Está en la página 1de 10

1

Copyright of most images by Computer Graphics C Version Hearn D. & Baker M.P. Computergraphik @ TU Wien
Three Three- -Dimensional Viewing Dimensional Viewing
overview of 3D viewing concepts overview of 3D viewing concepts
3D viewing pipeline 3D viewing pipeline
3D viewing 3D viewing- -coordinate parameters coordinate parameters
transformation world transformation world viewing coordinates viewing coordinates
projection transformations projection transformations
orthogonal and parallel projections orthogonal and parallel projections
perspective projections perspective projections
viewport transformation & 3D screen coord. viewport transformation & 3D screen coord.
Copyright of most images by Computer Graphics C Version Hearn D. & Baker M.P. Computergraphik @ TU Wien
3D Display Methods 3D Display Methods
coordinate reference for obtaining a
selected view of a 3D scene
display
plane
Copyright of most images by Computer Graphics C Version Hearn D. & Baker M.P. Computergraphik @ TU Wien
3D Display: Wireframe Display 3D Display: Wireframe Display
wireframe display of 3 objects, with back lines
removed, from a commercial database of object
shapes. Each object
in the database is
defined as a grid of
coordinate points,
which can then be
viewed in wireframe
form or in a surface-
rendered form
2
Copyright of most images by Computer Graphics C Version Hearn D. & Baker M.P. Computergraphik @ TU Wien
3D Display: Parallel Projection 3D Display: Parallel Projection
3 parallel-projection views of an object,
showing relative proportions from
different viewing positions
Copyright of most images by Computer Graphics C Version Hearn D. & Baker M.P. Computergraphik @ TU Wien
3D Display: Perspective Projection 3D Display: Perspective Projection
Copyright of most images by Computer Graphics C Version Hearn D. & Baker M.P. Computergraphik @ TU Wien
3D Display: Depth Cueing 3D Display: Depth Cueing
= or ?
intensity decreases
with increasing
distance
Copyright of most images by Computer Graphics C Version Hearn D. & Baker M.P. Computergraphik @ TU Wien
3D Display: Visibility 3D Display: Visibility
visible line and surface identification visible line and surface identification
= or !
3
Copyright of most images by Computer Graphics C Version Hearn D. & Baker M.P. Computergraphik @ TU Wien
3D Display: 3D Display:
Depth Cueing + Visibility Depth Cueing + Visibility
only visible lines only visible lines
intensity decreases intensity decreases
with increasing distance with increasing distance
Copyright of most images by Computer Graphics C Version Hearn D. & Baker M.P. Computergraphik @ TU Wien
3D Display: Surface Rendering 3D Display: Surface Rendering
realistic room display achieved with stochastic
ray-tracing methods that apply
perspective
projection
surface-texture
mapping
illumination
models
Copyright of most images by Computer Graphics C Version Hearn D. & Baker M.P. Computergraphik @ TU Wien
Other 3D Display Methods Other 3D Display Methods
exploded exploded and and
cutaway views cutaway views
a fully rendered
turbine can also
be viewed as a
surface-rendered
exploded display
Copyright of most images by Computer Graphics C Version Hearn D. & Baker M.P. Computergraphik @ TU Wien
exploded and exploded and
cutaway cutaway views views
color-coded cutaway
view of a lawn
mower engine
showing the
structure and
relationship of
internal components
Other 3D Display Methods Other 3D Display Methods
4
Copyright of most images by Computer Graphics C Version Hearn D. & Baker M.P. Computergraphik @ TU Wien
two views (one for the left, one for the two views (one for the left, one for the
right eye) right eye)
head mounted displays (hmd) head mounted displays (hmd)
raster monitor with (shutter) glasses raster monitor with (shutter) glasses
3D Display: Stereoscopic Views 3D Display: Stereoscopic Views
Copyright of most images by Computer Graphics C Version Hearn D. & Baker M.P. Computergraphik @ TU Wien
3D Viewing Pipeline 3D Viewing Pipeline
general 3-dim. transformation pipeline, from
modeling coordinates to final device coordinates
modeling
transformation
viewing
transformation
projection
transformation
viewport
transformation
modeling
coord.
world
coord.
device
coord.
projection
coord.
viewing
coord.
normalization
transformation
and clipping
normalized
coord.
Copyright of most images by Computer Graphics C Version Hearn D. & Baker M.P. Computergraphik @ TU Wien
3D Viewing: Camera Definition 3D Viewing: Camera Definition
similar to taking a photograph similar to taking a photograph
involves selection of involves selection of
camera position camera position
camera orientation camera orientation
window window (aperture) of camera (aperture) of camera
Copyright of most images by Computer Graphics C Version Hearn D. & Baker M.P. Computergraphik @ TU Wien
3D Viewing Coordinates (1) 3D Viewing Coordinates (1)
view reference point view reference point
origin of viewing origin of viewing- -coordinate system coordinate system
camera position or look camera position or look- -at point at point
right-handed
viewing-coord.
system, with
axes x
0
, y
0
, z
0
,
relative to
world-coord.
scene
5
Copyright of most images by Computer Graphics C Version Hearn D. & Baker M.P. Computergraphik @ TU Wien
3D Viewing Coordinates (2) 3D Viewing Coordinates (2)
view-plane normal vector N (= positive z
v
-axis,
points to the viewer)
N=(1,0,0)
N=(1,0,1)
Copyright of most images by Computer Graphics C Version Hearn D. & Baker M.P. Computergraphik @ TU Wien
3D Viewing Coordinates (3) 3D Viewing Coordinates (3)
orientation of
the view plane
for a specified
look-at point P,
relative to the
viewing-
coordinate
origin P
0
view-plane normal vector N (positive z
v
-axis)
Copyright of most images by Computer Graphics C Version Hearn D. & Baker M.P. Computergraphik @ TU Wien
3D Viewing Coordinates (4) 3D Viewing Coordinates (4)
choose arbitrary up-vector
and adjust it perpendicular
to normal vector N
often: choose V
along the y
w
axis
desired direction
choosing the view-up vector V (positive y
v
-axis)
Copyright of most images by Computer Graphics C Version Hearn D. & Baker M.P. Computergraphik @ TU Wien
3D Viewing Coordinates (5) 3D Viewing Coordinates (5)
viewing viewing- -coordinate system coordinate system
u = v u = v x x n n (positive x (positive x
v v
- -axis) axis)
view view- -plane distance plane distance
a right-handed viewing
system defined with unit
vectors u, v, and n
view-plane positioning
along the z
v
axis
6
Copyright of most images by Computer Graphics C Version Hearn D. & Baker M.P. Computergraphik @ TU Wien
3D Viewing Coordinates (6) 3D Viewing Coordinates (6)
viewing a
scene from
different
directions with
a fixed view-
reference
point
Copyright of most images by Computer Graphics C Version Hearn D. & Baker M.P. Computergraphik @ TU Wien
3D Viewing Coordinates (7) 3D Viewing Coordinates (7)
moving
around in a
scene by
changing the
position of
the view
reference
point
Copyright of most images by Computer Graphics C Version Hearn D. & Baker M.P. Computergraphik @ TU Wien
3D Viewing Coordinates (8) 3D Viewing Coordinates (8)
T R R R M
x y z VC WC
=
,
aligning viewing system with world-coordinate
axes using translate-rotate transformations
Copyright of most images by Computer Graphics C Version Hearn D. & Baker M.P. Computergraphik @ TU Wien
Projections Projections
parallel projection:
parallel lines,
preserves relative
proportions
perspective projection:
center of projection,
realistic views
7
Copyright of most images by Computer Graphics C Version Hearn D. & Baker M.P. Computergraphik @ TU Wien
Parallel Projection (1) Parallel Projection (1)
orthographic
projection
oblique
projection
orientation of the projection vector V
p
Copyright of most images by Computer Graphics C Version Hearn D. & Baker M.P. Computergraphik @ TU Wien
Parallel Projection (2) Parallel Projection (2)
orthographic projections
of an object
isometric projection
for a cube
plan view
side
elevation
view
front
elevation
view
Copyright of most images by Computer Graphics C Version Hearn D. & Baker M.P. Computergraphik @ TU Wien
Orthographic Parallel Projection Orthographic Parallel Projection
(
(
(
(

=
1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
parallel
M
x
p
= x
y
p
= y
z
p
= 0
Copyright of most images by Computer Graphics C Version Hearn D. & Baker M.P. Computergraphik @ TU Wien
Oblique Parallel Projection Oblique Parallel Projection

sin y
cos
p
L y
L x x
p
+ =
+ =
(
(
(
(
(
(

=
1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0
tan
sin
1 0
0
tan
cos
0 1

parallel
M

tan /
/ tan
z L
L z
=
=
8
Copyright of most images by Computer Graphics C Version Hearn D. & Baker M.P. Computergraphik @ TU Wien
Parallel Proj.: Cavalier Projection Parallel Proj.: Cavalier Projection
depth of the cube is projected
equal to the width and the height
Copyright of most images by Computer Graphics C Version Hearn D. & Baker M.P. Computergraphik @ TU Wien
Parallel Proj.: Cabinet Projection Parallel Proj.: Cabinet Projection
depth of the cube is projected as
one-half that of the width and height
Copyright of most images by Computer Graphics C Version Hearn D. & Baker M.P. Computergraphik @ TU Wien
Perspective Projection Perspective Projection
perspective projection of equal-sized objects
at different distances from the view plane
view plane
projection
reference
point
Copyright of most images by Computer Graphics C Version Hearn D. & Baker M.P. Computergraphik @ TU Wien
z=0
1 1
st st
Derivation of Perspective (1) Derivation of Perspective (1)
x
p
: x = dp : (d
p
z)
x
y
z
d
p
x
p
P
p z
x
P(x,y,z)
(0,0,z
prp
)
x
p
=
xd
p
d
p
z
y
p
=
yd
p
d
p
z
z
p
= 0
1. for z
vp
= 0
9
Copyright of most images by Computer Graphics C Version Hearn D. & Baker M.P. Computergraphik @ TU Wien
z=z
vp
1 1
st st
Derivation of Perspective (2) Derivation of Perspective (2)
x
p
: x = d
p
: (z
prp
- z)
x
p
P
p
z
x
P(x,y,z)
(0,0,z
prp
)
2. for z
vp
0
x
p
=
xd
p
z
prp
z
y
p
=
yd
p
z
prp
z
z
p
= z
vp
x
y
z
d
p
Copyright of most images by Computer Graphics C Version Hearn D. & Baker M.P. Computergraphik @ TU Wien
2 2
nd nd
Derivation of Perspective (1) Derivation of Perspective (1)
u z z z z
yu y y
xu x x
prp
) (
=
=
=
z z
z z
u z z
prp
vp
vp

= =
perspective
projection of a
point P (x,y,z)
to position
(x
p
, y
p
, z
p
) on
the view plane
(x,y,z) any point on line for 0 u 1
u=0
u=1
Copyright of most images by Computer Graphics C Version Hearn D. & Baker M.P. Computergraphik @ TU Wien
2 2
nd nd
Derivation of Perspective (2) Derivation of Perspective (2)
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
z z
d
y
z z
z z
y y
prp
p
prp
vp prp
p
=
x
p
vp prp p
z z d
=
z z
z z
u
prp
vp

=
x xu = x (1 u)
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
z z
d
x
prp
p
|
|
.
|

\
|

z z
z z
x
prp
vp prp
=
x
p
Copyright of most images by Computer Graphics C Version Hearn D. & Baker M.P. Computergraphik @ TU Wien
h 1 !!!
2 2
nd nd
Derivation of Perspective (3) Derivation of Perspective (3)
p
prp
d
z z
h

=
h y
h x
h
h
/ y
/ x
p
p
=
=
(
(
(
(

(
(
(
(

=
(
(
(
(

1 / / 1 0 0
) / ( / 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
z
y
x
d z d
d z z d z
h
z
y
x
p prp p
p prp vp p vp h
h
h
h 1 !!!
10
Copyright of most images by Computer Graphics C Version Hearn D. & Baker M.P. Computergraphik @ TU Wien
Perspective Projection Properties Perspective Projection Properties
special cases: z special cases: z
vp vp
=0 or z =0 or z
prp prp
=0 =0
parallel lines parallel to view plane parallel lines parallel to view plane
parallel lines parallel lines
parallel lines not parallel to view plane parallel lines not parallel to view plane
converging lines (vanishing point) converging lines (vanishing point)
lines parallel to coordinate axis lines parallel to coordinate axis
principal vanishing point (one, two or three) principal vanishing point (one, two or three)
Copyright of most images by Computer Graphics C Version Hearn D. & Baker M.P. Computergraphik @ TU Wien
Vanishing Points Vanishing Points
perspective views & principle vanishing points
of a cube for various orientations of the view
plane relative to the principle axes of the object
1-point persp. proj. 2-point persp. proj.

También podría gustarte