] | | | Tee re aaa Ce Sa APOSTOLOS DOXIADIS avn GHRISTOS H. PAPADIMITRIOU ae ae RU a EYU.S. $22.95 A DRAMATIC STORY OF MADNESS AND REASON, LOVE AND WAR his innovative graphic novel is based on the early life of the brilliant philosopher Bertrand Russell and his impassioned pursuit of truth. Haunted by family secrets and unable to quell his youthful curiosity, Russell became obsessed with a Promethean goal: ta establish the logical founda- tions of all mathematics. In his agonized search for absolute truth, Russell crosses paths with legendary thinkers like Gottlob Frege, David Hilbert, and Kurt Gadel, and finds a passionate student in the great Ludwig Wittgenstein. But the object of his defining quest continues to loom before him. Through love and hate, peace and war, Russell persists in the dogged mission that threatens to claim both his career and his personal happiness, finally driving him to the brink of insanity. Logicomix is at the same time a historical novel and an accessible introduction to some of the biggest ideas of mathematics and modern philosophy, With rich characterizations and expressive, atmaspheric artwork, it spins the pursuit of these ideas into a captivating tale. Probing and ingeniously layered, the book throws light on Russell’s inner struggles while setting them in the content of the timeless questions he spent his life trying to answer. dt its heart, Lagicamix is a story about the conflict between an ideal rationality and the unchanging, flawed fabric of reality.LOGICOMIXLOGICOMIX APOSTOLOS DOXIADIS CHRISTOS H. PAPADIMITRIOU ART ALECOS PAPADATOS COLOR ANNIE DI DONNA BOF O Mas 8 UR NEW YORK + BERLIN + LONDONCopyright © 2009 by Logicomix Print Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or repradvced in any manner whatscever without written permission from the puelisher except in the case of brief quotations embodiad in ertcal articles or reviews. For information adairess Bloomsbury USA, 175 Fifth Avenve, New York, NY 40010. Published ly Bloomsbury USA, New York All paper's used ley Bloomsbury USA are natural, recyclable products made from wood groan in well-managed forests. The manufacturing precesses conform to +the environmental regulations of the country of origin. LUBRARY CF CONGRESS CATALOGING-N-FLBLICATION DATA LAS BEEN APPLED FOR. ISBN~10 4-59694-u8 ISBN-18 978-4-59694-U82-0 First U.S. Edition 2009 5579408642 Printed and bound in the United States of America by Worzalla Publishing CompanyCONCEPT & STORY Apostolos Doxiadis Christos H. Papadimitriou SCRIPT Apostolos Doxiadis CHARACTER DESIGN & DRAWINGS Alecos Papadatos COLOR Annie Di Donna INKING Dimitris Karatzaferis Thodoris Paraskevas VISUAL RESEARGH & LETTERING Anne BardyTo our children, Eirene, Emma, Isabel, lo, Kimon, Konstantinos, Tatiana, Yorgos Yues 6’ boeoGe roi1@ Kdppoves.OVERTURE[M APOSTOLOS, WE THOUGHT IT WOULD BE NICE IF YOU CAME. TODAY...CHRISTOS Is A THEORETICAL COMPUTER SCIENTIST [ ‘AND SO, IN A CERTAN SENSE, AN EXPERT NN MATHEMATICAL (ors sat YOUR TYPICAL, USUAL ABOUT THis STAGE! AND WHEN THEY DID TAKE US SERIOUSLY Rona iREIeal WRONG REASONS, LIKE THINKING THE BOOK IS SOMETHING e INFACT, WHEN WE STARTED WORK ON IT, OUR FRENDS THOUGHT WE WERE CRAZY? MAYBE A “LOGIC FOR DUMMIES" TYPE OF THING OR PERHAPS wh BIND OF TEXTBOOK OR A TREATISE, IN THE UNUKELY GUISE, (OF A GRAPHIC= NOW, WHEN WE STARTED OUT, WE THOUS! E'D RELY, SIMPLY, ON (AY OWN RATHER MEAGRE KNOWLEDGE WE THOUGHT, You SEE, THAT WHAT 1D LEARNED STUDYING MATHEMATICS, AGES AGO, WAS ENOUGH! WELL, Th ARE STORIES AND STORIES, REALLY, AND OURS |S RATHER UNUSUAL IN THIS SENSE: ITS HEROES ARE ALL __ LOGICIANS!LAST, AND MEET . CHRISTOS! KEEP HIS STYLE MORE, mw THE "QUEST F0R “THE FOUNDATIONS OF MATHEMATICS"? >> HOPE YOU ENJOY THE BOOK!THE. STORY BEGINS you'll IN SEPTEMBER 1239, SEE. WHY! NOW, » SEPTEMBER ‘AND EVEN MORE REMEMBER | HITLER INVADED POLAND. THAT'S RIGHT. BLITZKRIEG!eee eee (AS RESISTANCE CRUMBLES BEFORE 4 SLPERIOK FORCE, NAZI PROPAGANDA TRIES TO TURN THE POLISH PEOPLE AGAINST THEIR NATURAL ALLY. 1 A me THREE DAYS AFTER THE INVASION, BERTRAND RUSSELL, THEN HORE WIDELY KNOWN AS A PUBLIC THINSER, IS SCHEDULED 1j| TO GNE A TALK AT AN AMERICAN UNIVERSITY ON THE "ROLE OF LOGIC IN HUMAN AFFAIRS". — THE TASK IS MADE EASIER 8Y THE UNTED KINGDOM'S: HAVING SIGNED THE "MUNICH PACT" OF NON-AGGRESSION WITH HITLER. =| AND IT'S ON THAT DAY THAT OUR STORY BEGINS... ——_ FOR ON THAT DAY, THE UNITED KINGDOM DECLARED WAR CN CERMANY.ANUNBER OF AMERICANS, THE SO-CALLED. "ISOLATIONSTS', MOBILIZED TO. WARN AGAINST THE POSSIBLITY OF Us. INVOLVEMENT IN A PEAN WAR. OH, 1 KNOW War THE “SS NSOLATIONISTS" WERE! BUT WHAT ARE THEY DOING IN THE "QUEST"? THERE'LL BE ALOT TO SAV OF RUSSELL'S REACTION TO THE NeW SITUATION IN WHAT FOLLo BUT BEFORE THAT, WE TAKE LOOK AT ANOTHER REACTION! MEMBERS TO NAZ\ SYMPATHIZERS, FROM IDEALIST PACIFISTS TO COMMON CITIZENS, NATURALLY CONCERNED ABOUT THE CONSEQUENCES OF A MATOR WAR. WAIT! NOW 4S RUSSELL ARRIVES AT THE UNIVERSITY...DENTARES AWAIT TO GREET Hi, WE HAVE 2 Aw Eee SUGHT Rou THE NEW PROBLEM. INTeRNaToWAL. DEVELOPMENTS on HAVE CREATED SOME ReACTions! A GROUP OF "ISCLATIONSTS" IS PCRETING THE ENTRANCE TO THE BUILDING WHERE HE WILL BE GNING His TALKY e 2 | THEY HAVE AVERY [| SPECric REGUEST OF THE SPEAKER,STAY HERE WITH uc! Join! due PRoTest! NOW, THERE IS A VERY GOO? REASON THE "ISOLATIONSTS" ARE MAKING. THIS DEMAND PARTICULARLY OF BERTRAND RLSSELL! 1 KNOW: ; ‘ You ARE A RUSSELL WAS FAMOUS FOR HIS Man OF REASON ere EVEN PRoFEs sor! » ACTIVISM! GONG TO TAL $ TAKE aug, sige! OPT cs v | FOR ITE BUT IN THE FIRST ViORLD WAR! wes Lea CHAPS come wSiD€ ; No! GW AND LISTEN “To OUR PLACE IS \ Ba iarRe? Out HERE, wit us 0sur Wik Be SPEAKING ABOUT... REASON, IW FS HIGHEST FORM: LOGIC! A ea INTRODUCTION TO # cHaT ABOUT THE WARE $0? DO THE We DIDN'T, COME HERETO HEAR TALKS... OR SCHAT*L THIS SA, TIME FOR ACTION COULDN'T MSS THE CHANCE TOA THEIR VIEWS, WITH SUCH A STAR PACIFIST PRESDING!HOW COULD | NOT? IT'S WHERE |OREW UP. anDO YOU EVER Miss. ATHENS? = THOUGH WHERE | LiVE |S NO HELL-HOLE EITHER!BY THE SO, WE'VE ONLY GOT WHICH, \ WAY WHEN ARE “TOpay TO TAKE YoU QUTE FRANKLY, YOU FLYING BACK, THROUGH THE FIRST 1S THE CRAZIEST TO BERKELEY? PART OF THE THING, "VE ENER HEARD! |LgERSTAND YOUR Pueson FoR Fe THE "QUEST". BUT WHY New DONALD DUCK TO BERTRAND RUSSELL, VIA SUPERMAN! FORMIS PERFECT FOR STORIES OF HEROES IN SEARCH OF GREAT GOALS! THE "QUEST" ARE FASCINATING PEOPLE, PASSIONATE... ww TORTURED. IN FACT, TRUE. SUPERHEROES!(Ow, YOU KN THE "FOUNDATIONAL QUEST" Is ESPECIALLY FASCINATING TO ME, FOR MY WORK. MOST OF THE GREAT IDEAS IN MY FIELD Have THEIR SEED IN THERE SOMEWHERE! THEIR IDEAS are INTEREST US ONLY TO ris THE EXTENT THAT THEY eh SPRING FROM THEIR polit PASSIONS.ey THE WAY, | READ GIAN=CARLO ROTA'S ARTICLE YOU SENT, ON THE CURIOUSLY HICH RATE. OF PSYCHOSIS IN THE LINES OF Waar ALTERNATIVE? “THEY BECAME LOGICIANS FROM MADNESS?" THE TRUTH, IF YOU REPHRASE ESPECIALLY SINCE, CONTRARY To POPULAR LEGEND, HOST OTHER MATHEMATICIANS SUCH A Hick RATE OF MADNESS AWONG LOGICIANS, PARTICULARLY? MIND YOU. J THING THE CLICHE "THEY WENT MAD FROM TOO MUCH LOGIC" WON'T HOLD7 THAT'S RIGHT Sf Heney MuLER Sap THAT FOUR "QUEST! is HALF AS CUTE pa 45 THE STUN, WE WON'T Loa * Apesielos’ deg is not naued after Taparese conics. ‘Monga is a slang word in Greek, wearing something tke "cool dude" ( US.) or "Jack-the-lad"C ux).IHOPE YOU'LL LIKE, OUR PROTECT. IM ANNE. BEING, THE RESEARCHER (MALL FOR HELP. # Anwie is French. Arourene S Peete nt $4” 5 barnes ee: OUR "LOGICAL SV -({ EXPERT" Is HERE oy (AT LAST! iN h, a S60, BERTRAND RUSSELL ARRNES AT THS UNIVERSITY, TO GIVE HIS LECTURE, AND — TYVE ALREADY NY TOLP CHRISTOS OF THE PROTESTERS! Ad, OK! $0, AFTER SOME anes "ISOLATIONISTS" J FLOCK INTHE HALL, TO HEAR THE TALK, aig emt) IN THAT CASE, PLEASE, EMPLCY YOUR IMAGINATION TO GIVE CUR DRAWINGS COLOUR! PROFESSOR BERTRAND RUSSEL Books Tia octually offer we pre ees i [ay oxtrirg, Granda Hagen ¢ estes MATERIAL ON REPRODUCTIO Ge Benet ~ ARE KOSHER, gradations. oF evil THEORISTS AND PHILOSOPHERS, INTHE TOP sueLves, ff TO MY RIGHT, ARE, DEFINITELY APPROPRIATELY REPT UNDER LOCK AND KEY! FURTHER, \isiTs! %6 isveT anoT-eR Y CATEGORY, OF TOTALLY FORBIDDEN BOOKS! UP THERE. Many years were to pass until | re-entered the library.The next day, pok wy last respects to Grardfother. Siting beside bie | Gouidnit help thinking that Grondwother's reaction was wore arger then gre An anger whose cause | Fhought | Knew the ctoww evening.» B cowe, that |}: "‘trundler would strike uy world flat ‘Aiddoxover 88 robs wales ral cappoc tem peya 8 ovuBadrcrar els 78 wavOdvew cadportty aitreds.. couldl not trust say edvcation 40.4 school.| | | | But no outsider could be : trusted, wearers with wy os ji religious education. “sal THE MIDST OF THE VALLEY wii WAS FULL OF BONES. AND THEY WERE VERY "THE HAND OF THE LORD WAS UPON ME, AND CARED ME OUT, AND SET ‘ME DOWN IN THE MD) MIDST OF ‘THE VALLEY, Boy! WELL, LET US SAY THEY ARE OUT OF HARM'S. WAY.You MEAN me WHERE NO FURTHER HARM, Mysteries which, lacking Krowleclee, nid only address rough Feith. WHO ART IN HEAVEN, HALLOWED BE THY NAME, THYmic dig Natur! Wie gliinzt die Sonne! Die lache die Sluc! Whose beliefs souehow escaped Grandwcther's Stern covtrols! oO 54twas he who introduced we fo a very eld gentlenan IM GONG TO BY DEMONSTRATE EUCLID'S B PROPOSITION THAT IF TWO ANGLES OF A TRIANGLE. bh ANY TRIANGL! ARE EGUAL, THEN, OF NECESSITY, THE TWO ADJACENT SIDES ARE Now, ASSUME THE PROPOSITION IS NOT TRUE... THEN SDE AB | Ii THERE EXISTS A 'S GREATER THAN 2 PONT D ON SDE 43, SOE AC AND THUS... SUCH THAT ADZAC.4 33 ES ¥ ae & FQ *RBACsety showed we. the: only way ‘souerhing wi certainty! Especially 9s wy new Nothing in wy life was quite the sawe after that First meeting with Euclid. In his works, | found what Thad vainly sought for i Grondwia's fait thus become way Royal Rood to Truth! AND PHYSICAL SCIENCE DERIVES ITS POWER FROM, MATHEMATICS!PLANETS, ALL CAN \ 2e exeLaned BY SCENC!aWith all the bad tings awakening. Stab Fear svetroauninere dey? Rowert more lovely and more temperate D> ough winds do stake zodartng bal of May Bins Aad sennas lease. 9Trat sowe day, lescaped Grareluether's at r Fo follaw the route. indicated inthe mysterious note. By = ra ai NATIONS NOT AS THeby ANGELS AND woe WHE THOU gy ALT MINISTERS FLOURISH GREAT AND GRACE FREE THE DRRpD AND BY OF THEM at IT Is my. FAMILY'S VAULT, 5R, 7 Rue, BATA, BeoTANNA Ty) uve THE wAves rr, BRITONS NEEERVER 7S WiLL BE SLAVES nay rv| ran agein into peor é ff His leas Oid arker" a few years : ware left ot latec ot the village. ; A Sebestopel, ? wes Crinea! d Thisold valid was way firs encounter with tra eis of Wor. ron! Knew where wy parents ere. But thosgh I hed no idea they ended up there 6Her death from diphtheria, just after she. tumed sh thotked-oft the. chain. = aTheir deaths Killing my father, who heel lost all wil'to Ive. The fourily callous revealed the cause of | the deaths, but uot ihe. 6~Borged into the scene of the crime. WHAT DO YoU THINK YOU ARE RESPECTFULLY GRANDIN, | KNOW WHAT I'M DONG! \'M TRYING TO FIND OUT EVERYTHING THAT YOU KEPT FROM ME! ‘AND THAT'S PRECISELY WHAT | INTEND TO DO! Granduother wos too shockecl to react. orAn hour later Id leaeved, at long /ovag | vay poverts: ferice secret’. Z iS MS Unusual, certainly! But terriBut as | was now ~ ot war with philesophical work: Granductner, an intimate diary! it was in code. Siwply, to Greek, a language This reads: "Most huwans behave irrationally. All tre. wore reason to pursue the stidy of Logic. OF course lam also huwan aud thus 00h no stranger to Fits of nonelegical thinking, But also [ean discern these. tendencies in iyself and thus au wore. able to resist them..." “Greek Exercises’ as my notebook, was called sor reasons of subtecfuse, becowe a haven forall my secret, Forbiclelen thoughts @hada lot fo pub init! ‘THE PARALLEL POSTULATE... po THE FACT THAT THROUGH A POINT OUTSIDE 4 LINE, ONLY ONE PARALLEL To THE LINE PASSES, Se HAVEN'T YET PROVEN THAT! THAT'S BECAUSE. IT IS AN AXIOM BUT YOU SAID IN GEOMETRY WE MUST PROVE EVERYTHING WHAT'S THE VALUE OF A PROOF IF IT RESTS ON THE UN-PROVEN? weuleven ‘ } This wowent ou Euctia warkeda 2 err disoppoirtrent 70One cole! This time | was, determined te get to the ten ARE THE POOR IN SPIRIT. 4FOR THEIRS (S THE ‘MOURN, FOR THEY SHALL BE COMFORTED. BLESSED ARE THE... Here then was ay uncle, ty father's brother.becovle. wy hiwave, In Fact, wodlness ae of wy w thot wowent, vr the hope2.THE SORCERER'S APPRENTICEyo DING: | TOWARDS YOUR “LOGIC AND MADNESS"YES, 02 (D BE is AS FOR THE DRAWING TLL e FEAR OF KINGDOM COME! ‘MADNESS... ‘ IT'S TRUE! HE WRITES. TROT FOR TIN "GREEK TO Say RUSSELL maTuEmanics? ) | EXERCISES’! WOULD COMMIT b X "| would kill vayself. ¥* "Yes! Auol now, if don't wind, +he story continves..."Ladies and Gentlewen, pose inagire we vow ina hall very wueh like mBut His, tine as a member of the oudience! An audience, tind you, consisting exclusively of young wren! H's wy first year ar Cowbridge University. This was the first step towarels fultiling vay dlream of beconing a mathematician.But wy introduction to was a sheer disappointient. BUT, THAT |S CIRCULAR! YOU GAN'T DEFINE A TERM, BY USING IT IN THE DEFINITION! MATHEMATICS 'S THE LAST RECOURSE OF REASON! WE CANNOT UNDERIM WITH SLOPPY THINKING! the "Queen of the Sciences" 80 WHY, OBVIOUSLY, INFINITELY SMALL ou? ARE You DISPUTING NEWTON'S INVENTION OF THE CALCULUS? Oe Is DISPUTING EUCLIO'S. INVENTION OF PRESUMPTLOUS fi YOUNG MAN! AS" THAT WHICH isvay thiest For ledge. diel not At Combridlee,, idiscoverec! ew wor'ds. Suse “THERE ARE NO RINCPLES! BAZAROV SAD. 0 DENY! MY BRANAnd the vew drama gave = a tae Keys 4 unlecks dave BEGAN TO Bn FEEL THE MOST gy THT IRON VIOLENT PAINS RING WAS BEING IN JAY HEAD... SCREWED ROUND ae ay THE DOCTOR TOLD ME THE TRUTHH! "THERE IS SOMETHING. WORM-EATEN ABOUT YOU SINCE BIRTH!" THE SINS OF THE FATHERS ARE VISITED UPON THE CHILDREN! GHOSTS! WE ARE ALL GHOSTS: EaHIS MESSAGE IS ANNOYING AND THIS TRUE: "WE ARE TRAVELUNG WITH DEAD WEIGHT ON 30420." FILTH! AN OPEN DRAIN! ABSOLUTELY LOATHSOME! sat wa é EG the lines of Shelley's great ay poen “Alastor” cccompanieel @ journey to on inner, beautecus lane. Inrationality, in ts Wighest form! Te wy enlightened wine, undress was 2 disease of weak spirits, pulling them away from the natural harmony of Reason, Bolly VND Yolo sy fut P| re Tl Se No) ae LP gelCaN At a Ie Not ml Cor aN Tele) OF MUSK-ROSE TWINED WITH JASMINE... ie Cae Beare ma aon aren Vacca Pane naa Ey ar py Beem Vaio a HN ae A Coe) Pas Gar eon oll gis tur by et 5 low I needed +o get rick of way ow " BEAUTIFUL BIRD, THOU VOYAGEST TO THINE HOME, A ie aa ura eae) Lael ha 4 RT am A No needa ae aC age) OT"EARTH, OCEAN, AIR, BELOVED BROTHERHOOD! MOTHER OF THIS UNFATHOMABLE WORLD! FAVOUR MY SOLEMN SONG, FOR | HAVE LOVED THEE EVER AND THEE ONLY!!! At last, |covld IY turn wy back fill Non wy dark legecy. CGDuring another excursion, Iran into @ perfect Symbol of Grandwother's faith Until then, churches hadl inspired tn we faor of an all-powerful Being Not +his tine. A new experience of ecstasy was the best antidote. to any lurking residue. of fear. SIn those. years, | was often accompanied by extreue inner tension. Was dlovbtless: wade wore intense by loneliness. My near-wanic passion for certain, absolute, Knowledge I wet the women who was loter to Rey ‘Which, naturally, also contained an insane } Yet our friendship at first progressea| S21elymAT CAMBRIDGE, NO ONE TALis' ABOUT THE REAL ISSUES OF MATHEMATICS, LIKE WHAT IS THE NATURE OF MATHEMATICAL TRUTH? F ONLY YOU HOW CRUCIAL KNEW HOW MUCH THEY ARE! DEPENDS Abn PHILOSOPLY ISCLOSER TO MY HEART! 88NOT. ON Aty ACCOUNT, YOU SHOULON'T! sits Iwas an absolute si] beginner in courtehia! With not the slightest bit of beainrer's luck! 7” GENTLEMEN, YOU MAY NOW BECIN! eS s 88Though Fortunate! with benefies IAM NOW CONVINCED, YOUR OPINION OF PROFESSOR! THE ROTTEN MATHEMATICS! FOUNDATIONS Wit. GIVE WAY. Now, | covlal afford to speak my wind. THE EDFICE ‘ SONCERNED OF MATHEMATICS aT TS FALL WILL NOL YOU SEE, WILL COLLAPSE! CRUSH YOU TOO? IDON'T PLAN TO 8E INSIDE IT.Having earned 2 Fellowship, levied now pursue a new, atemotive Hinerary. Meanwhile, | persisted! vay siege of A AT LEAST MATHEMATICIANS TRY NOT TO CONTRADICT (ONE ANOTHER! ALSO DSPLEASED WITH PHILOSOPHY? ” z a reac with the passion of Shelley’ “inspired and clesperate alchewist'. > NOT SO PHILOSOPHERS! THEY ARE ALL "CREAT AND ALL IN TOTAL, DISAGREEMENT! |"STUDYING PHILOSOPHY! REALLY MEANS GORGING, YOURSELF ON A STEW OF EVERY IDEA (MAGINABLE! WHLE AN ARISTOTELIAN PUTS ALLY HS FAITH INITS OBSERVATION! ARE MENTAL CONCEPTS INNATE 0% ACQUIRED? IS THERE AN OPPOSITION BETWEEN MIND AND MATTER?Al HE MATERIAL WORLD AROUND ME? RATHER EXTREME VIEW, Ww 2 i yA R Evel had text we Rad +0 abhor contradiction WHICH, ACTUALLY, 1d tuned to Philosophy {g ABOUT FONG } coking for “ruth, ; but alee guidance. valve. for life.With wy Friend! Moore, | seught enightenuent at the, Feet of the latest fashionable Hegeion, WELL, HEGEL 1S OBVIGUSLY NOT YOUR MAN! THE TRANSITION FROM THE CATEGORY OF CONTRADICTION SHOWS THAT THE EXCLUSIVE REFLECTION OF THE STABLE OPPOSITION MAKES ITA NEGATIVE, AND THUS THE REFLECTION DEGRADES ITS PREVIOUS STABLE OF DETERMINATIONS 70 THE LEVEL OF BEING OLY DETERMINATIONS. AND SINCE THE POSITION HAS BEEN MADE POSITION, 'T HAS GONE BACK TO UNITY WITH ITSELF. THEY CALL THS TRASH PHILOSOPHY? | WANT TO FIND MY WAY TO REALITY, WAN! WANT & METHOD TO ACGURE CERTAIN KNOWLEDGE! BOWLER Is READY, SR!SO/AEONE TOGNE IT STRONG FOUNDATIONS AND A LOGICALLY PRECISE LANGUAG! THAT'S EXACTLY WHAT LEIBNIZ DD... Ina hatter's shop, | found at lest what Iwas looking for. YES! AWAY 50 CLEAR THAT WHEN TO MAKE. A DISAGREEMENT , THINKING ARISES, WE TUST AG CLEAR AS. HAVE TO SAY... BUT FOR THAT TO HAPPEN, LOGIC. WOULD HAVE. TO BECOME AN EXACT SCIENCE! 6WHAT LEIBNIZ OREAMT OF WITH THE "CALCULUS RATIOCINATOR') GEORGE BOOLE. CONTINUED WITH HiS "LAWS" PERHAPS, YOU'D LIKE TO TRY IT ON, SRP AND MATHEMATICIANS PHILOSOPHY! OF LOGIC 4RE THE WHICH WE COMBINE PROPOSITIONS. THROUGH CERTAIN %ere, Moore. j BUT LEIBNIZ troduced we toa new, < USED A FORMAL, extraorelinary world. SYMBOLIC LANGUAGE TO SAY THNGS LIKE THB. ALL THAT Locic REALLY 15, 15 USNG COMBINATIONS OF THE "4 TAUTOLOGY KNOWN, TO REACH ADDED TO ITSELF © UVKNO' |S ATAUTOLOGY." "A TAUTOLOGY ADDED TO ITSELF Is A TAUTOLOGY." ISN'T THis A LITTLE TOO TECHNICAL? [KNOW WaT ATAUTOLOGY IS, THANE YOu! BUT DcES THE AVERAGE READER, Wilts IS NECESSARILY TRUE Sy VIRTUE OF T'S LOgiCAL FORM, AS IN'ALL RED ANTS ARE RED 4\ THING THAT AT THIS POINT YOU SHOULD INTRODUCE IM TALKING To you, OL BOW! THIS |S THE YOU CAN'T UNDERSTAND STORY OF Lode, THE PEOPLE WITHOUT DEPENDS ON WHICH THE STORY 1S STORIES, PASSIONS LEAZING THE WAY 8NOw YOU TAKE MANY LITTLE THING: NEW BECAUSE YOU LEARN WHAT YOU. ONT KNOW, =THE FAMOUS EXAMPLE WHICH EVERY SCHOOL KID /'| "SOCRATES IS AMAN” }) SEE? FROM TWO STATEMENTS ALREADY KNOWN, YOU PRODUCED “AND 80, [7 WAS THIS TYPE OF REASONING THAT LEIBNIZ TURNED INTOA SYMBOLIC SYSTEM.From the clay when | first learned of the dream for a purely legical Coleviss, | was hooked This new fascination completely took over wy life. Is THE MAN ‘ YOU ARE READING 90 FASCINATING?DON'T You REMEMBER | TWEEDLEGEE'S WORDS? \ TWEEDLEDEE. “CONTRARIWISE, FIT WAS $0, !T MIGHT BE. ‘AND IF IT WERE $0, IT WOULD BE. BUT ‘AS FT ISN'T, (T AIN'T. THAT'S LOGIC! BUT | DON'T LIKE OR ‘TWEEDLEDUM FOR THAT WHICH WAY DO LANE TO GO FROM HERE? THAT DEPENDS: ON WHERE YOU WANT TOGO! THEN [T DOESN'T REALLY MATTER WHICH WAY YOU GO!YOU SEE, LOGIC. Is REALLV A TOOL. Wart Have HE DEAL PaaT [Ye105CATCH ME IF YOU CAN, LITTLE ALys! GOT YOu THs TIME! 108ALRIGHT, IGIVE U WHICH WAY DO 1GO N THAT ALL DEPENDS ON WHERE NOU WANT TO 69, LITTLE ALYS! The Hawpton Court wore was ideally suited for tntroclucing Boolean To uavigate it, you have to decide if certain saths have value 4, weaning "tris path leads 70 the exit. wearing "it doesirt!" So, if @ path X has valve 1 “Signifying that X continues toa certain point aia then as or Zn forks into Y ond Z.. d retains value rer Yor Z is A, or tf both are. But takes valve 0 "E both Vand Z are 0! ‘oTBut then I found Alys engoged in another form ef binary investigation. HE LOVES MEw HE LOVES | JUST WANTED MENOT TO ILLUSTRATE THE CONTUNCTIVES i "AND" AND TORT AS A i SERIES OF DECISIONS HELPNG YOUnnsally suprowphs atteragt ata lessen endled with we. as the student Soon after, Ale #0 Peau -RANDMAMHA JPRESENT ASS ALYS SMITH Being vo expert in fenutine! parchokey, \decicled their meetin: was a huge, success. 0Ive. said tt alveccly= That wast illogical with Alys | encountered of passions nowan for the fiver ti "MARRY" THE SMITH WOMAN? FOPPYCOCK! SHE'S TAR BUT | LOVE, HER, GRANOMAMinA, INSANITY IN. HER BROOD! m And being o vieophy te,But though my love life wos at last waking headwoy, wy career os a thinker was stalling. CO) wn BUT IT'S HARDLY ENOUGH TO COVER MY NEEDS! DON'T LOOK SO GLUM, OLD CHAP, YOU NOW HAVE AN AIA: TO LEARN Louie: oy ra Y LEARN MORE THEN! BEEN "LEARNING LOGIC” ‘OR THE PAST YEAR wn, To understand wy predicauent, But Science depended on Mathematics, remember thet wn protourd, underiying hich wes, a total wess, plagued by unproven ait hod never chonged: to acquire, assuuptions ond circular definitions. To certain knowledge obost the word w vepair if, a powerful Logic was neeced.. Reauease! - But there which could only wasn't one! & And so we cave $0 an By now, \'ol come to realize thot Mathewatics veserioled the Cosnios of Indian Myth : its apparent solidity really elependecl on the reptilian whims of ts carrer. Motheuotios vested. meThe sorry state of the WE ARE APPROACHING THE "Queen of DEMOCRITEAN VISION, THE the, Sciences! ANG RUTHERFORD IS DISCOVERY OF THE ATOMS wos wade TRULY REVOLITIONARY! OF MATTER: een worse. by the successes of Physics. wBUT OUR, A POOR MATHEMATICS FEe/ wus’? WORSE Is LAGS LAMELY ae THAT DON'T FACE UP TO THE PROBLEM! With Moore, | dreawed of great oiscoveres, > 7 MARE THEM REALIZE n ee «| THE TERRIBLE dee a MESS! AWPULLY SORRY TO BARGE IN, CHAPS, BUT YOU ARE TALKING BALDERDASH! MATHEMATICS 1S IN PERFECT ORDER! ss The situation shocked we: wast wathewaticians were paintully unaware of the: Fliusiness of the Fourdlations. THEY ARE FOOLS, MOORE! oe} a ea 3 ae ONLY THEN CAN WE BEGIN TO SET THE HCUSE OF MATHEMATICS IN ORDERTO ACHEVE ANY KIND OF CERTAINTY IN MATHEMATICS, WE MUST RE-EXAMINE (TS BASIC ASSUMPTIONS, WE MUST BEGIN AT THE BEGINNING. did not last. For finally het @ wan refreshingly ere Areas rigorous cae Riel in his ee approach. ioe eB at cet 4am ee Sta oer eee era in Alfreal Whitehead, {found a strong ancl B 3 iad astrona OH THER: Sisco pai aa ARE PEOPLE WHO CAN SEE THE SITUATION CLEARLY, RUSSELL. BUT ALL OF THEA ARE, ALAS, ON UNITE THE HEALTHY PARTS OF MATHEMATICS AND THE CONCEPTUAL SOPHISTICATION OF THE NEW LOGIC, LOGIC HAS WE CAN LAUNCH NOT ADVANCED A POWERFUL, ONE BIT AFTER IT HAS COME, A CERTAN WAY SINCE 0.9 ARISTOTLE... Is ANOLD GERIMAN SAYING: “IF YOU WANT TO LEARN SOMETHING, SIT STRONG ENOUGH YET i TO DEAL WITH L MATHEMATICS? Iwas Wnvteheod, wore than ) anyone else, whe helped we see beyond the ovovincialism of the. Englisn watheuotical estaatshment 1It nas his encouragenent that mace we set aut en 2 grand vovage. of inteleetval discovery, mln the first part of wich, |wet the new Stars Alys ancl | were warriedl a the “Meeting Plece" of the Quakers, uirich ier Eauily attended. ra ered the "silent prayer a3. WANDERJAHREThe Continent was for we a garden of rare infelectoal it as | would on enchanted lanl) Every olay | was leorring souething new, sovething fl which led we cleeger into 2 wagical Kingdlow... A Kingelons free ie confusion which plogue the world of wateriol reality. IF Conteridge,, | hack Serced upon the Prautic German text eked “Besriffeschrtt" “concept script” f reduced was in line with Letbria's vision of 2 Fully logical lanavage. The author lived in a swall German town, Fomous for its philosophers... 49However, retther he vor his work PH was wall Known. But that didn't wake we, dover its potential — | iuaportance. Twth is. Surface was penetrated, a lor of sense cove be wet, once the abstvuse fourd underneath. Principal aniong which is that they always wean exoety what they say! Gottob Frege wos a tre gent. acThough, of course, Hi) nly in the setaphericall ut serse!AND THS 15 (| MRS. ALYS RUSSELL, WY WE. WOMEN ARE. SUCH ILLOGICAL CREATURES, HM. VOU CO INSIDE, HELP THE OTHER WIFE, MAKE THE TEA! 50 TELL ME WHY You ARE HERE... WHAT SAY YOU OF MV WORK? FRANKLY, IFIND IT DIFFICULT GOING. IT'S 50 DIFFERENT FROM \S. SO DIFFERENT! BOOLE WANTS 4 CALCULATING, IT'S 80 SURPRISING TO HEAR A MATHEMATICIAN SAY THAT! WHAT IS SURPRISING ABOUT A RATIONAL BEING TELLING THE TRUTH? 14WE MUST WRITE A BOOK, FRAL! i ‘ADD TOTHAT "THE ORDEAL OF BENG \ MARRIED TOA LOGICIAN" (OH, Mv GOTTLOB, |S A GOOD HEART. BUT SOMETIMES HE TREES My NERVES! THE ORDINARY LANGUAGE |S NOT SUITED TO SCIENCE! GET INSIDE, YOU FOOL, OR YOU'LL DESTROY MY GARDEN I! BUT, INTHE SQ, IN ORDER TO MEANTIME, SHOULD UNDERSTAND REALITY, WE PERWAPS TON MUST FIRST CREATE. THE LADIES?ONLY SUCH A LANGUAGE PRECISELY YOU ARE LIKE ME. (CAN DEAL WITH THE MY REASON IN-THS DicHoTOMY! FOUNDATIONS OF FOR WANTING TO INDEED, YoU AND | LEARN MO} ABOUT iT! ‘A CENTAUR HERR RUSSELL: HALF MATHEMATICIAN, AND HALF PHILOSOPHER! FROM ARISTOTLE TO BOOLE, LOGICIANS EMPLOY OF THE TYPE "SOCRATES BUT IF WE ARE TO STUDY LOGICALLY MATHEMATICS /TSELF WE SHALL NEED MORE! supe idea. ; Yet. it wos : enough to open up for : us new, virgin ; territory. WE NEED TO INTRODUCE. VARIABLES! WE HAVE TO BE ABLE TO SAY THINGS LIKE. "X15 A MAN" FALSE F IT IS ONE OF.OF COURSE | DD NOT! | NEVER EAT A COOKIE BEFORE 5:00 AND IT IS ONLY 4:48! DOYOU THNK I'M SEMLE? CTHEN WHY ARE, YOU IMPLYING IT? THERE IS A SIMPLE UTION TO THE 44From Jena, we woved to our vext destination. BY vou wean Like FREGE? ICERTANLY HOPE so! FR YOU SEE HIM AS AN OLD ECCENTRIC, BUT HE IS BUT WHAT IF HIS. SMALL QUIRKS ARE THE OTHER SIDE OF ANYWAY, LET'S WAIT A BIT BEFORE WE PASS TUDGMEN HE HABITS OF GIANTS. OF "GIANTS", IKE FAIRYTALES7 THE GREAT GAUSS HAD ARE nice exaieae SOUNDS 0ST MMM | WARNED MATHEMATICIANS: HIM "THE MAN WHO ATE OF "DON'T DEAL DRECTLY THE TREE OF KNOWLEDGE h es OF THE INFINITE!” i BUT GEORG CANTOR DISOBEVED! ‘AND SO HE DISCOVERED THE AMAZING FACT THAT THERE ARE, DEGREES OF INFINITY! AND HE EVEN FOUND WAYS TO7 ers caine oest m, 'N ROOM NUMBER "X", JAND OF COURSE GUEST 2 TO ROOMS ti TO EMPTY ROOM 2 FOR GUEST 1! "88a AND 50 ON, GUEST 3 TO ROOM 4, SO AS TO EMPTY ROOM B FOR GUEST 2... THE PONT IS THAT IN INFINITY THERE IS ALWAYS SOMETHING MORE! IMAGINE MOVING EVERY GUEST, FROM ROOM 4 ON, OME ROOM 2OWNa THEN ROOM 115 FREE!Let we now wake a general vreuark regoreling Ha vather senstive stbject, dewent of that A great wan once said that wo otnericlea has so inspired the hun winch Maribe $0. One- tring howeser is certain All of you have. Soue experien Those who alsiike it, see tas drucken. Those who don't, see it perhaps as a game. “oA sidle which you cari arcther side to ‘Serse unless you start Mathenatice thinking of No other iclea has £0 pushecl the huwan wind, 4 tre obsclte linits of its powers! mbrd, also, to a siwilay extent the inner frailty of warhewartcal Knowledge! 180Ih was for this reason, realy, that Gauss warned against Frontal oftacks On infinity. [Net bis stem (2 ral ca oe worrings did not = oe Ee se enter way minal eae i el oe on that wicr ring eI As |set out t0 weet "Tr 7 7a Contor, the Magus Here, |wos, 2 Briton who heel set out in search of Genwon On the way, | van into afellow who hed wacle- the +rip in the opposite} direction.Minal you, Hale's University hod recertly incorporated Witerbera's ard thus coull lay claiw to being the Alera Mater of cath Hawlet andl Doctor Foush: And eo it had. 0 ist bas Professors Cantor, bitte? Perfect credentials for trouble! Cantor, mite? 2| surmised they belonged to an institution For the New Mathematics. THis Way FOR HERR SI PROFESSOR CANTOR? poke baelly of the stote St of the New Matheuatics! eS Th and imagine @ young painter being received by langete Thotis howl felt asl knocked on Contor's door. coVAM RUSSELL, SR. AN ENGLISH MATHEMATICUN WELL, EVEN IN STUFFY OLD ALBION, THERE ARE A FEW ALL MUST BELIEVEWELL, SI2, SET THEORY ISN'T pane ALL THAT MATTERS: EXACTLY FOR EVERYONE! 1B MN NEW WORK! AFTER LUNMASKNNG. THE PLAGIARST SHAKESPEARE, TNOW HAVE ue TESUS CHRIST WAS IN REALITY THEYOU MUST GOTO. THE GUEENW /3)<] SHE MUST. @ “hal WILL BLOW IN THE FIRE OF MY WRATH!" Madleess hack dluays terrified ue. But to see it take overa great wind, wos my devastating.OPEN UP! YOU ARE WANTED!TRAITOR! Wh ms YOU MESSED WiTH KIFINA vA YOU WRECKED 43 THE FOUNDATIONS!rATUES DON'T GO R WALKS! My ercounter wits Georg Cartor should nothing else — wade we aware of the possi | sore, |hod ev Ff on wos frousrt with m| dovgers Dangers for which the ff thesBut lerwe now wove us on to wore Pleosart things! ret ouites Frequent, The year wos 4900. This was ative of change, a tiwe for new beginnings. And nowhere was this J optivisra wore. apparent, mr) Here, converged! the visio of the, Etffel Tower was a pertect syubel what was best the ne tools with which to veolze ancl 2AY THAT'S THE CREAT ANA usie a AND LAST BUT NOT. MONSEUR LE PROFESSELR HERI ban eal eae :R PROFESSOR MINKOWSKI. A Sea mn DEEPLY HONOLRED! ~All ayy new heroes under one roof f : KLEIN CREATED & NEW os MRS. EVELYN WHITEHEAD, iNot alll encounters in Faris were wothenaticall But |was t20 excited by nen icleas +0 pay sevious attention tenew exctions. And there icleos: new view wer i i eae eh i ateee! Salle 1 ees, thot would give S ipa pe, tage Dict cec Sng (Se OMettiC Elliptine . foundations. Salle 13 Rez-de-chausi: ‘Géométrie Hyperbaiae oP Galle Sc 1 cae a a m q cooler mine jétrie Prot wauldl be played oy the | salle 3 Theory of Sete. thodls, There Was evern ‘On winose volue the Congress's two grectest stars vehemently disagrees! wos ne shortage of new theories, nen fechriqves, AIRE GANTOR one shall expe! Her Cantor has cre: us from the Paradise aied for us! a Devel Hibert, ne |< Bl less great, the Genuan apostie | of the vigorous | exocress ot {f logical proof.But what exactly were ‘sets"? What was this new fashion, this wathematicsn, Frona the tue of the Greeks, uatrevaticions had looked af incvcval cbjects, such 25m jan storted locking . mGearg Cantor developed instead ct collections of objects, the wajesiic, wondrous defined by a common edifice of Set Theory! property. For “all right *viongles' ‘all rigeronetrc functions! The Coech progenitor of sets was called Berahard Bola alse 0 Ronan Cathoke priest, And, sure enough, hi 6\y| During the Congress, every (| restaurant and café was host to the new tcleas. WONDER IF DINERS SIT AS "PRO-" OR "CONTRA-SETS'! urHE WANTS AMACHNE, TON WAND THE SAUSAGES FEED IT AXIOMS AND MAKE. BL COME CUT FROM THE THEOREMS, LIKE ONE WHERE APIG ENTERS THE ONE. SDE. HERR PROFESSOR WILBERT'S IDEAS, VICH YOU INANELY RIDICULE, ARE ZE MATHEMATIC OF ZE FUTURE! (OH, | THINK MY FRIEND HILBERT HAS A.GOOD EAR FOR METAPHORS. TO HERR HILBERT, AND "ZE MATHEMATIC. OF ZE FUTURE"!But letwe give youn Ga ‘dea of the new wteliee*val ere Gate we fourd owseves, "Alon the bearel, and then | draw a sheight line. net geing througn ¥ Euctiol would hove usecl the exact Sawe. word, a6 would have, aff watheuaticions, for over two How wainy straiget li can we drew! throug) that are parallel 40 this line? “9The odvent of the neu, non-Euclidean aeouetries hao! subverted the notion of axiews as obvious truths . a fact, +hool supplantec! +he, vary notion of “obviousness! i | Hi stated om wos to give a birdls-eye-view of the future, | WP inturtion el by way of twenty-three Wwajor unsolvedl problewe. we THEY ARE THE STARTING POINTS FOR THE LOGICAL PROCESS. BUT WE MUST ABANDCN ANY SENSE This epiritwas vewhere better expressed thon in Hilbert's wuch- "the Problems of Mathematics". OF THER, "NATURAL" TRUTHS ALL WE CAN ASK OF AXIOMS IS THAT THEYFOR us, THE DEVILS ARE CONTRADICTION AND PARADOX! 60, FOR MATHEMATICS TO CONTINUE TO REIGN AS QUEEN OF THE SCIENCES, WE MUST BANISH FROM IT, AS FOR MATHEMATICAL PROOF, WE MUST REDUCE $0 PRECISE THAT IT CAN BE EXECUTED Yn ww MACHINE EQUIPPED WITH THE REQUIRED INSTRUCTIONS FOR, ALL THAT WHICH IS NOT PLRELY AND STRICTLY LOGICAL! Sone of "Hilbert's Problems" of 1200 wathneucticians busy even today. But one of thew becowe the target oF wy own drecus. Ad 50,70 MAKE. MATHEMATICS IMPREGNABLE TO | cous, We Must Aks7 Fag BUILD ARITHMETIC ON Jaa) ‘A OROLND OF TOTAL CERTAINTY! NUMBER 1S AT THE CORE OF EVERY BRANCH OF MATHEMATICS, AND f] THUS ARITHMETIC Is THE ROCK UPON WHICH ALL OUR TRUTHS MUST ULTIMATELY BE SASED! A7 CONVECTION THAT ALL THESE GREAT PROBLEMS ARE 80L ‘imRESTS ON THE PRINOPLE THAT THE WORLD IS TOTALLY UNDERSTANDABLE by 8Y REASON... THAT IFA QUESTION CAN BE RIGOROUSLY STATED, IT CAN BE LOGICALLY } ANSWERED! TISNTHS SPRIT THAT WE FACE THE NEW CENTURY OF PROGRESS, SCIENCE AND HOPE! WE HEAR WITHIN US THE CALL: "THERE 15 THE PROBLEM, SEEK ITS SOLUTION, FOR IT CAN BE FOUND!" FORIN OUR SCENCE - | a "Bliss was aan tobe ee) | fi i alive. But to be youre was very a te i Heaven!" # Latin for ‘we shall net know.)lcrossed the Chornel with wy heart firmly set onthe. course ttwas to folow henceforth. But reallly, | hadl cone fullcivcle, to my first intellectual frustrations. At last, | hack 40 face my dfsilusion with Euclals “obvious! oxiows head on. Olan | DON'T THNK THEY ARE. WORTH THAT MUCH... YET! ’ AHEMa WELL, LET ME SEE IS THERE A BLACKBOARD FREGE AND THE ON BOARD? ITALIAN PEANO 4834, PARADOXESAfter wy retum from Paris, | set out with fiery, though rather wisjudged, optivisu, to write. the book that woulel solve all founcletional problems — ard then some! | used on elegant notation invented by Peanc. (was convinced | was. onthe right track. FREEDOM FROM FURTHER, INTERRUPTIONS. REQURE ANYTHING? BI The treasures of Lagic came ata price. ‘erNEWSPAPERSH! fi | clFlecl farther and farther (i) anoy Frona rauavity’s Fi Hj concerns, swaller large. N zi SE ao BOERS ARE GETTING SQUASHED! READ ALL. ABOUT IT! 168BAND $0 OLD FOR, YOU, MY DEAR! ageTHERE ARE GOOP MOMENTS, ARE THERE NOT? WHAT ARE, YOu SAYIN OLD CHAP’ila here to speak about wy affair with Lege. Sol stick to that —o8 wich 29 life. will et we. UA ARE_AT THE Basis 3 (OF NUMBER! WERE INTERESTED | IN NUMBERS! In wry research, ‘ unade, wel, use of the single ‘clea of the priest Boizanon "THREE-NESS" 5 THE COMMON PROPERTY \E OF THREE UMBRELLAS, THREE HORSES HAVE MOST INTERESTING REALLY? AND | THOUGHT THEM BORING! 468Wi THE SETOFALL IDEAS Is AN IDEA... Nir mae e | NATTA EREFORE, IT CONTAINS “TTSELF Ag AN ELEMENT. THAT'S AN STING DICHOTOMY: © SET OF SETS WHICH FL CONTAIN THEMSELVES...In my life tedate, | have writen cletens of books andl hundlreds of aricles.. ve ‘given thousands of lectures. Far @ confounded paradex I discovered that year. But |suspect wy vawse wil! suru if it does at all Imagine a foun | witha strict aw | on shaving. is required to shave daily In fact, the law decrees: These, uho don't shave themselves are shoved by the barber.""Those who don't shave thensehes are shaved! - by the bar ; w However if Wwe will shave token the barber?" He obviously cannot choose, to shove, hisself, nbeing the barber, tt would wean that heis shaved by the wan who Shoves orl.Y wTHE FAMOUS PRONOUNCEMENT OF EUBOULIDES! “MY FELLOW CITIZENS, 1a Now LYING TO vou! THING OF IT: IF HE IS LYING, THEN HE IS IN FACT TELLING THE TRUTH! AND IF HE Is TELLING THE TRUTH WHEN SOMETHING REFERS TO ITSELF, PARADOX IS NEARBY. TAKE SELF-REFERENTIAL BOOKS, FOR EXAMPLE... * Of course LOGICOMIK is cso self-referentic 166 NO,NO! BOOKS THAT INCLUDE REFERENCE TO THEMSELVES, LIKE STERNE'S “TRISTRAM SHANDY" CALNINO'S "IF ON A WINTER'S NIGHT A TRAVELLER".SUPPOSE NOW YOU MAKE A COMPLETE CATALOGUE OF ALL BOOKS THAT ARE NOT SELF-REFERENTIAL! SURE! BUT THE QUESTION IS... $0? WHAT'S THS GOT TO DO WITH RUSSELL'S PARADOX?“Does the set of all i It sounds like o parler sets which de nat w lf itelees, then it witticisua. But it subverts contain theuselves contain cbesn't And fit the natin of "set itself?" To which the. doesn't, then tt abes! colection defined! by a HEREFORE, IF WE TAKE E PROPERTY |S BELONGS TO _$' AND CONSIDER ITS NEGATION AS DEFINING,WY MONSTER, TE USURFER OF GOD'S ABSOLUTE GREATNESS Us IM A FREE MAN AT LAST! DON'T VOU UNDERSTAND??? NO LONGER pro-set'cowp i there. was benildenuent and consternation. Lagecions were, devastated! 6)He. ee way paraclox onthe veryday vhen he was tosie the geraread to print volume TWO. |i ain instant, he veelized the ff iaport of wy clscovery. Frege, too, hac bult his edifice onthe ground of Bolzavo's Buupe idea of set Andnowhe hacl seen that this ground! was rotten — he By implanting sefs into Losic, he hed injected’ a letinal conker into ite bool. So: the "Foundations of Arithuetic! were n unfounded. DON'T BE LATE FOR, DINNER, COTTLO! 70Wit-WiiAT = DESTROY. THE PRINTING PLATES? YW" _ HERR PROFESSOR, WE SLAVED ON THS FoR Nf WICORE NOS, YEARS ON ENO! IF YOU t A DON'T DOTTY DON'T TAKE PITY ON YOUR ‘OWN WORK, THEN AT LEAST CONSIDER Of all the acts of 7 intellectual honesty | have witressed in wry le, ; ore. couperes with Gottlee Frege's reocton to uy paradox Wee There conot be greater intellectual de" a ene courage than thé. oom pains ag 7 = oy gasson® 2 eee =Lastly, you way well ask: what was wy ek ee For having exposed the doings Pope! 28 wovid a devout Cothelic. journalist.TRULY RUSSELL, Ves a ‘WAS ABOUT TO. YOuR PARADOX BEGIN VOLUME TWO OF 1S DEVASTATING! i] eee i py 200 : “NEVER GLAD CONFDENT mI'VE ALSO GIVEN UP ON VOLUME TWO MORNING AGAIN”. OF AY "PRINCIPLES OF MATHEMATICS! FOR US WORKING, ON FOUNDATIONS, IT's BACK Ta 8mVOU HAVE. ANY BRIGHT IDEAS FOR GINING IT BACK TOUS! sul DON'T KNOW ABOUT "CAVING. BACK". BUT THE PARADOX JUST MIGHT BE CROUMVENTED! TAKE THE "WHO NOW, IMAGINE SHAVES THE THE BARBER'S BARBER?” ViLAGE TOBE SITUATED... CASTES 1,234 WHERE CASTE 4 IS HGHER THAN 3, BS HicuER THAN 2, 2 THANA,YOU SEE? BY FORBIDING INTRA*CASTE SHAVING YOU ALSO RULE OUT SELF-SHAVING! GOT, FOR THE MOMENT! IN"SET LANGUAGE”, THS MEANS A SET OF ONE TYPE CAN ONLY INCLUDE SETS OF A LOWER! NO SELF- INCLUSION... INTERESTING! BUT I WONDER: TUST HOW MUCH OF SET THEORY... sn EVERY MORNING, | WAKE UP ‘AN OPTIMIST, BUT AFTER A DAY'S WORK, | DESPAIR. THE VERY SZEOF “J THE PROBLEM MAKES ME. LOSE HEART. 5WHAT Sav YOU WE JOIN FORCES? YOU MEAN... WRITE TOGETHER THE SECOND VOLUME OF YOUR “UNIVERSAL ALGEBRA"? Te rebuild Losie from scratch is nota project tobe extoarked| -pon lightiyue withna plows te ieapeoe 34 vei" Theory of Types. TO “PRINCIPIA MATHEMATICA "I HIP. HlPou HURRAAAHII!Spring 205 came, ond went, and eur work's: cowpletion MY DEAR, ARE YO COMPLETELY FEELING: RE-WRITING ALRIGHT? AND? I THE PREMISE |SHARDLY A. "SURPRISE", (MY DEAR! THS IS MS NTH PRE- BREAKFAST VISIT THIS MONTH. "RAMIFIED TYPES" T00? YOUR FIRST INSTINCT WAS RIGHT: "TYPES" ARE ARTIFICIAL — NOT UNIVERSAL ENOUGH! A PROBLEM OF COURSE! 15 ADDRESSED TO ERIC, YOU SEE! 78"Pircpa could vot diverge frou +S Tee a principle. Yet, os you com see From sone Ines Oa of the book, rancorly picked our understancling Recor | fot Of siuplicity was a wee. bit idiosynovatic. that the sinpler 262, UeU2ULY. Dome Plu) atheory was, 5 #051284 91162. fs. s,uerru vy he greater we , zelulty.9 Even before Whitehead and I spert that Soamer ¥e-exowining our prewises. autuun cone, se heel changed course agpiin: Euclid: anew set of axiows! Bein wore tie for work, my wife om soved in with the Whiteheodls. Sawe roof was not o cure for cur problewusi«The eles hours spent abou desks WORK IS NOT il ABOUT ASKING, MAN, - mmIT'S ABOUT INSWERING! Tus storm ‘aIVE SAD YES" TO YOUR EVERY WH UNTIL Now! 184 PRECISELY! THE UNDERWORLD OF MATHEMATICS! BLOW, WINDS, AND CRACK YOUR CHEEKS!BLAST IT ALL! BLAST! FREGE WAS RIGHT, ONLY "WE CENTAURS" ARE FIT TO ACHIEVE, THS TASK! |SHOULD NEVER HAVE TRUSTED. A MERE MATHEMATICIANS 1 Say, THAT'S ISHOULD NEVER HAVE AGREED TO WORK WITH THE OLD GOAT! ARE YOU SURE YOUR PROBLEM iS REALL, ALFRED? THIS $ NOT JUST ANY BOOK, DOESN'T HE REALIZE HE'S GONG. SOFT IN THE 182Only by being “stupicl” can You break the barrier of the Seeing puget also in our case Actually, we were of the other extvewe from giorts: we hecl becoue charts! Ard | wean this quite literally. For, often, the ight way to philosophize. is. yourself artifcaly stupid! MY DEAR, BERT WORKING! We were firally led +0.an astounding 1! FINALLY DONE WITH THE DAMN THING!Te achieve. this wensuental task, teok Us a a were u 362. pages! Think of that: 362 pages REPORT YOU TO to prove what every chile! Knows. rs THE PRICE You Pay FOR BENG TRULY CERTAIN. THAT'S US, YOUR DAD ANDI. GLAMOROUS, Bur VERY CRUCIAL! 185years to couple the first three voluwes of our grave edi Though, actually, \ didnt Knew ime that vet would alse wean ‘last! lin fact, ldielat even Know, back then, that we had E coupleted anything NOW SHOWING THE PRERAPHAELITE BROTHERHOOD AND THEIR his orguuent. 186led we 0 i+ vrovgh the ewply, rescinding ball CONDEMNED BY THE GODS, ENDLESSLY TO POUR WATER, TO FILL A LEAKING TAR!ALONG, LONG WAY TO GO! bo vou THNK? FINISHED, NOT BY HALL YOU SAID AT SOME POINT WE'LL RE-EXAMINE: THE BASICS! WE 20 IT, AGAIN AND AGAIN =) L T's Loaic: i!YEG Can you of all understord YA the state |was in, back then? Does| a wy desperation wake any sense fo, You? What say you, Maclan? yy EE Well odait that it nt feo clear, Frofessor Russell “Lay pecple often feel wiles away trem 0 philosopher's worries. at, despite anything Scerates ray have believed So, uinat Whitehead and | were really doing, in building a paracox- free Logic that could support . Mathenatics, wes Arrght. Let's op over the shges of the AS Pees Cima aang ene conta Pu aN a Cmah athe en vala!) Ande 7 And, Fixing the hole the struggle te Thad expees warks uy oun i : mp parle emi orercowe tt! Frege's ideas! \ve said that the Fourdetions of Mathematics were lke 0 wythical turtle ‘supporting the Coswas. Yer, all we aie when we tied +0 create solid greunel For the beast 40 stand Mm was. Ard we were successful ‘nour task, in all ways but one: no watter how deep we went, ow too-tno-soliel system was being built on sand. Or worsenTo we, a philosopher ear ecne Crcdat deranaton Yet, despite uy initial reticence. an te publish, leventually agreed: ofa foundations ersten BM | Mayoc a book woud rep us find es ohn ven associates in our efforts] And publication offered a won FOR YOU, THE WALRUS SAD." SOLIO FOOTING I'S MERELY 4 COMPETENT SURVEY OF HELL! Also, of couse, \euttered frou a baal case of intellectual cabin fever. THE "PRINGIFIA" SHOULD HAVE LED US INTOAs | woitedl For Whitehead, suddenly 4 profound sense of less cvercame we. ™| SHALL REMEMBER wHaT DF AS LONG AS | LIVE wn AY DARLING, S4v 7! Le ( y Ax thot wouert, V Krew uy life wes abevt to fake @ shorp turn.SOmn TELL US, DEAR, How DID ITC WITH THE PUBLISHERS? it turned cut. f 2a totally = I a THEY'LL THE PUBLISHERS! PUBLISH ONLY ANSWER WAS A. IF WE PAY FOR POLITE “NO”.Ten years of doydreawus of the +rivnaph ‘of our opus wuagrin hod come to this THEY COULON'T FINDA SINGLE READER TO EVALUATE THE MANUSCRIPT, 60 THEY FOURED: "IF NO ONE WILL ACCEPT TO READ THE ‘PRINGIPIA’ ‘AND BE PAID FOR Tm" m THEN, OBVIOUSLY, NOONE. WiLL RAY TO READ IT, EITHER!" But, convinced that the "Fincipia" shoud enter the conmsnity of ideas, we decided to accept STAY AWAY FROW THE the ignowiny of paying to see our work in print. MD, KURT ‘And one final thing on this sad lay, and its paral! euuotional uisachert ures nthe thirty Years since it was published, I've ony wet are person who lia cominced hae read the two thousand or £0 pages of fortidaing, syuibole packed Text, cover to cover. With hindsight, | say that | wag wireng in vay self ovalysis: uy problen was the book!ENT RAC TETHE DEEPER THEY WENT, THE MORE FRUSTRATED HE AND THS 'S ABOUT AS FAR 4S WE'VE COME! I THINK RUSSELL'S CRUSH (ON EVELYN WAS REALLY AN OUTLET FOR HiS FRUSTRATION, OVER THE "PRINGIPIA" CONSTANTLY MISSING ITS ULTIMATE ILKED THIS! DOES THE LITTLE GUY ACTUALLY LOOK LIKE “LITTLE KURT CODEL" >"MATHEMATICS AND ICS, LIKE MATHEMATIC HAS ANY MSTAKES? STILL, | 90 THING IT'S GOOD TO EXPLAIN THE LOGIC A BIT MORE, SO THEN | IDEALLY TO WRITE 7 ..YOU CAN PUT z ACOMIG BOOK INA FEW THNGS ON j "THEORETICAL, COMPUTERS COMPUTER SCIENCE FOR ORONS"! Ok, LET Lis ASSUME | ACCEPT YOUR VeNPONT OTHE MOUEST™ BUTARISTOTLE SAYS THE ACTION OF A TRAGEDY IS "COMPLETE IN ITSELF",AS WRITER, WOULD YOU SAY T'S MORE MOTIVATED BY ALSO, | MUST CHARACTER SAY I’M NOT REALIN OR ACTION? COMFORTABLE WITH 7! "LOGIC FROM MADNESS" THEME, AS IT KEEPS POPPING UP IN THE STORY. (T'S. NOT THAT | DON'T THINK THAT IT'S INTERESTING TO ALSO LOOK AT THAT SIPEu Di FOUNDATIONS FOR MATHEMATICS...WOULDN'T. sARY PASSION D PERSISTENCE TO CREATE Loaic? THEMSELVES WERE INSPIRED BY NEUROSIS? CHARACTERS WOULD NOT HAVE. YOU PAY FOR g , n “OUND THIS ABSOLUTE \ PRICE WORTH CERTAINTY" A » cs0k, THIS BEGIN TO MaKe VE yf SOME SENSE. BUT LET ME. THINK A BIT. WHAT IF YOU'RE PUTTING TOO ‘SEE YOU IN THE SUMMER, CHRISTOS! ON THE "MADNESS" SIDE? AFTER ALL, THERE ARE MANY PSYCHOTICS, BUT ONLY ONE — THING BROKE, DOWNIE ‘CAN | COME AND WATCH? 180 Love Yi Tey REHEARSALS, TO YOUR BEING, THE RESEARCHER MEAN YOU HAVE MATHEMATICAL THOUGH BY ING TO KNOW THE CHARACTERS (HOPE I'LL ALSO UNDERSTAND THER, (DETECT INFLUENCES MATHEMATICS [Ee GOP No! 20 FROM MADNESS" THE VISUAL RESEARCH £04"AeAs2" IN B62 PAGES! OH,1 RATHER DOUBT YOU WILL, INA "SPIRITUAL TRAGEDY"!$0 YOU USE THIS MACHINE... WHICH WORKS WITH AN INTERACTIVE ALGORITHM! METHODS TO SOLVE PROBLEMS! SURE! IT RUNS A PERFECTLY SIMPLE METHOD FOR SELLING YOU YOUR TICKET. TOO SIMPLE! | DON" HAVE ANY SMALL Bi FOR EXAMPLE, SAY YOU WANT AN ALGORITHM TO FIND THE WAY FROM "STATION X" TO Dy STATION Y".. MAP! SIR, DO YOU WANT A TICKET OR DON'T YOu? of PONT OF ARRIVAL".ow STEP B18: "CHECK |F THERE'S ALINE GONG FROM X TO F YES, READ THE NAME OF THE LAST STATION OF THE LINE IN THE DIRECTION X= THEN GO TO STEP 4", WHICH |S "ENTER THE TRAN. COME, TO THINK OF IT, YOU KNOW, THE HEROES OF THE “FOUNDATIONAL QUEST"Hello Friend, eee OR ae S eee ane e emirate an BC a a ane Maa ae eae Penna lal alana Sg 1 ae lho aJAY HoH Y scHooL was FINE. MNUTES FROM HERE! PLEASE! WALKED om | HAVEN'T BEEN To SCHOO. Th TO THs REHEARSAL JM) THESE STREETS Fé SPACE BEFORE. AMM SIX YEARS! OF THE AREA |S ENGRAVED IN MY NEURONS!ee Been SEE TH VEGETABLE MARKET IS STILL STANDING in Pee eOnc ee as = tsa te pa aes Regia eon Va From the vegetable Dee‘CHRISTOS! PUL BeWHAT DO YOU FIND $0 STRANGE, YOU OF ALL PEOPLE, LIVING IN BERKELEY? ATHENS IS NOW AN NOL KNOW, INTERNATIONAL GITYon AT EAST 40% AROUND (OF THE POPULATION HERE I's OF GREECE IS NOW PROBABLY IMMIGRANT. MORE LIKE LoUESs 1M COMPARING IT TOA CITY WHICH EXISTS ON IN MEMORY. IT'S A POOR AREA! WHAT DO YOU EXPECT? NOW 7 50 WHAT THAT THESE, Boss vou, INSTRUCTIONS y ae WERE. WRIT IN THE MDOLE map TELL @V A PERSON NOT THE THIRD BLOCK YOU Now? TRAINED IN THERE'S A GALLERY TO ALGORITHMIC THE RIGHT, LEADING TO Per A SMALL SQUARE. LET ME SEE. WE'LL APPLY A SIMPLE SEARCH PROCEDURE: FIRST TAKE THE ‘ONE GALLERY AND F TT DOESN'T LEAD WHERE WE WANT IT TO NO TIME! You TAKE ONE, I TAKE THE OTHER AND WHOEVER FINDS THE "SMALL SQUARE" GINES THE OTHER saWNE CONCLUDE. By THE "REDUCTIO 4p ABSURDLIN WE MUST TAKE THE OTHER!APUNK JUST STOLE MV WALLET? NO "SMALL COULD I BORROW YOUR PHONE, SQUARE" HERE. TOCALL MY SON? BETTER CALLNO THANKS, 1M FINEE WELL, TRY AGAIN AND YOU'LL TALK TO THE NICE CON ARTIST... ‘MY PHONE! EXCUSE ME SIR, DO You KNOW WHICH 244AND | THINK a | KNOW EXACTLY WHO!a amie ce eee Se ae IN YOUR EYES, AND | FEAR, MY SON! Dene Sega may eee MC Be oc a a “We only learn Beet A B: a eed aan ee aed 1s Wicd A What coes fife, in its full oe eas : BEWARE! KILL ME, A MOTHER'S CURSE WL ree ere an a Le ae ate But what is life, RA mC Ra Dono Ps Caratsey aaa ed ec aa aaa re Sa eae rr fan eo Eee ean A acs ana iar Ms Ee ata) wake Pens ces Menara Pe a ae WHAT A aL, DEFINITION OF INSANITY! pean coached ud ore aBre i) eee 1 owes5. LOGICO-PHILOSOPHICAL WARS$0, CHRISTOS'S COMMENT ABOUT MAPS us. REALITY COMES AT A TIMELY MOMENT IN OUR STORY, TUST AS THE REAL WORLD BEGINS TO BARGE INTO RUSSELL'S CLOSTERED LFE. OUD PICTURESH.., BELLE EPOQUE AT THE SHEASHDE! WELL, RUSSELL OFTEN ESCAPED IN TIMES OF CRISIS. Sitting on Brighton the time when The pronise of beach one wintry Euclid soveol me certainty in total day, my tind went | | frow the civiches: rationality was back fo my early uy dream of 2 perfect costos.Allinall, 'd spent twenty years struggling with the Foundations of Mathenatics . - MY oun idealstic foray inte the “great Ocean of Toth. ‘The pape Ma ekabea ae ak 0b published, bringing my labours to the. world 1.0r, to be exact, to the tiny park of the world that could understand it. eof anercling, nconplete, proustedl ne to review tay life until then, i ii Try Ara the review browsht howe on unwelcowe truth Apart from Mathewatics, anol @ bundled attenpt ab mag O Ines fotally isobtedt S61 Pret coud ft throug the ay protecting my austere intellectual lair.\realaed then that, at the human level, | hoot prearessedl wuch frou the. 20 litle boy desperately seeking ways ovt of the deadly vortex of uncertainty. The "Rineioa" wos uy outstretched! hand to the worlel. So! We ore now in the : Year “80 init, we One started as a elveciy ee ee cower tre bv vervally Bute take the aa turned into a vightware. story in ts proper inapert oceurrecl.. aceon Twas siting i my roows af College, one t afterncon. There was a knock at the door mHOw iS PROFESSOR J HE iS SAVING NO ONE IS BETTER THAN YOU TO \ TEACH ME THE Logic! SURELY, WE ALSO HAVE ACCESS TO EMPIRICAL OBSERVATION! KNOW FOR SURE THE RESULTS OF THE LOGICAL OPERATIONS! we withthe intensity of his Philosophical convictions. WHAT ABOUT THE INFOR/AATION GIVEN BY THE SENSES? THAT WHICH IS MERELY EMPIRICAL HAS NOT PLACE IN TH A ACCEPT AS TRLE, = paces ‘ ane TRUTH! fi THE STATEMENT: 4 "THERE IS. WO RHINOCEROS: IN THE ROOM"? COME NOW, iM SURE YOU'LL, AGREE TOTHE REALITY OF SOME EMPRICAL FACTS!vest of the very few wo coulel understand tre book were, less enthusiastic! ‘st volume of the Fincipi been published! just before he arrived. THEY ARE SAVING THAT, DESPITE QUR HUNDREDS OF PACES. OF SYMBOLIC CALCULATIONS, WEVE NOT MADE THE FOUNDATIONS ANY LESS SHAKY. ACHI THEY ARE SUCH 205 ian was, of course, eartiorinai PREMISES TYPES DON'T GO DOWN WELL... BUT DON'T TTHEY UNDERSTAND THE SIGNIFICANCE THEY ARE. OUR SAFEGUARD AGAINST PARADOX, THEY ARE ESSENTIAL TO LOGIC ITSELF! TYPES /UST BE‘OL course, | couldn't agree wore with Writgenstein. But Whitehead and | were, saally, too intellectually worn-out to attewpt the. rescue. Yet | was rather optiutstc. Ca me Passionate » WILL NOT ALLOW YOUTO ABANDON THE "PRINGIPIA') And the reason: | was convincecl ‘now that wy new Stele? was genivs! Oh, he G certainly eshicited all the obvious Sometimes infuriatingly donating!Yet we all know what happens to the best loidl plans of wice ancl wen. RUSSELL, You WASTE 50 MANY PAGES TO ESTABLISH SETS! me THE MONSTER INFINITY CREEPS B "OREERS IN"? WHAT ROT? INFINITY 'S ALREADY THERE FROM THE START, OL? CHAP! ulin other words, he had exactly whet was needed of a repoinwan Lor the. Fincipta' al wove en, to explore — vow with a Firuer footing —, how we. cone to Knew the triths of the water‘al world. OF COURSE WE D0: SET THE BLOODY ASS THEORY 1S ESSENTIAL if HILBERT CALLS IT TO OUR ARGUMENT. A"PARADISE”! BUT ITis HELLS Ave ON THROUGH WHOSE GATES IT'S INTHE CONCEPTUAL “ACH, UNIVERSE, PRIOR TO OUR Rae POKING OUR PUNY LITTLE i BRAINS INTO IT! Lanwn PLEASE DON'T TELL ME YOU ARE ASSUMING THE INDEPENDENT EXISTENCE OF A MATHEMATICAL REALITY? BUT THE MATESTY OF THE “PRINGIPIA' IS THAT IT PITS. ON PAPER EVERYTHING AND ONLY WHAT IT SAYS! 50 WHERE 15 THS "INFINITY" OF YOURS? assigned Witigenst’ ‘cal arguments, PON''T YOu SEE. BLAH BLAH NO OBJECTIVE EXISTENCE. BLAH BLA prewises about the vature of Wut!(B75 cuestowna [ay CREATED N RUSSELL EXTREME ANKETY, ATTACKNG ONE OF iS STRONGEST CEFENCES, is BELEF NOBSECTIVE REALITY! ze mAND THE AT \ | A TIME WHEN OTHER Reruces WERE. NO WORE AVAILABLE! THINS THAT RUSSELL SAW WITTOENSTEN 43 A MIRROR: HE HAD SO MANY ELEMENTS OF HIMSELF! ALLTHIS, REALIZED WAS BUT AN EXPRESSION AT LEAST ONE OF 2EM WAS REMEMBERING. SHE WAS MARRIED TO Hs CLOSEST AN UNDERLYING INSTABILITY! BAM one wig) inextveme agery about same. fine logical point. | wornedl hin that he should beware: the way he wos airing Fiaself he coule well 269IN MANY COMMENTS, HE DESCRIBES ke| WITTGENSTEIN 45 VERY LIKE" Hit, WHICH HE. EXPLAINS AS "TYPICAL OF LOGICIANS"'! HM, HERE RUSSELL SEEMS TO IMPLY THAT MADNESS COMES FROM LOGIC AND NOT THE OTHER WAY ROUNZ, AS YOU SAV! RUSSELL WRITES: "LIKE ME, HE WAS CONSTANTLY ANALYZING EVERYTHING, AHABIT DEADENING TO THE EMOTIONS." RUSSELL'S CHILPHOOD GAVE Him GOO? REASON TO WANT TO DEADEN ZE EMOTIONS! IT'S HS CHARACTER, HS: INSECURITIES, iS NEUROSES, WHICH DROVE HIN! TO LOGil it canbe ro secident that wy deep-seated fear of madness resurteced ‘exactly at the tive the valve of tay work in Logie stayed to be auestioned.of the to vageral every huuion bi two perso g] always seeking Unrestrainedl voluptscusress! It was he who Wittgenstes had brought to the surface, by urderuiring wy logical work. "THOU SHALT THE THEORY OF ‘TyPES!"bering drver at College Hook he 0 _. T7nNOcaTING, hAs | stood there, a duw witness fo the suffering of aworsan | loved, the. lest Sectoid of my austere worldview crumbled, on THe pans VW EXCRUCIATING! NONSENSE, OLD GIRL! You SHALL LOOK AFTER, Hi YOURSELF... EA i HELP ERIC Face MV DEATH LIKE MAN! LET'S HAV ALITTLE TALK, (OLD CHAP! TA neutounal serse of responsibility showed 12.9 way Out of wy clespaiwl wust tell you that Mrs. Appoventiy, her Whitehead, soon after. “Tally recovered! A) (oor ee nas = Hl | irdlgestion, slightly cagravoted by c nervous clisposition! Y Aud is still alive ancl well toclay! Yet, though the report So real, in Fact that when of her iuwinent denise | vecetvedl a letter from . hacl been vather grossly fj Wittgenstein, who hod N] affected by his exaggerates, the gene toa God-forsaken deubis, or so transformation tt Norwegian fjorel "to think [| perturbed! by cousedl in we was akout the wieoning of fi] criticisuss. logical propositions ".,. My new concern with the welfore of way Fellow human beings hacl tempered wy possion for the Fourelations of Mathematics. In this vew spirit |aleo Hj started giving lectures | eral: ‘ARE VOU SURE , YOUR REACTION DOES NOT SMELL ff OF "S0uR GRAPES"?THE MAN HAS SURPASSED Ap USTEN TO Tse amma "SOuvED ALL OBLEMS OF PHILOSOPHY," SURELY, HE COULD FIND i NEEQER RECPENTS! LE HAS NOW DECIzED 0 BECOME YES, AND HE'S FOUND A NEW GODFORSAKEN PLACE IN WHICH TO EXERCISE His VOCATION... \ forget to 4ell you that, by ran, there. hod been a change in iy personal life. A pleasant change m Nell, at firs? anyway! 269I] Prilesopry's @| consolations had not prepared we fer such joy. CONGRATULATIONS! A Bor! AGREED TO HAVE A BéngATTLE FoR TWEED Epyy SAID TWEEDLEPEE HAD SPOLED HIS NEW Ré-q7 TLE. 4 270HE BE Too) ‘OLD? =< THE: COLO? C7 RIG ys in wry oolult ed to Reason ee.in fact, the tine seewecd eAeriectita cont the, propitious for an extension tools of Lagic, Mathematics and OF wry logicist project. ‘the Physical Sciences to the study of huwan waters. A gore Pc, Se acae Za desrite the in Viema & had dratted ae a manifesto ad ‘advocating oe the scientific conception of the werld "a YOU JUST CAN'T GO CALLING RUSSELL'S. BUT THE “PRINCIPIA" \S THE BASIS OF WORK IN LO@IG A "FAILURE". EVERYTHING “THAT FOLLOWED! VV wT IS THE GREATEST HONOUR FOR US, DEAR COLLEACLES, TO HAVE LISTENED TO wWHO LAD THE CROUN? FOR A LOGICAL LANGUAGE. MAKING POSSBLE THE SCIENTIFIC WORLO-VIEW! IT |S MIS PIONEERING VISION WHCH INSPIRES THE WORK OUR CIRCLE», 272WW YA VOCE TOO, HE [7 wou vou MND ELABORATING ON YOUR HAS INSPRED BRANOING WITTGENSTEIN "OLD"? BS To menbers of the Vienna cee Wittgenstein had becone a legernc. lI egerels, had only a tenvous relationship with the truth! MAY LINTRODUGE A YOUNG COLLEAGLE? | AM WORKING, ON Logic FOR My DOCTORATE. FOR THS, | WISH TO ASK YOU: MUST BE GIVEN 300K 190 NOT FIND A CLEAR ‘SOME SORT OF STATEMENT. OF TS MOST MEDAL. BASIC ASSUMPTION!N=NO in | GUESS IT JUST REFLECTS THE ESSENCE OF A LOGICAL, SYSTEM. LKE OLD HILBERT PUT TT: "IN MATHEMATICS This young wan's questions brought we back to wy phitesophical salacl doys.. And wacle we painfully aware that a+ the heart of wy quest was a void. A void i hed all wy \ife. tied to fill — but foilel! ANYWAY, ILL TAKE His WHINING, AS| As THE POINT IS CLEAR= WITHOUT THE “PRINCIPIA" DOING THE DONKEVWORK, GEDEL COULDN'T ASK HIS QUESTIONS! FROM RUSSELL. OR ANYONE ELSE, FOR THAT 274=— | set out for howe, rejuvenated by the optimism of the Vienna Circle. stort ¥ THE DANGER 5 JEWISH ONE, F COURSE!Frege's paranoid vision played on @ waligrant variction of an ancient themes "You can't wake a good! owele* with Bod eags."” But though | strongly decgres vith hs rocist criteria of excellence ARE. YOU SURE HE'S HEIL BE FINE we mAS SOON AS HE ‘OVERCOMES HS PANG. SORRY, GN't IF 1SEE 'IM DROWNING AGAIN, (LL LET UM! SOMETHING FROM IT! 276oO Or, in other words: start frow 8p how to straighten "the the wrong prewises and Logic can ertoked tivizer of bethe executioner's handwaiden humanity"? How to anu) — 05 in Frege's crvel theovies. Or, the heat done by m 5 . alternatively, @ fool's tole Oo To iuy wind, there could only be one answer, a rather ebvious one: Education. 45 DAYLIGHT: WHAT YOU DO! NOOOO! IVE SAID IT A ACH, THOUSAND AND ONE TIMES! "ALINE", JA! BUT WHICH LINE? iIT'S NOT GEOMETRY THAT SHOULD STOOP DOWN TO YOU, YOU BRAINLESS CREATURE! IT IS YOU WHO MUST RAISE YOUR THICK HEAD TO ITS LEVEL!!! Actually, the only idea Wittgenstein brought to education was a new use for the ruler in geometric. proofs! RIGHT! 60 AFTE 7 UT oF 2 @ ‘COURSE RUSSELL, HAIR PULLING AND SOME BEATINGS. THE INVETERATE THE. VILLAGE COUNCIL DECIDED ‘TO EXPEL HIM. 278By nro, Las convinced thot Vf sm the advances LOOME Ty in scientific psyenology a a perfect tronstorwer, of acl eggs into good! MR. RUSSELL =A '8 A GENIUS, ! TODAY WE BEGIN WORK ON 4 GEOMETRY WHOSE ACGUAINTANCE V MADE, LIKE YOU, WHEN | WAS VERYmw AND IT WAS THE PRETTIEST THING 'D EVER SEEN! | QUESS THERE WERE NO REALLY, "PRETTY THINGS”, AROUND. a ALRIGHT WELL, NO! INSTEAD OF ENFORCED RULES, WE PROMOTE SELF-DISCIPLINE, IN THE NAME. OF— 280 THAT TOO, POSSIBLY, BUT THERE WAS MORE, TOIT LET'S 8€ QUET FOR AY MOMENT, SHALL WE YOU SAID "NO RULES"! Sowetiues,tre best avquwent in Favour of the old... is the new!YOU SEE? TWO DAMETRIGALLY OPPOSED VIEWS OF EDUCATION, AUTHORITARIAN AND MIND YOU, RUSSELL'S SON WAS EVENTUALLY DIAGNOSED WITH SCHIZOPHRENIA, AND HIS GRANDDAUGHTER, LATER COMMITTED SUICIDE. i F CALCULYS, Wi ant rapeeerben? AXIOM AIC FOUNDATION BASED ON THEET YouR HANS OFF ME, YOU... YOU HOW DARE FATHER, SIR! THEY ARE. CoMiva To TAM a | SON, HERR) IE i PROFESSOR. ZG | 4 & Za 19. PROCEEDILET P BE A LOGICAL PROPOSITION, THE SON WAS NEVER SEEN AGAIN — NOT BY HIS FATHER, ANYWAY. MINBE WHAT BRINGS THEM TO LOGIC IS FEAR OF AMBIGUITY AN? EMOTION, FEARS LEADING J ‘TO BAD PARENTING. TRUE? FALSE? eaeAt ts point |veburn to Loss winile | was experimenting Healt, legicians, based! on cur “Pincipla’, reached the apex of the struggle towards wy youthful dreatin YES, AND WITHOUT THE ABSTRACT LANGUAGE OF THE "PRINCIPIA", THis WOULD HAVE BEEN A PIPE Though | stl had failed! True 70 the seirt of 1800, that od also inspived we so wun, David Hilbert continued to preach as the struggle's High Priest. Felt, persovally, that brelding the newest techvelogy of the WITH THE TOOLS OF THE NEW LOGIC, WE SHALL AT LAST CEMENT THE CORNERSTONE OF OUR SCIENCE... THE PROVABILITY OF EVERY MATHEMATICAL (STATEMENT — OR ITS NEGATION:wA speaker at the ext logical conference, held right irsioe the lair oF the Vienna Circle. HAVE YOU DISCOVERE! WITTGENSTEN'S TRUE AGE YET? aul PRESENT A BRILLIANT YOUNG COLLEAGUE. SAY, | WONDER HOW YOU CHAPS CAN LIKE ME AND WITTGENSTEIN? ESPECIALLY GIVEN OUR > OFFERENG CES ON MATHEMATICS? = RUMOUR HAS IT HE SOLVED. HILBERT'S SECOND PROBLEM:" THE CONSISTENCY AND COMPLETENESS: OF ARITHMETIC. MAYBE THE “Seed NEXT SPEAKER WiLL SETTLE MATTERS IN WAN? THUS ALL YOUR FAVOUR! MATHEMATICS! GRACIOUS! 284H'shord to eR “5508: nM RESEARCH ON THE eee i HICBERT aN RUSSELL, PRT ee the feeling {f ft DISTINGUISHED COLLEAGUES, PROMS OF) es eed [WL SPEAK TO YOu icipatie as kurt Gadel - . On , began his talk. ae = OY .ctitt. Y 7 ; He's A H J PLATONIST, LIGHT ~Y | ; Bs HE BeLeves YEARS FROM ae wAN? THUS ALSO, FURTHER, TO ASK: "IS A CORRECTLY ee eee uh FORMULATED MATHEMATICAL QUESTION NECESSARILY ANSWERABLE ?" ALLOW US, FOR THE FIRST TWE IN HISTORY, TO. SPEAK OF A aT "CORRECTLY FORMULATED QUESTION” IN THEORES OF MATHEMATICS... ITS TO THS, MOST FUNDAMENTAL, QUESTION, THAT. | HAVE FOUND THE RDS:"IS EVERY MATHEMATICAL STATEMENT PROVABLE, EITHER... ww THE STATEMENT ITSELF, OR — \F IT STATES 285"THERE WILL ALWAYS BE Wl UNANSWERABLE QUESTIONS!" SURELY MEAN TO WHAT | SAY "UNANSWERED MEANT NOW, WAS: PRECISELY THis: WILL ALWAYS BE UN-ANSWERABLE/ UN-ANSWERED QUESTIONS. WHAT | HAVE PROVED, IN ESSENCE, IS THAT ARITHMETIC, AND THUS ALSO ANY SYSTEM BASED ON IT, I5, OF NECESSITY, INCOMPLETE. expected the confirmation of their wost [il cherished vision. 286«But For a lot of ven intelligent people, the Incoupleteness Theorem weant tre evel of a Drearal “All over! Von Newwann's comment perfectly suus-up the essence of Crdclel’s proof. | know tt wey be hove for laypersons to understand... The Dream had theolegical ancestry, Its eredo heal been written in, Geek, tue and 0 holf willenria ogo! _4 HERR PROFESSOR. WOULD YOU LIKE US ‘TO TAKE YOU TO rug had YOUR HOTEL? been pulled A frora under the feet of the drawers, Thot is the beauty, Pat's the terror of Mathematics. THE TOURNEY THROUGH ABSTRACT THOUGHT, FROM ARISTOTLE, iA BOOLE, ALL THE WAY TO GODEL'S THEOREM, IN EFFECT LED TO A NEW BEGNNIN«Now, as if Gdel's proof wasn't enough, wy Viennese achuirers soon received a ew blow, which added insult fo injury. mw TO CELEBRATE Completely [ OUR FIRST MEETING, subverting, | WE OFFER YOU OUR 96 it dial, He \e finnage \ variiel forthe Cirde's ff buivation. ws" WHAT WE CANNOT SPEAK OF, WHERE "SPEAK", NATURALLY, MEANS "SPEAK LOGICALLY!" SINCE "WHAT. GAVE US THE MEANS CANNOT BE SPOKEN AND, OBVIOUSLY, TO EXPEL RELIGION, THE ABOUT LOGICALLY" })\ DioNITy OF SERIOUS fy METAPHYSICS, ETHICS, \|\ iS, QUITE LITERALLY, ‘MINDS! ETC. FROM RATIONAL, NON-SENSE .,, 1SCOUF < RSE! ITS POINT Is THE. EXACT OPPOSITE: THE THINGS THAT. CANNOT BE TALKE! ABOUT LOGICALLY...Though avquments with bin always involved soue amount of gounel and fury, Wittgenstein thankfully never resorted to physical violence ame, Oh, if onl that were. also true of the acolytes of Europe's newest avatar of irrationality. g WHATSA MATTER, PANSY? wArd against these, TEWBOY even cur greatest ininds were totally helpless. 289Nor was |, Imsorry to say, aa when the third and worst fatel gencin blow came. 2 | The tragic final act in the short life of the Vienna Grele was playeel cut on Tone, 22, 4936. | 44 atin (70 The pro-Neai news; declared that the Crde's rationalistic world-view had “desecrated hallowecl Gerwonic values." ee fl And thus Schick [ae Uy deserved what he, got. : The Killer was 0 clevotee of the new Teutoviec goal fi e uHerr Adolf Hitler. 4 290(want +o express my This journey From wy gratitude to you, Ladies earliest days to teday, and Gertlewen, for your J | from Doust to Certain the latest of which is coupany on this, rather the realization that lve long, journey! wee failed — also— 8 an : educational reformer: A journey of some joys ond wore csappointments, alas, my oun children. D) Coad : Here is. new, and wuch wore E bitters Russell's Raodext Wiese wain victiens were, NO "BUTS"! IT'S YOUR DUTY Dora and | had sted Beacon Hill pemay) eee own children Vili We covapletely ignored the fact that in |an icleal eclucation.. the process, we cleprivec| them of both a - howe andl parents! 2"WHAT HASN'T? THE i SCHOOL, OUR PARENTING, OUR MARRIAGE, OUR— | by a OUR RELATIONSHIP IS AN INSPIRATION TO ALL TRULY MODERN SOU! aA i 2 en Oh, | should add, at this point, ‘OK, COME! | DON'T that wy vaton with Dora was ib YOUR LOVERS vsr7ING F regressive in wore ways than one.’ HORS 2 a) So Se reemnam| | BUT PO THEY ALSO HAVE "TO LWEINP WHAT'S THE MATTER WITHYOU? ENLIGHTENED PEOPLE DD IT IN YOUR PARENTS! TIME! YOU KNOW, BERTIE... | INCREASINGLY HAVE THE WPRESSION YOU ARE NOT THE IRAN | MARRIED! IFYOU ARE THE MAD HATTER, WHO DOES THAT MAKE ME? Soon after, | woved out of Beacon Hil and wy warriage with Doro. Oh yes. | sow it now, Huwanity stil consists of the Sawe. old eggs, full of the possions that create, still, the same old | realized row how, in wy attewpt to H vexold human inature, | had been blinded by theory, aad not for the First Hnte ininy life. 29,But today's world hes wore, serious probes than wy fandily troubles, Bt Rewmerdcer: @ year ago, Hitler's troops expect "Union" of sorts, i lefine "justice", a deFivition they ave devctless now olga busy tnplementing in Ceechoslovekia and), 46 of tree. days age, poor Poland, feo. Anal wna Knows vere next? _ ABs | The Tews, 45 well os anyone [MM dissenting 4rom the Neal ideolegy, have been violently rounded-vp and sent off to destinations still unknown. to be the central question: 295What ave the Nazis? But how to find the answer, how to cliscover” the true weaning of this ghastly aberration that has fallen upon us? “gberration': the offspringot Vy the contradictons Of the economic But if s0, Kindlly onswer wes why ad determine your stance on SN ANY we don't care OM y) ro "account for precedence to building then" Fr sosalan aa Ketter | With Logo in his own C #: and Science! ‘ peter fo etal rey tee BA out of squabbles \ tat don't concern vs! stay out of the , ” Well, both systems : what do Logie and ove, extremes. And Science tell you aout the Bh beth converge on prospect of ‘the whole of Europe becoming enslaved? The “whole "? Dorit tall we you equate Conensurisns al Nazisw? =i. 4 ye fi rg » Vidimmay OF

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  The Subtle Art of Not Giving a F*ck: A Counterintuitive Approach to Living a Good Life

  Mark Manson

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• Art of War: The Definitive Interpretation of Sun Tzu's Classic Book of Strategy

  

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  Art of War: The Definitive Interpretation of Sun Tzu's Classic Book of Strategy

  Stephen F. Kaufman

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• The Subtle Art of Not Giving a F*ck: A Counterintuitive Approach to Living a Good Life

  

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  The Subtle Art of Not Giving a F*ck: A Counterintuitive Approach to Living a Good Life

  Mark Manson

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• The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People: The Infographics Edition

  

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  The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People: The Infographics Edition

  Stephen R Covey

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• The Handmaid's Tale

  

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  The Handmaid's Tale

  Margaret Atwood

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• The Hobbit

  

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  The Hobbit

  J. R. R. Tolkien

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• Habit 3 Put First Things First: The Habit of Integrity and Execution

  

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  Habit 3 Put First Things First: The Habit of Integrity and Execution

  Stephen R. Covey

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• American Gods [TV Tie-In]: A Novel

  

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  American Gods [TV Tie-In]: A Novel

  Neil Gaiman

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• Never Split the Difference: Negotiating As If Your Life Depended On It

  

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  Never Split the Difference: Negotiating As If Your Life Depended On It

  Chris Voss

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• The Art of War: A New Translation

  

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  The Art of War: A New Translation

  Sun Tzu

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• American Gods: The Tenth Anniversary Edition

  

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  American Gods: The Tenth Anniversary Edition

  Neil Gaiman

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• Pride and Prejudice: Bestsellers and famous Books

  

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  Pride and Prejudice: Bestsellers and famous Books

  Jane Austen

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• The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People

  

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  The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People

  Stephen R. Covey

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• And Then There Were None

  

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  And Then There Were None

  Agatha Christie

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• The Covenant of Water (Oprah's Book Club)

  

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  The Covenant of Water (Oprah's Book Club)

  Abraham Verghese

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• Good Omens: A Full Cast Production

  

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  Good Omens: A Full Cast Production

  Neil Gaiman

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• The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People

  

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  The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People

  Stephen R. Covey

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• The Perfect Marriage: A Completely Gripping Psychological Suspense

  

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  Jeneva Rose

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• Good Omens

  

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  Neil Gaiman

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• How To Win Friends And Influence People

  

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  How To Win Friends And Influence People

  Dale Carnegie

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• Habit 6 Synergize: The Habit of Creative Cooperation

  

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  Habit 6 Synergize: The Habit of Creative Cooperation

  Stephen R. Covey

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• It Ends with Us: A Novel

  

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  It Ends with Us: A Novel

  Colleen Hoover

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• Wuthering Heights (Seasons Edition -- Winter)

  

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  Emily Brontë

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• The Iliad: A New Translation by Caroline Alexander

  

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  Homer

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