PR2103 Pharmacostatistics

Introduction to Hypothesis Testing

Dr Perry Lim
2013

Q1: The mean lung capacity for non-smokers was reported to be 2 L. A random sample of 40 smokers has a mean lung capacity of 1.8 L. is assumed to be 0.35 L. Is the lung capacity of smokers different from that of non-smokers at a significance level of 5%? x and are sample and population mean lung capacities of smokers. 0 is lung capacity of non-smokers. H0 : = 2 L There is no difference between lung capacities of smokers and non-smokers. H1 : 2 L Lung capacity of smokers is different from that of non-smokers.

n 40; x 1.8; 0 2; 0.35 ( is known) z-score

x 0 z n

1.8 2 z 3.61 0.35 40

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Q1: The mean lung capacity for non-smokers was reported to be 2 L. A random sample of 40 smokers has a mean lung capacity of 1.8 L. is assumed to be 0.35 L. Is the lung capacity of smokers different from that of non-smokers at a significance level of 5%? 5% significance level; = 0.05 z/2 = z0.025 = 1.96
Rejection region Acceptance region Rejection region

3.61

1.96

1.96

z = |3.61| > |1.96|

Reject H0

Conclusion: At a significance level of 0.05, there is a difference between the lung capacities of smokers and non-smokers.
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Q2: A consumer group is investigating a producer of diet meals to examine if their pre-packaged meals do contain the advertised protein amount of 6 oz in each package. Based on the following data, is there any evidence that the meals do not contain the advertised protein amount at a significance level of 1%? 5.1 5.2 4.9 4.8 6.0 4.7 5.1 4.2 5.7 4.9 5.5 5.5 4.9 5.6 6.1 5.8 6.0 6.0 5.8 6.1

x x n
x 5.395

( x x ) s n 1 s 0.552

Q2: A consumer group is investigating a producer of diet meals to examine if their pre-packaged meals do contain the advertised protein amount of 6 oz in each package. Based on the following data, is there any evidence that the meals do not contain the advertised protein amount at a significance level of 1%?

x and are sample and population mean protein amounts in diet meals. 0 is advertised protein amount in diet meals.
H0: = 6 oz Pre-packaged diet meals contain advertised protein amount. H1: 6 oz Pre-packaged diet meals do not contain advertised protein amount.

n 20; x 5.395; 0 6; s 0.552 ( is not known) t-score

x 0 t s n

5.395 6 t 4.90 0.552 20

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Q2: A consumer group is investigating a producer of diet meals to examine if their pre-packaged meals do contain the advertised protein amount of 6 oz in each package. Based on the following data, is there any evidence that the meals do not contain the advertised protein amount at a significance level of 1%? 1% significance level; = 0.01 t/2,df = t0.005,19 = 2.861
Rejection region Acceptance region Rejection region

df = n 1 = 19

4.90

2.861

2.861

t = |4.90| > |2.861|

Reject H0

Conclusion: At a significance level of 0.01, the pre-packaged diet meals do not contain the advertised amount of protein.
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Q3: The mean hospital stay following a particular surgical procedure in 2007 was reported to be 7.1 days. A researcher feels that the mean hospital stay in 2008 could be shorter. A random sample of 45 patients undergoing the same surgical procedure in 2008 had a mean stay of 6.24 days with a standard deviation of 3.01 days. Run the appropriate test at = 0.05. x and are sample and population mean hospital stays in 2008. 0 is mean hospital stay in 2007. H0: = 7.1 days Mean hospital stay in 2008 is not shorter than that in 2007. H1: < 7.1 days Mean hospital stay in 2008 is shorter than that in 2007.

n 45; x 6.24; 0 7.1; s 3.01 ( is not known) t-score

x 0 t s n

6.24 7.1 t 1.92 3.01 45

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Q3: The mean hospital stay following a particular surgical procedure in 2007 was reported to be 7.1 days. A researcher feels that the mean hospital stay in 2008 could be shorter. A random sample of 45 patients undergoing the same surgical procedure in 2008 had a mean stay of 6.24 days with a standard deviation of 3.01 days. Run the appropriate test at = 0.05. df = n 1 = 44 5% significance level; = 0.05 t,df = t0.05,44 = 1.681
Rejection region Acceptance region

1.92

1.681

t = |1.92| > |1.681|

Reject H0
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Conclusion: At a significance level of 0.05, mean hospital stay in 2008 is shorter than that in 2007.

Q4: A companys cookie recipe states the sugar coating on a cookie to be 16.4 g. A sample of 28 cookies taken at random has a mean sugar coating weight of 16.6 g with standard deviation of 1.2 g. Is the sugar coated on the cookies more than the stated amount at 95% confidence level? x and are sample and population mean sugar coating weights. 0 is stated sugar coating weight. H0: = 16.4 g Stated amount of sugar is coated on the cookies. H1: > 16.4 g Sugar coated on the cookies is more than stated amount.

n 28; x 16.6; 0 16.4; s 1.2 ( is not known) t-score

x 0 t s n

16.6 16.4 t 0.88 1.2 28

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Q4: A companys cookie recipe states the sugar coating on a cookie to be 16.4 g. A sample of 28 cookies taken at random has a mean sugar coating weight of 16.6 g with standard deviation of 1.2 g. Is the sugar coated on the cookies more than the stated amount at 95% confidence level? 95% confidence level; = 0.05 t,df = t0.05,27 = 1.703
Rejection region Acceptance region

df = n 1 = 27

0.88

1.703

t = 0.88 < 1.703

Fail to reject H0

Conclusion: At 95% confidence level, the stated amount of sugar is coated on the cookies.
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Q5: A certain supplier has always supplied goods that is 6% defective. A random sample of 250 units of the goods supplied recently is found to be 3% defective. Is there an improvement in the quality of the goods supplied at 95% confidence level? and p are sample and population defective proportions of recent p goods, and p0 is defective proportion of previous goods. H0: p = 0.06 There is no improvement in quality of goods supplied. H1: p < 0.06 There is an improvement in quality of goods supplied.

0.03; p0 0.06 n 250; p

p0 p p0 (1 p0 ) n

0.03 0.06 z 2.00 0.06(1 0.06) 250

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Q5: A certain supplier has always supplied goods that is 6% defective. A random sample of 250 units of the goods supplied recently is found to be 3% defective. Is there an improvement in the quality of the goods supplied at 95% confidence level? 95% confidence level; = 0.05 z = z0.05 = 1.645
Rejection region Acceptance region

2.00

1.645

z = |2.00| > |1.645|

Reject H0

Conclusion: At 95% confidence level, there is an improvement in the quality of the goods supplied.
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