Cell sLrucLure and luncLlon

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San[ukLa aLra
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Cell membrane
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All llvlng cells possesses a cell membrane
8llayered membrane
1he plasma membranbe ls 3-10nm wlde
Cell membranes are selecLlvely permeable
lncluslve of membrane proLelns
CannoL be deLecLed under Lhe llghL mlcroscope
Can be observed under Lhe scannlng elecLron mlcroscope
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1he arch|tecture of the ce|| membrane 1he bas|c arch|tectura|
compos|t|on of the ce|| membrane |s membrane ||p|ds, stero|s and
carbohydrates, |ntegra| and per|phera| prote|ns.
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Compos|t|on
1he cell membrane llplds comprlse of:
hosphollplds
Clycollplds
CholesLerols
1he ma[or membrane phosphollplds and glycollplds are
phosphaLldylchollne (LdCho), phosphaLldyleLhanolamlne
(LdLLn), phosphaLldyllnoslLol (Ldlns) and (LdLLn), phosphaLldyllnoslLol (Ldlns) and
phosphaLldylserlne (LdSer)
laLLy aclds can be saLuraLed or unsaLuraLed
unsaLuraLed faLLy aclds prevenL LlghL packlng of Lhe faLLy
acld chalns leadlng Lo lowerlng of melLlng LemperaLure and
lncrease ln membrane fluldlLy
Llpld molecules exhlblL laLeral dlffuslon along Lhe layer ln
whlch Lhey are presenL
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1he ma[or membrane phospho||p|ds and g|yco||p|ds
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Membrane prote|ns
33 of Lhe genes ln any genome encode membrane
proLelns
Many oLher proLelns spend parL of Lhelr llfeLlme bound
Lo membranes
1hey can be classlfled lnLo 1hey can be classlfled lnLo
lnLegral (lnLrlnslc)
erlpheral (exLrlnslc)
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1heor|es
lluld mosalc model of cell membranes
proposed by Slnger and nlcolson ln 1972
8lologlcal membranes are composed of llpld 8lologlcal membranes are composed of llpld
bllayer wlLh proLelns peneLraLlng elLher half way
or all Lhe way Lhrough Lhe membrane
1hese proLelns are vlsuallzed as freely floaLlng
wlLhln a llquld bllayer
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art|c|pat|on:
1. D|ffus|on: ulffuslon of small molecules such as carbon dloxlde, oxygen, and waLer
2. Csmos|s: Cell membrane ls semlpermeable Lhus lL seLs up an osmoLlc flow for
solvenL such as waLer, whlch can be LransporLed across Lhe membrane by
osmosls
3. Med|ated 1ransport: nuLrlenLs are moved across Lhe membrane by speclal
proLelns called LransporL proLelns or permeases whlch are qulLe speclflc,
recognlzlng and LransporLlng only a llmlLed group of chemlcal subsLances, ofLen
even only a slngle subsLance.
4. Lndocytos|s: LndocyLosls ls Lhe process ln whlch cells absorb molecules by 4. Lndocytos|s: LndocyLosls ls Lhe process ln whlch cells absorb molecules by
engulflng Lhem small molecules and lons and macromolecules Lhrough acLlve
LransporL whlch requlres A1.
S. Lxocytos|s: 1he plasma membrane can exLrude lLs conLenLs Lo Lhe surroundlng
medlum Lo remove undlgesLed resldues of subsLances broughL ln by endocyLosls,
Lo secreLe subsLances such as hormones and enzymes, and Lo LransporL a
subsLance compleLely across a cellular barrler.
6. Ce|| adhes|on.
7. Ce|| s|gna||ng.
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Cytop|asm
ls a gel-llke subsLance resldlng beLween Lhe cell
membrane wlLh all Lhe cell's lnLernal sub-
sLrucLures (called organelles), excepL for Lhe
nucleus
WlLhln Lhe cyLoplasm mosL cellular acLlvlLles occur
Many meLabollc paLhways lncludlng glycolysls, and
processes such as cell dlvlslon
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arL of Lhe cyLoplasm LhaL ls noL held wlLhln
organelles ls called Lhe cyLosol
CyLosol ls a complex mlxLure
of cyLoskeleLon fllamenLs, dlssolved molecules,
and waLer
uue Lo Lhls neLwork of pores and hlgh
concenLraLlons of dlssolved macromolecules,
such as proLelns, an effecL called macromolecular such as proLelns, an effecL called macromolecular
crowdlng occurs and Lhe cyLosol does noL acL as
an ldeal soluLlon
1hls crowdlng effecL alLers how Lhe componenLs
of Lhe cyLosol lnLeracL wlLh each oLher
MovemenL of calclum lons ln and ouL of Lhe
cyLoplasm ls LhoughL Lo be a slgnallng acLlvlLy for
meLabollc processes
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8acLerlal geneLlc maLerlal
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MosL bacLerlal chromosomes conLaln a clrcular
unA molecule - Lhere are no free ends Lo Lhe
unA
1he clrcularlLy of Lhe bacLerlal chromosome was 1he clrcularlLy of Lhe bacLerlal chromosome was
demonsLraLed by elecLron mlcroscopy ln boLh
Cram negaLlve bacLerla (scbetlcblo coll) and
Cram poslLlve bacLerla (8oclllos sobtllls)
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|asm|d
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1erm plasmld - lnLroduced by !oshua Lederberg ln
1932
|asm|d ls a unA molecule LhaL ls separaLe from, and
can repllcaLe lndependenLly.
1hey are double-sLranded and clrcular.
lasmlds usually occur naLurally ln bacLerla, and
someLlmes ln 5occbotomyces cetevlsloe someLlmes ln 5occbotomyces cetevlsloe
lasmld slzes vary from 1 Lo over 1,000 kbp
1he number of ldenLlcal plasmlds ln a slngle cell can
be ln several copy numbers
lasmlds are assoclaLed wlLh con[ugaLlon, a
mechanlsm of horlzonLal gene Lransfer
lasmlds can be found ln all Lhree ma[or domalns:
Archaea, 8acLerla, and Lukarya
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