Tutorial 3

AE433/AE715 Structural Dynamics and Vibration Free and Forced vibration of MDOF system Will not be graded 1. Find the natural frequencies of the MDOF shown in Figure 1. Natural frequencies should be derived through eigenvalue analysis only. All the masses are equal to m and all the spring constants are equal to k .
1 0 0 1 0 1 11111 00000 0 1 0 1 0 1 k1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
k4 k2 m1 m2 k3 m3

k5

Figure 1: 2. A railroad car of mass 1500 kg is to be coupled to an assembly of two pre-coupled identical railroad cars as shown in Figure 2. The couplers are elastic connections of stiness 4.2 107 N/m. The single car is rolled toward the other cars with a velocity 7 m/s. Determine the motion of the three railroad cars after coupling is achieved.
v = 7 m/s 1500 kg k = 4.2 X 10 7N/m 1500 kg 7 k = 4.2 X 10 N/m 1500 kg

Figure 2: 3. Consider a xed-free rod supporting two point masses, m1 and m2 as shown in Figure 3. The rod can undergo axial deformation only. The segments between the support and the point masses are massless with Youngs modulus E and cross-sectional area A. Derive the stiness matrix. 4. Derive the equation of motion of the system shown in Figure 4. 5. Derive the equation of motions of the system shown in Figure 5. 6. The vibration in the vertical direction of an airplane and its wings can be modeled as a three-dof system as shown in Figure 6 with one mass corresponding to 1

1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
11 00 00 11 00 11 00 11 00 11 00 11 00 11 00 11 00 11

m1 E, A E, A massless massless L
Figure 3:
u k M c L c k

m2

1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

Figure 4: the right wing, one mass for the left wing, and one mass for the fuselage. The stiness connecting the three masses corresponds to that of the wing and is a function of the modulus E of the wing, where, E = 6.0 109 N/m2 , l = 2 m, m = 3000 kg and I = 5.2 106 m4 . (a) Calculate the natural frequencies and mode shapes. Plot the mode shapes. (b) Solve for the free response of the system. Let the initial displacements correspond to a gust of wind that causes an initial condition x (0) = 0 and T x(0) = [0.2 0 0] m. 7. Our atmosphere is full of many dierent gasses-nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide and water vapor. Water vapor and carbon dioxide are greenhouse gasses, whereas nitrogen and oxygen are not. The following problem explains it in a simplied way. (a) Model the CO2 molecule shown in Figure 7 as a system made up of a central mass m2 connected by equal springs of a spring constant k to two masses m1 and m3 , with m1 = m3 . Supposing the masses only move horizontally, write the equations of motion for the three coordinate x1 , x2 and x3 . (b) We will suppose the center of mass of the molecule is initially at rest. Using conservation of momentum, relate x2 to x1 and x3 . 2

111 000 000 111 000 111 000 111

k2 o 45 o 45 m

11 00 00 11 00 11 00 11 00 11
k1

k3

1111 0000 0000 1111

Figure 5:

Figure 6: (c) Eliminate x2 and write two coupled equations for x1 and x3 . (d) Take the sum and dierence of the two equations to get equations for the two normal mode coordinate q1 = x1 x3 and q2 = x1 + x3 . Find the normal mode frequencies. (e) Sketch the normal modes. (f) Write the solutions of x1 and x3 , assuming that at t = 0, the system is at rest, and x1 = X0 and x3 = 0. (g) Visible light from the sun mostly passes through the atmosphere. What isnt reected by clouds or by the earth heats the earth, and warm earth re-radiates the energy back into atmosphere in the form of infrared radiation. Infrared radiation, like all electromagnetic radiation, is a propagating electromagnetic eld. A molecule at a given point sees electromagnetic radiation as an oscillating electric eld.Thus, a CO2 molecule in the atmosphere sees an oscillating electric eld E = E0 cos t. Electrons in a molecule are not equally shared among the atoms for CO2 and H2 O, unlike N2 and O2 . Using the fact that the electric force on a particle with charge q is qE , can 3

Figure 7: you explain why infrared radiation can excite CO2 and H2 O molecules, but not N2 or O2 .