-0-

Ministry of Science and Technology

Department of Technical and Vocational Education

Sample Questions & Answers

for
ME 5019
Computer application in Mechanical Engineering (II)
B.E
(Mechanical Engineering)

-1-

Sample Questions
Chapter

Example

Problem

5 examples

4 problems

1 examples

4 problems

1 examples

4 problems

1 examples

3 problems

3 examples

3 problems

Sub total

12 examples

18 problems

Total

30 problems

-2-

Chapter 1
Example 1 See in the Art.1.2.1 of Variational Method
( Page 5 in ME 5019(2) )
Example 2

See in the Art.1.2.2 of Collational Method

( Page 6 in ME 5019(2) )

Example 3

See in the Art.1.2.3 of Subdomain Method

( Page 6 in ME 5019(2) )

Example 4

See in the Art.1.2.4 of Galerkins Method

( Page 7 in ME 5019(2) )

Example 5

See in the Art.1.2.1 of Least Square Method

( Page 8 in ME 5019(2) )

Problems 1.1 , 1.2 , 1.3 and 1.4 in ME 5019(2) and its solutions
are as follows:

-3-

Prob (1.1~1.4)
Obtain an approximate displacement equation for the simply
supported beam of length H and section property EI shown in Figure P1.1. Assume
that the ial displacement equation is y ( x) = A sin x / H . Compare the deflection at
the center with the theoretical value y = 5WH 4 / 384 EI . The governing differential
equation is
d 2 y Wx( H x)
EI

=0
d x2
2

W
EI
H
M(x)

M ( x) =

W x ( H x)
2

x
Prob 1.1

Evaluate A by minimizing the integral

2
H EI dy
Wx( H x)
= +
y dx
0
2

2 dx
Solution
Governing Differential Equation
d 2 y Wx(H x )
EI 2
=0
(1)
2
dx
Trial displacement equation
x
y ( x) = A Sin
.(2)
H
dy
d2y

x
2
x
= A Cos
,
=

A
Sin
2
2
dx
H
H
H
dx
H
The integral of variational method
H
dy 2 Wx( H x)
= +
y dx .(3)
2
2
dx

Substituting

dy
and y in the equation (3)
dx
2

H
EI A 2
Wx( H x)
x
x
dx +
A Sin
= 2 Sin
dx
H
H
2 H
2
0
0
H

-4 A
=

2 H

2H

WA
x 2 x
1
2 x
0 2 Cos H + 1 dx + 0 2 xH Sin H x Sin H dx
H

H
x H2
x
A 1 H

2 x
Sin
+
x
+
H

x
Cos
2 Sin
=

2 H 2 2
H
H
H 0
0

H

H
H2
H3
x
x
x
+ x 2 Cos
+ 2x
+ 2 3 Cos
Sin

H
H
H 0
2

A 2 2 H 3 H 3
H3
H3
=
+
+ 3 2 3 2 3
H
4 H

A 2 2
WAH 3
+4
4 H
2 3

Minimizing yield,

d
=0
2A

d 2
4WH 3
=
A+
=0
dA
2 H
2 3
8WH 4
Ans:
A=
5
_________________________________________________________

Prob 1.2

Evaluate A by requiring that the residual vanish at (a) x = H / 3 ,

and (b) x = H / 2 .

Solution

d 2 y Wx (H x )

=0
2
dx 2
x
Trial equation
y ( x) = A Sin
H
dy A H
x
Cos
=
dx

H
x
d2y
AH 2
= 2 Sin
2
H

dx

..(1)

(2)
(3)

d2y
in equation (1)
d x2
The residual equation R (x) is obtained as follows

By substituting

AH 2
x Wx (H x )
R ( x ) =
Sin

2
H
2

The residual R(x) vanished at x = H3

AH 2
H3 W H3 ( H H3 )
=0
R( x) =
Sin

2
2
H

WH 4
A=

9 2 Sin
3

-5-

= 0.0129
Similarly at x =

H
2

, R( H2 ) = 0

WH 4

(Ans:)

WH 4
(Ans:)

______________________________________________________________
Gives

A = 0.0127

Evaluate A using the subdomain method.

Prob. 1.3

Solution
Using subdomain method
H

R( x)dx = 0
0

A 2
x Wx( H x)
0 H 2 Sin H 2 dx = 0

A 2
2
H

x
W x2 x3
H

=0
Cos
H

H 0
2 2
3 0
H

2 A 2 H 1
+ WH 3 = 0
2
H
12
A=

WH 4
24

(Ans:)

________________________________________________________________
Prob. 1.4

Evaluate A using Galerkins method.

Solution

Using Galerkin Method

Weighing function Wi ( x) = Sin

W ( x) R( x)dx = 0
i

.(1)

H
Substituting Wi (x ) and the R(x) from problem 1.2 into the equation (1)
H

Sin
0

x A 2

x Wx( H x)

Sin

dx = 0
2
H
H H
2

2
2 A H 1

+ WH 3 = 0
12
H 2
WH 4
A=
24

(Ans:)

_______________________________________________________________

-6-

Chapter 2
Example 1

See in Art.2.2 Illustrative Example

( Page 17 in ME 5019(2) )

Problems 2.1 , 2.2 , 2.3 and 2.4 in ME 5019(2) and its solutions
are as follows:

_________________________________________________Prob. 2.1 The nodal coordinates X i and X j and the nodal values of i and j for

several linear elements are given below. Evaluate at the given value of x. The
x values are in centimeters, and i and j are in degrees Celsius.
___________________________
x
Xi
Xj
i
j
(a)
(b)
(c)

0.8
3.6
7.1

0.0
3.0
6.5

1.5
4.5
7.5

60
27
63

43
33
51

Solution

= 1 + 2 x

j
i

xi

L
xj

Given data X i = 0.0, X j = 1.5,i = 60, j = 43

Find

=?

at x = 0.8
= N i i + N j j

where N i =

Xj x

L
L = X j Xi

Nj =

Xj x
x Xi
i +
L
L
(a) L = X j X i = 1.5 0.0 = 1.5

x Xi
L

(1)

Substituting X i = 0.0, X j = 1.5,i = 60, j = 43, L = 1.5 and x = 0.8 in

equation (1), yields

-7-

(1.5 0.8) 60 + (0.8 0.0) 43

1.5

= 50.93 C

1.5

(b)Similarly L = 4.5 3 = 1.5

Substituting X i = 3, X j = 4.5,i = 27, j = 3, L = 1.5 and x = 3.6 in
equation (1), yields

= 29.4 C

(c)Similarly L = 7.5 6.5 = 1

Substituting X i = 6.5, X j = 7.5,i = 63, j = 51, L = 1 in equation (1),
yields
= 55.8 C (Ans)
___________________________________________________________
Prob.2.2 Evaluate d / dx for the corresponding element in Problem 2.1.

Solution
Xj x
x Xi
i +
j
L
L
j j i
d
= i + =
dx
L L
L
From problem 2.1(a), i = 60, j = 43, L = 1.5

(1)
(2)

Substituting in equation (2), yields

d 43 60
=
= 11.33 C/cm
1.5
dx
Similarly, substituting i = 27, j = 33, L = 1.5 in equation (2), yields

d 33 27
=
= 4 C/cm
dx
1.5
Similarly, substituting i = 63, j = 51, L = 1 in equation (2), yields
d
= 6 C/cm
dx
________________________________________________________________
Prob. 2.3 The shape function for the quadratic element shown in Figure P2.3
are
2
N i = 2 ( x X j )( x X k )
L
4
N j = 2 ( x X i )( x X k )
L
2
N k = 2 ( x X i )( x X j )
L
( a ) Show that these shape functions equal one at their own node and are zero
at the other two nodes. Also show that the shape functions sum to one .
( b ) Show that the derivatives of N i , N j and N k with respect to x sum to zero.

-8-

( x)

L
2

Xi
Xj

L
2

Xk

Solution

For the quadratic element equation, the shape functions are

2
N i = 2 (x X j )(x X k )
L
4
N j = 2 ( x X i )( x X k )
L
2
N k = 2 ( x X i )(x X j )
L
L
L
X j Xi = , Xk X j = , Xk Xi = L
2
2
For own node i at x = X i
(a)
2
N i = 2 (X i X j )( X i X k )
L
2 L
= 2 ( L ) = 1
L 2
Similarly, for own node j at x = X j
4
(X j X i )(X j X k )
L2
4 L L
= 2 =1
L
2 2
Similarly, for own node k at x = X k
2
N k = 2 ( X k X i )(X k X j )
L
2
L
= 2 L =1
L
2
Nj =

For other node j & k at x = Xi ,

-94
( X i X i )( X i X k ) = 0
L2
2
N k = 2 ( X i X i )( X i X j ) = 0
L

Nj =

For other node i & k at x = Xj ,

2
N i = 2 ( X j X j )( X j X k ) = 0
L
2
N k = 2 ( X j X i )( X j X j ) = 0
L
For other node i & j at x = Xk ,
2
N i = 2 ( X k X j )( X k X k ) = 0
L
4
N j = 2 ( X k X i )( X k X k ) = 0
L
dN i
d 2 2

=
2 (x X k x X j x X j X k
dx
dx L

dN i
2
= 2 (2 x X j X k )
dx
L
Similarly
dN j 4
= 2 (2 x X i X k )
dx
L
dN k
2
= 2 (2 x X i X j )
dx
L

(b)

dN i dN j dN k
2
4
+
+
= 2 (2 x X j X k ) 2 (2 x X i X k )
dx
dx
dx
L
L
2
+ 2 (2 x X i X j )
L
dN i dN j dN k
2
2
+
+
= 2 (Xi X j ) + 2 (Xk X j )
dx
dx
dx
L
L
2
L
2 L
=
( ) + 2 ( )
2
L2
L 2
=0

___________________________________________________________________

Prob. 2.4 The implementation of the finite element method requires the evaluation of
integrals that Contain the shape functions or their derivatives. Evaluate
(a)

Xj

Xi

N i dx

(b)

for the linear element.

Solution

Xj

Xi

dN i dN j
dx ( c )
dx dx

Xj

Xi

N 2j dx

- 10 The shape function of liner element

= Nii + N j j
where N i =

Xj

Xi

Xj

N i dx = (

Xj x

L
Xj x
L

Xi

and N j =

x Xi
L

)dx
Xj

X j x x2
=

2L X
L

X j ( X j X i ) ( X 2j X i2 )
=

L
2L

X j L ( X j X i )( X j + X i )
=

L
2L
(Xi + X j )
=Xj
(Ans)
2
(b)
dN j 1
dN i
1
=
,
=
dx
L
dx
L
Xj
X j dN dN j
1
1
i
X i dx dx dx = X i ( L ) ( L ) dx
1
= 2 ( X i X j ) (Ans)
L
(c)

Xj

Xi

N 2j dx =

Xj

Xi

Xj

Xi

x Xi 2
) dx
L
1 2
( x 2 X i x + X i2 ) dx
L

Xj

1 x3 2 X i x 2
=
+ X i2 x
2
L 3
Xi
1
= ( X 3j X i3 ) X i X j L
3

(Ans)

____________________________________________________________________

- 11 -

Chapter 3
Example 1

See in the Art.3.4 of Analysis of simply supported

beam ( Page 27 in ME 5019(2) )

Problems 3.1 , 3.2 , 3.4 and 3.5 in ME 5019(2) and its solutions
are as follows:

__________________________________________________
Prob. 3.1 (a) Obtain the final system of finite element equations for the nodal
deflections of the stepped beam shown in Figure P3.1.
(b) Solved the equations in (a) and calculate the deflection at x = 3H / 16.
y
2EI

EI

M0

H/4

H/2

(1)

H/4
(3)

(2)
2

M0

(4)
4

Figure P3.1
Solution
Residual equation
D
Rs =
L

( S 1)

(S )
D ( S 1) D ( S )
D
+ S S +1
S 1 +
L
L
L

( S 1)

(S )

QL
QL

=0

2
2
Since Q and L have constant values, the RS equation simplifies to
RS =

D ( S 1) Y( S 1) + ( D ( S !) + D ( S ) ) YS D ( S ) Y( S +1)
L

where Y = nodal deflection values

e
1
2
3
4

D
EI
2EI
2EI
EI

Q
-M0
-M0
-M0
-M0

L
H/4
H/4
H/4
H/4

Writing the residual equation for node 2, 3 and 4 gives

QL = 0

- 12 R2 =

EI Y1 + ( EI + 2 EI ) Y2 2 EI Y3
H
( M 0 ) = 0
( H / 4)
4
R2 = Y1 3Y2 + 2Y3

M 0H 2
=0
16 EI

.(1)

Similarly
M 0H 2
..(2)
=0
16 EI
M H2
..(3)
R4 = 2Y3 3Y4 + Y5 0
=0
16 EI
Substituting Y1= 0 and Y5 =0 in equations (1) and (3) , and solving the
equations gives
3M 0 H 2
7M 0 H 2
3M 0 H 2
Y2 =
, Y3 =
, Y4 =
32 EI
64 EI
32 EI
3H
between node 1 and 2 of element (1)
(b) The deflection at x =
16
Y (1) = N1 Y1 + N 2 Y2
X x
x X1
Y2
Y (1) = 2
Y1 +
L
L
3H 0
H 3H
3M 0 H 2
16 0 +
16
= 4

H
H
32 EI
4
4
9M 0 H 2
Y2 =
(Ans)
128EI
__________________________________________________________________R3 = 2Y2 4Y3 + 2Y4

Prob.3.2 The differential equation D(e) d2/dx2 = 0 is applicable to each section of

the composite wall shown in Figure P3.2, where D(e) is the thermal conductivity.
Calculate the temperature values within the wall and evaluate the heat flow through
each material. The heat flow is given by q = - D(e) d/dx . A unit of surface area is
assumed.
D = 0.02 W/cmC

D = 0.005 W/cmC

D = 0.0035 W/cmC
20 C

-15 C

1.3cm
1

(1)
2

2.5
(3)

(2)
3

Figure P3.2
Solution

- 13 -

Differential equation

D (e)

d 2
=0
dx 2

d
=0
dx
Assume unit surface area
From the given figure,
e
D
Q
L
1
0.02
0
1.3
2
0.005
0
8
3
0.0035
0
2.5
1 = 20 C and 4 = 15 C
q = - D (e)

Heat flow

Residual equation
D
Rs =
L

( S 1)

(S )
D ( S 1) D ( S )
D
S 1 +
+ S S +1
L
L
L
( S 1)

(S )

QL
QL

=0
2
2
Writing the residual equation for node 2 and 3
0.02 0.005
0.005
0.02
R2 =
3 0 0 = 0
1 +
+
2
8
1.3
1.3 8

R2 = 0.01541 + 0.016 2 0.000625 3 = 0

..(1)

Similarly
R3 = 0.000625 2 + 0.002 3 0.0014 4 = 0

. (2)

Substituting 1 = 20 , 4 = 15 in equations (1) and (2) and solving gives

2 = 19.07 C and 3 = 4.54 C (Ans)

Heat flow through element (1)

x X1
X x
2
1
For element 1 ,
= 2
L1
L1
d 1
1
(20 + 19.07)
= ( 2 + 1 ) =
dx L
1.3
= 0.7154
Heat flow q = -0.02 x -0.7154 = 0.0143 (Ans)

Heat flow through element(2)

1
d 1
= ( 2 + 3 ) = (19.07 4.54)
8
dx L
= 2.94
q = -0.005 x -2.94 = 0.0143
(Ans)

- 14 Heat flow through element(3)

1
d 1
= ( 3 + 4 ) =
(4.54 15)
2 .5
dx L
= 4.184
q = -0.0035 x -4.184 = 0.0146 (Ans)
_________________________________________________________________
Prob. 3.4 Start with nodal residual equations and develop and solve the system of the
finite element equation for an approximate solution to the differential equation d2
/dx2 + Q = 0 using the value for Q and the boundary conditions given in the following
table. Divide the interval [ 0, 2 ] into four element, each with a length 0.5 cm. The
nodes and elements are numbered as shown in Figure P3.3
____________________
(0)
(2)
Q
(a)
4
0
3.0
(b)
6
1
2.0
(c)
-3
2
0.5

(1)
1

(2)
2

0.5

(3)
3

4
0.5

0.5

(4)
5
0.5

2
Figure P3.3
Solution
d 2
+Q =0
d 2x
(a)
e
D
Q
L
1
1
4
0.5
2
1
4
0.5
3
1
4
0.5
4
1
4
0.5
(0) = 1 = 0 ; (2) = 5 = 3.0 (Given)
Writing residual equation for node 2 gives
4 0.5 4 0.5
1
1
1
1
R2 = ( )1 + (
+

=0
) 2 ( ) 3
2
2
0.5
0.5 0.5
0.5
R2 = 21 + 4 2 2 3 = 2
..(1)
Similarly for node 3 and 4
R3 = 2 2 + 4 3 2 4 = 2
(2)

Differential equation

R4 = 2 3 + 4 4 2 5 = 2
.(3)
Substituting 1 = 0 and 5 = 3.0 in the above equations and solving
gives

- 15 2 = 2.25 , 3 = 3.5 , 4 = 3.75

(Ans)

(b)
e
1
2
3
4

D
1
1
1
1

Q
6
6
6
6

L
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5

(0) = 1 = 1 ; (2) = 5 = 2.0 (Given)

Similarly for node 2 , 3 and 4,
R2 = 21 + 4 2 2 3 = 3
R3 = 2 2 + 4 3 2 4 = 3
R4 = 2 3 + 4 4 2 5 = 3

.(4)
(5)
.(6)

Substituting 1 = 0 and 5 = 3.0 in the above equations and

Solving gives
(c)

2 = 3.5 , 3 = 4.5 , 4 = 4

(Ans)

e
D
Q
L
1
1
-3
0.5
2
1
-3
0.5
3
1
-3
0.5
4
1
-3
0.5
(0) = 1 = 2 ; (2) = 5 = 0.5 (Given)
Writing the residual equation, applying the values of 1 and 5 , solving the
equations gives
2 = 0.5 , 3 = -0.25 , 4 = -0.25 (Ans)
________________________________________________________________
Prob. 3.5 Evaluate the residual equation for node one using the weighting function
shown in Figure 3.2a. Note that the answer is the same as the equation
d
D
QL
+ ( s t )
with (e+1) = (1), s=1 and t=2.
Rs( e+1) = D
2
dx x = X s L

W(x)

Ni(1)

L(1)

x
Figure 2.1 a

- 16 -

Solution
The shape function of liner element
= Nii + N j j
where N i =

Xj x

and N j =

L
= N 1 1 + N 2 2
d 1
= ( 1 + 2 )
dx L

For element 1 ,

x Xi
L
(1)

and

X2 x
..(2)
L
dN1
1
=
dx
L
The weighting function for node 1 of element (1)
0x L
W1 = N1
N1 =

The residual equation for node 1

L

d 2
R1 = N1 ( D 2 + Q) dx = 0
o
dx

L d

d dN1 d
R1 = ( N1
)
+ N1Q dx = 0
o
dx
dx dx
dx

R1 = (

R1 = [( N1

L dN d
L
d
d
1
( N1
)dx
dx + N1Qdx = 0
0
0
dx
dx
dx dx
L
L X x
1 1
d L
)]0 + ( )( 2
)dx ( 2
)Qdx = 0
0
0
dx
L
L
L

X
d
x2
1

2 ( 2 1 ) x Q 2 x = 0
R1 = N1
dx 0 L
2L 0
0
L
L

d
1
( 2 1 )
dx 0 L
L

R1 = N1

L
L2

Q
L
=0
L

2 L

d
1
QL
( 2 1 )
=0
dx 0 L
2
____________________________________________________________________
R1 = N1

- 17 -

Chapter 4
Example 1

See in the Art.4.3 of Analysis of a simply supported

beam ( Page 37 in ME 5019(2) )

Problems 4.1 , 4.2 and 4.3 in ME 5019(2) and its solutions

are as follows:
_______________________________________________________________
Prob. 4.1 Develop the system of equations for the problem 3.1 using the element
matrix and direct stiffness concepts discussed in this chapter. Modify the system of
equations to incorporate the boundary conditions and solve for the unknown nodal
values.

Solution

Using element matrix and direct stiffness matrix concepts

{R} = [K ]{} {F } = {0}
D 1 1
QL 1
, {f ( e ) } =
Where K ( e ) =

2 1
L 1 1
Given Q = M0 , D(1) = D(4) = EI , D(2) = D(3) = 2EI , L = H/4
Tabular form
QL
D
e i j
L
2
M 0H
4 EI

1 1 2
H
8
M 0H
8 EI

2 2 3
H
8
M 0H
8 EI

3 3 4
8
H
M 0H
4 EI
4 4 5

8
H
Element (1) matrixes
1
2

[ ]

[K ] = 4HEI 11
(1)

[K ] = 4HEI 22
( 2)

[K ] = 4HEI 22
( 3)

[K ] = 4HEI 11
( 4)

1 1
;
1 2

{f } = M8 H 11 12
(1)

2 2
;
2 3
4

{f }= M8 H 11 23

2 3
;
2 4
5

{f }= M8 H 11 34

1 4
;
1 5

{f }= M8 H 11 54

( 2)

( 3)

( 4)

- 18 Global stiffness matrix

1

0
0
0
1
1
1 1 + 2 2
0
0

[K ] = 4 EI 0 2 2 + 2 2 0
H

0
2 2 + 1 1
0
0
0
0
1 1
0
0
0
1
1
1 1 + 2 2
0
0
4 EI
0 2 2+2 2 0
{R} =
H

0
2 2 + 1 1
0
0
0
0
1 1

1
2
3
4
5

1
1 + 1

M H
; {F } = 0 1 + 1
8
1 + 1

Y1
Y
2
M0H
)
Y3 (
8
Y
4
Y5

1
2
3
4
5

1
1 + 1

1
1
+
= {0}

1 + 1

M H
EI
EI
EI
Y1 + 12 Y2 8 Y3 + 2 0 = 0
H
H
H
8
2
M H
.(1)
R2 = 4Y1 + 12Y2 8Y3 = 0
4 EI
M H2
..(2)
R3 = 8Y2 + 16Y3 8Y4 = 0
4 EI
M H2
R4 = 8Y3 + 12Y4 4Y5 = 0
(3)
4 EI
Substituting Y1 = Y5 = 0 in the above equations and solving
M H2
Y2 = 0.094 0
EI
M 0H 2
Y3 = 0.109
EI
M H2
(Ans)
Y4 = 0.094 0
EI
__________________________________________________________________
R2 = 4

Prob. 4.2 Develop the system of equations for the problem 3.2 using the element
matrix and direct stiffness concepts discussed in this chapter. Modify the system of
equations to incorporate the boundary conditions and solve for the unknown nodal
values.

- 19 QL
2

e
1

i
1

D
j
L
2 0.15385

2
3

2
3

3 0.00625
4 0.0014

0
0

Global stiffness matrix

0
0
0.015385 0.015355

0.015385

0.01601 0.000625
0

[K ] =

0
0.000625 0.002025 0.0014

0
0
0.0014
0.0014

{R} = [K ]{} = {0}

0
0
R1 0.015385 0.015355
20 0
R 0.015385
0
0.000625
0.01601
0
2
2 =
=
0.000625 0.002025 0.0014 3 0
0
R3

R4
0.0014
0
0
0.0014 15 0

2 =19.04

3 = -4.49

_________________________________________________________________
Prob. 4.3 Develop the system of equations for the problem 3.4 using the element
matrix and direct stiffness concepts discussed in this chapter. Modify the system of
equations to incorporate the boundary conditions and solve for the unknown nodal
values.
Solution
e
i
j
D
Q
L
D/L QL/2
1
1
2
1
4
0.5
2
1
2
2
3
1
4
0.5
2
1
3
3
4
1
4
0.5
2
1
4
4
5
1
4
0.5
2
1
(0) = 1 = 0 ; (2) = 5 = 3.0 (Given)
Global stiffness matrices

0
0
R1 2 2 0
R 2 4 2 0
0
2
R3 = 0 2 4 2 0

R 0
0 2 4 2
4

R5 0
0
0 2 2

0
1 0

2 0
2

3 2 = 0

2 0
4

3
1 0

R2 = 4 2 2 3 2 = 0
R3 = 2 2 + 4 3 2 4 2 = 0

- 20 R4 = 2 3 + 4 4 6 2 = 0
From the above equations,
2 = 2.25 , 3 =3.5 , 4 = 7.75
(b)
e
1
2
3
4

i
1
2
3
4

j
2
3
4
5

D
1
1
1
1

Q
6
6
6
6

L
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5

D/L QL/2
2
1.5
2
1.5
2
1.5
2
1.5

(0) = 1 = 1 ; (2) = 5 = 2.0 (Given)

Global stiffness matrices
0
0 1
R1 2 2 0
1.5 0
R 2 4 2 0

3 0
0 2
2


R3 = 0 2 4 2 0 3 3 = 0

R 0
3 0
0 2 4 2 4

4

1.5 0
R5 0
0
0 2 2 2
R2 = 4 2 2 3 3 = 0
R3 = 2 2 + 4 3 2 4 3 = 0
R4 = 2 3 + 4 4 4 3 = 0
From the above equations,
2 = 3.5 , 3 =4.5 , 4 = 4 (Ans)
(c)
e
1
2
3
4

i
1
2
3
4

j
2
3
4
5

D
1
1
1
1

Q
-3
-3
-3
-3

L
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5

D/L QL/2
2
-0.75
2
-0.75
2
-0.75
2
-0.75

(0) = 1 = 2 ; (2) = 5 = 0.5 (Given)

Global stiffness matrices
0
0
R1 2 2 0
R 2 4 2 0
0
2
R3 = 0 2 4 2 0

R 0
0 2 4 2
4
0
0 2 2
R5 0

2
0.75 0

1.5 0
2

3 1.5 = 0

1.5 0
4

0.5
0.75 0

From the above matrices,

2 = 0.5 , 3 =-0.25 , 4 = -0.25 (Ans)
______________________________________________________________

- 21 -

CHAPTER 5
Example 1

See in the Art.5.2 of Illustrative Example

( Page 45 in ME 5019(2) )

Example 2

See in the Art.5.2 of Illustrative Example

( Page 47 in ME 5019(2) )

Example 3

See in the Art.5.3 of Illustrative Example

( Page 50 in ME 5019(2) )

Problems 5.1 , 5.2 , 5.3 and 5.4 in ME 5019(2) and its solutions
are as follows:
_________________________________________________________
Prob.5.1 Verify that Ni for the triangular element is equal to one at node i and equal
to zero at nodes j and k.
Solutions
1
[ ai + bi x + ci y ]
Shape function of triangular element, N i =
2A
Verify that
Ni = 1 at x = Xi, y = Yi (node i)
Ni = 0 at x = Xj, y = Yj (node j)
Ni = 0 at x = Xk, y =Yk (node k)

= 1 + 2 x + 3 y
k
j
i
( Xi , Yi )

j
( Xj , Yj )

At node i
Substituting x= Xi , y = Yi ,
ai = X j Yk X k Y j
1 Xi
1 Xj
1 Xk

k
( Xk , Yk )

bi = Y j Yk

and

ci = X k X j

Yi
Y j = 2 A = ( X jYk X k Y j ) ( X iYk X k Yi ) + ( X iY j X jYi )
Yk

(1)

- 22 in the above Ni equation (1)

Ni =

( X jYk X k Y j ) + (Y j Yk ) X i + ( X k X j ) Yi
( X jYk X k Y j ) ( X iYk X k Yi ) + ( X iY j X jYi )

=1

Similarly at x = Xj, y =Yj (Node j)

Ni =

( X jYk X k Y j ) + (Y j Yk ) X j + ( X k X j ) Y j
( X jYk X k Y j ) ( X iYk X k Yi ) + ( X iY j X jYi )

=0

Similarly at x = Xk , y =Yk (Node k)

( X j Yk X k Y j ) + (Y j Yk ) X k + ( X k X j ) Yk
Ni =
=0
( X jYk X k Y j ) ( X iYk X k Yi ) + ( X iY j X j Yi )
__________________________________________________________________

Problem5.2 Verify that Ni for the triangular element in Figure 5.1a is zero
everywhere along side jk. Hint ; Write an equation of the form y = d + mx for side
jk and substitute for y in the shape function equation of Ni.
Solution
Verify that Ni = 0 along side jk

k (Xk Yk)
P(Xp , Yp)
j (Xj , Yj)
i (Xi Yi)
x

Straight line equation of line jk

y=d +mx
Yj = d + m Xj
(1)
At node j
.
Yk = d + m X k
(2)
At node k
From equations (1) and (2)
(Y j Yk ) X j
(Y j Yk )
d = Yj
and m =
(X j X K )
(X j X K )
Equation for line jk
(Y j Yk ) X j
(Y j Yk )
y = (Yj
) +
x
(X j X K )
(X j X K )
At any point P on the side jk
(Y j Yk ) X j
(Y j Yk )
) +
Xp
Yp = ( Y j
(X j X K )
(X j X K )
Shape function for triangular element

- 23 Ni =
ai = X j Yk X k Y j
1

Xi

1 Xj
1 Xk

1
[ ai + bi x + ci y ] where
2A
bi = Y j Yk
and
ci = X k X j

Yi
Y j = 2 A = ( X jYk X k Y j ) ( X iYk X k Yi ) + ( X iY j X jYi )
Yk

Substituting x = Xp , y = Yp , ai , bj , ci and 2A in equation Ni

1
[( X j Yk X k Y j ) + (Y j Yk ) X p + ( X k X j )
2A

(Y j Yk ) X j
(Y j Yk

)+
X p ]
(Y j
X j Xk
X j Xk

= 0
Prob.5.3 Verify that the shape functions for the triangular element sum to one, that
is, Ni + Nj + Nk = 1 . Comment on the behavior of the following summations:
Ni =

(i) ai + aj + ak
(ii) bi + bj + bk
(iii) ci + cj + ck
Solution
1
(ai + bi x + ci y )
2A
1
(a j + b j x + c j y )
Nj =
2A
1
(ak + bk x + ck y )
Nk =
2A
Ni =

1 Xi
1 Xj
1 Xk

Where

Yi
Y j = 2 A = ( X jYk X k Y j ) ( X iYk X k Yi ) + ( X iY j X jYi )
Yk

ai = X j Yk X k Y j ,

bi = Y j Yk

and

ci = X k X j

a j = X k Yi X l Yk ,

b j = Yk Yi

and

cj = Xi Xk

ak = X i Y j X j Yi ,

bk = Yi Y j

and

ck = X j X i

ai + aj

ak = ( X jYk X k Y j ) ( X iYk X k Yi ) + ( X iY j X jYi )

bi + bj

bk = 0

ci + cj

ck

= 0

- 24 -

Ni + Nj + Nk =

1
(ai + a j + ak ) + (bi + b j + bk ) x + (ci + c j + ck ) y
2A
[( X jYk X k Y j ) ( X iYk X k Yi ) ( X iY j X jY j ) 0 0]

= 1

( X jYk X k Y j ) ( X iYk X k Yi ) ( X iY j X jY j )
(Ans)

___________________________________________________________________
Prob. 5.4 Verify that the shape functions for the rectangular element sum to one.
Also check those given by the shape function equations in term of q and r.

= C1 + C 2 s + C3t + C4 st

k
t j
y

2a
2b

q
s
x

Shape function for rectangular element written in term of s and t

s
t

N i = 1 1

2b
2a

s
t
Nj =
1

2b
2a
st
Nk =
4ab
t
s
Nm =
1

2a
2b
s
t
s
t
st

+
Ni +Nj +Nk +Nm = 1 1
+
1
+
2b 2a
4ab
2b 2a
= 1 (Ans)
Shape function for rectangular element written in term of q and r.

t
s
1
2a 2b

- 25 Ni =

r
1 q
1 1
4 b a

r
1 q
1 + 1
4 b a
r
1 q
N k = 1 + 1 +
4 b a
r
1 q
N m = 1 1 +
4 b a
1
q
r
q
r
q
r
q
r
N i + N j + N k + N m = (1 )(1 ) + (1 + )(1 ) + (1 + )(1 + ) + (1 )(1 + )
4
b
a
b
a
b
a
b
a
Nj =

= 1 ( Ans)
_____________________________________________________________