Anatomy Review: Respiratory Structures

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Page 1. Introduction
Astheyfunction,ourcellsuseoxygenandproducecarbondioxide. Therespiratorysystembringstheneededoxygenintoandeliminatescarbondioxidefromthebody byworkingcloselywiththecardiovascularsystem. Thebloodtransportsthesegases,carryingoxygentothetissuesandcarbondioxidetothelungs.

Page 2. Goals
Toreviewthemajororgansoftherespiratorysystem. Toexaminethestructuresoftherespiratoryzoneofthelungs. Toexplorethemicroscopicanatomyofanalveolus.

Page 3. Overview: Respiratory System Organs

Let'sreviewtheorgansoftherespiratorysystembyfollowingtheflowofair. Airentersthenosebypassingthroughtwoopeningscalledtheexternalnares,ornostrils. Withinthenose,theairpassesthroughthenasalcavity,andthentravelsthroughthe pharynx,amusculartubewhichcarriesbothfoodandairthroughoutmostofitslength. Airthenentersthelarynx. Afterpassingthroughthelarynx,airentersthetrachea,whichisheldopenbyincompleterings ofcartilage. Thetracheadividesintoarightandaleftprimarybronchus,whichcarrytheairintothelungs. Althoughnotpartoftherespiratorysystem,thediaphragmand theintercostalmusclesplay importantrolesinbreathing. Labelthediagram:

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Page 4. Demonstration of Pleurae and the Lungs

Eachlungissurroundedbytwolayersofserousmembraneknownasthepleurae. Therelationshipbetweenthepleuraeandthelungscanbedemonstratedby pushinga fist intoa waterfilledballoon.Theballoonrepresentsthepleurae,andthefistrepresentsthelung. Asthefistpushesintotheballoon,noticehowtheballoonwrapsaroundit,andtheopposite surfacesoftheballoonalmosttouch. Theinnerpartoftheballoonwhichwrapsaroundthefistrepresentsthevisceralpleura. The visceralpleuraisthepartofthepleurawhichcoversthesurfaceofthelungs. Theouterpartoftheballoonrepresentstheparietalpleura,whichlinesthemediastinum,the diaphragm,andthethoracicwall. Noticethatthevisceralandparietalpleuraeareactuallyacontinuationofthesamemembrane. Thewaterfilledspacebetweenthetwolayersrepresentsthepleuralcavity,whichcontains pleuralfluid.

Page 5. Visceral and Parietal Pleura

Thevisceralpleuraandparietalpleuraencloseeachlunginaseparatesac.Thefrostylayeryousee herecoveringthelungistheportionoftheparietalpleurathatlinestheanteriorthoracicwall. Thevisceralpleuracoversthesurfaceofthelungsandthecutedgesoftheparietalpleura. Thepleuralcavityisanextremelythin,slitlikespacebetweenthepleurae,separatingthembya thin layer of pleural fluid. The pleural fluid assists in breathing movements by acting as a lubricant. Theparietalpleuralinesthemediastinum,thesuperiorsurfaceofthediaphragm,andtheinner thoracicwall.

Page 6. Bronchial Tree

Thelungscontainmanybranchingairwayswhichcollectivelyareknownasthebronchialtree. Airentersthelungsthroughtheprimarybronchi,whichbranchintosecondarybronchi,whichin turnbranchintotertiarybronchi. Thetracheaandallthebronchihavesupportingcartilagewhichkeepstheairwaysopen. Airflowsdeeperintothelungsasthetertiarybronchibranchrepeatedlyintosmallerbronchi,which eventuallybranchintobronchioles. Bronchioleslackcartilageandcontainmoresmoothmuscleintheirwallsthanthebronchi.These featuresallowairflowregulationbyalteringthediameterofthebronchioles. Bronchiolesbranchfurtherintoterminalbronchioles. Theairwaysfromthenasalcavitythroughtheterminalbronchiolesarecalledtheconductingzone. Theairismoistened,warmed,andfilteredasitflowsthroughthesepassageways. Beyondtheterminalbronchioles,theairenterstherespiratoryzone,theregionofthelungwhere gasexchangeoccurs. Labelthediagramonthenextpage.

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Page 7. Respiratory Zone

Beyondtheterminalbronchiolesliethe structuresoftherespiratoryzone,wherewebegintofind alveoli,tinythinwalledsacswheregasexchangeoccurs. Respiratorybronchioleshavescatteredalveoliintheirwalls.Theyleadintoalveolarducts,whichare completelylinedbyalveoli.Theseductsendinclustersofalveolicalledalveolarsacs. Labelthediagramonthenextpage.

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Page 8. Alveoli and Pulmonary Capillaries

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Thepulmonaryarteriescarryblood whichislowinoxygenfromtheheart tothelungs. Thesebloodvesselsbranchrepeatedly, eventuallyformingdensenetworksof capillariesthatcompletelysurround eachalveolus. Thisrichbloodsupplyallowsforthe efficientexchangeofoxygenand carbondioxidebetweentheairinthe alveoliandthebloodinthepulmonary capillaries. Bloodleavesthecapillariesviathe pulmonaryveins,whichtransportsthe freshlyoxygenatedbloodoutofthe lungsandbacktotheheart.

**Nowisagoodtimetogotoquizquestions 13:
ClicktheQuizbuttonontheleftsideofthescreen. Workthroughquestions13. Afteransweringquestion 3,clicktheBacktoTopicbuttonontheleftsideofthescreen. Togetbacktowhereyouleftoff,clickonthescrollingpagelistatthetopofthescreenandchoose"9. StructureofanAlveolus".

Page 9. Structure of an Alveolus

Structureoftheinsideofanindividualalveolusshowsthreetypesofcells: 1.simplesquamousepithelium 2.alveolarmacrophages 3.surfactantsecretingcells Thewallofanalveolusisprimarilycomposedofsimplesquamousepithelium,orTypeIcells.Gas exchangeoccurseasilyacrossthisverythinepithelium. Thealveolarmacrophages,ordustcells,creepalongtheinnersurfaceofthealveoli,removingdebris andmicrobes. Thealveolusalsocontainsscatteredsurfactantsecreting,orTypeII,cells.

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Page 10. Role of Surfactant

Theinsidesurfaceofthealveolusislinedwithalveolarfluid. Thewaterinthefluidcreatesasurfacetension.Surfacetensionisduetothestrongattraction betweenwatermoleculesatthesurfaceofaliquid,whichdrawsthewatermoleculescloser together. Asseenhere,thisforcepullsthealveolusinwardandreducesitssize.Ifanalveoluswerelinedwith purewater,itwouldcollapse. Surfactant,whichisamixtureofphospholipidsandlipoproteins,lowersthesurfacetensionofthe fluidbyinterferingwiththeattractionbetweenthewatermolecules,preventingalveolarcollapse. Withoutsurfactant,alveoliwouldhavetobecompletelyreinflatedbetweenbreaths,whichwould takeanenormousamountofenergy.

Page 11. Structure of the Respiratory Membrane

The wall of an alveolus and the wall of a capillary form the respiratory membrane, where gas exchangeoccurs. The respiratory membrane is made up of two layers of simple squamous epithelium and their basementmembranes.Thismembraneisextremelythin,averaging0.5micrometersinwidth. Noticealso thatinmanyregionsofthemembranethereisnointerstitialfluid. Thisisbecause pulmonarybloodpressureissolowthatlittlefluidfilters outofthecapillariesintotheinterstitial space.Oxygenandcarbondioxidecandiffuseeasilyacrossthisthinrespiratorymembrane. Labelthediagram:

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Page 12. Review: Respiratory System Structures Page 13. Summary

Therespiratorysystemconsistsofthenose,pharynx,larynx,trachea,bronchi,andlungs. Thevisceralpleuracoversthesurfaceofthelungs.Theparietalpleuracoversthemediastinumand thediaphragm,andlinesthethoracicwall. Thelungscontainthebronchialtree,thebranchingairwaysfromtheprimarybronchithroughthe terminalbronchioles. Therespiratoryzoneofthelungsistheregioncontainingalveoli,tinythinwalledsacswheregas exchangeoccurs. Oxygenandcarbondioxidediffusebetweenthealveoliandthepulmonarycapillariesacrossthevery thinrespiratorymembrane.

**Nowisagoodtimetogotoquizquestions4and5:
ClicktheQuizbuttonontheleftsideofthescreen. Clickonthescrollingpagelistatthetopofthescreenandchoose"4a.FunctionalCellTypesinAlveoli". Workthroughallpartsofquizquestions4and5.

Notes on Quiz Questions:

Quiz Question #1a: Airflow Pathway Thisquestionasksyoutolabelthepartsofthebronchialtree. Quiz Question #1b: Airflow Pathway Thisquestionasksyoutolabeltherespiratoryzonestructures. Quiz Question #2: Relationship Between Lungs and Pleurae Thisquestionasksyoutolabelthepartsofthepleuralmembrane. Quiz Question #3: Respiratory Zone Structures Thisquestionasksyoutomatchthehistologyoftherespiratoryzonetoadiagram. InteractivePhysiology 7

Quiz Question #4a,b,c: Functional Cell Types in Alveoli Thisquestionasksyoutomatchthecelltypewithinthealveolitoitsname. Quiz Question #5a,b: Respiratory Membrane: Effects of Edema Thisquestionallowsyoutopredictwhatwillhappenwhenapatienthaspulmonaryedema.

Study Questions on Anatomy Review: Respiratory Structures:

1.(Page1.)Whatisthemainfunctionoftherespiratorysystem? 2.(Page3.)Labelthediagramonp.3. 3.(Page3.)Tracethepathwayofairfromtheoutsideofthebodyintothebody. 4.(Page4.)Labelthediagramonp.4. 5.(Page4.)Describethelocationofthevisceralpleura. 6.(Page4.)Describethelocationoftheparietalpleura. 7.(Page4,5.)Whatisinsidethepleuralcavity? 8.(Page5.)Whatisthefunctionofpleuralfluid? 9.(Page6.)Labelthediagramonp.6.Indicatetheconductingzone. 10.(Page6.)Whatisthebronchialtree? 11.(Page6.)Tracethepathwayofairfromthetracheatotherespiratoryzone. 12.(Page6.)Describethedifferencebetweenbronchiandbronchiolesintermsofsmoothmuscleand cartilage. 13.(Page6.)Whatisthefunctionofthesmoothmuscleofthebronchioles? 14.(Page6.)Whereistheconductingzoneandwhatisitsfunction? 15.(Page7.)Labelthediagramonpage7. 16.(Page7.)Whatarealveoli? 17.(Page7.)Wherearethreeplacesalveoliarefound? 18.(Page8.)Whatarethenamesofthebloodvesselsthatcarrybloodtothelungs? 19.(Page8.)Whatarethenamesofthebloodvesselsthatcarrybloodawayfromthelungs? 20.(Page8.)Whichcontainbloodthatishigherinoxygen,thepulmonaryarteriesorthepulmonary veins? 21.(Page8.)Wherearethepulmonarycapillariesfoundwithinthelung? 22.(Page9.)Labelthediagramonp.9. 23.(Page9.)Whatthreecelltypesarefoundwithinalveoli? 24.(Page9.)Whatisthefunctionofthesimplesquamousepithelium,orTypeIcells,withinalveoli? 25.(Page9.)Whatisthefunctionofthealveolarmacrophages,ordustcells,withinalveoli? 26.(Page10.)Whatisthefunctionofthesurfactantsecreting,orTypeIIcells,withinalveoli? 27.(Page10.)Whatispresentontheinsidesurfaceofalveoli? 28.(Page10.)Whatwouldhappeniftherewerenosurfactantinalveolarfluid? InteractivePhysiology 8

29.(Page11.)Labelthediagramonpage11. 30.(Page11.)Whatistherespiratorymembranecomposedof? 31.(Page11.)Whyistherenointerstitialfluidinbetweenthetwolayersofsimplesquamousepithelium intherespiratorymembrane? 32.(Page11.)Whattwoimportantgasesdiffuseacrosstherespiratorymembrane?Inwhichdirection doeseachgasflow?

Answers to Questions on Anatomy Review: Respiratory Structures:

1.Tobringoxygenintothebodyandeliminatecarbondioxidefromthebody. 2.Onleftsideofpage,fromtoptobottom:Pharynx,Trachea,RightPrimaryBronchus,RightLung, DiaphragmOnrightsideofpage,fromtoptobottom:Nasalcavity,Externalnares(nostrils), Larynx,LeftPrimaryBronchus,LeftLung 3.Airentersthenosethroughtheexternalnares.Thentheairpassesthroughthenasalcavity,pharynx, larynx,trachea,primarybronchus,andintothelungs. 4.Fromtoptobottom:Visceralpleura,Parietalpleura,Pleuralcavity 5.Coversthesurfaceofthelungs. 6.Linesthemediastinum,thediaphragm,andthethoracicwall. 7.Athinlayerofpleuralfluid. 8.Assistsinbreathingmovementsbyactingasalubricant. 9.Onleftsideofpagefromtoptobottom:Cartilage,smoothmuscle,respiratoryzone.Onrightsideof pagefromtoptobottom:primarybronchus,secondarybronchus,tertiarybronchus,bronchiole, terminalbronchiole.Theconductingzoneisallofthestructuresexceptrespiratoryzone. 10.Themanybranchingairwaysthatarefoundinthelungs. 11.Trachea,toprimarybronchi,tosecondarybronchi,totertiarybronchi,tosmallerbronchi,to bronchioles,toterminalbronchioles,torespiratoryzone. 12.Bronchihaveringsofcartilagethatkeepthemopen.Bronchioleshavenocartilage,buttheydohave smoothmuscleintheirwalls. 13.Toallowairflowregulationbyalteringthediameterofthebronchioles. 14.Theconductingzoneistheairwayfromthenasalcavitythroughtheterminalbronchioles.Its functionistomoisten,warm,andfiltertheair. 15.Clockwisearoundtheboxeddiagram:alveolarsac,alveolarduct,alveoli,respiratorybronchiole. Clockwisearoundthediagramtotheright,startingat12:00:terminalbronchiole,respiratory bronchiole,alveolarsac,alveoli,alveolarduct 16.Tinythinwalledsacswheregasexchangeoccursintherespiratoryzone. 17.(1)Inrespiratorybronchioleswheretheyarescatteredinthewalls.(2)Inalveolarducts,whichare completelylinedbyalveoli.(3)Inalveolarsacs,wheretheyarefoundinclusters. 18.Thepulmonaryarteriesandbranchesofthepulmonaryarteries. 19.Thepulmonaryveinsandbranchesofthepulmonaryveins. 20.Thepulmonaryveins. 21.Theysurroundeachalveolus. 22.Fromtoptobottom:Alveolarmacrophage,Simplesquamousepithelium(TypeICell),Surfactant secretingcell(TypeIICell),Capillary 23.(1)simplesquamousepithelium,(2)alveolarmacrophages,(3)surfactantsecretingcells 24.Gasexchange. 25.Theycreepalongtheinnersurfaceofthealveoli,removingdebrisandmicrobes. 26.Theysecretesurfactant. 27.Alveolarfluid,whichiscomposedofwaterandsurfactant. 28.Thealveoliwouldcollapseduetothesurfacetensionofthewater. 29.Fromtoptobottom:simplesquamousepitheliumofalveolus,alveolarbasementmembrane,capillary basementmembrane,simplesquamousepitheliumofcapillary,interstitialfluid 30.Onlytwolayersofsimplesquamousepitheliumandtheirbasementmembraneswhichmakesthe membraneverythin. 31.Becausepulmonarybloodpressureissolowthatlittlefluidfilters outofthecapillariesintothe interstitialspace. 32.Oxygengasdiffusesfromthealveolitothepulmonarycapillaries.Carbondioxidediffusesfromthe pulmonarycapillariestothealveoli. InteractivePhysiology 9

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