................................................................01 Membership and Office Bearers ................................................................................02 Organization Structure..................................................................................................02 KAKAMEGA COUNTY PROFILE....................................................................................03 Location ..............................................................................................................................03 Area and administrative units ....................................................................................04 Land .....................................................................................................................................04 CHAPTER ONE: .........................................................................................................................06 AGRICULTURE AND COOPERATIVES..................................................................................06 1.1 Introduction and the Challenge. ........................................................................06 1.2 Possible Interventions/Recommendations ....................................................06 1.3 Cooperative Movement in Kakamega County ..............................................07 1.3. 1 Challenges .............................................................................................................09 1.3.2 Recommendations ...............................................................................................09 CHAPTER TWO ..........................................................................................................................11 2.0 HEALTH ........................................................................................................................11 2.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................................11 2.2 Recommendations ..................................................................................................11 Referral Hospital ......................................................................................................11 District Hospitals ....................................................................................................12 Dispensaries..............................................................................................................12 Pharmaceutical Factory ........................................................................................13 Production of Herbal Medicines........................................................................13 CHAPTER THREE .......................................................................................................................14 3.0: EDUCATION AND HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT ............................14 3.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................................14 3.2 History of Kenyan Education...............................................................................15 3.2.1. The Earliest Schools in Kenya ..................................................................15 3.2.2. Pre and Postcolonial education..............................................................16 3.3 Formal Education (Public and Private Institutions of Learning)..............17 3.3.1 Early Child Development Education (ECDE) .......................................17 3.2.2 Primary Education........................................................................................18 3.2.4 Secondary Education ..................................................................................19 3.2.5 Life Skills and Vocational Education .....................................................20
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3.2.6 University Education ...................................................................................20 3.3. Other Issues in Education.....................................................................................22 3.3.1 Special Needs Education ...........................................................................22 3.3.2 Institutions ......................................................................................................23 3.3.3 Recommendation.........................................................................................23 3.4 Non Formal Education............................................................................................23 3.4.1 Recommendations.......................................................................................23 3.5 Adult and Continued Education .........................................................................24 3.5.1 Incentives ........................................................................................................24 3.5.2 Suggestions ....................................................................................................24 3.5.3 Recommendation.........................................................................................24 3.6. Open and Continued Education........................................................................25 3.6.1 Suggestions and Recommendations ............................................................25 3.7 Research and STI ......................................................................................................25 3.7.1 Recommendation.................................................................................................25 CHAPTER FOUR ........................................................................................................................27 4.0. INFRASTRUCTURE ...................................................................................................27 4.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................................27 4.1.1. Recommendations......................................................................................27 CHAPTER FIVE ...........................................................................................................................29 5.0 INVESTMENT, MANUFACTURING AND INDUSTRIALIZATION ............................29 5.1 INVESTMENT ..............................................................................................................29 5.1.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................29 5.1.2 Objectives and Goals...........................................................................................29 5.1.2.1. Manufacturing Sector ............................................................................29 5.1.2.2 Tourism Sector ...........................................................................................30 5.1.2.3 Transport and Infrastructure Sector ..................................................30 5.1.2.4 Agricultural Sector....................................................................................30 5.1.2.5 Livestock Sector.........................................................................................30 5.1.2.6 Fisheries Sector ..........................................................................................30 5.1.2.7 Education Sector .......................................................................................30 5.1.2.8 Mineral Resources.....................................................................................31 5.1.2.9 Building and Construction Industry...................................................31 5.1.2.10 Cooperative Development..................................................................31 5.1.3 Level of Investments in Kakamega County .................................................31 5.1.4. Challenges Facing he County in Attracting New Investments............31 5.1.5 Incentives to Attract Investments in Kakamega County ........................32 5.1.6 Priority Areas with Likely Multiplier Effect in the County.......................32 5.1.6.1 Construction of a Referral and Training Health Institution ................32 5.1.6.2 Construction of a Five Star Hotel & Hospitality College..............32 5.1.6.3 Import Substitution Ventures (Poultry, Fishing and Dairy) ........33 5.1.7 Financial Services..................................................................................................33 5.1.7.1 Setting Up Bank.........................................................................................34 5.1.7.2 Strengthening of Financial Service Associations ..........................34
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5.1.7.3 Formation of Saccos.................................................................................34 5.2 Introduction to Manufacturing...........................................................................34 Vision: ..................................................................................................................................35 Mission ................................................................................................................................35 Objectives of the Industrialization Plans: ...............................................................35 5.2.1 Recommendations.......................................................................................36 5.3.1 Proposed Industrial Ventures ..................................................................37 CHAPTER SIX .............................................................................................................................41 6.0 LAND AND HOUSING ..............................................................................................41 6.1 LAND ............................................................................................................................41 6.2 HOUSING .....................................................................................................................41 CHAPTER SEVEN.......................................................................................................................43 7. O CLIMATE CHANGE EFFECTS, MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION ...............43 7.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................................43 7.2.1 SWOT Analysis ...............................................................................................44 7.2.2 PESTEL Analysis .............................................................................................44 7.3 Main Indicators of Climate in the Region ........................................................45 7.4.1 Proposed Short term Strategies ......................................................................46 7.4. 2 Project Model .......................................................................................................46 CHAPTER EIGHT .......................................................................................................................47 YOUTH AND WOMEN IN KAKAMEGA COUNTY.............................................................47 8.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................................47 8.2 Youth ............................................................................................................................47 8.3 Women.........................................................................................................................48 8.3.1 Women in Education work and Economic Empowerment ...........49 8.3.2 Economic Empowerment..........................................................................49 8.3.3 Women and HIV/AIDS .................................................................................50 8.4 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................50 About The Author ...........................................................................................................51
INTRODUCTION
KAKAMEGA COUNTY FORUM (KACOF)
Kakamega County Forum (KACOF) was conceived immediately upon the promulgation of the New Constitution on August 27th 2010 to bring together all non-state actors within the County in order to chart their social, economic and political future. This initiative was premised on the realization that the success of the Devolved system of Governance was hinged on an informed and vibrant civil society. It is instructive to note that the failure of the Majimbo system soon after independence was mainly attributed to poor preparation and the lack of capacity by the people to manage their affairs. KACOF founders realized that in order to enjoy the full benefits of devolution, it is paramount that the people are adequately prepared and properly organized. This defines the mandate of KACOF.
Registration
KACOF was registered on 25th March 2011 under the Societies Act (CAP 108). A copy of the constitution is available. KACOFs registered office is located on the 1st floor of Cooperative House on Kenyatta Avenue in Kakamega Town.
Mandate
To enhance Governance and influence change that will uplift the quality of life and the socio-economic status of the people of Kakamega County.
Vision
To be the best devolved Government in Africa
Mission
To harness the full potential of the human and natural resources of Kakamega County through empowerment, capacity building programmes and projects, fostering unity, facilitating continuous dialogue, consultation and self evaluation amongst its stakeholders.
Value Statement
We shall be God fearing, friendly, transparent, respectful, timely, and of highest integrity in everything we do.
Philosophy
Emphatic and spirited governance and community service.
Flexible and receptive to new ideas Results driven, strategic in converting opportunities into deliverables. Model of ethical values and corporate business behaviour. The above four pollutes summaries the MILEMBE philosophy
Membership and Office Bearers

KACOF membership is in the categories of ordinary, life, Associate and Corporate. KACOF held its General meeting on July 17th, 2011 during which its office bearers and members of various organs of the forum were elected.
Organization Structure
KACOF is structured on a 4-tier hierarchical basis comprising the General meeting at the apex, the Governing council, the Executive Committee and the Secretariat which handles the day-to-day affairs. Details about the composition of the various committees are contained in the Forums constitution.
KAKAMEGA COUNTY PROFILE

Kakamega County is in the Western region of Kenya. Its capital town is Kakamega. It has a population of 1,660,651 (2009 Census), with the second highest population in Kenya and an area of 30301.4 square kilometres. Kakamega town is in Western Kenya lies about 30km north of the Equator. Local inhabitants are mostly the Luhya tribe, whose economic activities are mainly farming and fishing. Kakamega serves as the headquarters of Kenyas largest sugar producing firm, Mumias sugar, located in the village of Mumias. Kakamega was the scene of the Kakamega gold rush in the early 1930s, fuelled partly by the reports of the geologist Albert Ernest Kitson. Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology is a new institution of higher learning created by Act of parliament in December 2006 which is in the heart of Kakamega town on the Kakamega-Webuye road. It is expected to spur growth in this capital of Western Kenya. Kakamega forest is the main tourist destination in the area. Another attraction is the crying stone of Ilesi located along the highway towards Kisumu. It is a 40meters high rock dome resembling a human figure whose eyes drop water. Kakamega area receives a very high amount of annual precipitation and contains Kakamega Forest, a preserve which is a remnant of a rainforest. The many song birds fill the air with various birdcalls. Kakamega is also a home to Africas largest and most aggressive cobra, the Kakamega forest cobra. Reputed by locals to spend a lot of time in the trees, stories abound of fearsome attacks on unsuspecting passers-by. Other snakes in the area include the forest adder, black mamba and the green mamba.
Location
Kakamega County is one of the 47 counties in the country and is situated in the western region. It boarders Vihiga County to the south, Siaya to the South West, Busia to the West, Bungoma to the North and Uasin Gishu and Nandi to the East. The county covers an area of 3050.4km2.
Area and administrative units

Kakamega County has 12 districts, 25 divisions and 77 locations as indicated in table 1. Table 1: Countys administrative unites and areas S/N 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. DISTRICT Kakamega central Navakholo Kakamega south Kakamega east Kakamega north Butere Khwisero Mumias Matungu Lugari Matete Lukuyani Kakamega county AREA 244.0 173.4 143.6 445.5 427.4 210.5 145.6 314.4 275.8 266.3 101.9 302.0 3050.4
Land
The land use in the county depends mainly on the fertility of the land since a greater percentage is used for agricultural farming. The main farming economic activities are sugarcane farming as the leading followed by maize and beans.
Mean holding size

The average land holding size in Kakamega County is 1.4 acres. The land has been subdivided into small uneconomic portions due to the high population in the county.
Percentage of land with title deeds

It is estimated that 38.6% of the population in the county have title deeds for the land that they hold. The long land adjudication procedures and cultural beliefs have hampered the increase of the land titles among the residents.
Incidence of landlessness
There are not many cases of landlessness within the county since settlers are on ancestral land. However there are few cases of internally displaced persons.
Settlement patterns
The County settlement patterns are varied in the 12 sub-counties. Majority of the population are rural based. However, there are a few towns like Kakamega, Mumias,
Butere, Malava, Navakholo, Khayega, and Matunda with higher concentrations. Climate, Physiographic and Natural conditions The county has high rainfall almost all year round. However, the rainfall is less in intensity between December and February. The annual rainfall ranges from 1111mm to 3111mm per year. The temperatures range from 18C to 29C. Soils in Kakamega County are acidic and nutrient poor. Soil chemical analysis shows that most parts of Kakamega north and Butere, the soils are acidic. The rest of the county, the soils are heterogeneous in nature, acidic, strongly weathered and low in minerals especially nitrogen and phosphorous. However the soils do well with the application fertilizers. Kakamega County has a tropical rain forest type of vegetation. There are two main ecological zones in the county i.e the Upper Medium (UM) and the Lower Medium (LM): the Upper Medium covers central and southern parts of the county such as Lurambi, Malava, Lugari, Shinyalu and Ikolomani. Here intensive maize, beans and horticultural production is mainly by small scale farmers. The second ecological zone, the Lower Medium (LM), covers a major portion of the northern part of the county, where the main economic activity is sugarcane production with smaller area practicing maize, sweet potatoes and cassava growing. The altitudes of the county range from 1250m to 2000m above sea level. The southern part of the county is hilly and is made up of rugged granites rising in places to 1950m above sea level. The Nandi Escarpment forms a prominent feature on the county Eastern border, with its main scarp rising from the general elevation of 1700m to 2000m. The North Eastern corner where River Nzoia cuts the scarp, the elevation is 1460m while downstream near Mumias, 45km from the scarp. There are five main rivers in the county, River Nzoia, Lusumu, Sasala, Viratsi and Isiukhu.
CHAPTER ONE:
1.0 AGRICULTURE AND COOPERATIVES
1.1 Introduction and the Challenge.
Kakamega County is an agricultural county. The 85% of the 1.7 million people depend on agriculture. Kakamega County has a high poverty index of 64%. It means 64% of the population does not earn kshs. 80/= per day so the live below poverty line- low income. It is also observed that believer the month of February to July irotho is a well known period of Hunger. The population is always aware of this fact. This is food insecurity. The above state of affairs in the county is caused by: Under utilization of land Poor farming methods None value added approach to the produce/products/poor entrepreneurship culture Poor diversification of crops and husbandry Poor after harvest storage Low investment Limited source of credits Insecurity Poor infrastructure Negative cultural practices
1.2 Possible Interventions/Recommendations

The county Government will have to draw up a county agriculture policy for 5 years, 10 years, 50 years. KACOF does propose the following as possible interventions: At least 35% of the county budget should be allocated to Agriculture. Farmers be encouraged to use all their land to discourage the under utilization of land. New methods of farming be introduced and new crops. Farmers and all citizens of the county be required/requested to practice proper after harvest storage Farmers/citizens be encouraged to diversify crops and keep good/great amounts Farming should be taught in all our schools Farmers/citizen be encouraged to take loans and invest in agricultural/ husbandry sectors Infrastructure be improved as proposed by the Infrastructure cluster. The citizen/farmers should assist the security organs to improve the security
of the county. There certain negative cultural practices which should be identified by county elders and should be abolished forthwith. Cooperatives be encouraged and formed to assist the farmers market to assist the farmers market and receive credit for farming. Farmers to call local training clubs to be formed under cooperatives societies to receive knowledge from the agriculture extension officers. County Government to encourage the provision of agricultural ex Land utilization Value addition The farmers/cooperatives be encouraged to form light industries to process the raw agriculture produce. Please refer to the recommendation given under sub cluster of manufacturing.
1.3 Cooperative Movement in Kakamega County

Cooperatives are a key pillar of national and international economic and socio development. As underscored by the International Labour Organization conference of 2002 in its recommendation number 193, paragraph 7(1), cooperatives have the following global importance: Creation of jobs Mobilization of resources for income generation Enhancing participation in economic and social development Contributing to equitable distribution of globalization benefits Contribution to sustainable human development Combating social exclusion After independence, the government of Kenya set Africanization of the economy as one of its objectives. Towards this end, the government gave a lot of support and close supervision to cooperative movement in the country. This support and supervision witnessed greater expansion and diversification of cooperative societies in Kenya in the years preceding 1997. In 1997 the government in line with recommendations of the World Bank and IMF changed the policy towards cooperative development, reducing the support and control of cooperative societies. These developments lead to general decline in cooperative movement in Kenya. Cooperative societies play a leading role in socio-economic development of a country. They create employment; contribute in creation of wealth and production and supply of goods and services needed by the population at cheaper rates. A decline in cooperative movement contributes to increase in unemployment, deepening poverty, and insecurity, which hampers realization of the millennium development goals and pose a threat to achievement of Kenyas Vision 2010.
County Blueprint As way of reviving the declining of cooperative sector in Kakamega Kenya, the Ministry of
Cooperative Development and Marketing through the 2004 -2008 Strategic Plan pledged to streamline cooperative societies in Kenya through establishing appropriate procedures and standards, including cooperative education and training, which are likely to increase government controls and supervision of cooperative societies. Thus, it is important to evaluate the role of government in cooperative societies in Kenya and how the members of the cooperative societies perceive the involvement of the government in cooperative activities to assist in future policy formulation. It was in view of this that the research studied role of the government in development of cooperative societies in Kenya with special focus on Western Province of Kenya to provide information to guide policy review on government participation in cooperative movement. The decade of 1990-1999 marked a watershed in the history of cooperative development in Africa in response to structural adjustment programmes. The changes put in place, in line with structural adjustment programmes, paved the way to liberalization of the cooperatives was effected through the Cooperative Societies Act Chapter 12 pg 1997. The reforms contained in this Act sought to reduce the strict state supervision of cooperatives, in order to support the liberalization of cooperative enterprise (Wanyama, 2009). Wanyama further notes that the 1997 Act empowered the members to be responsible for the running of their own cooperatives, through elected management committees. He points out that cooperative in Kenya had not been prepared for this freedom. The cooperatives were left without a regulatory mechanism to play the role that the government had previously played. Wanyama (200) noted that the immediate consequences of liberalization on cooperatives were principally negative as the newly acquired freedom was dangerously abused by elected leaders. Similarly, Gamba and Komo (2008) reported poor performance for cooperatives in Kenya in the liberalization era, which was the mergers and splits of various cooperative societies into small uneconomic units, the split fueled by high levels of mismanagement, fluctuating prices and political influence/. Manyara (2004) also noted the Governments withdrawal from direct involvement in the management of the cooperative societies after liberalization to have made the cooperative movement to experience many challenges. While Manyara (2004), Gamba and Komo (2008), and Wanyama (2009) reported poor performance by cooperatives in Kenya, ILO (2010) noted that in other parts of the world, cooperatives had survived the market forces of liberalization and had continued to grow in number, membership and income. As noted by ILO, the market forces triggered a structural transformation that saw the fading away of the inefficient cooperatives, including the National Federation and some cooperative unions, as primary cooperatives sought better service provision, as cooperatives increasingly diversified their activities and introduced innovative ventures in order to respond to their members needs. ILO noted that the well-adapted cooperatives had recorded better performance than they did in the era of state control of
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cooperatives.
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The government of Kenya in response to the difficulties by the cooperative movement in the liberalization era enacted two key legislations, which reintroduced some level of government control and supervision of cooperative movement in the country. In 2004, the government enacted the Cooperative Societies (Amendment) Act of 2004, which re-enforces state regulation of the cooperative movement through the office of the Commissioner for Cooperative Development. As noted by Gamba and Komo (2008), the 2004 Act widened the Commissioners powers and scope of regulation over the cooperative movement to include promotion, inspection, inquiries, auditing, surcharge, debt collection, liquidation and provision of technical extension services. In 2008 the government further passed another act, the SAACO Societies Act of 2008 which provided for the licensing, regulation, supervision and promotion of saving and credit cooperatives by the SACCO Societies Regulatory Authority. The 2008 Act provided for the establishment of the SACCO Societies Regulatory Authority whose functions included licensing SACCOs to carry out deposit-taking business as well as regulating and Supervising SACCOs. Kakamega County covers the following districts:- Kakamega Central, Kakamega North, Kakamega East, Kakamega South, Larger Lugari, Larger Mumias and Larger Butere In this country we have the following types of cooperatives: These cooperative (Active) are distributed according to their types as follows: TYPE NUMBER Urban Saccos 26 Rural Saccos 5 Dairy Cooperatives 5 Coffee Cooperatives 9 Housing Cooperatives 7 Transport (Matatu) Cooperatives 11 Development Cooperatives 2 Other Farmers Cooperative 4 Multipurpose Cooperatives 7 Share capital of Cooperatives in the county stands at Kshs. 2,507,198,074
1.3. 1 Challenges
The county has not fully utilized its potential in this sector; it only has 107,219 people as active society members in total currently. This leaves a huge section of the countys population still not directly involved in cooperatives activities. There is inadequate capital which hampers cooperative education and training
1.3.2 Recommendations
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County Blueprint Cooperative societies should target improving capitalKakamega base and this requires local resources of CDF local governing bodies.
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The Government should seek ways of availing cheap credit to members of cooperatives towards this end, the government should use cooperatives as agencies though which funds like Youth Enterprises fund and Women Enterprises funds can be used to benefit communities where the Cooperative operate. The Law on Cooperative development should be reviewed to enable women/ youth to play a bigger role in Cooperative Movement Committees. Cooperative societies should be encouraged to embrace information communication technology to modernize their operation and to keep abreast with the globalization. While acknowledging all vital role of government in creating an enabling and supportive policy and legal frame work, and in facilitating access to support services and finance cooperative societies should not be subjected to county government double taxation and licensing by government and local authorities. The county government should continue to work with cooperative and only leave cooperatives on their own gradually after putting in place an enabling environment and structures that would cushion cooperatives from abuse. Kakamega County should employ highly qualified staff and acquire tools and equipment for effective supervision and guidance of the modern cooperative movement. Encourage the formation of new cooperatives i.e transport bodaboda, wholesale cooperatives, consumer cooperatives, fisheries cooperative, air broadcast SACCO and Jua kali SACCOS. Encourage the matching of weaker cooperatives into one large strong cooperative Each county shall have law in place to allow it register cooperative within jurisdiction. To set-up a commission to study and make recommendation on the way forward and specifically establish a Kakamega County Cooperative Union. Please note that this Kakamega Cooperative Union has many assets in existence. To create a Kakamega County cooperative Union, that will embrace all types of the Cooperatives, and will inherit of the assets of the weak Kakamega Cooperative Union. To take stock of all cooperative properties, with a view of restoring them to Cooperatives. To start new cooperatives or strengthen the existing one in the following sectors: Fisheries Transport(Matatu/bodaboda) Housing/construction Mining Manufacturing(posho mills) Dairy and animal husbandry
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CHAPTER TWO
2.0 HEALTH
2.1 Introduction
Kakamega County is the second largest county in Kenya and during the last census (September 2009), it projected to have risen to about 2 million. The county is located within the Lake Victoria Basin. Since the climate conditions favour mosquito breeding (the anopheles among others) malaria is bound to be a major public health problem. Other diseases which are significant include waterborne diseases such as bacterial and amoebic dysentery, typhoid fever and worm infestation (round worm, whip worm, thread worm an pin worm) issues relating to family planning and maternal health are also important. The HIV/AIDS pandemic is also significant public health problem in the county. Given the high prevalence of HIV in the County, (6.6% in Western province, KDHS 2008 2009), it must be accorded the attention it deserves. In the provision of health services to our people, we expect to work in close collaboration with the Ministry of Health as well as WHO. The following is the proposed Health Care Delivery System for the county:Infant mortality rate in the county stands at 65/1000. This is above the national average of 52/1000. Less than five mortality rate lies at 121 per 100,000 live births. The national average of 74 per 1000 live births. Maternal mortality stands at 127 per 100,000 births. Proportion of women delivering at health facilities is 29.3%. The proportion of women at their reproductive age accessing contraceptives is 27% while 88% if the children are immunized. The proportion of mother who delivers in the hands of trained personnel is 52.8%.
2.2 Recommendations
Referral Hospital
Kakamega Provincial General Hospital upgraded to the county referral hospital. The requisite personnel (medical officers in various specialties of clinical practice), diagnostic laboratories and a well stocked pharmacy. To be equipped with high technology diagnostic equipment such as Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) machines. Renal dialysis equipment and an ambulance should be available. To be teaching hospital by the Faculty of Medicine, school of health sciences, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology (MMST) and centre for training Doctors in conjunction with the MMST Medical School.
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High school to be encouraged to consider taking up careers in Medicine, Pharmacy, Dentistry and Nursing and collaborate with the various Medical schools in the country for purposes of manpower training.
District Hospitals:
District Hospitals to be well-constructed and equipped in each of the twelve (12) constituencies with a medical training centre (MTC) for the purpose of training nursing staff as well as paramedics such as Medical Laboratory Technologists, Clinical Officers and Nutritionists. . To have specialist medical officers, be equipped with an X-ray machine. Given that X-ray technology is today a basic tool of radiological diagnostic technology, it is an essential tool at this level of healthcare delivery. Each District Hospital should have a Pediatrician and Gynecologist. Each District Hospital should have about 100 beds, 25% of these of which should be reserved for children less than 5 years of age and 25% for the maternity wing. Sub district Hospitals may complement services provided by District Hospitals. To have at least three such sub district hospitals. To have ambulances for ease of patient transfers, delivery of medical supplies and other health-sector related activities that may require transport. Health Centres At least one to be in each divisional administrative unit or to be shared between administrative locations. To have a medical officer as well as a number of clinical officers working with him/her. Emphasis should be laid on laboratory diagnostic services and adequate drug supplies in the pharmacy.
Dispensaries
To be in each location. The dispensary is the most basic facility for health service delivery. To have at least one clinical officer and nursing staff under his/her supervision.
Health Insurance Cover

To have comprehensive health insurance cover for the citizens. This should be contributory, premium payment of which could be made monthly or yearly by all adult citizens (anybody aged 18 and above). To be implemented in collaboration with Insurance companies in the Country which provide health insurance cover such as AAR, Resolution Health Insurance etc.
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Special Homes
To be established to cater for the vulnerable; orphaned children, the elderly with no one to take care of them and the disabled. Or traditional social security mechanisms have collapsed and can no longer be relied upon to take care of the vulnerable. The Kenya Government, on the other hand, had no institutional mechanism to cater for the vulnerable. Being cognizant of these realities, it is incumbent upon us to come up with such institutional structures to take care of the economically disadvantaged in the county.
Pharmaceutical Factory
The county to establish a pharmaceutical factory for the purpose of manufacturing conventional medicines. Given the large population of the county, we are better off manufacturing a lot of our basic medicinal requirements such as painkillers (analgesis), antibiotic, anti amoebic and antihelmintic drugs among others.
Production of Herbal Medicines

A factory for production of herbal medicinal products could be established to make use of the abundance of plants that are a source of medicinal compounds in the Kakamega To partner with China for herbal medication and production of viable herbal medicinal. Research geared towards discovery of medicinal compounds from plant materials to be encouraged. Scientists in the Universities and Medical Research Institutes such as KEMRI should be encouraged to undertake such research.
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CHAPTER THREE
3.0: EDUCATION AND HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT
3.1 Introduction
Education has been defined as the process through which knowledge: skills, attitudes and values are imparted for the purpose of integrating the individual in a given society, or changing the values and norms of a society. This is done through cognitive mapping of reliable access to optimal state of mind. For individuals, this process is life-long. It begins at birth and ends with death. It is determined by the level of knowledge, skills and discipline of character acquired in the process of training for career, livelihoods and profession. The UNESCO International Standard classified of education defines education as comprising organized and sustained communication designed to bring about learning (UNESCO, 1975). International Education for Sustainable Development (IESD) is an education that:: Every person benefits from since it promotes development that is environmentally sound, socially equitable, culturally sensitive and economically just. Ensures learning about knowledge and also about doing, being, interacting with others and changing the world for the better of all. Makes formal learning enjoyable, hands-on and relevant to life outside school while addressing the problems of our world. Every person benefits from genuine learning opportunities throughout life, in the workplace, and within the community. Has systems which prepare learners to enter the workforce as well as handle a crisis, be resilient, become responsible citizens, adapt to change, recognize and solve local problems with global roots, meet other cultures with respect, and create a peaceful and sustainable society. In Kenya, as in any other country, this sustained communication is organized and managed through a coherent system put in place by the Government. Since independence, the Government of Kenya has been committed to the provision of education to her citizens. Education is seen as the primary means of economic and social mobility, national cohesion and social and economic development. At various times in is history the government has mandated the Education Sector to address major changes to ensure that through the provision of education the
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countrys social
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and economic goals are realized. Since the last major set of reforms in 1981, the world and Kenya has experienced the impact of globalism, increasing inter-dependence between and within states and the need for people to become responsible citizens both nationally and internationally. Trade and communications have been revolutionized, whilst human capital requirements, especially as a result of the ICT revolution have changed out of all recognition.
3.2 History of Kenyan Education

Historical records from the travels of Johan Ludwig Krapf and Johannes Rebmann reveal that Kenyans had access to education as far back as 1728 with a Swahili manuscript Utendi wa Tambuka (book of Heraclius) attesting to the fact. The CMS missionaries interacted with locals in the coastal town of Mombasa and set up one of the earliest mission schools in the country at Rabai in 1846. With the expansion of the railway from Mombasa to Uganda, the missionaries expanded their work into Kenyas interior. An attempt to set up a school and mission at Yatta in 1894 was resisted by the Kamba tribe. The missionaries then penetrated into western Kenya and set up schools and missions. The first school in western Kenya was established in Kaimosi in 1902. During the colonial era, the number of Kenyans with exposure to education steadily increased and a good number of them were privileged to proceed abroad for further education. Among those who furthered their education abroad in the colonial era were Jomo Kenyatta, who attended Woodbrooke College and London School of Economics, Charles Njonjo, who attended Grays Inn Law School, Peter Mbiyu Koinange, who attended Columbia University, Mwai Kibaki who attended London School of Economics, R. Mugo Gatheru who attended Roosevelt University , Tom Mboya, who attended Ruskin College, Oxford, Masinde Muliro, who attended University of Cape Town, Julius Gikonyo Kiano who attended Stanford University, Paul Ngei and Barack Obama Sr., who attended the University of Hawaii at Manoa. Julius Gikonyo was the first Kenyan to obtain a Ph.D. He returned to Kenya and was instrumental in establishing a school in Githunguri. The trend steadily rose over the years and by the time of independence in 1963, 840,000 African children were attending elementary school.
3.2.1. The Earliest Schools in Kenya

School at Rabai nea Mombasa established 1846 Friends school Kaimosi, now Kaimosi Friends Primary School, established 1903 Maseno school established 1903 Gevernment Indian School or The Duke of Gloucester School, now Jamhuri High
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School, established 1906
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Tumutumu Mission School, now Tumutumu Girls High School established in 1908 European Girls School, now Kenya High School established in 1908. Thogoto School, now Thogoto Teachers Training College established 1910 Kaimosi Girls High School, established 1920 Kaimosi Boys High School, established 1921 Mangu High School, established 1925 Alliance School, now Alliance High School (Kenya) established in 1926 St. Marys Yala, established 1927 Highlands High School, now Moi Girls High School Eldoret established 1928 Kisii School, established in 1932
3.2.2. Pre and Postcolonial education

Kenya began a campaign for free primary education after independence in 1963. Since then, the system of education has undergone transformation twice. Before independence elementary education was based on the colonial system of education. In 1967, Kenya, with Uganda and Tanzania, formed the East African Community. The three countries adopted a single system of education, the 7-4-2-3, which consisted of 7 years of primary education, 4 years of secondary education, 2 years of high school and 3-5 years of university education. Under the system, which was similar to the British system of education, children began their elementary (primary) education at the age of 7 and completed at the age of 13 after sitting for a regional examination known as the East African Certificate of Primary Education (EACPE). After primary education those who passed very well proceeded to secondary school ended four years later with the writing of the East African Certificate of Education Examination (EACE) the highest level of education that qualified one to attend university was attained after two years of high school at that time distinct from secondary school with students sitting for the East African advanced certificate of Education (EAACE). With the collapse of the East African Community in 1977, Kenya continued with the same system of education but changed the examination names from their regional identity to a national identity. The East African Certificate of Primary Education became the Certificate of Primary Education (CPE), the East African Certificate of Education became the Kenya Certificate of Education (KCE) and the East African Advanced Certificate of Education became the Kenya Advanced Certificate of Education.(KACE).
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Kakamega County Blueprint In 1985 President Daniel Arap Moi, introduced the 8-4-4 system of education, which adopted 8 years of primary education, 4 years of secondary education and 4 years of university education. With the introduction of the 8-4-4 system CPE became KCPE (Kenya Certificate of Primary Education) while KCE became the Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (KCSE). Since 1985, public education in Kenya has been based on an 8-4-4 system, with eight years of primary education followed by four years of
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secondary school and four years of college or university. Some private schools, however, offer a system of education similar to the British system of education with ordinary level exams, 0-levels taken at the end of 4 years of secondary school and advanced levels A-levels, taken after two years of high school. Out of all children in Kenya about 85 percent attend primary school. 75 percent of those who completed primary education proceed to secondary schools and 60 percent of those who complete secondary school proceed to higher institutions of education which include business and vocational institutions, national polytechnics, public and private universities within the country. Over 950,000 Kenyans have furthered their education abroad with a majority of graduates from India, UK, Canada, the United States, Russia, and Uganda.
3.3 Formal Education (Public and Private Institutions of Learning)

ECDE (County Government) Primary Secondary Youth Polytechnics (County Government) Institutes of Technology Other Professional Colleges (Teachers, Medical and Agricultural) Universities Special Needs Education Non Formal Education Informal Education (Open and Continued Education)
3.3.1 Early Child Development Education (ECDE)

This has been the most neglected level of education in spite of being the foundation of quality learning for all humanity. It has been in the hands of parents and few benefactors to run ECDE programmes making it subject to many forms of exploitation. Gross enrolment rate at this level has been about 54%. Learning competency evaluation, child care support services, medical services and nutritional requirement for effective learning are taken care of at this level of education. The government has in the recent past designed a curriculum to be used for training educators at this level and for use in teaching following funding from partners. The new constitution puts ECDE in the hands of the County Government. The forum recommends that Kakamega County Government to: Have an expanded access to quality early child development education fully paid for by the county government (subsidize for those in Private schools). Make enrolment and completion of ECDE compulsory for registration in
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Primary. Provide ECDE facilities, meals and learning/teaching materials Employ all teachers in public ECDE centres An ECDE centre for every Primary school be mandatory Early exposure to some ICT skills and tools at this level
3.2.2 Primary Education

The constitution allocates the responsibility of Primary education to the central government. It shall still be the duty of stakeholders and the Government to ensure stainability in the provision of free quality primary education. The available Primary 950 schools enable the gross enrolment rate to be about 70% having dropped from over 100% when Free Primary Education (FPE) was announced. High poverty index led to low retention of learners in primary schools of Kakamega County. Most left due to: Other levies not considered under the Free Primary Education. Meager Free Primary Education resources that could not last a year e.g. exercise books Lack of school uniform Hunger after enjoying the feeding programme in the ECDE centres. Over enrolment in the classes making it impossible for the teacher to give individual attention. It is recommended that: Only those recommended from ECDE Centres be interviewed and allowed to join primary The county Government to take the responsibility of ensuring quality performance by all at this level. Meals and other learning materials be provided for in primary education. Support bursary for the poor to buy uniform and food. There be equity, quality and enough teacher deployment in all public primary schools Opportunities for qualified volunteers be availed. The county Government to set measures that would ensure access, completion and continuity Employ more teachers to serve in the primary schools Build more classes in addition to other materials provision and use of two schools day Design systems that monitor to ensure quality learning that is accountable Employ Information Communication Technology (ICT) to reduce on teacher dependency and defray costs. Proper law be instituted to guard against: Child labour Negative cultural practices
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Marginalization Holiday tuition be on private basis between parents and teachers to ensure quality use of time in the schools should be abolished Connect electrical power and water to all primary schools.
3.2.4 Secondary Education

This is now the level from where one could be assured of quality training for effective service to self and community. Kakamega County has a gross enrolment rate of 25%. And a dropout rate of 10%. Stakeholders and the Kakamega County Government should establish sustainability in the provision of free quality secondary education to combat low enrolments at this level. The current county and national schools in the county be challenged to operate at the mean grade rate of above 8.5B, a minimum of 20 students with grade A in KCSE and 50% qualification to university. Those with limited supply of resources be challenged to operate at mean grade 6C, minimum of 5 students with As in KCSE and 30% qualification to university. This should form the basis of agreement between the schools BOGs and stakeholders in education We recommend: Adequate staffing and equitable teacher distribution to all schools in all subjects. Making of secondary education free as basic education for all in the county The establishment of a two schools day with additional allowance to the teachers to improve on the transition rate. Constrains to access and quality education to be firmly addressed. This are: Child labour and early marriage HIV and AIDS Drugs and substance abuse Street urchins increase Dropout stigma Guarding against appointments and disappointments that are not professionally vetted for quality decision making In servicing of teachers to enable the use of project based learning or thematic teaching in line with the UNO (UNESCO) and the designs of Education for Sustainable Development (ESD). Establishment of one quality secondary school to serve each village starting with the ward Establishing of ICT hubs in every secondary school and resource centres to enhance technological education There be constructed institutions that would serve as science academies in each ward of constituency to address the fear of sciences
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Every new management in a school be mandated to design, share and work on it vision within six months of appointment
3.2.5 Life Skills and Vocational Education

To be used to create quality human resource for self-employment and job market. Life skill and vocation education will reduce on resource wastage; enable further access and continuity in education. The County Government to ensure full use of the resources listed below by designing courses that respond to local and global needs. Village Polytechnics (Youth Polytechnics NB one in each village) (responsibility of County governments) Youth Learning, cultural and empowerment centres Community learning and information centres (CLIC) Small scale production units that address entrepreneurship and biodiversity (Pottery and Mukombero) Environmental sustainability education centre in Kakamega forest and tourism training Open training points at industrial, working and construction stations. Jua Kali Workshops Sugar Industries and cooperative skills Demonstration farms Banks Hotels, tourism and hospitals Public Works Fish farms Research skills units and centres in the university, KARI and KEFRI Kakamega County Government to facilitate upgrading of many youth polytechnics to technical institutes, technical institutes to polytechnics and polytechnics to university through mentorship programmes. Target having a university campus and a polytechnic in each constituency, a technical institute in each ward and a village polytechnic in each village of Kakamega County. All learning institutions be used to runs workshop on ethics, community service, volunteerism, etiquette and international award schemes e.g. Presidents Award Scheme (this is not presidential award scheme)
3.2.6 University Education

There is a strong yearning for university education that calls upon all to ensure expansion of opportunities to University Education
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Kakamega County Blueprint in Kakamega County. Gross enrolment rate and
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transition rates now stand at 0.03% as reflected in the Development plans. A number of universities have opened campuses within the county and a number are due to come. Long distance learning opportunities may be provided if technology is improved and memoranda signed with strategic Universities guided by the Kakamega County Government Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology Should open its doors wider to take lead in ensuring proper use of the capable human resource within Kakamega County in the creation of an exemplary knowledge county as a vision of KACOF. Some short courses should be designed to respond to the local needs (two weeks to several months or years). Open access centres within learning institutions or room can be obtained. Mentor Sigalagala and Bukura Agricultural Institutes into universities offering special courses. Ventures into provision of virtual courses as it strengthens linkage with UNESCO and The Commonwealth of learning. Every Professor to work with at least three associate professors. Each associate professor to work with at least five Doctors. Each doctor to mentors 10 scholars with masters. Each masters scholar to mentor 20 graduates and let the process flow as each build another in the knowledge system.
3.3. Other Issues in Education

3.3.1 Special Needs Education
It involves people with disabilities e.g. mentally handicapped, the deaf, the blind, the lame and the speechless people. The Government has a department of S.N.E in the Ministry of Education and funds are allocated for the same to run the institutions. Teachers are trained to handle these children from ECD to any level they can go. The institutions are categorized according to the disabilities. The deaf learn together with their teacher specialized in sign language. The blind learn together using brailer machines to do the brailer writing that is enabling the children with such disabilities to write and read the information in brailer. The machines are provided by the ministry of education through the SNE education fund.
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Kakamega County Blueprint The deaf are provided with hearing gadgets and at the same time taught sign
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language so that they are able to communicate with the rest of the world. The instruments are provided for by the SNE EDUCATION FUNDS. The lame and the mentally handicapped are also provided various apparatus to enable them to learn e.g. Wheel chairs, learning materials to enable the mentally challenged to lame and comprehend faster The blind fellows, apart from learning brailers, they are also provided with walking while sticks to help them get direction and be identified quickly by the road users.
3.3.2 Institutions
In Kakamega County like any other part of Kenya, every primary school has been directed to have the SNE section to handle the requirements of this nature of people. Initially it was difficult to start the programme in some schools due to parents lack of sensitization because of that fear of exposing their children with disabilities.
3.3.3 Recommendation
The Kakamega County Government on its inspection must take greater consideration of allocating funds for S.N.E Education. The schools are not well established and most parents still hide children at home for fear of exposure. Sensitization should be done to parents so that more children who have various disabilities to be enrolled in this schools so that the County Government can provide funds for the same.
3.4 Non Formal Education

This one applies to the children who have dropped out of schools due to: Early pregnancy Lack of basic needs Frustrations/poverty Death of both parents This type of education has not taken root due to lack of enforcement and sensitization. In Kakamega generally there are many boys and girls who have dropped our of school due to the above-mentioned reasons. Taking a survey within Kakamega town one is able to identify only one unit (this is at Shitaho) and may be a few places in BUTSOTSO otherwise there is need for non formal education and this requires a joint effort by the Government NGOs, the church and any other organization which can sensitize the fellows convince to come and continue their learning after dropping out of school. Here is where the County has to allocate funds to facilitate the formation of non- formal education learning centres.
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A department to handle this section should be established in the County Government in order to facilitate and come up with a programme for the same. Funds have to be set aside so that many of these fellows can be brought forward.
3.5 Adult and Continued Education

Research and statistics show that there are still a number of people who are either illiterate or semi-literate. The Government may be trying its best to conduct Adult education classes in various church centres but on a very small scale as compared to the number of people who need to learn. This is because most people who come to attend these classes are mostly women, with whom men fear to mix and learn. Sensitization should be carried out and separation of learning to be done, so that men have their classes and women separate. This will encourage men to come in large numbers than it is at present.
3.5.1 Incentives
Incentives to be introduced in order to encourage attendance. The incentives should be brought in as a competition to fast truck the learning ability of each individual. I may suggest that in Adult and Continued Education, the learning should be diversified in a way that it geared to learning vocations/skills examples can be: Tailoring Masonry Carpentry Bakery Social workers etc. It is believed this can change the mood and the style of learning than concentrating on academics. The same can be extended to even Non Formal Education. This is leading to people acquiring knowledge that can be applied directly or indirectly in JUA KALI ARTISANS. This is in itself empowering people in the county with wider knowledge. They can read, write and do arithmetic and apply the same to practical activities. Emphasis to be put on adult and continued education and money be allocated to cater for this.
3.5.2 Suggestions
However, currently people of this category are taking initiative to sponsor themselves for degree work but this is on a minimal scale. I suggest that when the county Government comes in force, should do something tangible to ensure that all diploma holders in respective fields are trained to a higher level in order to ensure trained manpower in plenty in our country.
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The County Government should be able to have a department and allocate funds for the same. Schools and village polytechnics can be used to facilitate the learning of Adults and continued Education. The Head of this section should be recruited to oversee the department in the County.
3.6. Open and Continued Education

This applies to people who have gone to school and have acquired certain professions at certificate level or diploma for that matter. They need to be given opportunity to carry on their Education to University level. This can be done through loan funding because most of these people are working class fellows, but they need to be given a boost in their finances in order to learn.
3.6.1 Suggestions and Recommendations

Kakamega County Government should set aside a revolving fund to facilitate and enable this people in specialized fields to further their education to a higher level. Very many people are denied such chances due to lack of funds and yet they could make useful members of the society. Currently we have many people with diplomas in various fields electrical, clinical medicines, plumbing, accounts, teachers, etc, whom if given an opportunity can be highly qualified.
3.7 Research and STI

This is a very important section of all the above discussed topics on SNE, NFE, Adult Continued Education and Open Continued Education. With research one can come up with many innovative ideas. With research our institution of higher learning are able to come up with latest findings in various fields. Our County (Kakamega) requires research in Clinical Medicine, Veterinary Medicine, Agriculture, Education Science Technology Innovation, without which then the County Government will not be functional.
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The following institutions in Kakamega County require and need a research fund to be set aside to facilitate research in them as follows: Agriculture Clinical medicine Education Science Youth Development E.C.D Education Tourism Cooperatives & Marketing Engineering (civil and Mechanical Engineering) etc This section requires a substantial amount of funds to run research departments.
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CHAPTER FOUR
4.0. INFRASTRUCTURE
4.1 Introduction
Major modes of transport are roads, air transport and railway transport and railway networks. Motor vehicles, tricycles, motor cycles, and bicycles are the predominant means of transport on the roads. The Kakamega airstrip also was refurbished with regular flights by fly 540. Rail transport is rarely used with a small coverage in Butere sub-county. The county is well served with reliable water for domestic use, livestock and irrigations. Most households in the county are accessible to water and the average nearest distance to water point is about 500 m. The sources of water for the residents in the county are mainly from the shallow wells, roof catchments and the protected and unprotected springs. 5.9% have access to piped water while 29.5% have access to portable water. This makes a larger population vulnerable to water borne diseases. On average it takes 44.2% and 28.1% of the population 5-14 and 1-4 minutes respectively to fetch water. 16.7% of the population takes between 15-29 minutes The majority of the people in the County rely mainly on biomass as a source of energy for cooking and lighting. Renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and river/ dam water have not been optimally exploited
4.1.1. Recommendations
The County government to hire consultants to draw up county master plan. Highway s Kakamega city to have by-passes stretching from Lubao-Shikusa-Muranda and connect to the main road to Khayega Sigalagala down to shimanyiro connected to Mumias road. Kakaunga-Lukume-Ingotse-Makunga connect to Mumias road Street lighting in the entire county. Link-roads to connect all sub-counties Rural (gravel roads) to be constructed in all counties. All weather roads to connect all sub-counties including bridges, bix culverts and drainage works. Tourists roads to be constructed. Tea roads to be constructed where tea is grown. Sugarcane roads to be constructed where cane is grown.
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Kakamega County Blueprint Modern roads construction and maintenance of equipment to be availed. Motor graders, Bulldozers, Excavators, Compactors, Rollers, Concrete mixers,
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Water boozers, Poker vibrators, Tippers, Flat beds, Pickups (land cruisers, station wagons, salon cars, motor bikes), Compressors, Mobile workshop fully equipped for maintenance etc. Personnel for Road Maintenance: The county to hire suitable/qualified Road construction and maintenance staff. The county to set up maintenance yards at sub-counties. Airports Current airstrip at Muranda to be upgraded to International status. Water supply/Irrigation All residents in Kakamega County to be connected with piped water supply as there are enormous rivers flowing down to Lake Victoria and Irrigation projects to be constructed where rainfall is not sufficient to allow sustainable food for the county and for export Rain Water Harvesting: To be introduced and encouraged. Sewerage Sewerage system to be constructed in Kakamega town and In sub-counties. Energy/Hydro power Hydro-power station to be constructed on Nzioa Biogas to be introduced in all counties Utilization of wind and sun Power Supply Electricity should be connected to all residents in the county. Firefighting equipment and vehicles to be equipped in all counties. Mining Minerals like gold and others to be exploited in the entire county by private entities.
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CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 INVESTMENT, MANUFACTURING AND INDUSTRIALIZATION
5.1 INVESTMENT
5.1.1 Introduction
Investment refers to money committed or property acquired for future income. It can also be looked at as trade-off between risk and reward aiming for incremental gain and preservation of the invested amount (principal). The two main classes of investment are: Fixed income investment such as: Bonds Fixed deposits Preference share Variable income investment such as: Business ownership Property ownership
5.1.2 Objectives and Goals

To list key areas which offer investment opportunities in the County. To determine the level of investment in the County. To establish the challenges facing the County in attracting new investments. To come up with key incentives to attract investments in the County. Kakamega County occupies a vast area and has favourable condition with both long and short rain seasons. The vast natural resources and a population of 1.65 million in the County can provide many investment opportunities. The following are the investment opportunities in the County:
5.1.2.1. Manufacturing Sector

Development of Small and Medium Enterprises Parks (due to proximity to high potential agricultural area. Agro-processing industry e.g processing of white refined industrial sugar, processing of fruit concentrates vegetable oil processing industry. Chemical industry e.g manufacturing of fertilizers, dyes for textiles industries,
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sheet glass production
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Motor vehicle components manufacturing there is a big market for vehicles in the EAC and COMESA regions. Iron and steel industry-Kakamega County is endowed with unexploited iron and steel for commercial ventures. Manufacture of aluminum cans we need a plant to cater for the country, Uganda, Tanzania, Rwanda and Burundi. Pharmaceutical plants
5.1.2.2 Tourism Sector

Development of Resort Centres Construction of International Hotel Chains Investment in Conference Facilities Entertainment Options Amusement Parks, Clubs, Casinos, Theatres and specifically Restaurants.
5.1.2.3 Transport and Infrastructure Sector

Development of airport infrastructure and services Development of road sub sector Concessioning Kenya Roads Act (2007) allows for private sector participation in road sector improvements. Closed Circuit Television (CCTV)
5.1.2.4 Agricultural Sector

Sugarcane Development Value addition industries Marketing infrastructure Horticultural Development Poultry farming
5.1.2.5 Livestock Sector

Development of Disease free Zones Meat industry Animal feeds Dairy Industry Hides, Skins and Leather Industries
5.1.2.6 Fisheries Sector

County residents need to be encouraged to take up fish farming.
5.1.2.7 Education Sector

Construction of new schools and universities - an existing college like Bukura
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Agricultural College can be upgraded to offer degrees.
5.1.2.8 Mineral Resources

Kakamega County has untapped gold, iron and steel. We need investors who can undertake exploration and mining.
5.1.2.9 Building and Construction Industry

Kakamega County has a shortage of housing units and therefore both local and foreign investment in this sector is welcome.
5.1.2.10 Cooperative Development

Residents of this county should be encouraged to form cooperative movement which will ensure that economies of scales are enjoyed in purchase of inputs and enhance bargaining power in marketing the outputs.
5.1.3 Level of Investments in Kakamega County

The level of investment in the County is still very low. This has contributed to the high poverty levels and unemployment in the county. Concerted efforts are required to make the County attractive for both local and foreign investors. We need investments which can create both backward and forward linkages which in turn will create multiplier effect in the County.
5.1.4. Challenges Facing he County in Attracting New Investments

Poor roads and lack of infrastructure Most of the roads in the County are in poor condition and the infrastructure is not well developed. Political interference Politics in the various constituencies has played a negative role in attraction of investors. A good example on how politics has affected investor confidence is found in the Butali West Kenya Factories fiasco. High level of Bureaucracy The current government approval procedures for new investments are not investor friendly. New investors are subjected to stringent licensing process which amount to what is commonly referred to as red tape. Poor Purchasing Power - Though the County has the second largest population numbers, the majority of it still live below the poverty line. There is lack of market for some industrial goods. Poor development manpower Investors wish to locate themselves in areas where there is cheap skilled labour. The County lacks adequate skilled
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manpower for some industries. Poor art of Savings The level oc investment is directly related to the level of savings. The culture of savings is not well developed among the residents of the County and hence low level of investment by the locals. Lack of transparency and accountability Foreign investors go to countries which carry on business above board. Our current national government has not eradicated corruption and therefore we lack transparency and accountability in our dealings.
5.1.5 Incentives to Attract Investments in Kakamega County

Improve our road network and revamp our infrastructure Improve on our politics such that it should be issue based and not hiccup to development. Licensing procedures need to be reviewed to cut down on red tape. New investments in the County will result into creation of employment opportunities which will improve the purchasing power of the local community. We need to look for market opportunity beyond the boundaries of the County. There is need to increase middle level colleges to rain a pool of skilled manpower which can be relied upon in the local industries. The culture of savings needs to be inculcated into the County residents through seminars and barazas in order to create local resources for investment. Kakamega County should be declared corruption free zone and must cultivate the culture of transparency and accountability.
5.1.6 Priority Areas with Likely Multiplier Effect in the County 5.1.6.1 Construction of a Referral and Training Health Institution
Kakamega County has a population of over 1.65 million which remain untapped. With establishment of a referral and training institution in the County, we expect to train health professionals who will be utilized within the county and the excess exported either to other counties or abroad. Recent survey, indicate that there is a shortage of health personnel worldwide and therefore we need to take advantage by training people to fill this gap. With establishment of such institution we anticipate a lot of employment opportunities to be generated either directly or indirectly. The institution will employ staff and will create need for housing and food. This kind of institution will create multiplier effect in the economy of the County.
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5.1.6.2 Construction of a Five Star Hotel & Hospitality College

Kakamega County is rich with various tourist attractions. This is a home of original equatorial forest with over 400 species of birds. The forest is also rich with cobra snakes which are tourist attraction. We have unique features such as the crying stone and various pastimes such as bull fighting, cockfighting and isukuti dancers. Construction of a five star hotel with facilities that go with it will make the county tourist attraction destination and this will earn the county foreign exchange. The institution will create employment opportunities by direct employment and indirectly by creating a market for farm produce. This will also create need for housing which the County residents can take advantage of. The hospitality college will create manpower to be utilized within the county and for export.
5.1.6.3 Import Substitution Ventures (Poultry, Fishing and Dairy)

Kakamega County is net importer of poultry, fish and dairy products. There is urgent need to assist the residents to go into active production. We need to reverse the trend of relying on the other counties on goods which can be produced locally. We therefore need to partner with micro finance institutions such Financial Services Associations to disburse low interest finance to our entrepreneurs. In-case of poultry farming, a farmer will be supplied with chicks and foodstuffs till such time the farmer is stable and able to start repayment. For farmers who wish to venture in fis farming, we get the ponds made, fish supplied and foodstuff for fish. For dairy farmers all we need is to encourage the farmers to put up the shelter for the cow and the FSA then finances the purchase of the animal. With the production in the three fields we shall aim to be self sufficient and to export the excess. As the position stands, we rely on eggs from Nakuru and even South Africa and yet this can be produced locally. The three activities will create employment, spur economic growth and help reduce or eradicate poverty. From the above, we urgently need to strengthen the Financial Service Associations by carrying out an audit of their operations and management capacity. We shall therefore need to ensure that every constituency has put in place an FSA.
5.1.7 Financial Services

Access to rural financial services has a potential to make a difference in agricultural productivity, food security and poverty reduction. In Kakamega County, lacks of an efficient, sustainable and widely accessible rural financial system remain a
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development challenge. Kakamega County has large population that is not accessible to financial services. Banking services for example, is concentrated in Kakamega town in Lurambi constituency and Mumias town in Mumias constituency. The other seven constituencies namely Butere, Khwisero, Ikolomani, Shinyalu, Matungu, Malava and Lugari do not have banking institutions. Financial service associations have emerged in some constituencies such as Mumias,Butere, Khwisero and Malava which offer minimum financial services. A recent survey indicates that the region receives a lot of money through M-pesa services and the few banks in the area handle large deposits. The area receives a lot if funds such as CDF, LATF, Youth Development Fund, School funds for free education which are all handled through mainstream banking institution. Kakamega County must therefore move with speed to consider the following:
5.1.7.1 Setting Up Bank

The Kakamega County Forum had hatched an idea to start a regional Bank through sale of shares to members. As Kakamega county government will need to explore further on possibility of starting a regional bank in tandem with the wishes of the council of elders. We shall therefore examine the new law framework to ensure that we comply with it on formation of a bank.
5.1.7.2 Strengthening of Financial Service Associations

Kakamega County will need to strengthen financial services associations by supporting them. Every constituency has to put up an FSA in place and the County government will disburse project funds for poverty eradication through FSAs. These will include funds for poultry, fish, dairy and other productive activities aimed at making the County self sufficient in food and to be a net exporter.
5.1.7.3 Formation of Saccos

Kakamega County will need to sensitize the residents to form Saccos in various sub sectors. This will ensure that economies of scales are enjoyed in buying inputs and selling the output.
5.2 Introduction to Manufacturing

There are no heavy-duty manufacturing facilities in the County. However, industrialization of a given area can be very involving since it depends upon many varying factors which include availability of the relevant raw materials for the planned industry in its vicinity, existing and potential markets (marketing strategy) for the expected products, plant capacity, etc. In the absence of heavy duty manufacturing industries in the area, it is impossible to process the most widely used ferrous engineering raw materials for the further manufacture into
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Kakamega County Blueprint industrial goods.
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The various light duty manufacturing plants available are spread over the towns, town councils/townships and trading centres o f the county. Among these production facilities are micro-to-small workshops at which diverse products from steel, timber, PVC materials, etc are manufactured. Predominant among the manufacturing processes most commonly applied are the welding and fabrication processes that are widely employed in the informal manufacturing sector, popularly known as Jua Kali. Metal-cutting processes such as machinery, drilling, grinding, etc are not as widespread in the informal sector as the heat-joining processes. However, metal- cutting, fitting; and assembly processes are widely carried out at the few existing formal sector workshops. The above mentioned manufacturing facilities are simply inadequate for the production of sufficient industrial goods for sale in order to effect economic growth for this expansive and populous county. Therefore, further industrialization of the manufacturing industry is essential for faster development of the area. In many manufacturing light industries of the county there is no direct relationship between marketing and plant capacity of the same enterprise. This is basically due to the fact that such industrial projects were created without prior professional planning. As a result manufacturing activities are usually carried out and goods produced without tangible marketing plans and sales programmes. If the entrepreneurs running such enterprises want to boost their sales income, then they will have to accept some professional corrective measures. An existing enterprise is expected to have established reliable markets for its products, so that the promotion of the sales income can be concentrated on demand and market study for future manufacturing operations. Field research findings indicate that some plant owners/managers do not even keep up to date records of their business transactions. It is vital to maintain such records for future reference and research into possible market penetration for a particular product(s).
Vision:
To identify and analyze existing manufacturing enterprises in the county to enable further planning for the promotion of sales programmes of the plants, plan for short- term upgrading and expansion of some of them, and draw up long-term plans for the creation of new additional ones for possible diversification of production programmes.
Mission
To establish the exact data including numbers, types, sizes, etc plants, design short-term plans for the promotion and expansion organized among these plants, and finally draw up long-term plans of new additional manufacturing facilities for possible introduction production programmes.
of the existing of a few better for the creation of diversified of
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Objectives of the Industrialization Plans:

The objectives and the goals they are intended to achieve can be very challenging in a developing county/state such as Kakamega/Kenya if not adequately planned. It is therefore necessary to split the goals into the following two units of general objectives and a specific objective for the purpose of a more effectives and a specific objective for the purpose of a more effective analysis of the industrialization agenda. General objectives: To plan for the implementation of more intensive manufacturing activities at all existing production facilities of the county for the purpose of higher productivity and the corresponding improved sales income; To prepare short-term plans under which some of the enterprises mentioned above can be promoted and/or expanded in the foreseeable future in order to upgrade their manufacturing output for better returns on their investment; To draw up long-term plans affecting the industrialization process throughout the county.
In order to overcome the stiff competition that is evident at the welding and fabrication sheds of the informal manufacturing industry, it is adviseable for this category of manufacturers to adjust the current production programmes. To achieve high returns on investment in the shortest time possible, the production manager of a given manufacturing enterprise have to introduce intensified programmes for the manufacture of popular products, thus increasing the production rate and reducing downtime. Plan for the introduction of manufacturing programmes that will enable the manufacture of diverse products in both the formal and informal production industries. This requirement calls for the expansion of some of the existing plants and the creation of new ones across the county. Draw a comprehensive long-tem plan for the transformation of Kakamega town from a relatively little developed poor area to a medium to highly developed welfare county comparable to certain countries in continental Europe which in the 1960s and 1970s were popularly referred to as WELFARE STATES owing to their strong economic performance then. To apply corrective measures by introducing modern marketing and sales programs into some of the existing manufacturing enterprises; To match up the marketing strategies of individual production facilities with the corresponding plant capacities; To include the conceptual plans stated under vision, mission and objectives into the industrialization process for the county; To select an effective research methodology for the preparation of industrial feasibility studies for purposes of industrialization; Develop infrastructure such as all-weather road networks;, three-phase power
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County Blueprint supply, water supply systems, railway etc should be Kakamega considered and put in
41
place before any meaningful industrialization process can be effected. Develop effective and reliable techniques of manufacturing, modern technology, suitable civil engineering works and well qualified and experienced manpower. Detailed researches have to be carried out to determine the availability of raw materials in different areas. Feasible and viable projects to be implemented in accordance with the systematically pre-planned schedules. The following are some of the more obvious potential areas of industrialization within the County. Glass manufacturing plant Museno Shinyalu Steel manufacturing from iron ore Shimanyiro Of Ikolomani Fertilizer manufacturing Sign stones (tiles) Ilesi Posho millers Lugari Sun flower/palm trees cooking oil Lugari Animal feeds Avocadoes (for diesel) Molassess processing plant (Kakamega) areas of industrialization that require immediate researches are the Glass manufacturing industry Steel processing industry Molasses processing industry Motor vehicle component manufacturing. The polytechnics - Sigalagala, Shamberere, and Bushiangala have the necessary equipments to produce the motor vehicle components.
Note: The three following:
5.3.1 Proposed Industrial Ventures Fruit and Vegetable Plant

The proposed edible Oil Plant will produce refined oil for human consumption from ground nuts, cotton seed, sunflowers and simsim. By-products will also be produced from the plant, i.e oil cake and fatty acids to be used by the animal feed industry. The construction of the proposed industry will promote the cultivation of sunflowers, simsim and ground nuts and will increase income earning opportunities in the region. Small and medium scale processing plants can also be established to produce preserved fruits and cordials, dried vegetables, and tomatoes and chilly sauces. Dehydration will extend the shelf life of vegetables without affecting its taste and nutritional value. The plant will solve the produce fruit juices from mangoes, pawpaw, avocado, passion, oranges, guavas, pineapple, banana, etc.
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Tannery Plant
Both climate and culture practices within the county favour the rearing of cattle, sheep and goats. The large number of hides and skins produced ensures adequacy and viability of a tannery plant in the main objective of the plant will be to process hides and skins to create income earning opportunities and employment to the community. The plant will produce leather and split leather from hides and skins for making of belts, bags and shoes. Currently the hides and skins produced in the province are taken to distant tanneries including Kitale, Nakuru and Nairobi.
Maize milling plant.

Maize is the main foodstuff as well one of the major cash crops for the people in Kakamega County. The one of the major producers of maize in the country. With good marketing system, farmers will be encouraged to grow more maize. The current production levels in the county can support a maize milling plant. From the plant, sifted maize meal will be produced. The by-products, maize germ and maize bran can be used in oil processing and animal feeds factory, respectively.
Animal feeds
One problem which has hampered the rapid exploitation of the regions livestock and fishery resources has been shortage of livestock and fish feeds. The animal feed available is little and expensive. The animal feed plant will use maize, sunflower, simsim and cotton cakes as base materials. The feed plant will also manufacture feeds for all other types of livestock that are reared in the region. The whole of Kakamega County depends on commercial livestock feeds from outside the province, yet there are local raw materials that can be used to produce the feeds. The sugar factories in the county produce molasses and bagasse which can supplement to other available materials like maize, sunflower, simsim, etc.
Poultry Development Plant

The project is intended to increase production and consumption of poultry and encourage poultry keeping by providing broilers and day old chicks. The project will include the establishment of a hatchery, a slaughter house, and animal feed plant.
Confectionery Industry
Kenyas confectionery plants producing different kind sweets are mainly
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Kakamega Blueprint located in County Nairobi. Besides the regional demand in there are considerable opportunities
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for regional export. Sugar as the main raw material for the confectionery industry accounts for about 95% of the total raw material input requirements. The proposed industry will further improve the economic situation of the sugar sector in the county.
Building materials Plant

Rock and soil formation in the province are ideal for extraction of building materials. Exposed rocks of different kinds are common in the province. A plant ballast on large scale in the county can generate employment and incomes to the expanding labour force. Rock outcrop formations are wide spread. Apart from producing ballast, blasted rocks can also be cut and polished and used as ornamental slabs in the building industry. The crushed stones can also be used to make cement blocks with cement and ballast as the raw materials. The red clay in the province can also be used to prepare bricks and roof-tiles. The establishment of small-scale brick plants is proposed to initiate industrial promotion in the province. Red clay for brick production is available at many places in Western province. Several brick making technologies exist but one that will be appropriate for the province will be a simple, labour intensive technology. Claybrick pressing machines are appropriate, as they are labour-intensive. They will increase employment and incomes. The manufacture of roof tiles would be an additional line for the brickeries. There is an increasing demand of roof tiles especially in the major market centers. A third production line would be the manufacture of air-cured, fired and glazed floor tiles also made from red clay. Engineering and Service Centre The establishment of Technical Service Centre in Kakamega County is considered important for a broader economic development. Although some repair facilities, e.g for motors, pumps and electrical equipment, are available in major urban centres in the province they are relatively less technological than the ones found in major towns like Nairobi, Nakuru and Eldoret. For superior and advanced repairs the province turns primarily to workshops in Kisumu, Nakuru, Eldoret and Nairobi. The technical service centre will need to be established to cater for the service demand in the area. The Service Centre will provide valuable support to repair sector especially radio and watch repair, bicycle repair, and garages. Since the tools and equipment are unfortunately poor the majority of the shops do only simple repair work. Services are frequently combined with some kind of retailing. The plant can also produce simple machines that are usually used in the smallscale enterprises in the major urban and market centres. Some of these machines include welding machines. This would reduce production costs in the Jua Kali sector as most of their equipment are bought from distant areas outside the province. The
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engineering workshop could also assemble bicycles. The demand for bicycles is very high in the province and such investment could contribute significantly to improve transportation. The service centre will provide services like the production of high quality steel windows, doors and tabular steel furniture for the local market. The sheet metal workers could make buckets, oil burners, charcoal stoves and other simple household goods. The service centre would not phase out the current Jua Kali sector; rather it will stimulate, complement and enhance the role played by the sector in the economic development of the region.
Pig Complex Plant

The projects will involve the establishment of breeding Centres for distributing pigs to contract farmers and the provision of extension services. Meat processing, blood, and bone meals factories will be included in this complex to process pigs. This will stimulate the production of more pigs in the province. Processing plants for fish meat and fillets can be established at selected areas. The research/training facilities will be combined with the operation of fish ponds, some of which will serve as fingerlings production. Artificial feed plants will be established not only for these demonstration ponds but also for encouraging various forms of fish culture by individuals. Grown in Vihiga. The production of the crop is evidenced especially during may
Body Care Plant

The county has a lot of potential for a body lotion plant. Avocado will be a major raw material. The crop is extensively market days in the district. The female population, the major users of body lotions, is also quite high in the province. The age group 15 60 years (female) is considered as the most active in body lotion use. The total population in this age group is estimated at 132,501 in 1997. It is estimated that the population which is willing and able to use body lotion is about 65% of the total female population in the age group 15 60. This translates to a population of about 60,000 in 1997.
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CHAPTER SIX
6.0 LAND AND HOUSING
6.1 LAND
For the longer term, democratic dialogue should be encouraged on such critical matters as repossession and allocation of lands currently under utilized and merely kept for speculative purposes and the possible introduction a ceiling to the amount of land any one individual may own. Such fundamental decisions will increasingly become critical if Kenya/county is to manage this social scourge called landlessness.
6.2 HOUSING
For staff to be constructed in every sub county head quarters. Tourists class hotels five star to be constructed at Bukhakunga/Buyangu/ Kuvasali hills respectively Golf Hotel Golf Hotel to be procured and be upgraded to 5 Star Hotels with 5 presidential suits to attract tourists.
State House
State house to be converted into governors residence. Pension scheme to be provided to the old age and allowances paid per month Insurance scheme for old age to be provided to cater medication
Healthcare
Kakamega Provincial Hospital to be rehabilitated and constructed to cater for a referral status. A branch high rise building be constructed and attached to Masinde Muliro University with research facilities and medical training. Hospitals to be constructed in every sub county.
Kakamega Prison
To be relocated to Shikusa and same to be used as Commercial enterprise. Kakamega children home/remand to be relocated to Shikusa and same to be converted to Masinde Muliro University. Law Courts To be improved and expanded to cater for more judges and magistrates by buildings high-rise structures and decentralize, by constructing law courts to every sub counties.
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Universities
Each sub county shall have a branch of Masinde Muliro University campus/ college. The University to expand to Shikusa. Polytechnic University to be constructed at Sigalagala Polytechnic. Polytechnics to be constructed in each sub county.
Secondary Schools
Each sub county to construct a national school equivalent to Alliance High school.
Colleges
Each sub county to construct: Technical institute Agricultural institute Medical institute Tourism institute Others
Markets
Lurambi, Rosterman, Maraba, Amalemba, Lubao, Khayegam Shinyalu NB: Generally, all markets to be upgraded to urban centres. Each to draw up a master plan that will include sewage, roads, playground, markets etc.
Stadiums
Each sub county to construct a modern stadium. The current stadium at Kakamega to be relocated to Shikusa Nyayo Tea Zone and be up graded to International level.
Electric Railway System

Railway line to be constructed from Butere and connected to all sub counties.
Factories
The EPZ Should be at county head quarter near the airport Tea factory to be constructed in Shinyalu. Fertilizer factory be constructed at Matungu using soil. To construct menthol factory using molasses from West Kenya, Butali Sugar factories etc to be allocated in Kakamega town. Construct ceiling boards using baggus materials from the above factories in Kakamega town.
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Construct animal feeds factory Kakamega H/Q. Construct edible oil factory in Lugari Construct pork factory an investor to be sort. Construct chicken hatching factory in Kakamega Construct mushroom factory in Kakamega Encourage bee keeping farming in the entire county. Ballast quarry plant to be set at Kuvasali Hill for commercial purposes. Cemeteries Cemeteries land should be set aside in the entire county for those who depart in all urban centres.
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CHAPTER SEVEN
7. O CLIMATE CHANGE EFFECTS, MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION
7.1 Introduction
Kakamega County is the second largest county in Kenya. One of the main economic activities in the county are Tourist attraction sites like Kakamega Forest, Caves and The crying stone. Kakamega County has large scale Sugarcane farming Mixed with three sugar producing factories. Tea is also planted in Kakamega County but processed in the neighboring Vihiga County. There is potential for cultivation of Soya beans, Sun flower and Production of Dairy Products.. Since the adoption and ratification of Kyoto Protocol on climate change in December 1997, global warming has continued to be a big challenge. Developing countries have continued to exceed their emission requirements. The outer areas the forest is being felled to burn charcoal and farm in the area. Encroachment into the forest for farming and animal keeping local communities. Commercialisation of tree planting has led to planting of exotic tree species reducing indigenous tree species. Depletion of forest has increased human wild life conflict in the affected areas Migration of wildlife to other ecosystems. Destruction of sceneries by human activities like the crying stone. Destruction of natural ecosystems and wetlands for farming and construction activities. Prices of common commodities going high due to scarcity leading to high cost of living. Extinction of some traditional food crops and cash crops elevating famine and poverty. e. Millet, Beans, Tea (According to Maxent Model, in the year 2050, there will be no tea growing in Kericho, Bomet and Gucha if the current trend of climactic conditions continues. Long spells of drought leading to low productivity in the manufacturing sector like Mumias sugar company. Massive downsizing of staff due to high cost of production and lack of raw material e.g. Mumias. Impassable roads caused by flooding making transportation of commodities impossible and leading to massive losses. We have high prevalence rates of diseases like malaria in the county associated with increase in temperatures and erratic flooding. Introduction of new diseases and conditions like cancers, typhoid which due to the changes in the environment and competition for limited resources. Our medical facilities are over stretched and a lot of resources diverted to handle strange health condition. Increase of water borne diseases such as cholera due to increase in malaria because of increase in temperature and Increase in respiratory diseases due to increased movement of humid and warm air masses. Over-stretching of health facilities due to increase of diseases. Increase in temperature due to global warming has led to dusty conditions which have led to the increase of the jigger menace and eye infections in some areas within the county. Decrease in food production because of delayed rainfall. Landslides
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caused by flooding in
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Khubasali in Malava have interfered with human settlement. Harsh climatically conditions that lead to low agricultural produce have resulted to people migrating from rural areas to urban areas making people move to urban areas. This has strained the infrastructural facilities in the towns. Encroachment of forests for settlement in search of productive land has led to reduction in forest cover e.g. Kakamega Forest. Human wildlife conflict. Some wild animals such as monkeys and Hippos have been forced to invade farms because of destruction of their natural habitat. Roads become impassable during floods e.g. Sigalagala Butere road. Existing road networks have been destroyed due to strong winds and storms e.g. roads in Lugari and Matete. Untimely delivery of farm produce to the markets because of poor roads. Frequent mechanical breakdown of cars due to bad roads caused by climate change effects which increases costs of maintenance making transport cost high. Over reliance on wood fuel for energy has led to reduced forest cover. Power blackouts caused by effects of heavy rains and storms impacting negatively of production sector and other institutions.
7.2.1 SWOT Analysis

STRENGTH Favorable climate High Land fertility High number of educated professionals. Large number of initiatives Large number of natural rivers. Rich culture. Ignorance of the population Larger of a coordination of activities. Individualism Large attraction touristic attraction sites Diversity of agri-products for export Large area for expansion Politics Depletion of natural resources. Corruption
WEAKNESS
OPPORTUNITIES
THREATS
7.2.2 PESTEL Analysis

POLITICAL Political interference High political blocks
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ECONOMIC
High number of readily available human resources. Has diversity of Products. Has few number of industries Expansive area for carrying out economic activities. Diversity of religious believes. Diversity of cultural activities High number cultural festivities Settlement into clusters of villages and alike communities. Large coverage of electricity connectivity. Mobile phone possession is high. Low level of literacy in ICT Centers of technology mostly located in urban centers. Low pollution levels Large number of fresh water sources. Poor waste disposal methods. High diversity of both flora and fauna. Favorable climatic conditions for plant growth and animals
SOCIAL
TECHNOLOGICAL
ENVIRONMENTAL
7.3 Main Indicators of Climate in the Region

Rainfall, Temperatures, Occurrences of Natural Disasters, Disease Vectors, Change spatial distribution of plant and animal species Establish awareness and capacity building programmes. Carry out a forestation with the right species of vegetation. Proper data on the indicators should be kept to aid in planning and tracking of environmental trends. Regulation of commonly used resources to avoid over exploitation. Develop alternative sources of energy e.g. biogas, Solar Rocket stoves, wind, fireless cookers. Rehabilitation of degraded areas. Develop an early warning system e.g. Community radios. Waste recycling of municipal waste to avoid the release of Methane in open waste dumps. Enforcement of conservation policies Mainstreaming of climate change concept into all official government policies and various learning curriculums. Practicing of organic farming for sustainable farming. Establish Carbon Credit partnership projects e.g. Mumias Sugar Co. with Hyundai in the use of Baggasse in cogeneration of Electricity, Proposed partnership of Carbon Credit project in Kakamega Forest.
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7.4.1 Proposed Short term Strategies

Planting of drought resistant and early maturing varieties. Creation of dams and reservoirs to collect over flow water for future use. Rain water harvesting Changing of eating habits. Keeping of drought resistance animals Introduce the concept of cleaner production to curb on high cost of production. Invest in water purification plants. Scale up immunization programmes and establish more health facilities. Building of Tarmac roads to ease transportation. Establish gene banks for endangered species(Fauna/Flora) Diversify touristic attraction sites other than the established ones. Establish green houses to raise endangered crops.
7.4. 2 Project Model

The project will be executed using: Awareness and Training: This will involve identifying and selecting established groups training and creating awareness. Establishment of Lead Groups: These groups will be the contact groups within the community to provide information and spearhead the implementation of the activities. Establish field training and Demonstration Centres: Identify centers dealing with specific components of the interventions. Establish more activities in the field, Data collection, Monitoring and Reporting: These will ensure ownership of the activities and their continuity. Working with Partners: These will provide the necessary resources.
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CHAPTER EIGHT
8.0 YOUTH AND WOMEN IN KAKAMEGA COUNTY
8.1 Introduction
The state shall take measures, including affirmative action Youth programmes, to ensure that the youth:Access relevant education and training. Have opportunities to associate, be represented and participate in political, social, economic and other spheres of life. Access employment and are protected from harmful cultural practices and exploitation. Anyone between 18 years and 35 years of age is a youth. The above information is as quoted in the Kenyan constitution concerning the youth in Kenya according to chapter two of the constitution. In chapter one, it states that all power belongs to the people of Kenya and shall be exercised only in accordance with this constitution. The people may exercise their sovereign power either directly or through their democratically elected representatives.
8.2 Youth
In Kakamega county, the youth carry 60% of the population and most of them being female who are getting married at a tender age making them loose out on high school education leading to lack of female professionals from the area and thus making the county poverty level increase for one to operate and do business well and contribute to the countys economic growth, education is very important. The countys gross domestic production is very small yet it is rated of having the highest population after Nairobi county. The youth in the county engage in football which lacks sponsors thus achieving very little if not nothing. They also marry at an early stage with both the teenage couple lacking income. They engage in boda boda as a means of transport thus a source of income though most of them have not trained on motorcycle thus increasing the accidents level in the county. What should be done:The teenage couple should be encouraged to go back to school through the adult education system so that they can fit into the first paced country. Polytechnics should be equipped to accommodate the youths who are not able to join the universities The motorcycling as boda boda sector should be regularized so as before a cyclist takes off to the road is vetted so as to decrease the mortality rates on our roads and also safe guard our youths.
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County Blueprint Cottage industries should be encouraged so as to utilize Kakamega the manpower/human
49
resource that is lying idle in the county. Political parties should be restricted from oppressing the youth in the political activities of the county so that the county can have youth elected as leaders to help make policies that will favour or are friendly to the youths in the county
8.3 Women
As per the Kenyan Constitution women are marginalized in the society they are less represented in the governance of the nation. The following are the provision as per the Kenyan constitution Participate and are represented in governance and other spheres of life Are provided special opportunities in educational and economic fields Are provided special opportunities for access to employment Develop their cultural values, languages and practices and Have reasonable access to water, health services and infrastructure The women in Kakamega county make up to 30% of the population making them the second largest group in the county. Women are female members of the community both youth ladies up to old age are women. Currently, the Kakamega county women are not recognized in different sectors of the community due to the literacy levels the county amongst women. They are poorly educated thus limiting their confidence and involvement in different activities in the community. In political participation and decision making men dominate the political stage and set the rules of the political game and women lack confidence in vying for political leadership. The inability to use the women voting power and numerical strength leads to women being ignored in the political field. 2003 RANK National Assembly Ambassadors/High Commissioners Permanent Secretaries Provincial Commissioner District Commissioner Deputy Secretary Councillors District Officers Chief Justice WOMEN MEN 18 7 3 0 3 19 377 68 0 204 27 21 8 68 75 2,460 355 1 TOTAL 222 34 24 8 71 94 2,837 423 1 % 8.1 20.6 12.5 0 4.2 20.2 13.3 16.1 0 WOMEN 18 11 6 0 2 21 377 88 1 MEN 204 29 25 8 69 77 358 1 TOTAL 222 40 31 8 71 98 446 0 2005 % 8.1 27.5 19.4 0 2.8 21.4 13.3 19.7 0
2,460 2,837
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Judges of Appeal High Court Judges Commissioners of Assize
1 0 1
12 0 2
13 0 3
7.7 0 33.3
0 12 2
14 47 3
14 59 5
20.3 40
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Chief magistrates Senior principal Magistrates Senior resident magistrates Resident Magistrates District magistrates Chief Kadhi/Kadhi
6 9 32 53 85 0
814 13 55 71 121 17
820 22 87 124 206 17
0.73 40.9 36.8 42.7 41.3 0
6 11 38 64 92 0
9 15 63 82 126 17
15 26 101 146 218 17
40 42.3 37.6 43.8 42.2 0
Total 682 4,324 5,006 748 3,607 4,355 These figures give the impression of a slow but steady improvement in womens participation in politics. A closer examination shows, however, that this is not necessarily the case. A similar trend can be seen in the level of womens participation in Local Authorities. Here, their level of participation increased from 2.7% in 1992 to 8.1% and 13.3% in 1997 and 2002 respectively. These figures do not show the number of women heading influential committees in Local Authorities. Women are human beings with human rights and unique needs affected by politics. Women have talents just like men in leadership and hence to be given equal opportunity to lead. Therefore we demand that the government must take practical measures to put in practice the recommendations adopted both at the Fifth African Regional Conference on Women (Dakar, Senegal in 1994) and the Fourth World Conference on Women (Beijing, China in 1995). That decision making bodies (military, police, judiciary, the civil service commission and other decision making bodies) must set concrete targets and specific time frames for increasing the proportion of women in leadership and decision making positions by 2012.
8.3.1 Women in Education work and Economic Empowerment

Kenyas current education system puts women at a greater disadvantage despite education being economic, social and even political development. Hundreds of girls are still missing out on free education system because of social and cultural factors like early and forced marriages, early pregnancy, multiple workloads, poverty and traditional gender attitudes. But specific programs must be introduced in marginal disparities in education that gender specific politics such as bursaries for girls must be put in place to address challenges facing girls in enrolling and staying in primary schools such as the lack of uniform and sanitary towels.
8.3.2 Economic Empowerment

Women have been active in wage labour subsistence farming and the informal sector however legal and customarily barriers to ownership of and access to land,
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Kakamega County Blueprint use of natural resources, access to capital and credit, compounded with the lack of
53
...
...
opportunities, resources, training and skills. Access to and use of technology and wage differentials all standing the way of women economic progress. Therefore the government must promote and guarantee women economic rights and economic independence. They must also enact and enforce legislation to ensure equal payment for equal work for women and men. The government working jointly with development partners must support women groups through capacity building and skills development for appropriate technology.
8.3.3 Women and HIV/AIDS

The current national prevalence rate of HIV/AIDS is 6.7%. statistics indicate that HIV/ AIDS . statistics indicate that HIV/AIDS accounts for up to 700 deaths daily. Session paper No. 4 of 1997 on AIDS in Kenya was the countrys first framework for dealing with the pandemic. Following the declaration in 1999 that HIV/AIDS is a national disaster, a strategic plan was developed to guide and coordinate a national response to the pandemic. The plan noted the gender dimensions of the epidemic. The current 5-year strategic plan for the National Aids Control Council (NACC) should be given the necessary support, especially in the implementation of Home-based Care (HBC) and Orphans and Vulnerable Children (OVC) components. The women face a triple gender related threats from the pandemic firstly as infected persons secondly as healthcare provide and lastly as potential long term disposed survivors. In line with their traditional roles, women always assume the role of household and care givers for aids patients. This task coupled with anxiety about their physical and economical survival following the loss of a husband leads to severe stress disorder in women. The people deliberately infecting others with HIV/AIDS must face criminal charges and any infection resulting from rape and defilement should attract a maximum criminal penalty. The government should put in place an appropriate intervention package to link medical facilities to the community and home based care services for people living with HIV/AIDS.
8.4 Conclusion
The government should liberalize the information sector to enable women to access KAKAMEGA BLUEPRINT relevant and appropriate information COUNTY on matters mentioned above and more that KAKAMEGA COUNTY FORUM (KACOF) affect them. It should also respect and protect and promote the fundamental rights of women. The government should also raise awareness on women rights and gender equity in the media through speeches by officials and discussion forum.
Designed and Printed By:Double Shasa Limited kakamega Cell. 0722 833 228

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KAKAMEGA COUNTY BLUEPRINT

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Emphatic and spirited governance and community service.

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Membership and Office Bearers

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KAKAMEGA COUNTY PROFILE

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Area and administrative units

Mean holding size

Percentage of land with title deeds

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1.2 Possible Interventions/Recommendations

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1.3 Cooperative Movement in Kakamega County

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Health Insurance Cover

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Production of Herbal Medicines

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3.2 History of Kenyan Education

3.2.1. The Earliest Schools in Kenya

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School, established 1906

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3.2.2. Pre and Postcolonial education

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