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System Loss Caps Distribution System Loss Models and Methodologies Segregation of Distribution System Losses System Loss Reduction and Control Petition for Compliance to ERC DSL
U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
RA 9136 on System Loss Caps PDC Chapter 3.4.1 Guidelines for the Application and Approval of Caps on the Recoverable Rate of Distribution System Losses
Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
Guidelines for the Application and Approval of Caps on the Recoverable Rate of Distribution System losses
Article I General Provisions Article II Segregation Distribution System Losses Article III Recoverable Rate of Distribution System Losses Article IV Filing Requirements and Procedures Article V Reportorial Requirements and Monitoring Article VI Administrative Sanctions Article VII Repeal and Separability
U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration
Annex A
Guidelines for the Application and Approval of Caps on the Recoverable Rate of Distribution System losses Article II - Segregation Distribution System Losses
Energy Delivered to the Distribution System Energy Delivered to the Customers
Administrative Loss
Metered Energy Consumption of Essential and Connected Loads
Non-Technical Loss
Residual after subtracting Administrative & Technical Loss from Total Distribution System Losses
Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
Guidelines for the Application and Approval of Caps on the Recoverable Rate of Distribution System losses
Calculation and Reporting Period Monthly Coincides with the billing cycle Distribution Utilities shall report the following:
Number of Days Number of Hours; and Dates Covered by the Billing Period
Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
Guidelines for the Application and Approval of Caps on the Recoverable Rate of Distribution System losses
Administrative Loss
The component of Distribution System Losses that accounts for the electric energy used by the Distribution Utility in the proper operation of the Distribution System including the following facilities subject to ERC Approval: a. b. c. d. Distribution Substations; Offices; Warehouses; and Workshops.
Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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Guidelines for the Application and Approval of Caps on the Recoverable Rate of Distribution System losses
Facility/Activity: Location: Purpose: Space Area (sq. m.): Number of Occupants:
Count 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Quantity
Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
11
Guidelines for the Application and Approval of Caps on the Recoverable Rate of Distribution System losses
Technical Loss
The component that is inherent in the electrical equipment, devices and conductors used in the physical delivery of electric energy. It includes both the Load and No-Load (or fixed) losses.
Technical Loss
Losses in all electrical equipment, devices and conductors] Computer Simulations of Power Flow of Distribution System based on Billing Cycles and Estimates for Metering Equipment Losses
U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
12
Guidelines for the Application and Approval of Caps on the Recoverable Rate of Distribution System losses
Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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Guidelines for the Application and Approval of Caps on the Recoverable Rate of Distribution System losses
Potential Transformer Loss = Power Loss in PT (kW) x Number of PT x Number of Operating Hours in the Billing Period Current Transformer Loss = Power Loss in CT (kW) x Number of CT x Number of Operating Hours in the Billing Period Electric Meter Potential Coil Loss = Power Loss in Electric Meter Potential Coil (kW) x Number of Electric Meters x Number of Operating Hours in the Billing Period Electric Meter Current Coil Loss = Power Loss in Electric Meter Potential Coil (kW) x Number of Electric Meters x Number of Operating Hours in the Billing Period
Operating Hours = No. of days x 24 hours SAIDI
U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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Guidelines for the Application and Approval of Caps on the Recoverable Rate of Distribution System losses Non-Technical Loss The component that is not related to the physical characteristics and functions of the electrical system, and is caused primarily by human error, whether intentional or not. Includes the electric energy lost due to pilferage, tampering of meters and erroneous meter reading. For purposes of these Guidelines, the Load Loss due to electric Energy pilferage shall be considered as part of the Non-Technical Loss.
U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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Guidelines for the Application and Approval of Caps on the Recoverable Rate of Distribution System losses Calculation of Non-Technical Loss
Non-Technical Loss
= Total Distribution System Losses - Administrative Loss - Technical Loss - Recovered Losses
Recovered Energy through anti-pilferage activities or any other form of recovery subject to ERC approval shall be subtracted from the Non-Technical Loss. Recovered Energy shall be so reported to reflect its character as a delayed metered energy consumption of End-Users.
U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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Guidelines for the Application and Approval of Caps on the Recoverable Rate of Distribution System losses
Article III - Recoverable Rate of Distribution System Losses
Three (3) Separate Caps for Segregated Losses Cap for the Technical Loss
% of Energy Input to the Distribution System Based on Historical and Forecasted Technical Losses ERC may choose to adopt grouping of DUs taking into account technical characteristics % of Energy Input to the Distribution System Declining Cap based on Proposed Non-Technical Loss Reduction Program kWhr allowance based on existing essential loads
Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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Guidelines for the Application and Approval of Caps on the Recoverable Rate of Distribution System losses
System Loss Reduction Program & Incentives
Expenses associated with any technical loss reduction program shall be considered part of DU capital and operating costs Declining Cap for Non-Technical Losses with a Plan ERC may decide to implement a reward mechanism Technical Loss Cap 100% Recoverable for DU
-1 Standard Deviation 75% for DU reward / 25% for Customers -2 Standard Deviation -3 Standard Deviation 50% for DU / 50% for Customers 25% for DU / 75% for Customers
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Guidelines for the Application and Approval of Caps on the Recoverable Rate of Distribution System losses Article IV Filing Requirements and Procedures
Petition for Distribution System Loss Caps Data Requirements Annex B Procedures for Filing and Approval
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Load-Loss Index Method Sun Load-Window Models Cespedes Segregated Joule and Black Loss Model Chen Simplified Feeder Loss Model
Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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Establishes the relationship between the Load Factor and the Loss Factor Load-Loss Index
2 FLS = aFLD + (1 a)FLD
FLD
Pave = Pmax
FLS =
PLoss,ave PLoss,max
where: FLS= Loss Factor FLD= Load Factor Pave= Average Demand Pmax = Peak Demand PLoss,ave = Losses at average demand PLoss,max = Losses at peak demand
Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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Assume a load curve with only two levels: peak load and off-peak load
P2
Peak Load
FLD
Pave
Average Load
Pave =
FLD =
( P2 t ) + ( P1 (T
T
t ))
t ))
P1
Off-Peak Load
( P2 t ) + ( P1 (T
P2T
P1 T t t = + T P2 T
U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration
Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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t ) + ( PLS,1 (T t ) ) T
P2 Peak Load
FLS
P ( =
LS,2
t ) + ( PLS,1 (T t ) ) PLS,2T
2 1 2 2
Pave
Average Load
PLS ,1 = kP ; PLS ,2 = kP
FLS kP ( =
2 2
P1
Off-Peak Load
t + kP (T t )
2 1
) (
2
kP22 T
t P1 T t = + T P2 T
U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration
Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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Case 1:
Off-peak load is zero
FLS = FLD
t = T
Case 2:
Load is steady
FLS = FLD
t = T
Case 3:
Very short-lasting peak
t 0 T t 1 T FLS ( FLD )
2
Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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Range of Values
FLD2 < FLS < FLD FLS = a FLD + (1-a) FLD2
Loss Factor
0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 Load Factor
Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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Illustration
Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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Average Power Loss = FLS Power Loss at Peak Load = 0.1372 100 kW = 13.72 kW Annual Copper Loss = 13.72 kW 8760 hr/yr = 120,201 kWh
Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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Load Modeling
uses Load Windows Weekday-Weekend, Seasonal (Winter, Summer, shoulder)
Transformers
Leakage impedance + Core Losses Core Losses as a function of voltage Single-phase or three-phase
*IEEE, 1980
U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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Losses
Joule Loss refers to the technical loss Black Loss refer to the non-technical loss
Power Factor
Assumed constant for all loads, as measured at the substation
Phase Unbalance
Neglected
Loads
Peak loads only
Voltages
Constant
*IEEE, 1983
U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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Load Patterns
Determined using load survey (metering) and customer survey
Secondary Circuit
Equivalent resistance (Rb*Leq)
Transformers Loading
Hourly demands computed from monthly energy values Includes Open-Y Open- transformers
*IEEE, 1994-1997
U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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Where,
PLoss: total feeder loss (KW) P LH: primary conductor length (km) S LH: secondary conductor length (km) TR: total transformer capacity (MVA) LD: feeder loading (MW) PF: power factor of feeder loading
Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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Total Distribution System Losses Administrative Losses Unbundling the Technical & Non- Technical Losses DSL Segregator Historical Technical Analysis (2004 or 2005) Forecast Technical Analysis (2006 2010) Non-Technical Reduction Program EDUs Application for Caps
U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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Administrative + Loss
Technical Loss
+ Non-Technical Loss
33
34
Administrative Losses
The actual (i.e. metered) electric energy consumed by essential loads in the facilities of the Distribution Utility
Administrative Loss =
= [Energy Consumed by Distribution Substations] + [Energy Consumed by Offices of the DU] + [Energy Consumed by Warehouses and Workshops]
Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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Non-Technical Losses
Shall be quantified through 3-Phase (Unbalanced) Load Flow Simulations
Technical Losses
Residual after subtracting Administrative & Technical Losses from the Total Distribution System Losses
Non-Technical Losses
Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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37
Residential
Commercial
Industrial
38
Potential Transformer Loss = Power Loss in PT (kW) x Number of PT x Number of Operating Hours in the Billing Period Current Transformer Loss = Power Loss in CT (kW) x Number of CT x Number of Operating Hours in the Billing Period Electric Meter Potential Coil Loss = Power Loss in Electric Meter Potential Coil (kW) x Number of Electric Meters x Number of Operating Hours in the Billing Period Electric Meter Current Coil Loss = Power Loss in Electric Meter Potential Coil (kW) x Number of Electric Meters x Number of Operating Hours in the Billing Period
Operating Hours = No. of days x 24 hours SAIDI
U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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40
DSL Segregator
Distribution System Loss Segregation Program
Distribution System Data
Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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DSL Segregator
Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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Compute DSL simulation output into Per Metering point Per month
DSLSegregator
RESULT: kwhr per month per metering point Primary Line Loss Primary Service Drop Loss DT Load Loss DT No-load Loss Secondary Line Loss Service Drop Loss VR, Shunt Capacitor Losses RESULT: kwhr per month per metering point Power Transformer Load Loss Power Transformer No-Load Loss
DSL Simulation Output Per Feeder Per hour per day in a month
Output result to use: ( per hour per day in month) INPUT (KW) per hour INPUT (KVAR) per hour
RESULT: kwhr per month per metering point Meter, CT and PT losses
courtesy of BENECO
Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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ERC-DSL-01 ERC-DSL-02 ERC-DSL-03 ERC-DSL-04 ERC-DSL-05 ERC-DSL-06 ERC-DSL-07 ERC-DSL-08 ERC-DSL-09 ERC-DSL-10 ERC-DSL-11 ERC-DSL-12 ERC-DSL-13 ERC-DSL-14 ERC-DSL-15 ERC-DSL-16 ERC-DSL-17 ERC-DSL-18 ERC-DSL-19 ERC-DSL-20 ERC-DSL-21 ERC-DSL-22 ERC-DSL-23
ADMINITRATIVE LOAD DATA CUSTOMER DATA BILLING CYCLE DATA CUSTOMER ENERGY CONSUMPTION DATA LOAD CURVE DATA BUS DATA SUBTRANSMISSION LINE DATA- OVERHEAD SUBTRANSMISSION LINE DATA- UNDERGROUND/ SUBMARINE CABLE SUBSTATION POWER TRANSFORMER DATA- TWO WINDING SUBSTATION POWER TRANSFORMER DATA- THREE WINDING PRIMARY DISTRIBUTION LINE DATA- OVERHEAD PRIMARY DISTRIBUTION LINE DATA- UNDERGROUND CABLE PRIMARY CUSTOMER SERVICE DROP DATA- OVERHEAD PRIMARY CUSTOMER SERVICE DROP DATA- UNDERGROUND DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER DATA SECONDARY DISTRIBUTION LINE DATA SECONDARY CUSTOMER SERVICE DROP DATA VOLTAGE REGULATOR DATA SHUNT CAPACITOR DATA SHUNT INDUCTOR DATA SERIES INDUCTOR DATA ENERGY SALES DATA OTHER TECHNICAL DATA
Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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DSLSegregator
DSL Simulation Output Per Feeder Per hour per day in a month
Output result to use: ( per hour per day in month) INPUT (KW) per hour INPUT (KVAR) per hour
RESULT: kwhr per month per metering point Power Transformer Load Loss Power Transformer No-Load Loss
courtesy of BENECO
Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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Compute Metering, CTs & PTs losses INPUT Internal Loss of Kwhr Meters, CTs and PTs
RESULT: kwhr per month per metering point Meter, CT and PT losses
courtesy of BENECO
Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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RESULT: TECHNICAL kwhr losses per month per metering point Power Transformer Load Loss Power Transformer No-Load Loss Primary Line Loss Primary Service Drop Loss DT Load Loss DT No-load Loss Secondary Line Loss Service Drop Loss VR, Shunt Capacitor Losses Meter, CT and PT losses
INPUT: kwhr per month per metering point Power Transformer Load Loss Power Transformer No-Load Loss
TECHNICAL WHR LOSSES IN KWHR PER METERING PT. MONTH PER MONTH
INPUT: kwhr per month per metering point Meter, CT and PT losses
Note: Will file new petition if the DUs acquired the Substransmission Lines of the TRANSCO
courtesy of BENECO
Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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Compute INPUT Historical Kwhr Administrative Losses Per month per feeder for year 2004 ADMINISTRATIVE KWHR LOSSES PER METERING POINT PER MONTH
RESULT:
COMPARE
courtesy of BENECO
Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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INPUT:
RESULT:
NON-TECHNICAL kwhr
courtesy of BENECO
Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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RESULT:
courtesy of BENECO
Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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INPUT:
2004 ENERGY SALES (output) per Feeder per month
ALLOCATED ADDITIONAL SALES (OUTPUT) PER FEEDER PER MONTH YEAR (2006-2010)
Where: FSM2004 = 2004 Sales per month per Feeder FSA2004 = 2004 Sales per year per Feeder FSA 2004 AAS = Allocated Additional Sales per year AASy = AAS 2004 AnnualSale s AASy = Allocated Additional Sales per year per Feeder AASm = Allocated Additional Sales per month per Feeder AASy FSA 2004 AASm = FSM 2004 courtesy of BENECO
Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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INPUT:
DETERMINE THE NUMBER OF NEW CONNECTION/CONSUMER POINTS FOR THE ADDITIONAL SALES (OUPUT)
Where:
CAASm = CP = No. of additional connection points CP AASm = Allocated Additional Sales per month per Feeder CAASm = Allocated Additional Sales per month per Feeder of each new connection point
courtesy of BENECO
AASm
Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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RESULT:
DSL Simulation Output Per Feeder Per hour per day in a month
Output result to use: ( per hour per day in month) PRIMARY VOLTAGE PROFILE
courtesy of BENECO
Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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INPUT: ALLOCATED ADDITIONAL SALES (OUTPUT) PER CONNECTION POINT PER MONTH PER FEEDER FOR YEARS 2006-2010 INPUT: TYPICAL LOAD CURVE PER METERING POINT
RESULT:
FORECAST ERC DSL Templates Per Feeder Per Year (EDITED FORM FROM JANUARY 2004 ERC DSL TEMPLATE)
Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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Output result to use: ALL MONTHLY LOSSES IN PERCENT (%) % referred to the Energy Input up to Primary Line
OBTAIN THE RATIO OF THE PRIMARY LINE LOSS OF ALL THE MONTHS REFERRED TO THE BASE MONTH
Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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YES
NO
DSL Segregator OBTAIN THE PRIMARY LINE LOSS PERCENT (%) EQUIVALENT OF THE REST OF THE MONTH (FEBRUARYDECEMBER)
Output result to use: FORECAST DSL Simulation Output Per Feeder Per hour per day for JANUARY PRIMARY LINE LOSS IN PERCENT (%) % referred to the Energy Input up Primary Line
courtesy of BENECO
Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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NOTE: ONLY THE PRIMARY LINE LOSS PERCENTAGE (%) INCREASES WHILE THE REST OF THE LINE LOSS PERCENTAGES REMAIN AS IS.
FIXED or equal to Base Year
Ratio =
%Base = Primary Line Loss in % per month per feeder Base month = January Ratio = ratio of the primary line loss % of the month over the primary line loss % of the base month (January) % Equivalent = % equivalent of primary line loss for February to December of the forecasted years (2006-2010) %PLL = % Primary Line loss simulated from the forecasted DSL ERC Template (January) courtesy of BENECO
Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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RESULT: (PER FEEDER) KWHR EQUIVALENT OF Primary Line Loss Primary Service Drop Loss DT Load Loss DT No-load Loss Secondary Line Loss Service Drop Loss VR, Shunt Capacitor Losses
EnergyInput Month = (2004SalesMonth + ForecastAdditionalSalesMonth ) (1 + TotalPercentLossMonth ) EQUIVALENT KWHR = % EQUIVALENT x ENERGY INPUT courtesy of BENECO
Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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RESULT: kwhr per month per metering point Meter, CT and PT losses per feeder per month per year
courtesy of BENECO
Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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courtesy of BENECO
Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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Compute
RESULT: kwhr per month per metering point Power Transformer Load Loss Power Transformer NoLoad Loss
courtesy of BENECO
Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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Compute TECHNICAL WHR LOSSES IN KWHR PER METERING PT. MONTH PER MONTH
Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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INPUT:(PER FEEDER) REVISED ERC DSL TemplateADMINISTRATIVE LOAD sheet Per Feeder Per Month
courtesy of BENECO
Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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INPUT: ALLOCATED ENERGY SALES (OUTPUT) PER METERING POINT PER MONTH YEAR (2006-2010)
Energy Input (Purchase) kwhr = Energy Sales kwhr + Admin Loss kwhr + Technical Loss kwhr 1- % Non-Technical Loss courtesy of BENECO
Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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RESULT:
SEGREGATED DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM LOSSES PER MONTH PER YEAR
INPUT:
SEGREGATED LOSSES PER MONTH PER YEAR
RESULT:
FORECASTED SEGREGATED DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM LOSSES PER YEAR
courtesy of BENECO
Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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Non-Technical Loss Reduction Program 1.Factors contributory to non technical loss 2.Materials and Costs in the non technical loss reduction program 3.Projects / Activities
courtesy of BENECO
Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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DATA INPUT: Non technical loss per metering point (in kwhr) as a result of DSL Segregation
Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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Communal Distribution Transformer Metering Inspection and apprehension Kwhr Meter Replacement (apprehended) Phased out kwhr meter replacement (old kwhr meters) Sole use Distribution Transformer metering Streetlight kwhr metering Streetlight Photo switching Right of way clearing Loose Connection correction Others
U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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courtesy of BENECO
Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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courtesy of BENECO
Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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Executive Summary Proposed Segregated Distribution System Loss Caps for five years Historical/Test Year Segregated Distribution System Loss Forecasted Segregated Distribution System Losses Proposed Non Technical Loss Reduction Program Confirmation that EDUs has submitted electronic copies of the ERC templates as shown in Annex B of the Guidelines Confirmation that EDUs has submitted a Distribution Map consistent with the ERC templates Prayer by EDUs Attachments/Explanations/Justifications
Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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Utility Overview/Background
Date organized Area coverage Mission/vision Substation/Total kilometers of lines
97
Year 1 (2006) Year 2 (2007) Year 3 (2008) Year 4 (2009) Year 5 (2010)
xxx kwh xxx kwh xxx kwh xxx kwh xxx kwh
x to x % x to x % x to x % x to x % x to x %
xx % xx % xx % xx % xx %
Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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SubTransmissio n (KWH)
Power XF (KWH )
Meterin g (KWH)
January February March April May June July August September October November December Total
Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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SubTransmissio n (%)
Power XF (%)
Meterin g (%)
January February March April May June July August September October November December Total
Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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Month
January February March April May June July August September October November December Total
Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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Electronic Copies
ERC-DSL-01 Administrative Load data ERC-DSL-02 Customer data ERC-DSL-03 Billing Cycle Data ERC-DSL-04 Customer Energy Consumption Data ERC-DSL-05 Load Curve Data ERC-DSL-06 Bus Data ERC-DSL-07 Sub-transmission Line Data (Overhead) ERC-DSL-08 - Sub-transmission Line Data (Underground/Submarine Cable) ERC-DSL-09 Substation Power Transformer Data (Two Winding) ERC-DSL-10 Substation Power Transformer Data (Three Winding) ERC-DSL-11 Primary Distribution Line Data (Overhead) ERC-DSL-12 Primary Distribution Line Data (Underground Cable) ERC-DSL-13 - Primary Customer Service Drop Data (Overhead) ERC-DSL-14 Primary Customer Service Drop Data (Underground Cable) ERC-DSL-15 Distribution Transformer Data ERC-DSL-16 Secondary Line Distribution Data ERC-DSL-17 Secondary Customer Service Drop Data ERC-DSL-18 Voltage Regulator Data ERC-DSL-19 Shunt Capacitor Data ERC-DSL-20 Shunt Inductor Data ERC-DSL-21 Series Inductor Data ERC-DSL-22 Other Technical Data Distribution System Map which is consistent with the ERC templates
Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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Reduction and Control of Technical Losses Reduction and Control of Non-Technical Losses
Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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Financial Analysis
Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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Use the results of the Distribution System Segregation Program for Technical Loss Reduction Program.
Ranks the technical losses from the highest to lowest ( Per Substation, Per feeder, per section, etc.) Make a Specific Technical Loss Reduction Program based on your technical analysis!!! Simulate your proposed technical loss reduction solutions to quantify the technical loss reduction Optimize your proposed technical loss reduction solutions
Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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Expenses associated with any technical loss reduction program shall be considered part of DU capital and operating costs Declining Cap for Non-Technical Losses with a Plan ERC may decide to implement a reward mechanism
Technical Loss Cap 100% Recoverable for DU 75% for DU reward / 25% for Customers 50% for DU / 50% for Customers 25% for DU / 75% for Customers -1 Standard Deviation -2 Standard Deviation -3 Standard Deviation
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Voltage Unbalance =
x 100
Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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110
111
48.43 KVAR
75 KVAR
100 KW
100 KW
100 KW
100 KW
100 KW
166.67KVA PF = 0.60
Required increase in the apparent and reactive powers as a function of the load power, holding the real power of the load constant.
U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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90 KW
80 KW
70 KW
60 KW
100 KVA PF = 0.60
Change in the real and reactive power as a function of the load power, holding the apparent power of the load constant
U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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At Peak Load
At Off-Peak Load
114
SWITCHED CAPACITORS
U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration
FIXED CAPACITORS
Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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Sizing of the fixed and switched capacitors to meet the daily reactive power demands
U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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Meeting the reactive power with fixed, voltage-control, and time-control capacitors
U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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1. Demand reduction 2. Energy reduction 3. Revenue increase due to voltage improvement 4. Reduction of technical losses
kWh increase, % 0 8 16 25 34 43 52
Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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Causes of Pilferages
Long run of secondary networks conducive for illegal tapping Services run from one building to the next and attached to various structures (e.g., trees) making it difficult for meter readers to follow the wires or spot illegal connections Secondary wiring with rats nest appearance due to poor workmanship Inaccessible meters (located indoor or inside a compound) Control of meter seals Poor meter records (where and when the meters are installed, maintained, removed, condemned, etc.)
U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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NEA SLRP
Detection of Pilferages
All service connections are metered All energized services are in an active status in the billing system There are no illegal taps, by-passed meters, or tampered meters Each household is metered separately (no flying taps) Each consumer is properly classified 1. Match all service connections found in the field to a distribution transformer 2. Match the meter number to the account number 3. Check meter reading against previous readings to assure that meter readings are being properly reported
U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
Surveillance Teams (working full time) Consumer connections inventory to assure that:
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Tampered Meters
In-Place Quick-test for Accuracy Hard-to-Detect Tampering
Gear teeth removed Small hole bored at the top of the meter housing Floating Neutral Swapping the line-side and load side Service conductors are not properly supported Service wire insulation has deteriorated
Correcting Problems
Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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Apprehension of Pilferers
Confronting the consumer Documenting the findings including police blotter Calculating the amount of electricity stolen Setting the penalty amount to be charged Disconnecting service and removing the meter
Must include policemen or barangay officials
Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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Complaints for low voltage from the customers Look for the overload distribution transformers and compared the billings of all customers connected to that DT. Distribution transformers that always trips may be suspected for illegal connections.
Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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Cost
Unrecovered
Energy Cost
High
Optimal
Low
System Loss
Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
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Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering