Marcie Samayoa Period 1 AP Chemistry

Determining the Rate of a Reaction

Purpose:

February 13, 2010

Investigate how the rate of reaction can be measured and how reaction conditions affect reaction rates. Procedure: Part 1. Find the Volume of One Drop of Solution 1. 2. 3. 4. Fill the pipet with deionized water. Record the mass of a small beaker. Put five drops of water in the beaker and find the total mass. Record data. Add an additional five drops of water into the beaker, and again determine the mass. Record data. 5. Put in an additional five more drops and find the mass. Record data. Part 2. Determine the Reaction Rate and Calculate the Rate Law 1. Obtain six pipets and label the pipets KI, H2O, HCl, Starch, Na2S2O3, and KBrO3. 2. Using the table given as a guide, fill each numbered well in the first reaction strip. Mix the solution in each well with a toothpick. 3. To wells 1-9 in the second reaction strip, add 2 drops of 0.040 M KBrO3. 4. Record the time when the solution in each cell turns blue. 5. When all the cells have turned blue, take the temperature of one of the reaction solutions. Record this temperature for all the reactions. 6. Repeat steps 4-11 for the combinations that cover experiments 4 and 5 and experiments 6 and 7. Part 3. Determine the Activation Energy 1. Prepare a warm water bath of about 40C. 2. Fill the first six wells in the reaction strip with the appropriate number of drops of the reagent listed. Mix solutions with a toothpick. 3. Place the reaction strip in the water bath with KBrO3 pipet. 4. Measure the temperature of the water bath with a thermometer and record the values. 5. Add 2 drops of KBrO3 and record time when the first blue color appears. 6. Repeat steps 7-9 for the reaction solutions in wells #2 and #3.

7. Add ice cubes and water to create a cold temperature water bath. 8. Place the reaction strip and KBrO3 pipet into the cold temperature water bath. 9. Measure the temperature of the water bath with a thermometer and record values. 10. Repeat steps 7-9 for wells #4, #5, and #6. Record the time for each reaction. Part 4. Observe the Effect of a Catalyst on the Rate. Repeat the procedure in Part 2 for Experiment 1 only and add 1 drop of 0.1 M cupric nitrate solution. Cu(NO3)2, and 3 drops of distilled water to the mixture. Fill only the first reaction wells. Record the reaction times.

Data: Part 1. Data Table. Find the Volume of One Drop of Solution Mass of empty beaker (a) Trial 1 Mass of beaker plus 5 drops of water (b) Mass of first 5 drops of water (b) - (a) Average mass of 1 drop of water Trial 2 Mass of beaker plus 10 drops of water (c) Mass of second 5 drops of water (c) - (b) Average mass of 1 drop of water Trial 3 Mass of beaker plus 15 drops of water (d) Mass of third 5 drops of water (d) (c) Average mass of 1 drop of water Average mass of 1 drop of water (Trial 1-3) 28.56 28.78 0.220 0.044 29 0.220 0.044 29.2 0.230 0.046 .0446 mL

Part 2. Data Table. Determine the Reaction Rate and Calculate the Rate Law. Time, seconds Temp C Experiment No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Trial 1 22 17.6 8.5 19.3 13.7 7.6 4.1 6.1 Trial 2 24.1 17.4 8.7 22.7 11.3 8.4 4.3 4.9 Average 23.05 17.5 8.6 21 12.5 8 4.2 5.5 24.6C 24.6C 24.6C 24.6C 24.6C 24.6C 24.6C 24.6C 6.0310-7 7.9410-7 1.6110-6 6.6210-7 1.1110-6 1.7410-6 3.3110-6 2.5310-6 .0010 .0020 .0030 .0010 .0010 .0010 .0010 .0015 .0067 .0067 .0067 .0133 .0200 .0067 .0067 .0100 .0167 .0167 .0167 .0167 .0167 .0333 .0500 .0250 Reaction Rate M/s Initial Concentrations, M [I-] [BrO3-] [H+]

Part 3. Data Table. Determine the Activation Energy.

Time of Reaction, seconds Approxi mate Temperat ure, C Measured Temperature C Temperature ,K 1/Temperature K-1 Trial 1 Trial 2 Average Time Rate of Reaction M/s Rate Constant, k (with units) 126 M-3s-1 247 M-3s-1 264 M-3s-1 706 M-3s-1 Natu ral Log k

0C 10 C 20 C 40 C

0.7 C 10..1 C 21.5 C 38.5 C

273.7 283.1 294.5 311.5

3.6510 3.5310 3.3910 3.2110

-3 -3 -3 -3

1:02:00 0:30:01 0:26:02 0:10:09

0:56:0 0:30:02 0:30:01 0:10:01

0:59:0 0:30:15 0:28:15 0:10:50

2.3510 4.6110 4.9410 1.3210

-7 -7 -7 -7

4.83 5.50 5.57 6.55

Part 4. Data Table. Observe the Effect of a Catalyst on the Rate Reaction Time, seconds Trial 1 Trial 2 17.5 seconds 17.9 seconds

Calculations: Find the Rate Constant Experiment Value of K Average Value Conclusion From the results of the lab, it can be concluded that the reaction conditions affect reaction rates. An experiment was conducted at specific concentrations of each of the reactants and then used to measure the reaction rate. Then, the concentration of one reactant is changed and thus shows how the reaction rate changes. It was repeated for each reactant and it allowed the calculation of the order of each reactant. Once the orders were known, which resulted in the rate law: Rate = k [I-] [BrO3-] [H+]2, the value of the rate constant was calculated in which averaged out to be 232M-3s-1. By using a separate experiment, the activation energy was also determined by measuring the time it took for a reaction to take place at different temperatures. Data was recorded and used to find the natural log of k and temperature in the Kelvin scale. The points were graphed and the slope of the best fit line was found and put into an equation which resulted in the activation energy of 27.8 kJ. Catalysts also affect reaction rates. Catalysts (Copper II Nitrate) was added in the same conditions of Experiment 1 and resulted in a faster reaction of 17.5 and 17.9 seconds (Trial 1 and 2, respectively) than the 23 seconds recorded in the original experiment 1. Theory Analysis The rate law for the lab resulted to be: Rate = k [I-] [BrO3-] [H+]2. The rate law was found to see which of the reactants will have an impact on a reaction rate. For example, when Experiment 1 and Experiment 7 are compared, it is obvious that Experiment 7 reacts a lot faster than Experiment 1. This is because Experiment 7 had higher volumes of HCl in the solution and 1
322 M-3s-1

2
212 M-3s-1

3
287 M-3s-1

4
178 M-3s-1 232 M-3s-1

5
199 M-3s-1

6
234 M-3s-1

7
197 M-3s-1

since [Cl-] is included in the rate law it will thus affect the reaction rate. Experiment 1 also had HCl but less of it due to the fact that water took in some of its place and since water is not in the rate law, the addition of water did not affect the reaction rate and with less volumes of the reactants that appear in the rate law, it does not proceed faster than Experiment 7. In Part 3. Data Table. Determine the Activation Energy it can be seen that the higher the temperature, the faster the reaction will take place. This is due to the fact that an increase of temperature increases the chance of sufficient energy for a reaction and chance of collision at a reactive site, and vice versa. Both are factors that affect the rate of chemical reactions. Lastly, catalysts also speed up the rate of chemical reactions. Without a catalyst, experiment 1 takes an average of about 23.05 seconds to react. When Copper II Nitrate (catalyst) is added to Experiment 1, the reaction speeds up by taking an average of about 17.7 seconds to react. This occurs because the catalyst changed the mechanism of the reaction providing an alternate pathway that decreases the activation energy and thus making the reaction go faster. Questions 1. The higher the concentration, the greater the chance of collision and the faster the reaction rate. If the concentration decreases, there is a less chance of collision and therefore the slower the reaction rate. 2. Determine the rate law by comparing two trials where the concentration of only one reactant changes. Find the quotient of the rate of reaction and the quotient of the concentrations of the changing chemical and solve for the exponent that would come with the concentrations. Use logarithms if needed to solve for the exponent and the exponent would determine the order it is in the rate law. This has to be done for every chemical involved in the reaction, individually. 3. It is reasonable since there was a few factors that could have affected the lab data including air bubbles, the starch solution (not completely dissolved), and dirty wells. 4. As the temperature increases, there is a greater chance of sufficient energy for the reaction and chance of collision at the reactive site so therefore faster reaction rates. As the temperature decreases, there is not sufficient energy for the reaction and therefore less chance of collision at the reactive site so therefore slower reaction rates. 5. To find the activation energy, the slope of the best fit line of ln k vs. (1/Temperature K-1) needs to be determined. Once it is found, it can be put in the equation: slope = -Ea/R. Afterwards, solve for Ea and that would equal to the activation energy. 6. The reaction rate is defined as how fast a reaction takes place. Unlike the reaction rate, the specific constant rate is an experimentally determined constant, which is different for different reactions and changes only with temperature 7. A catalyst is a substance that speeds up the rate of a reaction without being consumed in the reaction. When a catalyst is added to a reaction, it provides an alternate pathway that decreases the activation energy and thus making the reaction go faster. 8. Skip.

9. My data was not completely accurate since there was a 16% difference between rates of reaction between Experiment 8 and the data. 10. By using cleaner wells, it reduces the chances of the chemicals reacting with other unwanted chemicals in the dirty wells. Air bubbles could have changed the amount of concentration that was needed by using less of the concentration than of the ones that was actually needed to put in the experiments. This could have affected the data dramatically since only a little amount of volume of chemicals was used in the lab so less air bubbles could improve the results of the lab. The starch not dissolving well in water could have given different concentrations then the one listed in the lab affecting the lab dramatically also. If the starch was completely dissolved, it could have produced better lab results.