ADVANCED ENGLISH 8 GRAMMAR REFERENCE

Dear student
This grammar reference is meant to help you organize the knowledge you gain in class. Listed you will find the Topic, and between parenthesis you will find the unit where it first appears in your book. Related topics will be grouped together.

Topic
WORD ORDER ORDER OF ADJECTIVES (unit 1) .......................................................... DIRECT AND INDIRECT QUESTIONS INDIRECT QUESTIONS (unit 1).................................................................. COMPOUND ADJECTIVES COMPOUND ADJECTIVES (unit 2)............................................................ DEGREE ADVERBS DEGREE ADVERBS (unit 2)........................................................................ HAVE + OBJECT + PAST PARTICIPLE HAVE + OBJECT+ PAST PARTICIPLE ( unit 3)......................................... CONDITIONALS FIRST CONDITIONAL (unit 4).................................................................... SECOND CONDITIONAL (unit 4) .......................................................... THIRD CONDITIONAL (unit 3) .............................................................. PRESENT PERFECT PRESENT PERFECT (unit 5)....................................................................... MODALS + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE MUST + HAVE+ PAST PARTICIPLE (unit 5) ..... CAN'T + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE (unit 5) ....... MIGHT + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE (unit 5) ..................................... COULD + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE (unit 5) .................................... APPENDIX

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Appendix 1 Irregular verbs.. Appendix 2 Active verb tenses

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WORD ORDER ORDER OF ADJECTIVES In English, it is common to use more than one adjective before a noun - for example, "He's a silly young fool," or "she's a smart, energetic woman." When you use more than one adjective, you have to put them in the right order, according to type: opinion, size, age, shape, color, origin, material and purpose (OSASCOMP). Opinion - An opinion adjective explains what you think about something (other people may not agree with you). Examples: silly, beautiful, horrible, difficult

Size - A size adjective, of course, tells you how big or small

something is. Examples: large, tiny, enormous, little

Age - An age adjective tells you how young or old something or

someone is. Examples: ancient, new, young, old

Shape - A shape adjective describes the shape of something. Examples:

square, round, flat, rectangular

Color- A color adjective, of course, describes the color of something.

Examples: blue, pink, reddish, grey

Origin - An origin adjective describes where something comes from.

Examples: French, lunar, American, eastern, Greek

Material - A material adjective describes what something is made

from. Examples: wooden, metal, cotton, paper

Purpose - A purpose adjective describes what something is used for.

These adjectives often end with "-ing". Examples: sleeping (as in "sleeping bag"), roasting (as in "roasting tin")
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Down to business Choose the correct order: 1- ( ( ( ( 2- ( ( ( ( 3- ( ( ( ( 4- ( ( ( ( 5- ( ( ( ( 6- ( ( ( ( 7- ( ( ( ( 8- ( ( ( ( ) a small Canadian thin lady ) a Canadian small thin lady ) a small thin Canadian lady ) a thin small Canadian lady ) a carving steel new knife ) a new steel carving knife ) a steel new carving knife ) a new carving steel knife ) a beautiful blue sailing boat ) a blue beautiful sailing boat ) a sailing beautiful blue boat ) a blue sailing beautiful boat ) an old wooden square table ) a square wooden old table ) an old square wooden table ) a wooden old square table ) an new French exciting band ) a French new exciting band ) an exciting French new band ) an exciting new French band ) a red big plastic hat )a big red plastic hat ) a plastic big red hat ) a bit plastic red hat ) a small Japanese serving bowl ) a Japanese small serving bowl ) a small serving Japanese bowl ) a serving small Japanese bowl ) a cotton dirty old tie ) a dirty cotton old tie ) an old cotton dirty tie ) a dirty old cotton tie
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COMPOUND ADJECTIVES

Compound Adjectives are a combination of words that serves as a single adjective.

As a general rule, the words in a compound adjective are hyphenated when they come before a noun (a well-known product) but not when they come after a verb (The product is well known).

"A well-developed sense of humor is the pole that adds balance to

your steps as you walk the tightrope of life." (William Arthur Ward)

"In the 19th century, before the science of archaeology

became well developed, the Ottomans laid out the brick and concrete city that stands today." (Scott Macleod, "Alexandria Rising," Time magazine, June 15, 1998)

"The cutting edge is quite straight and well polished, and as keen
as when it was finished." (Robert Smyth, The Aborigines of Victoria, 1878)

"Another well-polished asset, [Gordon] Brown's reputation for

sound economic stewardship, has become ever more tarnished." (Catherine Mayer, "Gordon Brown in America," Time magazine, April 16, 2008)

Down to business
Match a word from column A with a word from column B to make compound adjectives. Then use combinations to complete the sentences below. A B a) record1 moving b) well2 consuming c) slow3 skinned d) good4 dressed e) time5 spoken f) soft6 breaking g) hand7 looking h) fair8 painted

a) His clothes were very formal. He was ____________________ in a dark blue silk suit and a tie. b) He was a very ____________________ man, and as soon as Becky saw him, she remarked on how handsome he was. c) I could hardly hear a word she said. She was very ____________________, and I had to ask her several times to speak up. d) She was very ____________________. It looked like shed never been in the sun in her life. e) I nearly gave up the course. I had to go to class three times a week, and it took over an hour to get there. It was very ____________________ and left me very little spare time. f) The traffic is very ____________________, and on some parts of the freeway its at a standstill. g) Once the pots were taken out of the furnace, they were ____________________ by local artists. h) It was a ____________________ performance. He finished the race five seconds faster than the previous best time.
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DIRECT X INDIRECT QUESTIONS INDIRECT QUESTIONS

We use indirect questions if we want to sound more polite or if we want to ask a question that is quite sensitive. In this case try using one of the indirect phrases below:

Can you tell me Could you tell me I'd be interested to hear I'd like to know Would you mind telling me I wonder if...

When we use indirect questions, the word order is the same as in an affirmative statement.

Direct question: Indirect question:

What is he doing? Do you know what he is doing?

Direct question: Indirect question:

Where have they been? I wonder where they have been?

DO, DOES, DID If the direct question contains do, does or did, we omit it in the question. indirect

Direct question: Indirect question: Direct question: Indirect question:

What do you want? Can you tell me what you want? When did she leave? Do you know when she left?

YES/NO QUESTIONS In yes / no questions, we use if or whether (the word order is the same as in reported questions). Direct question: Indirect question: Have you seen my dog? Could you tell me if you have seen my dog?

Down to business
1. "Where's the station?" "Can you tell me ___________________________________________ ?" 2. "Are you coming to the party?" "Can you let me know if______________________________________ ?" 3. "How does it work?" "Can you explain ___________________________________________ ?" 4. "What's the the matter?" Please tell me _____________________________________________ ." 5. "Where are you from?" "I'd like to know ___________________________________________ ." 6. "How long does it take to get there?" "Do you know _____________________________________________ ?" 7. "Has she reached a decision yet?" "Has she told you whether____________________________________ ?" 8. "What time are you leaving?" "Do you know _____________________________________________ ?" 9. "Does Annie know about computers?" "I wonder whether___________________________________________ ." 10. "Excuse me. How do you get to the post office from here?" "Could you tell us___________________________________________ ?"
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DEGREE ADVERBS ADVERBS OF DEGREE Adverbs of degree tell us the strength or intensity of something that happens. Many adverbs are gradable, that is, we can intensify them. Basically they answer the sort of question that asks How much ...? or How little...?

Adverbs of degree include; adequately, almost, entirely, extremely, greatly, highly, hugely, immensely, moderately, partially, perfectly, practically, profoundly, strongly, totally, tremendously, very, virtually, etc. For example:

The man drove badly. = The man drove really badly.

- In this sentence really shows us just how badly he drove.

They enjoyed the film. = They enjoyed the film immensely.

- In this sentence immensely shows us how much they enjoyed the film. These intensifiers are not gradable, though: you cannot say The man drove extremely very badly. An excessive degree Thats too expensive. She is way too serious. A great degree Denise is quite busy. She is extremely dedicated. She works very hard. Denise is really busy. She works so hard. She is awfully serious.
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A moderate degree Hes a rather accomplished musician. He is fairly hard-working. He does his job reasonably well. He works hard enough. Peters pretty dedicated. Denise is kind of depressed. He is sort of easygoing. A small degree He gets slightly annoyed. Shes a bit competitive. Work can sometimes be a little monotonous. An insufficient degree He doesnt work hard enough. Peter doesnt get paid nearly enough.

All intensifiers come before the adjective or adverb, except for enough, which comes after them. Denise works extremely hard. Peter works steadily enough.

In noun phrases, intensifiers come between the determiner (a, the, some, etc.) and the adjective, except for quite, which comes before a determiner. Denise is a very dedicated worker. She is quite a dedicated worker.

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Down to business
Use degree adverbs to make sentences that are true for you. 1. A skill you are proud of: something you do well to a moderate degree. EXAMPLE: Im a pretty good tennis player. ________________________________________________________ 2. A favorite food: a kind of food you like to a great degree. EXAMPLE: Im extremely fond if popcorn. ________________________________________________________ 3. Something that is not enjoyable for you, but you dont hate: an activity you dislike to a small degree. EXAMPLE: Doing homework can be slightly boring. ________________________________________________________ 4. An ability you want to develop: a skill you have in an insufficient degree. EXAMPLE: I dont speak English fluently enough. ________________________________________________________ 5. A bad habit: something you do to an excessive degree. EXAMPLE: I eat too much ice cream. ________________________________________________________ 6. A special talent: something you do well to a great degree. EXAMPLE: Im a really good musician. _______________________________________________________
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HAVE + OBJECT+ PAST PARTICIPLE

If you 'have something done', you get somebody else to do something for you.

I'm going to have my hair cut. She's having her house redecorated. I'm having a copy of the report sent to you

In informal English, we can replace 'have' by 'get'.

We're getting a new telephone system installed. They will be getting the system repaired as quickly as they can. I got the bill sent directly to the company.

We can also use 'have/got something done' in situations where

something bad has happened to people or their possessions. This is not something they wanted to happen. John had all his money stolen from his hotel bedroom. We had our car damaged by a falling tree. I got my nose broken playing rugby.

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Down to business
Complete the sentences below: 1. Yesterday, ________________________________ (I / cut / my hair). 2. Every Friday, ________________________________ (Joe / wash / his car) . 3. Tomorrow, ________________________________ she / repair / her shower). 4. Each Saturday, ________________________________ (we / deliver / a pizza) to our home. 5. Last year, ________________________________ Bob / clean / his house) by a charwoman. 6. As Phil had a broken arm, ________________________________ (he / type / his texts) by his secretary. 7. (I / pick up / the goods_____________________________________ tomorrow afternoon. 8. ________________________________ (we / redecorate / our walls) last summer. 9. Whenever Clara is staying at this hotel, _______________________ __________ (she / carry / her bags) into her room. 10. (we / organize / our last party) __________________________

________ by professionals.

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THIRD CONDITIONAL IF + PAST PERFECT , WOULD HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE We can use the Third Conditional to talk about 'impossible' conditions, impossible because they are in the past and we cannot change what has happened. If I had worked harder at school, I would have got better grades. If I had had time, I would have gone to see him. But I didn't have time. If we had bought that house, we would have had to rebuild the kitchen. If we had caught the earlier train, we would have got there on time but we were late. Notice that the main clause can contain 'would', 'could' or 'might. If I had seen him at the meeting, I would have asked him. (But he wasn't there so I didn't.) If I had seen him at the meeting, I could have asked him. (But he wasn't there so it wasn't possible.) If I had seen him at the meeting, I might have asked him. (But I'm not sure. Perhaps if the opportunity had arisen.) If I had paid more attention in class, I would have understood the lesson. Also notice that sometimes the 'if clause' is implied rather than spoken. I'd have done it. ("if you had asked me but you didn't.") I wouldn't have said that. ("if I'd been there.") I wouldn't have let him get away with that. ("if he had tried that with me.")

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Down to business
Complete the sentences using the third conditional. 1. I wouldn't be angry if you ________________________ my chocolate mousse. (to eat) 2. If he had known you were in hospital, he _______________________ you. (to visit) 3. We wouldn't have come by taxi if we ____________________ the right bus. (to find) 4. We would have visited the Prado gallery if we ____________________ time. (to have) 5. If you hadn't been asking me questions all the time, I _______________ the film.(to enjoy) 6. If I _________________ your number, I would have phoned.(to know) 7. If just one person had remembered my birthday, I__________________ sad. (to be) 8. I would have understood the film if it _________________ in German. (to be) 9. They ________________ to see you if they hadn't been away. (to come) 10. If she _____________________ on a double yellow line, she wouldn't have got a fine. (to park)

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FIRST CONDITIONAL IF + PRESENT SIMPLE, WILL + INFINITIVE We use the First Conditional to talk about future events that are likely to happen.

If we take John, he'll be really pleased. If you give me some money, I'll pay you back tomorrow. If they tell us they want it, we'll have to give it to them. If Mary comes, she'll want to drive.

The 'if' clause can be used with different present forms. If I go to New York again, I'll buy you a souvenir from the Empire State Building. If he's feeling better, he'll come. If she hasn't heard the bad news yet, I'll tell her.

The "future clause" can contain 'going to' or the future perfect as well 'will'.

as

If I see him, I'm going to tell him exactly how angry I am. If we don't get the contract, we'll have wasted a lot of time and money.

The "future clause" can also contain other modal verbs such as 'can' and 'must'. If you go to New York, you must have the cheesecake in Lindy's. If he comes, you can get a lift home with him.
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Down to business
Complete the sentences using the first conditional: 1. If you_____________ (not study), you______________ (fail) the test. 2. We_____________ (die) if we ____________(not get) help soon! 3. If you_____________ (look) in the fridge, you_____________ (find) some cold drinks. 4. If there___________ (be) no oil in the engine, the car_________(break) down. 5. I_____________ (lend) you my umbrella if you ___________ (need) it. 6. The sea level_____________ (rise) if the planet_____________ (get) hotter. 7. If you_____________ (eat) your sandwiches now, you (not have) anything for lunch! 8. You_____________ (be) safe in an accident if you_____________ (wear) your seatbelt. 9. If he_____________ (save) all his money, he_____________ (be able to go) on holiday to Canada. 10. I_____________ (not come) with you if you_____________ (not bring) John!

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SECOND CONDITIONAL IF+ PAST, WOULD + INFINITIVE The Second Conditional is used to talk about 'impossible' situations.

If we were in London today, we would be able to go to the concert in Hyde Park. If I had millions dollars, I'd give a lot to charity. If there were no hungry people in this world, it would be a much better place. If everyone had clean water to drink, there would be a lot less disease. After I / he/ she /it we often use the subjunctive form 'were' and not 'was'. (Some people think that 'were' is the only 'correct' form but other people think 'was' is equally 'correct' .) If she were happy in her job, she wouldn't be looking for another one. If I lived in Japan, I'd have sushi every day. If they were to enter our market, we'd have big problems. The form 'If I were you' is often used to give advice. If I were you, I'd look for a new place to live. If I were you, I'd go back to school and get more qualifications. The 'If clause' can contain the past simple or the past continuous. If I was still working in Brighton, I would commute by train. If she were coming, she would be here by now. If they were thinking of selling, I would want to buy.
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The main clause can contain 'would' 'could' or 'might. If I had the chance to do it again, I would do it differently. If we met up for lunch, we could go to that new restaurant. If I spoke to him directly, I might be able to persuade him. .

Down to business
Complete the sentences using the second conditional: 1. I ___________________ that if I were you. It's bad luck. (to do) 2. They'd be a better team if they ___________________ fitter. (to be) 3.If I had some spare money, I ___________________ a DVD player. (to buy) 4. Those children ___________________ so horrible if their parents were stricter. (to be) 5. I wouldn't go out with him even if you ___________________ me. (to pay) 6. If we ___________________ so hard, we wouldn't be so tired all the time. (to work) 7. If she didn't take so long in the shower, she ___________________ more time for breakfast. (to have) 8. If you ___________________ so much beer, you wouldn't be so fat. (to drink) 9.The world ___________________ a better place if politicians were less vain. (to be) 10. I ___________________ to visit Thailand if I had the chance. (to love)
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PRESENT PERFECT Present Perfect Simple

The present perfect simple expresses an action that is still going on or that stopped recently, but has an influence on the present, or it is used for past actions/events when the time is not specified. It puts emphasis on the result.

Form Has/Have + Verb in the past participle Examples: I have seen that movie. Have you seen that movie? I have not (or haven't) seen that movie. Use of Present Perfect emphasis on the result Example: She has written five letters. action that is still going on Example: School has not started yet. action that stopped recently Example: She has cooked dinner. finished action that has an influence on the present Example: I have lost my key.
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 action that has taken place once, never or several times before the moment of speaking Example: I have never been to Australia.

Down to business
Put the verbs into the correct tense (simple past or present perfect simple). A: _________________ (you / play / already) the new computer game? B: No, not yet. I only _________________ (buy) it yesterday and I _________________(have / not) the time yet. A: _________________ (you / go) to the cinema last night? B: Yes. I (be) there with Sue and Louis. _________________(you / be) to the cinema recently? A: I last _________________ (go) to the cinema two weeks ago. B: So you _________________ (see / not) the new action film yet. A: No, unfortunately not. _________________ (you / enjoy) it? B: Oh, I really _________________ (love) it. But Sue _________________ (like / not) it - too much action! A: But why _________________ (you / take) her with you? She _________________ (tell) me last week that she _________________ (hate) action films. B: I think she has an eye on Louis. She _________________ (try) to flirt with him all the time. So he _________________(can / concentrate / not) on the film.
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MODALS+ HAVE+ PAST PARTICIPLE MODALS + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE

In general, Perfect Modals are used to express unfulfilled or unrealized actions or events. It is formed using a Modal Verb (could, may, might, and must) + have + Past Participle.

MODAL COULD HAVE

FUNCTION Possibility

Impossibility

Disbelief

MAY/ MIGHT HAVE

Possibility (May or Might) Suggestion

MUST HAVE

Conclusion

EXAMPLE I could have lost the opportunity to get to know her better. I couldnt have married her anyway because neither of us wanted to move to another country. You couldnt have thought that I would accept such a foolish excuse! How could you have thought that I would accept such a foolish excuse? Your advisor may have been able to help you with that application. She might have tried to be more levelheaded about the whole issue. She must have believed me because weve become very close.

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Down to business
Complete the sentences below: 1. Gloria has won every game she's played today. She _______________ (practice) a lot. 2. I don't have anything to wear today. I _______________ (do) the laundry. 3. Jack lost his wallet on the way to work. He _______________ (lose) it on the bus. 4. You did very well on the exam. You _______________ (study) a lot. 5. The Smiths _______________ (build) their house anywhere. Why did he choose here? 6. It's hot in here today. I _______________ (wear) a heavy sweater today. 7. You _______________ (feed) your dog. He has been hungry all day. 8. Lucy shouldn't have stood on the broken chair. She __________ (fall). 9. I _______________ (buy) more milk. I am almost out. 10. I didn't do very well on the test. I _______________ (spend) more time studying.

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Appendix I - IRREGULAR VERBS Present

be become begin blow break bring build burst buy burst catch choose come cut deal do drink drive eat fall feed feel fight find fly forbid forget forgive freeze get

Past
was, were became began blew broke brought built burst bought burst caught chose came cut dealt did drank drove ate fell fed felt fought found flew forbade forgot forgave froze got

Past Participle
been become begun blown broken brought built burst bought burst caught chosen come cut dealt done drunk driven eaten fallen fed felt fought found flown forbidden forgotten forgiven frozen gotten
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give go grow have hear hide hold hurt keep know lay lead leave let lie lose make meet pay quit read ride run say see seek sell send shake shine sing sit

gave went grew had heard hid held hurt kept knew laid led left let lay lost made met paid quit read rode ran said saw sought sold sent shook shone sang sat

given gone grown had heard hidden held hurt kept known laid led left let lain lost made met paid quit read ridden run said seen sought sold sent shaken shone sung sat
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sleep speak spend spring stand steal swim swing take teach tear tell think throw understand wake wear win write

slept slept spoke spoken spent spent sprang sprung stood stood stole stolen swam swum swung swung took taken taught taught tore torn told told thought thought threw thrown understood understood woke (waked) woken (waked) wore worn won won wrote written

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Appendix II Verb Tenses

A) Active Verb Tenses
Past Simple Present Future

An action that ended at An action that exists , A plan for future a point in the past. is usual, or is action. repeated.
cooked e.g. He cooked yesterday. cook / cooks e.g. He cooks dinner every Friday. will cook e.g. He will cook tomorrow.

Progressive be + main verb +ing

An action was happening (past progressive) when another action happened (simple past).
was / were cooking e.g. He was cooking when the phone rang.

An action that is happening now.

An action that will be happening over time, in the future, when something else happens.
will be cooking

am / is / are cooking

e.g. He is cooking now. e.g. He will be cooking when you come.

Perfect have + main verb

An action that ended before another action or time in the past.

had cooked e.g. He had cooked the dinner when the phone rang.

An action that happened at an unspecified time in the past.

has / have cooked e.g. He has cooked many meals.

An action that will end before another action or time in the future.
will have cooked e.g. He will have cooked dinner by the time you come.

Perfect Progressive have + be + main verb + ing

An action that happened over time, in the past, before another time or action in the past.
had been cooking

An action occurring over time that started in the past and continues into the present.
has/have been cooking
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An action occurring over time, in the future, before another action or time in the future.
will have been cooking

(time clue)*

e.g. He had been cooking for a long time before he took lessons.

e.g. He has been cooking for over an hour.

e.g. He will have been cooking all day by the time she gets home.

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B) Time Clues and Verb Tense

Time clues are words that give some information about when an action occurs. There are many words that are time clues, and some can be used to indicate a number of tenses. Note that this table is not a complete listing of all the time clues that can be used with all of the tenses. Past Simple Simple Past
yesterday last year/ month/ etc. before for five weeks/days/etc. one year/ month ago

Present Simple Present

every morning / day / etc. always usually frequently sometimes

Future Simple Future

tomorrow tonight next week/month/etc. soon in the future

Progressive

Past Progressive
while when

Present Progressive
now right now this week/minute/etc.

Future progressive
when after as soon as before

Perfect

Past Perfect
before already by the time until then/last week/etc. after

Present Perfect
until now since ever never many times/ weeks/years/etc. for three hours/ minutes/etc/

Future Perfect
by the time you go (somewhere) by the time you do (something) already

Perfect Progressive

Past Perfect progressive

before for one week/hour/etc. since

Present Perfect Progressive

Future Perfect Progressive

for the past year/ month/ by the time etc. for ten days/weeks/etc. for the last 2 months/ by weeks/etc. up to now for 6 weeks/hours/etc. since

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