.

lQ{11Qifl1Ummrmunumm111m1i 1111:11111i1
Mobile Communication (MSBTE) 1-2 Intro. to Wireless Comm. Sys.
1. 1 Introduction :





1.2



The mobile communication began in 1897 and evolved
-
remarkably since then. New wireless systems have
been developed by people throughout the world.
The development of wireless systems has been
dramatically fast in the. past ten years
7
or so.
The improvements in the RF. and digital fabrication
technologies, the new large scale circuit integration
and other miniaturization techniques have helped the
development of wireless to a great extent.
These developments have helped,, in making smaller
.)
portable and more reliable radio equipment.
'7
The digital switching techniques have facilitated the
use of easy to use and affordable communication
networks.
Evolution of Mobile Radio Communications :
The field of wireless communications is growing
rapidly due t o the development in the
technologies.
The growth of mobile communication was slow during
the early days and its growth rate has been closely
linked with to the rate of technological improvements.
The concept of mobile (cellular) communication was
- --------
first developed by the Bell Laboratories in 1960 s and
-.----
1970 s.
Mobile (MSBTE)
1-3
Intro. to Wireless Comm. Sys.







Then in 1970s with the development of highly reliable,
q - ----
small solid state radio frequency hardware the
- .
wireless communication became practically possible.
These technologies .of 1970s have matured now and
hence are attributing to the exponential growth of
mobile communication.
The future growth of consumer-based mobile and
portable communication systems will be dependent on
the allocation of radio frequency spectrum and the
regulatory decisions .
. Fig. 1.2.l shows the growth of various
telecommunication equipments on the X-axis the
number of years after the first commercial
development has been plotted whereas on the
Y-axis we have percentage market penetration.
The curve of mobile telephones does not include .. the
other nontelephone mobile services such as paging,
amateur radio, cordless phones etc . .
Fig. 1.2.1 shows that the concept of mobile phones was
developmed as early as in 1946. After that, far about
35 years i.e. upto 1980s, there was almost no
penetration of mobile phones in market. This was due
to high cost and technical challenges.
However in the past 10-years the market penetration
rate of mobile telephones is extremely high. It has
matched with the rate of increase ofVCRs and TV.
......... ....... ............ -

Mobile Communication .(MSBTE) 1-4 Intro. to Wireless Comm. Sys.
Before 1935, the radio systems used in automobiles
-

such as police vans and other corp_or.atjon
vehicles were based on Amplitude Modulation (A.M.)
But the A.M. systems suffered from the noise produced






by the automobile ignition systems.
------
In 1935 Edwin Armstrong demonstrated the frequency
modulation (FM) and then from late 1930s F.M. was
-- -
adopted as modulation technique for mobile
------- - - -
communication systems all over the world.
F.M. has an advantage of hig!i noise immunity. So the

vehicle ignition system noise does not affect it.
The rate of increase in the percentage market
penetration of mobile services increased dramatically
after world war II. --
However upto 1960s a large number of mobile service
users were not . connected to the public switched
telephone networks (PSTN), 'and so were not able to
directly dial telephone numbers from their vehicles.
The worldwide cellular phone users increased from
25000 in 1984 to about 25 million in 1993 and from
----- ---
there the growth rate of about 50% per year is being
observed.
People are increasingly using the wireless telephone
services and are expected to solely depend on the
mobile telephone access methods in the years to come.
bile Communication (MSBTE)
1-5
Intro. to Wireless Comm. Sys.
Purcent market
penetration
100
10'
/!..-Mobile telephone
(Introduced in 1946)
0.1 If/ I I I , I I I I
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
0
Number of years after development of concept
Fig. 1.2.1 : Growth of mobile telephony
.3 Mobile Radio Systems Around the World :
'

'
'
Many mobile radio standards have been developed for
wirelsss systems throughout the world.
Some of the important ones are :
1. AMPS 2. NAMPS 3. IS-95 4. GSM
All these mobile standards are developed in North
America.
The world's first cellular system was implemented by
Nippon Telephone and Telegraph Company (NTT)
Japanin 1979.
The European Total Access C_tllula:r:_S_y.:s:tem {ETACS)
was deployed in 1985. The American system AMPs was
... -- -----
almost identical to ETACS.
..---
The earlier. system were not compatible to
one another because of different frequencies used and
different communication protocols being used by them.
,.....-
!
,
Mobile Communication (MSBTE) 1-6 Intro. to Wireless Comm. Sysl Mobile Communication (MSBTE) 1-7 Intro. to Wireless Comm. Sys.




Sr.
No.
2
3
4
5
6
These systems are being replaced by the GSM (Globa
System for Mobile) system. This system was developec
in 1990 for aHEurope in a new 900 MHz band.
The GSM standard is worldwide accepted as the firs
- --
universal digital system.
1.4

1.
.
I '2.
The features of various standards are given below:
Table 1.3.l : Features of various mobile radio standards
:3.
1-.
Feature I AMPS NAM PS GSM IS-95
Standard
I
5.
Type Cellular Cellular PCS CellL1lar/PCS
G.
Introduced in 1983 1992 1994 1993 rl 7.
the year
.
Multiple FDMA FDMA TOMA CDMA
Access
Method
--
Type of
I
FM
I
FM
I
GMSK
I
QPSK/BPSK I
I
Modulation
Frequency 824-894 824-894 1.85-1.99 824-894 MHz
I

band used MHz MHz GHz 1.8-2 GHz
Channel 10 kHz 10 kHz 200 kHz 1.25 MHz
bandwidth

1

PCS = Personal Services
FDMA = Frequency Division Multiple Access

Examples of Wireless Communication Systems :
We are familiar with a large number of mobile radio
systems such as,
TV remote control
Cordless telephone
Pagers
Walky-Talky
AC remote control
Garage door opener
Cellular phones
Each one of them are called as the mobile radio system
but they are different as far as their cost, complexity,
performance and type of service provided are
concerned.
The term mobile is used for any radio terminal that
can move during the operation at a rapid speed.
The term portable is used for a radio terminal which
can be hand held and used by someone at walking
speed.
-
Subscriber is the term used to define a mobile or
- -
portable user and the communication device of each

subscriber is called as subscriber unit.
The group of users in a wireless system is called as
' users or mobiles.
TDMA = Time Division Multiple-Access
CDMA = Code DiVision Multiple Access
BPSK = Binary Phase Shift. Keying
QPSK = Quadrature PSK
Following are some of the important definitions of
terms used in wireless communication systems.
- .:,:.:.v:
Mobile Communication (MSBTE) 1-8 Intro. to Wireless Comm. Sys.
1.4.1 Important-Definitions :
1.
2.


Base station :
Asked in Exam : 5-09
It is defined as a fixed (non moving) station in a
mobile radio system, which communicates with
the mobile stations as shown in Fig. 1.4.1.
\
Base stations are located at the center or on the
edge of a region being covered. It consists of
transmitter antenna, receiver antenna and radio
channels mounted on a tower.
Antennas
Mobile
station
.Yiki
Bass station
Fig. 1.4.1 : Base station
Control channel :
Asked in Exam: 5-09
It is defined '?as the radio channel used for the
transmission of beacons such as call set up, call call
- ..:--- --
initiation etc.
3. Forward channel :
It is defined as the radio channel used for transmission
of information from the base station to the mobile.
4. Reverse channel :
It is the radio used for transmission of
information from a mobile to base station.
.. ...
Mobile Communi cation (MSBTE} 'l-9 Intro. to Wireless Comm. Sys.
5. Mobile station:
It is defined as a station in the cellular rarlio service
-
which is used w.nen in motion at an unspecified locat10n.
Mobile stations can be portable hand held personal
units or they can be the ones installed in vehicles.

6. Hand-off:
It is the process of transferring a mobile station from
one base station to the other.
- - - --- ----
7. Mobile switching center (MSC MTSO) :
It is defined as the center . which is set up for
coordinating the routing of calls. An MSC is also called as
MTSO i.e. mobile telephone switching office.
8. Transceiver :
It is a unit containing transmitter as well as receiver.
. ---- --- -- -------
9. Half duplex system:



These systems are bi-directional, i.e. they can
transmit as well as receive but not
simultaneously.
At a time these systems can either transmit or
receive, for example a transreceiver or walky talky
.
set.
-
The direction of communication alternates. 'l'he
radio communications such as those used in
military, fire fighting, citizen band (CB) and
amateur radio are half duplex system .
Mobile Communication (MSBTE) 1-10 Intro. to Wireless Comm. Communication (MSBTE)
1-11 Ir.tr_:: to Wirel5:ss Comm. Sys ..
10. Full duplex systems:





These are truly bi-directional systems as they
allow the communication to take place in both the
directions simultaneously.
These systems can transmit as well as receive
simultaneouslY:, for example the telephone
systems.
The bulk of electronic communications however is
two-way.
The best example of full duplex communication
system is the telephone system.
Fig. 1.4.2 illustrates the concept of duplex
comm uni ca ti on.
Bidirectional flow
of information
Transmitter <f! H .. H... . .. .. >
+
Receiver 1 Communication Link
Transmitter
+
Receiver 2
Fig. 1.4.2 : Duplex communication
1.4.2 Mobile Radio Systems :

I
!


Mobile radio transmission systems are classified into
three categories :
1. Simplex
2. Half duplex
3. Full duplex systems
In simplex systems the communication can take
place in only one direction.
For example the radio or TV broadcasting systems can
only transmit. They cam10t receive.
"




The simplex system are demonstrated in Fig. 1.4.3.
"' .I Tcanom;ttiog antenna
Unidirectional
- flowof
informati on
Transmitter
/ 'A '
------. Receiver Receiver
Receiver
1
2 3
Fig. 1.4.3 : Simplex system
Another example of simplex system is paging system
--- __./
in which messages are received but not acknowledged.
,. - --- I
We have already defined the other two types of
systems i.e. half duplex and full duplex.
In the full duplex systems simultaneous
communication takes place between the base station
and subscriber. Tills can be achieved by providing two
simultaneous hut separate channels at different
frequency ranges as shown in Fig. 1.4.4. This is called
as Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD).
Base
station
Fig. 1.4.4 : Concept of FDD
Another technique used in full duplex systems is called
as Time Division Duplexing (TDD) in which
;,_--
adjacent time slots on the same radio channel are
allotted for the forward and reverse channels.
1
,.,.
Mobile Communication (MSBTE) 1-12 Intro. to Wireless Comm. Sys.
Fig. 1.4.5 shows the principle of TDD.
slot 1
Base
station
slot 2
I
1.5
1.6





--+Time
Fig. 1.4.5 : Concept of TDD
Types of Wireless Systems :
Asked in Exam : S-09
Some of the important wireless systems are :
1. Paging system.
2. Cordless telephone system.
3. Cellular telephone system.
Paging Systems:
Asked in Exam: S-09
The paging systems are the communication systems
which are used for sending a short message to the
subscriber.
This message can be a numeric message (which
contains only :q.umbers) or alphanumeric one
(containing numbers and text).
ThE;l modern paging systems provide news headlines,
; i
stock information etc. to the subscriber.
The message delivered to a subscriber is called as a
page.
--
Simple paging systems may cover an area of 2 to 5 km
whereas wide area paging systems can provide a
worldwide coverage.
(MSBTEJ 1-13 Intro. to Wireless Comm. Sys.
The paging receivers are simple in construction and
inexpensive but transmitters are , quite complex and
sophisticated.






Fig. 1.6. l s-hows the block schematic of a wide area
paging system.
City1 l
., Paging
I I terminal I Subscriber
Land line
Paging Land line
control " Paging ..........
City2 l
center I f ... I terminal I Subscriber
/ "--./ - '"""''"'
Paging
terminal
Satellite link
Fig. 1.6.1 : Wide area paging system
As shown in Fig. 1.6.1, a wide area paging system
consists of a telephone line network, a large number of
paging terminals and transmission towers, satellite
links and paging control center.
The radio towers simultaneously broadcast a page from
each base station. This process is called as
simulcasting.
The simulcast transmitters can be located in the same
service area or different cities or countries.
The reliable paging systems can deliver the mCHR<lg
(page) to the subscriber inside a building, travnlling on
a highway or flyihg in airplane etc.
To ensure reliability, we have to use large tr:ws1111t.L<r
power (few kW) and low data rates (1 to 2 kbps).
fl
1-1 4 Intro. to Wireless Comm.
1.6.1 Procedure to Convey Message :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Amar is carrying his pager with him and his p
number is 962857677 4.
When we want to convey him a message such as "Ji
us at Rahu1", we have to simply dial up his pa
number using our usual telephone set.
When we dial the pager number, call is establis
with an operator at the pager station. We have to
the message to the operator.
The operator will note the message and transmits it
Amar.
The pager hanging with Amars belt will pick up eve
transmitted signal and as soon the transmitted pag1
number matches with its own number stored in i
memory, it starts giving a "heap".
6. Then our friend can read the message displayed C?Jl t
LCD screen of his pager.
The biggest disadvantage of the pager system is th
Amar cannot contact us through pager and convey hi
reaction, because pager is a one way communication system.,
1 :6.2 Important Features of Paging System :
The transmitters in a given system operate on th
same frequency, either in the VHF' range of 152 MH
or 158 MHz or in the UHF range of 454.025 or 454.65
MHz.
The multiple access method used for pagers is TDM
i.e. time division multi le access.

..,------
The POCSAG can be transmitted at 3 different data
rates 512, 1200 and 2400 bits/sec.
ivMme i_.; omrnunication (MSBTE) 1-15 Intro. to Wireless Comm. Sys.
The modulation scheme is FSK with 4 kHz
deviation.

The POCSAG prot ocal can handle upto two million
pager addresses.
1.6.3 Types of Pagers :
'l' wo types of pagers available in market are :
I ) Numeric pagers and '
II )
Alpha-numeric pagers.
Numeric pagers :
A numeric pager can receive a number of upto 20 digit
longth, such as the callers phone number. A numeric pager
tore upto 16 numeric messages (160 characters) and can
lock 5 numeric messages. However numeric pagers have a
rious limitation on the capability to receive messages. The
other type of pager i.e. Alpha-numeric pagers are more
versatile.
Alpha-numeric pagers :
These pagers integrate the functions such as
messaging, time keeping and telephone directory in one
compact, easy to carry package. This type of pager gives user
the full text capacity. It is possible to convey the complete
information with alpha-numeric pagers. The characteristics
of a typical alpha-numeric pager are as follows:
Storage capacity of about 20-25 messages .
"-


1 t can delete all the messages at once or selectively .

Many options to alert the user such as vibrate, musical
tone.

Facility to set time and date and use it as clock.
..... . ... --
Mobile Communication (MSBTE) 1-16 Intro. to Wireless Comm. sysl (MSBTE) 1-17 Intro. to Wireless Comm. Sys.



A telephone directory for upto eight 3f
and associated telephone numbers.
Facility to read and store mail drop messag.es. (such aE
sports news, whether condition, flight timing etc.)
A typical alpha-numeric pager is as shown in
Fig. 1.6.2.
. / r. .', ',,' """ ......... ,,',', ,,,,,,,,.,,_

Fig. 1.6.2 : Alpha-numeric pager
5. Intercity paging : This facility enables us to
page a person staying in some other city. This is
possible due to the network connectipg cities
provided by the pager service companies.
6. Call forwarding: Ifwe are away from home then
..
the telephone messages coming at our place can
be forwarded or transferred to our_ pager due to
the call forwarding facility.
1.6.5 Advantages of Pagers :
Pager is the most economical option of one way
communication when the called party is mobile.
1.6.4 Value Added Services Provided by the Pagers :
Pager is a small, portable easy to carry, battery
operated instrument.

Other than receiving the messages, following value
added services are also provided by the pagers :
1. Sportsline : The service provides the latest
:1 . The messages are communicated silently without
disturbing the persons around the pager holding
person.
information about various sports e.g. cricket I 1. 7 Cordless Telephone Systems :
match score.
2. Newsline : This service provides the latest
information . about political, financial matters,
stock market etc.
3. Helpline : This ser-Vice gives information about
whether whether forecast, flight
timings etc.
4. Bilangual paging : This service gives paging
messages in two languages, one of which is
English and the other in any Vernacular
language.



The cordless telephone systems are full duplex
communication systems. They use radio frequency EM ?
waves to connect the base station to a portable
-
handset.
The first generation cordless telephone systems were
introduced in 1980s.
The block diagram of a cordless telephone system iH
shown in Fig. 1.7.1.
...
I
Communication (MSBTE) 1-18 !ntro. to Wireless Comm. Sys.I Mobil e (MSBTE) 1-19 Intro. to





. .
It consists of a base unit connected fo the telephorn
line and an adapter to produce a de supply for variorn
electronic circuits inside the base unit.
The adapter is also required to charge the battery used
for the wireless handset.
The base unit consist of a ringer, an amplifier and all
the other circuits which are present inside a
conventional telephone.
In addition to that it consists of a transceiver i.e .
combination of transmitter and receiver.
The transmitter has a limited range (typically of 50
meters) of coverage. It radiates and receives the
signals from the handset using the same antenna,
which is omnidirectional.
The handset also contains a transceiver along with an
antenna, amplifier, microphone and loud speaker.
Telephone
cable ----1
(PSTN)

Base station
Ringer
+
Amp
P.A.
&
, 1 isola
' -tor
Modulator+
Demodulator

1--
......,
L:.:..:.J
DllD
CDC
......,
L:.:..:.J
'----'
Handset
Fig. 1.7.1: Cordless telephone


1.8


Some type of modulation needs to be used. Generally
FM used as it needs less power and ensures better

quality.
The base unit and the handset need to have the
modulator as well demodulator.
The early cordless phones operated only as extension
telephones as discussed. But the second generation
cordless phones which are introduced recently go much
beyond this.
They allow subscribers to use their handsets at many
outdoor locations. The paging operation also is
possible.
Cellular Telephone System:
Cellular telephone system is a wireless telephone
system. It is a multiuser system.
In this section we are going to study the second typP, of
multiuser system called mobile radio system or
wireless communication system.
1.8.1 Basic Concept :
Asked in Exam : S-09




Cellular phone is wireless . communication just like
cordless phone .
In cell phone distance is not restricted to within home
but one can travel in the city or even outside the city
wit:hout interruption in communication.
_1'he demand for cellular mobile phone is increasing at
alarming level and is likely that wired communication
will be replaced by wireless technology.
In the cellular system city is divided into small aroas
calJ.ed 'cells'. Each cell is around 10 square kilometre
(depends upon power of base station).
Mobile Communication (MSBTE) 1-20




The cells are normally thought of hexagons. -Beca us
cell phones and base stations
transmitters, the same frequencies can be reused i
nonadjacent cell.
Each cell is (The cellular network is as shown i
Fig. 1.8.1) linked to central location called the Mobil
Telephone Switching Office (MTSO).
MTSO coordinates all mobile calls between an are
comprised of several cell sites and the central office.
Time and billing information for each mobile unit i
accounted for by MTSO.
Mobi le telephone
switching office
(MTSO) or (MSC)
unit or pocket. cellular telephone
tJl"
Cell site
f
Transportable or pocket cellular telep.hon""' r ..
A
Cell site antenna
Fig. 1.8.l: The ceJ!ular network
Mt1bile Communication (MSBTE) 1-21 tntro. to Wireless Comm. Sys.

At the cell site base station is equipped to transmit,
receive, and switch calls to and from any mobile unit
within the cell to the MTSO.
The cell just encompasses only few square kilometre
area, thus reducing the power requirement necessary
to communic?te with cellular telephones.
In this manner heavily populated areas can be serviced
by several stations, rather than one as used by
conventional mobile techniques.
Communication between the base station and mobiles
is defined by a standard called Common Air
Interface (CAI). This standard specifies the following
four different channels :
\
1. Forward voice channels (FVC)
2. Reverse voice channels (RVC)
3. Foryvard control channels (FCC)
4. Reverse control channels (RCC)
The channels used for voice transmission from base
station to mobile are called as forward voice channels
(FVC) whereas the channels used for voice
transmission from mobiles to base station are called as
reverse voice channels (RVC).
The FCC and RCC are the forward and reverse control
channels and they are responsible for initiating the
mobile calls. The control channels only set up the calls
so they are called as set up channels.
The control channels are used for transmitting and
receiving data messages carrying call initiatwn anti
service requests.
/
Mobil u (M_SBTE::) 1-22 Intro. to Mobile Communication (MSBTE)
1-23 Intro. to Wirele$S Comm. Sys.
1.8.2 How a Telephone Call is Made ?
Mobile originates a call :








When we turn on a cellular phone and it is yet to b81
engaged in a call, it will first scan the group of forwardl
channels in order to identify the one having strongest.
signal, and then monitors that control channel until
the signal drops below a usable level.
Then it again searches all the control channels so as to
find the strongest base station signal.
When a telephone call is placed to a mobile user, the
MTSO or MSC will send the request to all the base
stations in the system. .


When a mobile originates a Cfill, then a call initiation
request is sent on the reverse control channel (RCC).
After receiving the request the mobile unit transmits
its telephone number (MIN), electronic serial number
(ESN) and the telephone number of the party being
called .
The mobile also sends the station class mark (SCM) .
'I'his indicates the maximum ,power level for that
particular user.
Then base station receives thi s data and conveys it to
MTSO which 'validates the request, makes connection
to the party Leing called through PSTN and begins the
conversation.
The subscribers telephone number called as mobile
identification number (MIN) is then broadcast as a
paging mesRage ove:r: all the forward control channels
(FCCs) in the system.
1.8.3 Roaming :
The desired mobile receives the paging :tnessage sent
by the base station and responds by identifying itself
over the reverse control channel (RCC).
The base station relays the acknowledgement sent by
the mobile and informs the MTSO about the
handshake.
MTSO tells the base station to move the call to a free
voice channel.
Once the call is in process, the MTSO will adjust the
transmitted power of the mobile and changes the
channel of mobile unit and base stations so as to
maintain call quality even when subscriber moves out
of the coverage area of a cell. This process is C?lled as
the hand off process.
All cellular systems provide the roaming service. Due
o this service subscribers can operate in the service areas
other than their own service areas.
I Review Questions I
What is mobile communication ?
Explain the evolution of mobile radio communications.
Name the important mobile radio systems around the world.
Compare AMPS, NAMPS, GSM and IS-95.
State various wireless communication systems.
Define the follqwing :
1. Base station 4. Reverse channel
2. Control channel 5. Mobile station.
3. Forward channel
Mobile Communication (MSBTE) 1-24
Q.7 Explain the concept of half duplex communication.
Q.8 What is a simplex communication ? Give one example.
Q.9 Explain the concept of full duplex communication.
Intro. to Wireless Comm. Sy
hapterl
Q.10 Explain FDD and TDD.
' "........ J
Q.11 With the help of neat block diagram explain the wide ar
Mnhile Unit
paging system.
Q.12 Explain the procedure to convey message in a paging syste
Q.13 State the features of paging system. 11 f Syllabus
Q.14 What are the advantages of pagers ? I " lock diagram and operation of mobile unit, Block diagram and
Q.15 With the help of block diagram, explain the cordless telepho expl an.ation of 81.ock diagram and
system. . oporat1on of transmitter, receiver, logic unit, control unit and
handset.
Q.16 Explain the concept of cellular telephone system.
Q.17 Define the followi ..ng :
1. FVC 2. RVC 3. FCC .4. RCC
Q.18 . Explain the steps in which a call is established betweens;iunnmta Page No.
mobile telephone and landline subscriber.
Q.19 What is roaming ?
Q.20 Define hand off.
D
Introduction
Block Diagram and Operation of Mobile Unit
Frequency Synthesizer
Cell Phone Transmitter
The Cellular Receiver
Logic Unit
Control Unit with Handset
2-2
2-2
2-5
2-6
2-8
2-10
2-11