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Competency Training and Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering

Certificate in

Power System Modeling and Analysis


Training Course in

System Loss Analysis

U. P. NATIONAL ENGINEERING CENTER NATIONAL ELECTRIFICATION ADMINISTRATION

Training Course in System Loss Analysis

Course Outline
System Loss Caps Distribution System Loss Models and Methodologies Segregation of Distribution System Losses System Loss Reduction and Control Petition for Compliance to ERC DSL
U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering

Training Course in System Loss Analysis

System Loss Caps

RA 9136 on System Loss Caps PDC Chapter 3.4.1 Guidelines for the Application and Approval of Caps on the Recoverable Rate of Distribution System Losses

U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration

Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering

Training Course in System Loss Analysis

RA 9136 on System Loss Caps


Based on the RA 9136 Chapter IV, Section 43 (f) the cap on the recoverable rate of system losses prescribed in Section 10 of RA 7832 is hereby amended and shall be replaced by caps which shall be determined by the ERC based on a.Load Density b. Sales Mix c. Cost of Service d. Delivery Voltage e. And other technical considerations it may promulgate
U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering

Training Course in System Loss Analysis

PDC Chapter 3.4.1


Based on the Philippine Distribution Code (PDC) Chapter 3.4.1, system losses shall be segregated into the following components:

a.Technical Loss b.Non-Technical Loss and c.Administrative Loss

U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration

Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering

Training Course in System Loss Analysis

Guidelines for the Application and Approval of Caps on the Recoverable Rate of Distribution System losses
Article I General Provisions Article II Segregation Distribution System Losses Article III Recoverable Rate of Distribution System Losses Article IV Filing Requirements and Procedures Article V Reportorial Requirements and Monitoring Article VI Administrative Sanctions Article VII Repeal and Separability
U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration

Annex B Data Requirements Templates

Annex A

Methodology for the Segregation of DSL


Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering

Training Course in System Loss Analysis

Guidelines for the Application and Approval of Caps on the Recoverable Rate of Distribution System losses Article II - Segregation Distribution System Losses
Energy Delivered to the Distribution System Energy Delivered to the Customers

= Total Distribution System Losses


Technical Loss
Three Phase Load Flow Simulations of Distribution System

Administrative Loss
Metered Energy Consumption of Essential and Connected Loads

Non-Technical Loss
Residual after subtracting Administrative & Technical Loss from Total Distribution System Losses

U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration

Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering

Training Course in System Loss Analysis

Guidelines for the Application and Approval of Caps on the Recoverable Rate of Distribution System losses

Calculation and Reporting Period Monthly Coincides with the billing cycle Distribution Utilities shall report the following:
Number of Days Number of Hours; and Dates Covered by the Billing Period

U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration

Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering

Training Course in System Loss Analysis

Guidelines for the Application and Approval of Caps on the Recoverable Rate of Distribution System losses

Administrative Loss
The component of Distribution System Losses that accounts for the electric energy used by the Distribution Utility in the proper operation of the Distribution System including the following facilities subject to ERC Approval: a. b. c. d. Distribution Substations; Offices; Warehouses; and Workshops.
Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering

U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration

Training Course in System Loss Analysis

10

Guidelines for the Application and Approval of Caps on the Recoverable Rate of Distribution System losses
Facility/Activity: Location: Purpose: Space Area (sq. m.): Number of Occupants:

Quantifying Administrative Loss


Connected Load (Description) Use of Connected Load Rating (Watts) Average Demand (kW) Average Duration (Hrs) Ave. Monthly Consumption (kWhr)

Count 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Quantity

C R E y Connected and Essentialed b


Electrical Loads prov p A a) Distribution Substations e b b) Offices To

c) Warehouses and Workshops d) Other essential electrical Loads

Actual (i.e., metered) energy consumption


Total Monthly Energy Consumption (kWhr)

U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration

Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering

Training Course in System Loss Analysis

11

Guidelines for the Application and Approval of Caps on the Recoverable Rate of Distribution System losses

Technical Loss
The component that is inherent in the electrical equipment, devices and conductors used in the physical delivery of electric energy. It includes both the Load and No-Load (or fixed) losses.

Technical Loss

= [Hourly Load and No-Load (Fixed)

Losses in all electrical equipment, devices and conductors] Computer Simulations of Power Flow of Distribution System based on Billing Cycles and Estimates for Metering Equipment Losses
U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering

Training Course in System Loss Analysis

12

Guidelines for the Application and Approval of Caps on the Recoverable Rate of Distribution System losses

Calculation of Technical Loss

Distribution System Loss Analysis Program


Distribution System Data

Segregated Technical Loss


(Billing Period) Metering Equipment Loss

(3-phase Load Flow)


Distribution Reliability Assessment Metering Equipment Inventory

Customer Energy Bill

U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration

Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering

Training Course in System Loss Analysis

13

Guidelines for the Application and Approval of Caps on the Recoverable Rate of Distribution System losses

Metering Equipment Losses

Potential Transformer Loss = Power Loss in PT (kW) x Number of PT x Number of Operating Hours in the Billing Period Current Transformer Loss = Power Loss in CT (kW) x Number of CT x Number of Operating Hours in the Billing Period Electric Meter Potential Coil Loss = Power Loss in Electric Meter Potential Coil (kW) x Number of Electric Meters x Number of Operating Hours in the Billing Period Electric Meter Current Coil Loss = Power Loss in Electric Meter Potential Coil (kW) x Number of Electric Meters x Number of Operating Hours in the Billing Period
Operating Hours = No. of days x 24 hours SAIDI
U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering

Training Course in System Loss Analysis

14

Guidelines for the Application and Approval of Caps on the Recoverable Rate of Distribution System losses Non-Technical Loss The component that is not related to the physical characteristics and functions of the electrical system, and is caused primarily by human error, whether intentional or not. Includes the electric energy lost due to pilferage, tampering of meters and erroneous meter reading. For purposes of these Guidelines, the Load Loss due to electric Energy pilferage shall be considered as part of the Non-Technical Loss.
U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering

Training Course in System Loss Analysis

15

Guidelines for the Application and Approval of Caps on the Recoverable Rate of Distribution System losses Calculation of Non-Technical Loss

Non-Technical Loss
= Total Distribution System Losses - Administrative Loss - Technical Loss - Recovered Losses
Recovered Energy through anti-pilferage activities or any other form of recovery subject to ERC approval shall be subtracted from the Non-Technical Loss. Recovered Energy shall be so reported to reflect its character as a delayed metered energy consumption of End-Users.
U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering

Training Course in System Loss Analysis

16

Guidelines for the Application and Approval of Caps on the Recoverable Rate of Distribution System losses
Article III - Recoverable Rate of Distribution System Losses

Three (3) Separate Caps for Segregated Losses Cap for the Technical Loss
% of Energy Input to the Distribution System Based on Historical and Forecasted Technical Losses ERC may choose to adopt grouping of DUs taking into account technical characteristics % of Energy Input to the Distribution System Declining Cap based on Proposed Non-Technical Loss Reduction Program kWhr allowance based on existing essential loads
Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering

Cap for the Non-Technical Loss

Cap for the Administrative Loss


U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration

Training Course in System Loss Analysis

17

Guidelines for the Application and Approval of Caps on the Recoverable Rate of Distribution System losses
System Loss Reduction Program & Incentives

Expenses associated with any technical loss reduction program shall be considered part of DU capital and operating costs Declining Cap for Non-Technical Losses with a Plan ERC may decide to implement a reward mechanism Technical Loss Cap 100% Recoverable for DU
-1 Standard Deviation 75% for DU reward / 25% for Customers -2 Standard Deviation -3 Standard Deviation 50% for DU / 50% for Customers 25% for DU / 75% for Customers

le p m a Ex

< -3 Standard Deviation 100% for Customers Rate Reduction


U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering

Training Course in System Loss Analysis

18

Guidelines for the Application and Approval of Caps on the Recoverable Rate of Distribution System losses Article IV Filing Requirements and Procedures
Petition for Distribution System Loss Caps Data Requirements Annex B Procedures for Filing and Approval

Data Requirements Templates

Article V Reportorial Requirements and Monitoring


Monthly Reports of Segregated Distribution System Losses (Frequency to be determined by ERC) ERC shall monitor and verify, on an annual basis, compliance of DUs on the approved Caps

Article VI Administrative Sanctions Article VII Repeal and Separability


U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering

Training Course in System Loss Analysis

19

Distribution System Loss Models and Methodologies


Load-Loss Index Method Sun Load-Window Models Cespedes Segregated Joule and Black Loss Model Chen Simplified Feeder Loss Model

U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration

Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering

Training Course in System Loss Analysis

20

Load-Loss Index Method

Establishes the relationship between the Load Factor and the Loss Factor Load-Loss Index
2 FLS = aFLD + (1 a)FLD

FLD

Pave = Pmax

FLS =

PLoss,ave PLoss,max

where: FLS= Loss Factor FLD= Load Factor Pave= Average Demand Pmax = Peak Demand PLoss,ave = Losses at average demand PLoss,max = Losses at peak demand
Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering

U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration

Training Course in System Loss Analysis

21

Load-Loss Index Method

Assume a load curve with only two levels: peak load and off-peak load

P2

Peak Load

FLD

Pave Pave = = Pmax P2

Pave

Average Load

Pave =
FLD =

( P2 t ) + ( P1 (T
T

t ))
t ))

P1

Off-Peak Load

( P2 t ) + ( P1 (T
P2T

PLS2 PLS,ave PLS1

Peak Loss Average Loss Off-Peak Loss t T

P1 T t t = + T P2 T
U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration

Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering

Training Course in System Loss Analysis

22

Load-Loss Index Method


PLS,ave P ( =
LS,2

t ) + ( PLS,1 (T t ) ) T
P2 Peak Load

FLS

P ( =

LS,2

t ) + ( PLS,1 (T t ) ) PLS,2T
2 1 2 2

Pave

Average Load

PLS ,1 = kP ; PLS ,2 = kP
FLS kP ( =
2 2

P1

Off-Peak Load

t + kP (T t )
2 1

) (
2

PLS2 PLS,ave PLS1

Peak Loss Average Loss Off-Peak Loss t T

kP22 T

t P1 T t = + T P2 T
U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration

Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering

Training Course in System Loss Analysis

23

Load-Loss Index Method

Case 1:
Off-peak load is zero
FLS = FLD

t = T

Case 2:
Load is steady
FLS = FLD

t = T

Case 3:
Very short-lasting peak

t 0 T t 1 T FLS ( FLD )
2

U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration

Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering

Training Course in System Loss Analysis

24

Load-Loss Index Method

Range of Values
FLD2 < FLS < FLD FLS = a FLD + (1-a) FLD2

Variation of Loss Factor with Load Factor


1.2 1

Loss Factor

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 Load Factor

U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration

Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering

Training Course in System Loss Analysis

25

Load-Loss Index Method

Illustration

FLS = 0.16FLD + 0.84FLD


Annual peak demand = 2000 kW Total I2R losses at peak load = 100 kW Total Energy delivered = 5.61 x 106 Total annual copper loss = ?

U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration

Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering

Training Course in System Loss Analysis

26

Load-Loss Index Method


FLD FLS 5.61 106 kWh = = 0.32 2000kW 8760 = 0.16(0.32) + 0.84(0.32)2 = 0.1372

Average Power Loss = FLS Power Loss at Peak Load = 0.1372 100 kW = 13.72 kW Annual Copper Loss = 13.72 kW 8760 hr/yr = 120,201 kWh

U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration

Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering

Training Course in System Loss Analysis

27

Sun Load Window Model*

Load Modeling
uses Load Windows Weekday-Weekend, Seasonal (Winter, Summer, shoulder)

Line and Cable Modeling


R + jX for each line/phase

Transformers
Leakage impedance + Core Losses Core Losses as a function of voltage Single-phase or three-phase

*IEEE, 1980
U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering

Training Course in System Loss Analysis

28

Cespedes Segregated Joule and Black Loss Model*

Losses
Joule Loss refers to the technical loss Black Loss refer to the non-technical loss

Power Factor
Assumed constant for all loads, as measured at the substation

Phase Unbalance
Neglected

Loads
Peak loads only

Voltages
Constant

*IEEE, 1983
U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering

Training Course in System Loss Analysis

29

Chen Simplified Feeder Loss*

Load Patterns
Determined using load survey (metering) and customer survey

Secondary Circuit
Equivalent resistance (Rb*Leq)

Transformers Loading
Hourly demands computed from monthly energy values Includes Open-Y Open- transformers

*IEEE, 1994-1997
U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering

Training Course in System Loss Analysis

30

Chen Simplified Feeder Loss


PLoss = 32.6433 + 0.752PLH + 2.0041S LH LD 2 0.0908TR + 3.0206 PF
2

Where,
PLoss: total feeder loss (KW) P LH: primary conductor length (km) S LH: secondary conductor length (km) TR: total transformer capacity (MVA) LD: feeder loading (MW) PF: power factor of feeder loading

U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration

Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering

Training Course in System Loss Analysis

31

Segregation of Distribution System Losses


Total Distribution System Losses Administrative Losses Unbundling the Technical & Non- Technical Losses DSL Segregator Historical Technical Analysis (2004 or 2005) Forecast Technical Analysis (2006 2010) Non-Technical Reduction Program EDUs Application for Caps
U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering

Training Course in System Loss Analysis

32

Total Distribution System Losses


Energy Delivered to the Distribution System

Energy Delivered to Users

Total Distribution System Losses

Administrative + Loss

Technical Loss

+ Non-Technical Loss

Bundled Technical & Non-Technical Losses


U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering

Training Course in System Loss Analysis

33

Total Distribution System Losses


Total DSL = Energy Input - Energy Output Total DSL
= [Energy delivered by the Transmission System] + [Energy delivered by Embedded Generating Plants] + [Energy delivered by Other Distribution Systems] + [Energy delivered by User Systems with Generating Units] - [Energy delivered to the Users of the Distribution System]
U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering

Training Course in System Loss Analysis

34

Administrative Losses
The actual (i.e. metered) electric energy consumed by essential loads in the facilities of the Distribution Utility

Administrative Loss =
= [Energy Consumed by Distribution Substations] + [Energy Consumed by Offices of the DU] + [Energy Consumed by Warehouses and Workshops]

U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration

Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering

Training Course in System Loss Analysis

35

Unbundling the Technical and Non-Technical Loss


Technical Losses
+

Non-Technical Losses
Shall be quantified through 3-Phase (Unbalanced) Load Flow Simulations

Technical Losses
Residual after subtracting Administrative & Technical Losses from the Total Distribution System Losses

Non-Technical Losses

U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration

Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering

Training Course in System Loss Analysis

36

Unbundling the Technical and Non-Technical Loss


Technical Loss
= [Hourly Load and No-Load (or Fixed) Losses in all

electrical equipment, devices and conductors]


a)Sub-transmission Lines b)Substation Power Transformers c)Primary Distribution Lines d)Distribution Transformers e)Secondary Distribution Lines f) Service Drops g) h) i) j) Voltage Regulators Capacitors Reactors Other electrical equipment

Hourly Load Flow Simulations

Plus Calculated Metering Equipment Loss


U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering

Training Course in System Loss Analysis

37

Unbundling the Technical and Non-Technical Loss


Subtransmission Lines Primary Distribution Lines (Main Feeder) Substation Transformer

Three-Phase Unbalanced Load Flow Simulations


a)Sub-transmission Lines b)Substation Power Transformers c)Primary Distribution Lines Distribution d)Distribution Transformers Transformer e)Secondary Distribution Lines f) Service Drops g)Voltage Regulators h)Capacitors i) Reactors j) Other electrical equipment
U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration

Primary Distribution Lines (Laterals)


Misc Loads

Secondary Distribution Lines Service Drop

Residential

Commercial

Industrial

Load Losses and No-Load (Fixed) Losses


Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering

Training Course in System Loss Analysis

38

Calculation of Metering Equipment

Unbundling the Technical and Non-Technical Loss

Potential Transformer Loss = Power Loss in PT (kW) x Number of PT x Number of Operating Hours in the Billing Period Current Transformer Loss = Power Loss in CT (kW) x Number of CT x Number of Operating Hours in the Billing Period Electric Meter Potential Coil Loss = Power Loss in Electric Meter Potential Coil (kW) x Number of Electric Meters x Number of Operating Hours in the Billing Period Electric Meter Current Coil Loss = Power Loss in Electric Meter Potential Coil (kW) x Number of Electric Meters x Number of Operating Hours in the Billing Period
Operating Hours = No. of days x 24 hours SAIDI
U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering

Training Course in System Loss Analysis

39

Unbundling the Technical and Non-Technical Loss


Non-Technical Loss
= Total Distribution System Losses - Administrative Loss - Technical Loss - Recovered Losses
Note: Losses recovered from anti-pilferage activities are subtracted from the total distribution system losses. Recovered Energy shall be so reported to reflect its character as a delayed metered energy consumption of End-Users.
U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering

Training Course in System Loss Analysis

40

DSL Segregator
Distribution System Loss Segregation Program
Distribution System Data

(3-phase Load Flow)

Segregated Technical Loss


(Billing Period)

Customer Energy Bill

Distribution Reliability Assessment Metering Equipment Inventory

Metering Equipment Loss

U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration

Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering

Training Course in System Loss Analysis

41

DSL Segregator

U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration

Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering

Training Course in System Loss Analysis

42

Historical Technical Analysis


TECHNICAL LOSS COMPUTATION
INPUT ERC DSL Templates Per Feeder Per Month
Output result to use: (kwhr per day) Primary Line Loss Primary Service Drop Loss DT Load Loss DT No-load Loss Secondary Line Loss Service Drop Loss VR, Shunt Capacitor Losses

Compute DSL simulation output into Per Metering point Per month

DSLSegregator

RESULT: kwhr per month per metering point Primary Line Loss Primary Service Drop Loss DT Load Loss DT No-load Loss Secondary Line Loss Service Drop Loss VR, Shunt Capacitor Losses RESULT: kwhr per month per metering point Power Transformer Load Loss Power Transformer No-Load Loss

DSL Simulation Output Per Feeder Per hour per day in a month

Output result to use: ( per hour per day in month) INPUT (KW) per hour INPUT (KVAR) per hour

Compute Power Transformer Losses

INPUT Rating of the Power Transformer


Input data to use: No. of metered consumers per feeder

Compute Metering, CTs & PTs losses

RESULT: kwhr per month per metering point Meter, CT and PT losses

INPUT Internal Loss of Kwhr Meters, CTs and PTs

courtesy of BENECO

U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration

Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering

Training Course in System Loss Analysis

43

Historical Technical Analysis


DATA REQUIREMENTS TEMPLATES

ERC-DSL-01 ERC-DSL-02 ERC-DSL-03 ERC-DSL-04 ERC-DSL-05 ERC-DSL-06 ERC-DSL-07 ERC-DSL-08 ERC-DSL-09 ERC-DSL-10 ERC-DSL-11 ERC-DSL-12 ERC-DSL-13 ERC-DSL-14 ERC-DSL-15 ERC-DSL-16 ERC-DSL-17 ERC-DSL-18 ERC-DSL-19 ERC-DSL-20 ERC-DSL-21 ERC-DSL-22 ERC-DSL-23

ADMINITRATIVE LOAD DATA CUSTOMER DATA BILLING CYCLE DATA CUSTOMER ENERGY CONSUMPTION DATA LOAD CURVE DATA BUS DATA SUBTRANSMISSION LINE DATA- OVERHEAD SUBTRANSMISSION LINE DATA- UNDERGROUND/ SUBMARINE CABLE SUBSTATION POWER TRANSFORMER DATA- TWO WINDING SUBSTATION POWER TRANSFORMER DATA- THREE WINDING PRIMARY DISTRIBUTION LINE DATA- OVERHEAD PRIMARY DISTRIBUTION LINE DATA- UNDERGROUND CABLE PRIMARY CUSTOMER SERVICE DROP DATA- OVERHEAD PRIMARY CUSTOMER SERVICE DROP DATA- UNDERGROUND DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER DATA SECONDARY DISTRIBUTION LINE DATA SECONDARY CUSTOMER SERVICE DROP DATA VOLTAGE REGULATOR DATA SHUNT CAPACITOR DATA SHUNT INDUCTOR DATA SERIES INDUCTOR DATA ENERGY SALES DATA OTHER TECHNICAL DATA

U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration

Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering

Training Course in System Loss Analysis

44

Historical Technical Analysis


FEEDER DATA

U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration

Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering

Training Course in System Loss Analysis

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Historical Technical Analysis


DSL RESULT PER FEEDER PER HOUR PER DAY IN A MONTH

U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration

Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering

Training Course in System Loss Analysis

46

Historical Technical Analysis


DSL RESULT PER FEEDER PER HOUR PER DAY IN A MONTH

U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration

Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering

Training Course in System Loss Analysis

47

Historical Technical Analysis


DSL RESULT FOR ALL MONTHS PER FEEDER IN KWHR/DAY

U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration

Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering

Training Course in System Loss Analysis

48

Historical Technical Analysis


2004 OR 2005 BILLING CYCLE

U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration

Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering

Training Course in System Loss Analysis

49

Historical Technical Analysis


RESULT FOR ALL MONTHS PER FEEDER IN KWHR/MONTH

U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration

Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering

Training Course in System Loss Analysis

50

Historical Technical Analysis


RESULT PER METERING POINT FOR ALL MONTHS IN KWHR/MONTH

U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration

Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering

Training Course in System Loss Analysis

51

Historical Technical Analysis


TECHNICAL LOSS COMPUTATION FOR POWER TRANSFORMER LOSSES

INPUT ERC DSL Templates Per Feeder Per Month

DSLSegregator

DSL Simulation Output Per Feeder Per hour per day in a month

Output result to use: ( per hour per day in month) INPUT (KW) per hour INPUT (KVAR) per hour

Compute Power Transformer Losses

RESULT: kwhr per month per metering point Power Transformer Load Loss Power Transformer No-Load Loss

INPUT Name Plate Data of the Power Transformer

courtesy of BENECO

U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration

Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering

Training Course in System Loss Analysis

52

Historical Technical Analysis


DSL RESULT PER FEEDER PER HOUR PER DAY IN MONTH

U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration

Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering

Training Course in System Loss Analysis

53

Historical Technical Analysis


DSL RESULT PER FEEDER PER HOUR PER DAY IN MONTH

U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration

Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering

Training Course in System Loss Analysis

54

Historical Technical Analysis


2004 0R 2005 BILLING CYCLE

U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration

Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering

Training Course in System Loss Analysis

55

Historical Technical Analysis


POWER TRANSFORMER LOSS COMPUTATION

U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration

Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering

Training Course in System Loss Analysis

56

Historical Technical Analysis


TECHNICAL LOSS COMPUTATION FOR KWHOUR-METER LOSSES
INPUT ERC DSL Templates Per Feeder Per Month

Input data to use: No. of metered consumers per feeder

Compute Metering, CTs & PTs losses INPUT Internal Loss of Kwhr Meters, CTs and PTs

RESULT: kwhr per month per metering point Meter, CT and PT losses

courtesy of BENECO

U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration

Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering

Training Course in System Loss Analysis

57

Historical Technical Analysis


KILOWATT HOUR METER TESTING

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Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering

Training Course in System Loss Analysis

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Historical Technical Analysis


RESULT FOR METERING EQUIPMENT LOSSES IN KWHR PER MONTH

U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration

Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering

Training Course in System Loss Analysis

59

Historical Technical Analysis


INPUT: kwhr per month per metering point Primary Line Loss Primary Service Drop Loss DT Load Loss DT No-load Loss Secondary Line Loss Service Drop Loss VR, Shunt Capacitor Losses
Compute

RESULT: TECHNICAL kwhr losses per month per metering point Power Transformer Load Loss Power Transformer No-Load Loss Primary Line Loss Primary Service Drop Loss DT Load Loss DT No-load Loss Secondary Line Loss Service Drop Loss VR, Shunt Capacitor Losses Meter, CT and PT losses

INPUT: kwhr per month per metering point Power Transformer Load Loss Power Transformer No-Load Loss

TECHNICAL WHR LOSSES IN KWHR PER METERING PT. MONTH PER MONTH

INPUT: kwhr per month per metering point Meter, CT and PT losses

Note: Will file new petition if the DUs acquired the Substransmission Lines of the TRANSCO

courtesy of BENECO

U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration

Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering

Training Course in System Loss Analysis

60

Historical Technical Analysis


TECHNICAL LOSS COMPUTATION PER METERING POINT

U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration

Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering

Training Course in System Loss Analysis

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ADMINISTRATIVE LOAD DATA

Historical Technical Analysis

U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration

Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering

Training Course in System Loss Analysis

62

Historical Technical Analysis


ADMINISTRATIVE LOSS COMPUTATION

Compute INPUT Historical Kwhr Administrative Losses Per month per feeder for year 2004 ADMINISTRATIVE KWHR LOSSES PER METERING POINT PER MONTH

RESULT:

ADMNISTRATIVE kwhr losses per month per metering point

Input data to use:

INPUT ERC DSL Templates Per Feeder Per Month

Administatuve Load Template

COMPARE

courtesy of BENECO

U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration

Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering

Training Course in System Loss Analysis

63

Historical Technical Analysis


ADMINISTRATIVE LOAD LOSS PER METERING POINT PER MONTH

U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration

Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering

Training Course in System Loss Analysis

64

Historical Technical Analysis


NON-TECHNICAL LOSS COMPUTATION
INPUT ENERGY PURCHASE (input) & ENERGY SALES (output) per month per metering point

INPUT:

Compute NON-TECHNICAL KWHR LOSSES PER METERING POINT PER MONTH

RESULT:

NON-TECHNICAL kwhr

ADMNISTRATIVE kwhr losses per month per metering point

losses per month per metering point

INPUT: TECHNICAL kwhr losses per month per metering point

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65

NON-TECHNICAL LOSS COMPUTATION

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Historical Technical Analysis


SEGREGATED DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM LOSSES
INPUT ENERGY PURCHASE (input) & ENERGY SALES (output) per month per metering point
INPUT:

ADMNISTRATIVE kwhr losses per month per metering point

Compute SEGREGATED DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM LOSSES PER MONTH

RESULT:

INPUT: TECHNICAL kwhr losses per month per metering point


INPUT:

SEGREGATED DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM LOSSES PER MONTH

NON-TECHNICAL kwhr losses per month per metering point

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Historical Technical Analysis


SEGREGATED LOSSES FOR ATOK SUBSTATION (METERING POINT)

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Historical Technical Analysis


SUMMARY OF SYSTEM LOSSES FOR YR 2004 OR 2005

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Forecast Technical Analysis


LOAD FORECASTING METHOD INPUT: Minimum of 7year Historical Sales (Output) data
CUBIC TRENDING METHOD

RESULT: FIVE-YEAR FORECASTED ENERGY SALES (OUTPUTDATA)

Other Load Forecasting Methods (Spatial Load Forecasting)


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Forecast Technical Analysis


INPUT: FIVE-YEAR (2006-2010) ALLOCATED ADDITIONAL SALES (referred to year 2004)

LOAD FORECASTING METHOD


RESULT:

INPUT:
2004 ENERGY SALES (output) per Feeder per month

Compute (use formula below)

ALLOCATED ADDITIONAL SALES (OUTPUT) PER FEEDER PER MONTH YEAR (2006-2010)

Where: FSM2004 = 2004 Sales per month per Feeder FSA2004 = 2004 Sales per year per Feeder FSA 2004 AAS = Allocated Additional Sales per year AASy = AAS 2004 AnnualSale s AASy = Allocated Additional Sales per year per Feeder AASm = Allocated Additional Sales per month per Feeder AASy FSA 2004 AASm = FSM 2004 courtesy of BENECO

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Forecast Technical Analysis


LOAD FORECASTING METHOD
INPUT: ALLOCATED ADDITIONAL SALES (OUTPUT) PER FEEDER PER MONTH YEAR (2006-2010) RESULT: ALLOCATED ADDITIONAL SALES (OUTPUT) PER CONNECTION POINT PER MONTH PER FEEDER FOR YEARS 2006-2010

Compute (use formula below)

INPUT:
DETERMINE THE NUMBER OF NEW CONNECTION/CONSUMER POINTS FOR THE ADDITIONAL SALES (OUPUT)

Where:

CAASm = CP = No. of additional connection points CP AASm = Allocated Additional Sales per month per Feeder CAASm = Allocated Additional Sales per month per Feeder of each new connection point
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AASm

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Forecast Technical Analysis

MINIMUM PRIMARY LINE VOLTAGE

RESULT:
DSL Simulation Output Per Feeder Per hour per day in a month
Output result to use: ( per hour per day in month) PRIMARY VOLTAGE PROFILE

DETERMINE MINIMUM VOLTAGE PER FEEDER

MINIMUM PRIMARY LINE VOLTAGE PER FEEDER

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Forecast Technical Analysis


DATA REQUIREMENT FOR FORECAST DSL SIMULATION

INPUT: ALLOCATED ADDITIONAL SALES (OUTPUT) PER CONNECTION POINT PER MONTH PER FEEDER FOR YEARS 2006-2010 INPUT: TYPICAL LOAD CURVE PER METERING POINT
RESULT:

MINIMUM PRIMARY LINE VOLTAGE PER FEEDER (CRITERIA = 92.5%)

INPUT REQUIRED DATA TO THE APPROPRIATE SHEET

FORECAST ERC DSL Templates Per Feeder Per Year (EDITED FORM FROM JANUARY 2004 ERC DSL TEMPLATE)

BASE MONTH = JANUARY


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Forecast Technical Analysis


TECHNICAL LOSS CALCULATION
HISTORICAL DSL Simulation Output Per Feeder Per hour per day in a month

PRIMARY TO SERVICE DROP LINE LOSS CALCULATION (%)

Output result to use: ALL MONTHLY LOSSES IN PERCENT (%) % referred to the Energy Input up to Primary Line

OBTAIN THE RATIO OF THE PRIMARY LINE LOSS OF ALL THE MONTHS REFERRED TO THE BASE MONTH

RESULT: RATIO OF PRIMARY LINE LOSSES OF FEBRUARY TO DECEMBER REFERRED TO JANUARY

BASE MONTH = JANUARY


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Forecast Technical Analysis


PRIMARY TO SERVICE DROP LINE LOSS CALCULATION (%)
IS MINIMUM PRIMARY LINE VOLTAGE PER FEEDER GREATER THAN 92.5% YES DO NOT SIMULATE THE NEXT YEAR. OBTAIN DSL OUTPUT RESULT OF THE PREVIOUS SIMULATION
INPUT: FORECAST ERC DSL Templates Per Feeder Per Year
(EDITED FORM FROM JANUARY 2004 ERC DSL TEMPLATE)

YES

NO

INPUT: RATIO OF PRIMARY LINE LOSSES OF FEBRUARY TO DECEMBER REFERRED TO JANUARY

DSL Segregator OBTAIN THE PRIMARY LINE LOSS PERCENT (%) EQUIVALENT OF THE REST OF THE MONTH (FEBRUARYDECEMBER)

Output result to use: FORECAST DSL Simulation Output Per Feeder Per hour per day for JANUARY PRIMARY LINE LOSS IN PERCENT (%) % referred to the Energy Input up Primary Line

RESULT NEXT PAGE

BASE MONTH = JANUARY

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Forecast Technical Analysis


PRIMARY TO SERVICE DROP LINE LOSS CALCULATION (%)
RESULT: (PER FEEDER) PERCENT(%) EQUIVALENT OF Primary Line Loss Primary Service Drop Loss DT Load Loss DT No-load Loss Secondary Line Loss Service Drop Loss VR, Shunt Capacitor Losses

NOTE: ONLY THE PRIMARY LINE LOSS PERCENTAGE (%) INCREASES WHILE THE REST OF THE LINE LOSS PERCENTAGES REMAIN AS IS.
FIXED or equal to Base Year

Ratio =

Pr imaryLineL oss (% Month ) % Base

% referred to the Energy Input up to Primary Line Where:

% Equivalent February December = Ratio % PLL January

%Base = Primary Line Loss in % per month per feeder Base month = January Ratio = ratio of the primary line loss % of the month over the primary line loss % of the base month (January) % Equivalent = % equivalent of primary line loss for February to December of the forecasted years (2006-2010) %PLL = % Primary Line loss simulated from the forecasted DSL ERC Template (January) courtesy of BENECO

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Forecast Technical Analysis


INPUT: (PER FEEDER) PERCENT(%) EQUIVALENT OF Primary Line Loss Primary Service Drop Loss DT Load Loss DT No-load Loss Secondary Line Loss Service Drop Loss VR, Shunt Capacitor Losses % referred to the Energy Input up to Primary Line INPUT: ALLOCATED ADDITIONAL SALES (OUTPUT) PER FEEDER PER MONTH YEAR (2006-2010)

PRIMARY TO SERVICE DROP LINE LOSS CALCULATION (%)

CALCULATE THE EQUIVALENT KWHR LOSSES OF THE COMPONENTS

RESULT: (PER FEEDER) KWHR EQUIVALENT OF Primary Line Loss Primary Service Drop Loss DT Load Loss DT No-load Loss Secondary Line Loss Service Drop Loss VR, Shunt Capacitor Losses

EnergyInput Month = (2004SalesMonth + ForecastAdditionalSalesMonth ) (1 + TotalPercentLossMonth ) EQUIVALENT KWHR = % EQUIVALENT x ENERGY INPUT courtesy of BENECO

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Forecast Technical Analysis


METERING LOSSES CALCULATION
INPUT: Minimum of 7-year Historical Average No. of Consumers data CUBIC TRENDING METHOD RESULT: FIVE-YEAR FORECASTED AVERAGE NO. OF CONSUMERS

Input: No. of FORECASTED metered consumers per feeder PER YEAR

Compute Metering, CTs & PTs losses

RESULT: kwhr per month per metering point Meter, CT and PT losses per feeder per month per year

INPUT Internal Loss of Kwhr Meters, CTs and PTs

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Forecast Technical Analysis


PRIMARY TO METERING LOSS CALCULATION
INPUT: (PER FEEDER) KWHR EQUIVALENT OF Primary Line Loss Primary Service Drop Loss DT Load Loss DT No-load Loss Secondary Line Loss Service Drop Loss VR, Shunt Capacitor Losses Meter, CT and PT losses RESULT: (PER METERING POINT) KWHR LOSS OF: Primary Line Loss Primary Service Drop Loss DT Load Loss DT No-load Loss Secondary Line Loss Service Drop Loss VR, Shunt Capacitor Losses Meter, CT and PT losses

CALCULATE THE KWHR LOSSES OF THE COMPONENTS PER METERING POINT

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Forecast Technical Analysis


INPUT FORECAST TYPICAL LOAD CURVE OF EACH METERING POINT

POWER TRANSFORMER LOSS CALCULATION

Compute

RESULT: kwhr per month per metering point Power Transformer Load Loss Power Transformer NoLoad Loss

INPUT FORECAST DAILY INPUT FOR POWER TRANSFORMER LOADING


INPUT Rating of the Power Transformer

Power Transformer Losses

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Forecast Technical Analysis


INPUT: kwhr per month per metering point Primary Line Loss Primary Service Drop Loss DT Load Loss DT No-load Loss Secondary Line Loss Service Drop Loss VR, Shunt Capacitor Losses INPUT: kwhr per month per metering point Power Transformer Load Loss Power Transformer No-Load Loss INPUT: kwhr per month per metering point Meter, CT and PT losses courtesy of BENECO

SUMMARY OF TECHNICAL LOSS CALCULATION


RESULT: TECHNICAL kwhr losses per month per metering point Power Transformer Load Loss Power Transformer No-Load Loss Primary Line Loss Primary Service Drop Loss DT Load Loss DT No-load Loss Secondary Line Loss Service Drop Loss VR, Shunt Capacitor Losses Meter, CT and PT losses

Compute TECHNICAL WHR LOSSES IN KWHR PER METERING PT. MONTH PER MONTH

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Forecast Technical Analysis


ADMINISTRATIVE LOSS CALCULATION
RESULT:(PER FEEDER) INPUT: Programmed additional administrative load for the next five years based from DDP ADD THE ADDITIONAL LOAD TO THE HISTORICAL DSL TEMPPLATE FORECASTED ERC DSL TemplateADMINISTRATIVE LOAD sheet Per Feeder Per Month

INPUT:(PER FEEDER) REVISED ERC DSL TemplateADMINISTRATIVE LOAD sheet Per Feeder Per Month

COMBINE ADMINISTRATIVE LOSSES PER METERING POINT

RESULT: kwhr per month per metering point


ADMINISTRATIVE LOAD Per Month

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Forecast Technical Analysis


ENERGY INPUT (PURCHASE) CALCULATION
INPUT: TECHNICAL kwhr losses per month per metering point Power Transformer Load Loss Power Transformer No-Load Loss Primary Line Loss Primary Service Drop Loss DT Load Loss DT No-load Loss Secondary Line Loss Service Drop Loss VR, Shunt Capacitor Losses Meter, CT and PT losses INPUT: kwhr per month per metering point
ADMINISTRATIVE LOSS Per Month

INPUT: HISTORICAL (2004) % NONTECHNICAL LOSS PER METERING POINT

CALCULATE THE ENERGY INPUT PER METERING POINT

RESULT: kwhr per month per metering point


ENERGY INPUT PER METERING POINT

INPUT: ALLOCATED ENERGY SALES (OUTPUT) PER METERING POINT PER MONTH YEAR (2006-2010)

Energy Input (Purchase) kwhr = Energy Sales kwhr + Admin Loss kwhr + Technical Loss kwhr 1- % Non-Technical Loss courtesy of BENECO

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Forecast Technical Analysis


SUMMARY OF THE FORECASTED SEGREGATED DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM LOSS TECHNICAL ANALYSIS
INPUT: kwhr per month per metering point
TECHNICAL LOSS ADMINISTRATIVE LOSS ENERGY INPUT (PURCHASE) ENERGY OUTPUT (SALES) CALCULATE SEGREGATED LOSSES PER MONTH

RESULT:
SEGREGATED DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM LOSSES PER MONTH PER YEAR

INPUT:
SEGREGATED LOSSES PER MONTH PER YEAR

SUMMARIZE RESULT PER YEAR WITH SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS

RESULT:
FORECASTED SEGREGATED DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM LOSSES PER YEAR

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Non-Technical Loss Reduction Program 1.Factors contributory to non technical loss 2.Materials and Costs in the non technical loss reduction program 3.Projects / Activities
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Non-Technical Loss Reduction Program


ACTIVITIES / PROJECTS TO REDUCE NON TECHNICAL LOSS

DATA INPUT: Non technical loss per metering point (in kwhr) as a result of DSL Segregation

PROJECT COST PER ACTIVITY

DATA INPUT: Per Metering Data

COMPUTE FOR THE OPTIMUM LEVEL OF LEAST % OF NONTECHNICAL LOSS

ACTIVITY / PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION courtesy of BENECO

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Non-Technical Loss Reduction Program


ACTIVITIES / PROGRAMS TO REDUCE NON TECHNICAL LOSS:

Communal Distribution Transformer Metering Inspection and apprehension Kwhr Meter Replacement (apprehended) Phased out kwhr meter replacement (old kwhr meters) Sole use Distribution Transformer metering Streetlight kwhr metering Streetlight Photo switching Right of way clearing Loose Connection correction Others
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Non-Technical Loss Reduction Program

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Non-Technical Loss Reduction Program


EXAMPLE: LAMUT S/S METERING POINT

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Non-Technical Loss Reduction Program

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Non-Technical Loss Reduction Program

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Non-Technical Loss Reduction Program

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Non-Technical Loss Reduction Program

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Non-Technical Loss Reduction Program

Percentage value to be applied as non technical loss cap

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EDUs Compliance to ERC DSL


Executive Summary Proposed Segregated Distribution System Loss Caps for five years Historical/Test Year Segregated Distribution System Loss Forecasted Segregated Distribution System Losses Proposed Non Technical Loss Reduction Program Confirmation that EDUs has submitted electronic copies of the ERC templates as shown in Annex B of the Guidelines Confirmation that EDUs has submitted a Distribution Map consistent with the ERC templates Prayer by EDUs Attachments/Explanations/Justifications

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EDUs Compliance to ERC DSL


Executive Summary

Utility Overview/Background
Date organized Area coverage Mission/vision Substation/Total kilometers of lines

General Manager Person responsible for preparing the application


Telephone/fax number/email address
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Proposed Segregated System Loss


Year Proposed Administrative Loss Cap (kWh) Proposed Proposed Technical Loss Declining Non Cap (%) Technical Loss Cap (%)

Year 1 (2006) Year 2 (2007) Year 3 (2008) Year 4 (2009) Year 5 (2010)

xxx kwh xxx kwh xxx kwh xxx kwh xxx kwh

x to x % x to x % x to x % x to x % x to x %

xx % xx % xx % xx % xx %

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Historical/Test Year Segregated System Loss


Table 1: Test Year Segregated Technical Loss ( in kilowatt-hour)
Month

Energ y Input (KWH )

SubTransmissio n (KWH)

Power XF (KWH )

Primary Line (KWH)

Primar y Servic e Drop (KWH)

Dist. XF Load Loss (KWH)

Dist. XF No Load Loss (KWH )

Secondar y Line (KWH)

Secondar y Service Drop (KWH)

Meterin g (KWH)

Total Technica l Loss (KWH)

January February March April May June July August September October November December Total

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Historical/Test Year Segregated System Loss


Table 2: Test Year Segregated Technical Loss ( in %)
Month

Energ y Input (KWH )

SubTransmissio n (%)

Power XF (%)

Primar y Line (%)

Primary Service Drop (%)

Dist. XF Load Loss (%)

Dist. XF No Load Loss (%)

Seconda ry Line (%)

Secondar y Service Drop (%)

Meterin g (%)

Total Technical Loss (%)

January February March April May June July August September October November December Total

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Historical/Test Year Segregated System Loss


Table 3: Test Year Segregated Distribution System Losses
Energ y Input (KWH) Energy Output (KWH) Total System Losses (KWH) Administrativ e Loss (KWH) Technica l Loss (KWH) Non Technica l Loss (KWH) Total System Losses (%) Administrativ e Loss (%) Technical Loss (%) Non Technical Loss (%)

Month

January February March April May June July August September October November December Total

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Forecasted Segregated System Loss

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Forecasted Segregated System Loss

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Electronic Copies

ERC-DSL-01 Administrative Load data ERC-DSL-02 Customer data ERC-DSL-03 Billing Cycle Data ERC-DSL-04 Customer Energy Consumption Data ERC-DSL-05 Load Curve Data ERC-DSL-06 Bus Data ERC-DSL-07 Sub-transmission Line Data (Overhead) ERC-DSL-08 - Sub-transmission Line Data (Underground/Submarine Cable) ERC-DSL-09 Substation Power Transformer Data (Two Winding) ERC-DSL-10 Substation Power Transformer Data (Three Winding) ERC-DSL-11 Primary Distribution Line Data (Overhead) ERC-DSL-12 Primary Distribution Line Data (Underground Cable) ERC-DSL-13 - Primary Customer Service Drop Data (Overhead) ERC-DSL-14 Primary Customer Service Drop Data (Underground Cable) ERC-DSL-15 Distribution Transformer Data ERC-DSL-16 Secondary Line Distribution Data ERC-DSL-17 Secondary Customer Service Drop Data ERC-DSL-18 Voltage Regulator Data ERC-DSL-19 Shunt Capacitor Data ERC-DSL-20 Shunt Inductor Data ERC-DSL-21 Series Inductor Data ERC-DSL-22 Other Technical Data Distribution System Map which is consistent with the ERC templates

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System Loss Reduction and Control


Reduction and Control of Technical Losses Reduction and Control of Non-Technical Losses

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Reduction and Control of Technical Losses

Distribution Rehabilitation Plan


Safety Power Quality Problem Correction Reduce Technical Losses

Distribution Expansion Plan


Capacity that complies with Power Quality Standards and Controlled Technical Losses

PDC: Distribution Development Plan


Technical Analysis Economic Analysis
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Financial Analysis

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106

Reduction and Control of Technical Losses

Use the results of the Distribution System Segregation Program for Technical Loss Reduction Program.
Ranks the technical losses from the highest to lowest ( Per Substation, Per feeder, per section, etc.) Make a Specific Technical Loss Reduction Program based on your technical analysis!!! Simulate your proposed technical loss reduction solutions to quantify the technical loss reduction Optimize your proposed technical loss reduction solutions

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System Loss Reduction Program & Incentives

Expenses associated with any technical loss reduction program shall be considered part of DU capital and operating costs Declining Cap for Non-Technical Losses with a Plan ERC may decide to implement a reward mechanism
Technical Loss Cap 100% Recoverable for DU 75% for DU reward / 25% for Customers 50% for DU / 50% for Customers 25% for DU / 75% for Customers -1 Standard Deviation -2 Standard Deviation -3 Standard Deviation

le p m a Ex

< -3 Standard Deviation 100% for Customers Rate Reduction


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Reduction and Control of Technical Losses


3.2.5.2 The maximum Voltage Unbalance at the Connection Point of any User, excluding the Voltage Unbalance passed on from the Grid, shall not exceed 2.5% during normal operating conditions.

Voltage Unbalance =

Max{ Vphase Vaverage Vaverage

x 100

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Reduction and Control of Technical Losses


DSC-PDC-011 Reduction of Technical Loss through Reactive Power compensation Reactive Power Compensation Distributors shall correct feeder and substation feeder bus Reactive Power demand to a level, which will economically reduce feeder loss. (PDC 3.4.3.3)
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Reduction and Control of Technical Losses


Power Factor at Connection Point (PDC 3.4.3.1) Distribution Users shall maintain a Power Factor of not less than 85% lagging at the connection point with the Distributors System. Power Factor Penalty and Incentive Scheme ((PDC 3.4.3.2) Distributors may establish penalties for User Power Factors that are less than a specified target level, and incentives for User Power Factors that are greater than the target level.
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Reduction and Control of Technical Losses


102 KVAR 133.33 KVAR

48.43 KVAR

75 KVAR

100 KW

100 KW

100 KW

100 KW

100 KW

100 KVA PF = 1.00

111.11 KVA PF = 0.90

125 KVA PF = 0.80

142.86 KVA PF = 0.70

166.67KVA PF = 0.60

Required increase in the apparent and reactive powers as a function of the load power, holding the real power of the load constant.
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Reduction and Control of Technical Losses


43.59 KVAR 100 KW 60 KVAR 71.41 KVAR 80 KVAR

90 KW

80 KW

70 KW

60 KW
100 KVA PF = 0.60

100 KVA PF =1.00

100 KVA PF = 0.90

100 KVA PF = 0.80

100 KVA PF= 0.70

Change in the real and reactive power as a function of the load power, holding the apparent power of the load constant
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Reduction and Control of Technical Losses


252 V 240 V 228 V

At Peak Load

252 V 240 V 228 V

At Off-Peak Load

The effects of a fixed capacitor on the voltage profile of feeder


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Reduction and Control of Technical Losses

SWITCHED CAPACITORS
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FIXED CAPACITORS
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Reduction and Control of Technical Losses

Sizing of the fixed and switched capacitors to meet the daily reactive power demands
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Reduction and Control of Technical Losses

Meeting the reactive power with fixed, voltage-control, and time-control capacitors
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Reduction and Control of Technical Losses

Financial Benefits Due to Capacitor Installations

Vav , after Vav ,before


1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.25 1.30

1. Demand reduction 2. Energy reduction 3. Revenue increase due to voltage improvement 4. Reduction of technical losses

kWh increase, % 0 8 16 25 34 43 52

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Reduction and Control of Non-Technical Losses


NEA SLRP

Causes of Pilferages
Long run of secondary networks conducive for illegal tapping Services run from one building to the next and attached to various structures (e.g., trees) making it difficult for meter readers to follow the wires or spot illegal connections Secondary wiring with rats nest appearance due to poor workmanship Inaccessible meters (located indoor or inside a compound) Control of meter seals Poor meter records (where and when the meters are installed, maintained, removed, condemned, etc.)
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NEA SLRP

Reduction and Control of Non-Technical Losses

Detection of Pilferages

All service connections are metered All energized services are in an active status in the billing system There are no illegal taps, by-passed meters, or tampered meters Each household is metered separately (no flying taps) Each consumer is properly classified 1. Match all service connections found in the field to a distribution transformer 2. Match the meter number to the account number 3. Check meter reading against previous readings to assure that meter readings are being properly reported
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Surveillance Teams (working full time) Consumer connections inventory to assure that:

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Reduction and Control of Non-Technical Losses


NEA SLRP

Tampered Meters
In-Place Quick-test for Accuracy Hard-to-Detect Tampering
Gear teeth removed Small hole bored at the top of the meter housing Floating Neutral Swapping the line-side and load side Service conductors are not properly supported Service wire insulation has deteriorated

Correcting Problems

U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration

Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering

Training Course in System Loss Analysis

121

Reduction and Control of Non-Technical Losses


NEA SLRP

Apprehension of Pilferers
Confronting the consumer Documenting the findings including police blotter Calculating the amount of electricity stolen Setting the penalty amount to be charged Disconnecting service and removing the meter
Must include policemen or barangay officials

U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration

Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering

Training Course in System Loss Analysis

122

Reduction and Control of Non-Technical Losses


NEA SLRP

Punitive Measures Against Pilferers


R.A. 7832 Theft of electricity is a crime Removal of fraudulent hook-ups Collection for unregistered consumption Penalty charge Connection charge Disconnection of service Filing charges with judicial authorities Charging for tampering with seals Regularly scheduled inspections

U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration

Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering

Training Course in System Loss Analysis

123

Reduction and Control of Non-Technical Losses


NEA SLRP

Prevention of Pilferage by Service Entrance Modification


Installation of Service Entrance Conduits from the service entrance cap up to the Kwhr meter must be surfaced mounted and visible to the street. Installation of meters on the service pole for prone power theft area. Meter clustering in apartment and condominium buildings Use of intelligence electronic meter and better meter seals Security plates or cabinets Anti-fraud cables for service entrance
U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering

Training Course in System Loss Analysis

124

Surface Mounted Service Entrance RSC


U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering

Training Course in System Loss Analysis

125

Group Metering for Apartment Building


U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering

Training Course in System Loss Analysis

126

Pole Metering for Prone Power Theft Area


U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering

Training Course in System Loss Analysis

127

Reduction and Control of Non-Technical Losses


NEA SLRP

Political and legal measures


Full and strict implementation of RA 7832 that impose severe penalties on employees who collaborate with consumers for the purpose of defrauding the DU Modification of Procedures for recovery and prosecution Elimination of political interference with bill collections Consistent enforcement practices Research and analyze decided legal power theft cases Publicize successes

U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration

Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering

Training Course in System Loss Analysis

128

Reduction and Control of Non-Technical Losses


NEA SLRP

Complaints for low voltage from the customers Look for the overload distribution transformers and compared the billings of all customers connected to that DT. Distribution transformers that always trips may be suspected for illegal connections.

U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration

Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering

Training Course in System Loss Analysis

129

Optimal Level of System Loss

Cost

Total Cost System Loss Reduction Program Cost

Unrecovered
Energy Cost

High

Optimal

Low

System Loss

U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration

Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering

Training Course in System Loss Analysis

130

U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration

Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering

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