Members: Aguilar, Chen Paul G. Flores, Romie Carlo R. Gianan, Sarah Jane T. Mitra, Renz Marco M.

Z-transform

Instructor: Engr. Federico V. Termulo

In mathematics and signal processing, the Z-transform converts a discrete time-domain signal, which is a sequence of real or complex numbers, into a complex frequency-domain representation. Definition The Z-transform, like many integral transforms, can be defined as either a one-sided or two-sided transform. Bilateral Z-transform The bilateral or two-sided Z-transform of a discrete-time signal x[n] is the formal power series X(z) defined as

where n is an integer and z is, in general, a complex number:

where A is the magnitude of z, j is the imaginary unit, and referred to as angle or phase) in radians. Unilateral Z-transform

is the complex argument (also

Alternatively, in cases where x[n] is defined only for n 0, the single-sided or unilateral Ztransform is defined as

In signal processing, this definition can be used to evaluate the Z-transform of the unit impulse response of a discrete-time causal system. An important example of the unilateral Z-transform is the probability-generating function, where the component is the probability that a discrete random variable takes the value , and the function is usually written as , in terms of . The properties of Ztransforms (below) have useful interpretations in the context of probability theory. Region of convergence The region of convergence (ROC) is the set of points in the complex plane for which the Ztransform summation converges.

Example 1 (no ROC) Let . Expanding on the interval it becomes

Looking at the sum

Therefore, there are no values of Example 2 (causal ROC)

that satisfy this condition.

ROC shown in blue, the unit circle as a dotted grey circle (appears reddish to the eye) and the circle is shown as a dashed black circle Let it becomes (where is the Heaviside step function). Expanding on the interval

Looking at the sum

The last equality arises from the infinite geometric series and the equality only holds if which can be rewritten in terms of as . Thus, the ROC is . In this case the ROC is the complex plane with a disc of radius 0.5 at the origin "punched out". Example 3 (anticausal ROC)

ROC shown in blue, the unit circle as a dotted grey circle and the circle dashed black circle Let the interval it becomes (where

is shown as a

is the Heaviside step function). Expanding

on

Looking at the sum

Using the infinite geometric series, again, the equality only holds if which can be rewritten in terms of as . Thus, the ROC is . In this case the ROC is a disc centered at the origin and of radius 0.5. What differentiates this example from the previous example is only the ROC. This is intentional to demonstrate that the transform result alone is insufficient. References: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z-transform