Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
Grficas y Ecuaciones de
Ingeniera
Energtica
Transmisin de Calor
SL
SD
D
ST
V , T
A2
A1
A2
Autor:
Complementos:
ndice
1. Sistema internacional de unidades (SI) ...................................................................... 5
2. Tablas de conversin de unidades ............................................................................. 6
8.1:
8.2:
8.3:
8.4:
8.5:
Intercambiador
Intercambiador
Intercambiador
Intercambiador
Intercambiador
9. Combustin .......................................................................................................... 45
Nombre
Metro
Kilogramo
Segundo
Kelvin
Amperio
Candela
Smbolo
m
Kg
s
K
A
Cd
Expresin
en
Cantidad Fsica
Nombre
Smbolo
unidades base SI
Frecuencia
Hertzio
Hz
1/s
Fuerza
Newton
N
kgm/s
Presin
Pascal
Pa
N/m = kg/(ms)
Energa, trabajo, calor
Julio
J
Nm = kgm/s
Potencia
Vatio
W
J/s = kgm/s
Potencial elctrico
Voltio
V
W/A = kgm/(sA)
Resistencia elctrica
Ohmio
V/A = kgm/(sA)
Tabla 1.2: Unidades derivadas con nombre propio del SI.
Existen dos excepciones muy usadas que son: Los grados centgrados o Celsius
para la temperatura ( t C t K 273.15 ) y los litros para el volumen
( V L V m 1000).
2.1. Longitud
Para recordar:
1 in = 2,54 cm; 1 m = 3,28 ft
Unidad
Metro (m)
Pulgada (in)
Pie (ft)
1m
1
39,3701
3,28084
1 in
0,0254
1
0,08333
1 ft
0,3048
12
1
1 milla terrestre = 1609 m
1 milla marina = 1852 m
2.2. Superficie
Para recordar:
1 m = 10,76 ft
Unidad
Metro (m) Pulgada (in)
1 m
1
1550,0031
1 in
6,451610-4
1
1 ft
0,0929034
144
Pie (ft)
10,76391
6,944410-3
1
2.3. Volumen
Para recordar:
1 galn = 3,78 L
Unidad
Metro (m)
Litro (L)
1 m
1
1000
1L
0,001
1
1 ft
0,0283168
28,3168
1 galn
3,785410-3
3,785412
Pie (ft)
35,31467
0,0353147
1
0,1336806
Galn
264,17205
0,264172
7,4805195
1
kilogramo
(kg)
0,4536
0,001
1
1000
Tonelada (t)
2.4. Masa
Para recordar:
1 kg = 2,2 lb
Unidad
Libra (lb)
gramo (g)
1
1
1
1
lb
g
kg
t
1
2,20510-3
2,205
2205
453,6
1
1000
106
0,453610-6
10-6
0,001
1
2.5. Velocidad
Para recordar:
1 m/s = 3,6 km/h
Unidad
m/s
km/h
ft/s
1 m/s
1
3,6
3,2808
1 km/h
0,277
1
0,91134
1 ft/s
0,3048
1,0973
1
1 ft/h
8,46610-5
3,04810-4
2,77710-4
1 mph (millas por hora) = 0.44704 m/s = 1,6093 km/h
1 nudo = 0.51444 m/s = 1.8520 km/h
ft/h
111810,8
3280,83
3600
1
2.6. Presin
Para recordar:
1 atm = 101,325 kPa; 1 m H2O = 9,81 kPa; 1 bar = 100 kPa
Unidad
kPa
kg/cm
mm Hg
m H2O
bar
1 kPa
1
0,0101972
7,5006278
0,1019745
0,01
1 kg/cm
98,0665
1
735,560217 10,00028
0,980665
1 mm Hg
0,1333222
1,359510-3 1
0,0135955
1,333210-3
1 m H2O
9,8063754
0,0999997
73,5539622 1
0,0980638
1 bar
100
1,0197162
750,062679 10,1974477 1
1 kPa = 1000 N/m
1 atmsfera = 101,325 kPa = 760 mm Hg
1 mm H2O = 0,0098063 kPa
1 psi = 6,89476 kPa
1 ft H2O = 2,98898 kPa
1 in H2O = 0,249082 kPa
2.7. Energa
Para recordar:
1 kcal = 4,186 kJ; 1 Btu = 1,055 kJ; 1kWh = 3600 kJ
Unidad
Kilocalora
British Thermal kilojulio
Kilovatio
(kcal)
Unit (Btu)
(kJ)
hora (kWh)
1 kcal
1
3,9683207
4,1868
0,001163
1 Btu
0,2519958
1
1,0550559 2,930710-4
1 kJ
0,2388459
0,9478171
1
2,77710-4
1 kWh
859,84523
3412,1416
3600
1
1 CVh = 0,7355 kWh = 2647,7955 kJ
1 termia = 1000 kcal
1 Tec (Tonelada equivalente de carbn) = 29,288106 kJ = 8135 kWh
1 Tep (Tonelada equivalente de petrleo) = 41,84106 kJ = 11622 kWh
2.8. Potencia
Para recordar:
1 kW = 860 kcal/h;
1 kW = 3,412 kBtu/h; 1 CV
Unidad
Kilovatio
kcal/h
Btu/h
Horsepower
(kW)
(hp)
1 kW
1
859,84523
3412,1416
1,3410221
1 kcal/h
1,16310-3
1
3,9683297
1,559610-3
-4
1 Btu/h
2,930710
0,2519958
1
3,930110-4
1 hp
0,7457
641,18648
2544,4336
1
1 CV
0,7354988
632,41509
2509,6529
0,986301
1 ton (Tonelada de refrigeracin) =3,5168 kW = 12000 Btu/h
= 736 W
Caballo de
vapor (CV)
1,3596216
1,581210-3
3,984710-4
1,0138697
1
1 W/mK =
kcal/hmC
1
0,85984523
4,882
0,860 kcal/hmC
W/mK
Btu/hftF
1,163
0,2048
1
0,1761
5,678
1
m/s
1
3600
m/h
2,777810-4
1
L/h
2,777810-7
0,001
cfm
4,719510-4
1,6989
gpm
6,309010-5
0,2271
L/s = 3600 L/h = 15.84 gpm
Galn/min
(gpm)
15850,3
4,4029
0,0044
7,4805
1
2.12. Temperatura
T C T F 32 / 1,8
T K T C 273,15
T F 1,8 T C 32
T R T F 459,67
g = 9,80665 m/s
Patm = 101,325 kPa
R= 8,315 J/kmolK
Raire = 287.055 J/kgK
N = 6,0241023 molculas/mol
h = 6,62510-34 Js/molcula
k = 1,38010-23 J/Kmolcula
c0 = 2,998108 m/s
= 5,6710-8 W/mK4
C1 = 3,7420108 Wm4/m2
C2 = 1,4388104 mK
C3 = 2897,8 mK
Coef.
de
friccin:
Cf
s
V2 / 2
N
Eckert:
de
N
Euler:
Eu
p
V
N
Fourier:
de
N
Froude:
de
N
Grashof:
de
de
p
L / D u2m / 2
Factor
de
friccin:
N
Graetz:
Gz RePr
Factor
Colburn:
de
j
D
L
jH St Pr / 3
DAB
N
Lewis:
de
Le
N
Peclet:
de
Pe RePr
VL
N
de
Reynolds:
VL VL
Re
N
de
Schmidt:
Sc
N
de
Stanton:
St
Ec
V2
cp Ts T
Fo
t
L2
Fr
V2
gL
Gr
N de Jakob:
Ja
N
Nusselt:
de
Nu
N
Prandtl:
de
Pr
g Ts T L3
2
cp Ts Tsat
hfg
hL
kf
cp
k
N
de
Rayleigh:
Ra Gr Pr
DAB
N
de
Sherwood :
Sh
hm L
DAB
h
Nu
V cp
RePr
N
Weber:
We
V 2L
de
g Ts T L3
w 1000 kg / m
a 1,2 kg / m
cw 4,18 kJ / kgK
cp,a 1 kJ / kgK
Ma = 28,9645 kg/mol
Mw = 18,01528 kg/mol
hlg,w 2500 kJ / kg
(kg/m)
Descripcin
cp
(J/kgK)
Acero puro
7870
447
Acero al carbono
7854
434
Acero al carbono-silicio
7817
446
Acero al carbono-Manganeso-silicio
8131
434
Acero con cromo (bajo)
7822
444
Acero inoxidable, AISI 302
8055
480
Acero inoxidable, AISI 304
7900
477
Acero inoxidable, AISI 316
8238
468
Acero inoxidable, AISI 347
7978
480
Aluminio puro
2702
903
Aluminio, aleacin 2024-T6
2770
875
Aluminio, aleacin 195, vaciado
2790
883
Armco (99.75% puro)
7870
447
Berilio
1850
1825
Bismuto
9780
122
Boro
2500
1107
Cadmio
8650
231
Cinc
7140
389
Circonio
6570
278
Cromo
7160
449
Cobalto
8862
421
Cobre puro
8933
385
Bronce comercial (90% Cu, 10% Al)
8800
420
Bronce fosforoso (89% Cu, 11% Sn)
8780
355
Latn (70% Cu, 30% Zn)
8530
380
Constantan (55% Cu, 45% Ni)
8920
384
Estao
7310
227
Germanio
5360
322
Iridio
22500
130
Magnesio
1740
1024
Molibdeno
10240
251
Nquel puro
8900
444
Nicromio (80% Ni, 20% Cr)
8400
420
Inconel X-750
8510
439
Niobio
8570
265
Oro
19300
129
Paladio
12020
244
Plata
10500
235
Platino puro
21450
133
Platino, aleacin (60% Pt, 40% Rh)
16630
162
Plomo
11340
129
Renio
21100
136
Rodio
12450
243
Silicio
2330
712
Tantalio
16600
140
Titanio
4500
522
Torio
11700
118
Tungsteno
19300
132
Uranio
19070
116
Vanadio
6100
489
Fuente: Frank P. Incropera y David P. DeWitt, Fundamentos de
4 Ed., Prentice Hall, Mjico, 1999. Apndice A.
10
k
(W/mK)
106
(m/s)
80.2
23.1
60.5
17.7
51.9
14.9
41.0
11.6
37.7
10.9
15.1
3.91
14.9
3.95
13.4
3.48
14.2
3.71
237
97.1
177
73.0
168
68.2
72.7
20.7
200
59.2
7.86
6.59
27.0
9.76
96.8
48.4
116
41.8
22.7
12.4
93.7
29.1
99.2
26.6
401
117
52.0
14.0
54.0
17.0
110
33.9
23.0
6.71
66.6
40.1
59.9
34.7
147
50.3
156
87.6
138
53.7
90.7
23.0
12.0
3.40
11.7
3.10
53.7
23.6
317
127
71.8
24.5
429
174
71.6
25.1
47.0
17.4
35.3
24.1
47.9
16.7
150
49.6
148
89.2
57.5
24.7
21.9
9.32
54.0
39.1
174
68.3
27.6
12.5
30.7
10.3
la Transferencia de Calor
(kg/m)
2070
9110
4157
2650
2220
2500
1950
3500
3160
2080
1400
2210
3970
3970
3000
2600
2400
Descripcin
cp
(J/kgK)
708
235
710
745
745
1105
509
675
1122
935
709
765
765
1030
808
691
k
(W/mK)
0.206
13.0
8.40
10.4/6.21a
1.38
27.6
1.60
2300
490
2.29/0.59b
11.1/0.87b
1950/5.70c
46.0
36.0
272
3.98
16.0
106
(m/s)
0.141
6.10
2.80
Azufre
Bixido de torio
Bixido de titanio, policristalino
Bixido de silicio, cristalino
0.834
Bixido de silicio, policristalino
9.99
Boro
Carbono amorfo
1290
Carbono, diamante tipo IIa
230
Carburo de silicio
Compuesto epxico de fibra de boro
Compuesto epxico de fibra de grafito
Grafito piroltico
15.1
xido de aluminio, zafiro
11.9
xido de aluminio, policristalino
88.0
xido de Berilio
1.89
Pirocermico granulada
9.65
Nitruro de Silicio
a
La primera conductividad es en la direccin paralela al eje del cristal y la segunda
perpendicular.
b
La primera conductividad es en la direccin paralela a las fibras y la segunda perpendicular.
c
La primera conductividad es en la direccin paralela a las capas y la segunda perpendicular.
Fuente: Frank P. Incropera y David P. DeWitt, Fundamentos de la Transferencia de Calor
4 Ed., Prentice Hall, Mjico, 1999. Apndice A.
(kg/m)
1200
700
800
1250
1500
2400
2400
1200
1800
50
600
2000
20
25
50
30
2000
2500
cp
(J/kgK)
1050
1600
920
880
1000
1000
1050
920
1380
1030
2810
1050
1450
1450
1800
1800
800
750
k
(W/mK)
0.49
0.17
0.03
0.95
1.38
2.5
1.63
0.49
0.87
0.036
0.14
1.4
0.036
0.034
0.025
0.026
1
0.95
Fuente: Base de datos del programa de calificacin energtica de edificios, CALENER, Grupo
de Termotecnia, Universidad de Sevilla, 2002.
11
(kg/m)
cp
(kJ/kgK)
106
(Ns/m)
106
(m/s)
k 103
(W/mK)
106
(m/s)
Pr
-150
-100
-90
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
2.867
2.039
1.927
1.828
1.738
1.656
1.582
1.514
1.452
1.394
1.341
1.292
1.269
1.247
1.225
1.204
1.184
1.164
1.146
1.117
1.11
1.092
1.076
1.06
1.044
1.029
1.014
0.9996
0.9857
0.9721
0.9589
0.946
0.9213
0.8979
0.8756
0.8544
0.8343
0.815
0.7966
0.779
0.7622
0.7461
0.7306
0.7158
0.7016
0.6879
0.6748
0.6621
0.6499
0.6382
0.6269
0.6159
0.9825
0.9656
0.9753
0.9835
0.9901
0.9952
0.999
1.002
1.004
1.005
1.006
1.006
1.006
1.006
1.007
1.007
1.007
1.007
1.007
1.007
1.007
1.007
1.007
1.007
1.007
1.007
1.008
1.008
1.008
1.008
1.009
1.009
1.01
1.011
1.012
1.013
1.014
1.016
1.017
1.019
1.021
1.023
1.025
1.027
1.029
1.031
1.033
1.035
1.037
1.04
1.042
1.044
8.636
11.9
12.49
13.07
13.64
14.2
14.74
15.27
15.79
16.3
16.8
17.29
17.54
17.78
18.02
18.25
18.49
18.72
18.95
19.18
19.41
19.63
19.86
20.08
20.3
20.52
20.74
20.96
21.17
21.39
21.6
21.81
22.23
22.64
23.05
23.45
23.85
24.24
24.63
25.01
25.39
25.77
26.14
26.51
26.88
27.24
27.6
27.95
28.3
28.65
29
29.34
3.013
5.835
6.482
7.153
7.85
8.572
9.317
10.08
10.88
11.69
12.52
13.38
13.82
14.26
14.71
15.16
15.61
16.08
16.54
17.02
17.49
17.97
18.46
18.95
19.45
19.95
20.45
20.97
21.48
22
22.52
23.05
24.12
25.21
26.32
27.44
28.59
29.74
30.92
32.11
33.32
34.54
35.78
37.04
38.31
39.6
40.9
42.22
43.55
44.9
46.26
47.64
11.71
15.82
16.62
17.42
18.22
19.01
19.79
20.57
21.34
22.11
22.88
23.64
24.01
24.39
24.76
25.14
25.51
25.88
26.25
26.62
26.99
27.35
27.72
28.08
28.45
28.81
29.17
29.53
29.88
30.24
30.6
30.95
31.65
32.35
33.05
33.74
34.43
35.11
35.79
36.46
37.13
37.79
38.45
39.1
39.75
40.4
41.04
41.67
42.31
42.93
43.56
44.18
4.157
8.034
8.842
9.692
10.59
11.53
12.52
13.56
14.65
15.78
16.96
18.17
18.8
19.44
20.08
20.74
21.4
22.08
22.76
23.45
24.16
24.87
25.59
26.31
27.05
27.79
28.55
29.31
30.07
30.85
31.63
32.42
34.02
35.64
37.3
38.98
40.68
42.4
44.15
45.92
47.71
49.53
51.36
53.21
55.08
56.97
58.88
60.81
62.75
64.72
66.69
68.69
0.7246
0.7263
0.733
0.7381
0.7414
0.7433
0.744
0.7436
0.7425
0.7408
0.7387
0.7362
0.735
0.7336
0.7323
0.7309
0.7296
0.7282
0.7268
0.7255
0.7241
0.7228
0.7215
0.7202
0.719
0.7177
0.7166
0.7154
0.7143
0.7132
0.7121
0.7111
0.7092
0.7073
0.7057
0.7041
0.7027
0.7014
0.7003
0.6992
0.6983
0.6974
0.6967
0.696
0.6955
0.695
0.6946
0.6942
0.694
0.6938
0.6936
0.6935
12
(kg/m)
cp
(kJ/kgK)
106
(Ns/m)
106
(m/s)
k 103
(W/mK)
106
(m/s)
Pr
310
0.6054
1.047
29.68
49.03
44.79
70.7
0.6934
320
0.5951
1.049
30.01
50.43
45.4
72.73
0.6934
330
0.5853
1.051
30.35
51.85
46.01
74.77
0.6935
340
0.5757
1.054
30.68
53.29
46.61
76.83
0.6936
350
0.5665
1.056
31.01
54.73
47.21
78.9
0.6937
360
0.5576
1.059
31.33
56.19
47.81
80.99
0.6938
370
0.5489
1.061
31.65
57.67
48.4
83.09
0.694
380
0.5405
1.064
31.97
59.16
48.99
85.21
0.6943
390
0.5323
1.066
32.29
60.66
49.57
87.34
0.6945
400
0.5244
1.069
32.61
62.18
50.15
89.49
0.6948
410
0.5167
1.071
32.92
63.71
50.72
91.65
0.6951
420
0.5093
1.073
33.23
65.25
51.29
93.83
0.6954
430
0.502
1.076
33.54
66.8
51.86
96.02
0.6957
440
0.495
1.078
33.84
68.37
52.42
98.22
0.6961
450
0.4882
1.081
34.15
69.95
52.98
100.4
0.6965
460
0.4815
1.083
34.45
71.54
53.54
102.7
0.6969
470
0.475
1.085
34.75
73.15
54.09
104.9
0.6973
480
0.4687
1.088
35.04
74.77
54.64
107.2
0.6977
490
0.4626
1.09
35.34
76.4
55.18
109.4
0.6982
500
0.4566
1.093
35.63
78.04
55.72
111.7
0.6986
550
0.4289
1.104
37.07
86.44
58.37
123.3
0.7011
600
0.4043
1.115
38.46
95.12
60.93
135.2
0.7037
650
0.3824
1.125
39.81
104.1
63.41
147.4
0.7064
700
0.3628
1.135
41.11
113.3
65.81
159.8
0.7092
750
0.345
1.145
42.39
122.8
68.12
172.5
0.7121
800
0.329
1.153
43.62
132.6
70.37
185.5
0.7149
850
0.3143
1.162
44.83
142.6
72.54
198.7
0.7178
900
0.3009
1.169
46
152.9
74.65
212.2
0.7206
950
0.2886
1.177
47.15
163.4
76.7
225.8
0.7233
1000
0.2773
1.184
48.26
174.1
78.68
239.8
0.726
1100
0.2571
1.196
50.42
196.1
82.48
268.2
0.7312
1200
0.2396
1.207
52.48
219
86.09
297.6
0.736
1400
0.211
1.226
56.35
267.1
92.81
358.8
0.7444
1600
0.1885
1.241
59.92
317.9
99.08
423.6
0.7506
1800
0.1703
1.253
63.22
371.3
105.1
492.5
0.7539
2000
0.1553
1.264
66.3
426.9
111.1
566.2
0.7539
Fuente: Todas las propiedades de Keenan, Chao, Keyes, Gas Tables, Wiley, 1985.
Excepto:
Conductividad de Y.S. Touloukian, P.E. Liley, S.C. Saxena Thermophysical Properties of
Matter Vol 3, IFI/Plenun, NY, 1970
Viscosidad de Y.S. Touloukian, S.C. Saxena, and P. Hestermans Thermophysical Properties
of Matter Vol 11, IFI/Plenun, NY, 1970
13
(kg/m)
cp
(kJ/kgK)
0
0.7715
2.179
10
0.7426
2.169
20
0.716
2.165
30
0.6914
2.165
40
0.6686
2.169
50
0.6472
2.176
60
0.6272
2.186
70
0.6085
2.197
80
0.5909
2.21
90
0.5743
2.224
100
0.5587
2.239
120
0.5298
2.271
140
0.5039
2.307
160
0.4804
2.345
180
0.459
2.385
200
0.4395
2.426
250
0.3972
2.533
300
0.3624
2.645
350
0.3333
2.759
400
0.3085
2.875
Fuente: S.A. Klein y F.L. Alvarado,
Versin 6.271 (20-07-2001).
107
(Ns/m)
93.58
97.11
100.7
104.2
107.8
111.4
114.9
118.6
122.2
125.8
129.4
136.7
144
151.4
158.8
166.2
184.8
203.5
222.2
240.9
Engineering
106
(m/s)
k 103
(W/mK)
12.13
21.97
13.08
23.02
14.06
24.09
15.07
25.18
16.12
26.29
17.21
27.42
18.33
28.58
19.48
29.75
20.67
30.94
21.9
32.15
23.17
33.39
25.8
35.9
28.59
38.49
31.52
41.14
34.6
43.86
37.82
46.64
46.53
53.83
56.15
61.34
66.68
69.1
78.1
77.09
Equation Solver Software
106
(m/s)
Pr
13.07
0.9284
14.29
0.9152
15.54
0.9047
16.82
0.8962
18.13
0.8894
19.47
0.8838
20.84
0.8792
22.25
0.8755
23.7
0.8724
25.18
0.8699
26.69
0.8678
29.83
0.865
33.11
0.8635
36.52
0.863
40.07
0.8634
43.75
0.8645
53.5
0.8697
63.99
0.8775
75.15
0.8872
86.94
0.8983
(EES), Academia
(kg/m)
cp
(kJ/kgK)
0
1.977
0.8268
10
1.906
0.8364
20
1.839
0.846
30
1.778
0.8556
40
1.72
0.8651
50
1.666
0.8745
60
1.616
0.8838
70
1.568
0.8929
80
1.523
0.9019
90
1.481
0.9107
100
1.441
0.9193
120
1.367
0.9361
140
1.3
0.9523
160
1.24
0.9678
180
1.185
0.9827
200
1.135
0.9971
250
1.026
1.031
300
0.9361
1.061
350
0.8609
1.089
400
0.7968
1.114
450
0.7417
1.137
500
0.6937
1.159
Fuente: S.A. Klein y F.L. Alvarado,
Versin 6.271 (20-07-2001).
14
107
(Ns/m)
137.1
142
146.9
151.7
156.5
161.3
166.1
170.8
175.5
180.1
184.7
193.9
202.8
211.7
220.4
228.9
249.7
269.6
288.8
307.2
324.9
342
Engineering
106
(m/s)
k 103
(W/mK)
6.935
14.66
7.452
15.43
7.985
16.22
8.535
17.03
9.101
17.84
9.683
18.67
10.28
19.5
10.89
20.34
11.52
21.18
12.17
22.03
12.82
22.88
14.18
24.57
15.6
26.27
17.07
27.96
18.6
29.64
20.17
31.31
24.34
35.44
28.8
39.47
33.54
43.41
38.55
47.26
43.8
51.02
49.3
54.72
Equation Solver Software
106
(m/s)
Pr
8.968
0.7734
9.683
0.7696
10.43
0.766
11.2
0.7624
11.99
0.759
12.81
0.7557
13.66
0.7527
14.53
0.7498
15.42
0.7472
16.33
0.7447
17.27
0.7425
19.2
0.7386
21.21
0.7353
23.3
0.7327
25.46
0.7306
27.68
0.7289
33.52
0.7261
39.74
0.7248
46.31
0.7243
53.23
0.7241
60.49
0.7242
68.1
0.7239
(EES), Academia
(kg/m)
cp
(kJ/kgK)
0
1.25
1.041
10
1.206
1.041
20
1.164
1.04
30
1.126
1.04
40
1.09
1.04
50
1.056
1.04
60
1.024
1.04
70
0.9944
1.04
80
0.9662
1.039
90
0.9396
1.039
100
0.9143
1.039
120
0.8678
1.039
140
0.8257
1.039
160
0.7876
1.039
180
0.7528
1.039
200
0.7209
1.039
250
0.652
1.04
300
0.5951
1.04
350
0.5473
1.041
400
0.5067
1.042
450
0.4716
1.043
500
0.4411
1.045
Fuente: S.A. Klein y F.L. Alvarado,
Versin 6.271 (20-07-2001).
107
(Ns/m)
163.9
168.6
173.3
177.9
182.4
186.9
191.3
195.6
199.8
204
208.2
216.3
224.2
231.9
239.4
246.7
264.1
280.6
296.3
311.4
326
340.2
Engineering
106
(m/s)
k 103
(W/mK)
13.11
24.59
13.99
25.31
14.88
26.01
15.8
26.71
16.74
27.4
17.69
28.07
18.67
28.74
19.67
29.4
20.68
30.04
21.72
30.68
22.77
31.31
24.93
32.55
27.15
33.75
29.45
34.92
31.8
36.06
34.22
37.17
40.51
39.85
47.16
42.38
54.14
44.8
61.46
47.13
69.11
49.4
77.12
51.63
Equation Solver Software
106
(m/s)
Pr
18.9
0.6937
20.17
0.6933
21.48
0.693
22.81
0.6927
24.17
0.6924
25.56
0.6921
26.99
0.6919
28.44
0.6917
29.91
0.6915
31.42
0.6913
32.95
0.6911
36.09
0.6907
39.33
0.6904
42.67
0.6901
46.09
0.6899
49.61
0.6897
58.78
0.6892
68.45
0.6889
78.61
0.6887
89.25
0.6886
100.4
0.6885
112
0.6885
(EES), Academia
(kg/m)
cp
(kJ/kgK)
100.1
0.5973
2.044
110
0.5808
2.023
120
0.5652
2.007
130
0.5504
1.995
140
0.5365
1.987
150
0.5233
1.981
160
0.5108
1.977
170
0.4989
1.975
180
0.4876
1.974
190
0.4768
1.975
200
0.4665
1.976
220
0.4472
1.98
240
0.4295
1.986
260
0.4131
1.994
280
0.398
2.003
300
0.384
2.013
350
0.3529
2.04
400
0.3266
2.07
450
0.3039
2.102
500
0.2842
2.135
550
0.2669
2.168
600
0.2516
2.203
Fuente: S.A. Klein y F.L. Alvarado,
Versin 6.271 (20-07-2001).
15
107
(Ns/m)
122.7
126.4
130.2
134
137.9
141.8
145.8
149.7
153.7
157.7
161.8
169.9
178.1
186.3
194.6
202.9
223.7
244.5
265.2
285.7
306.1
326.2
Engineering
106
(m/s)
k 103
(W/mK)
20.54
25.1
21.77
25.78
23.04
26.5
24.35
27.26
25.71
28.05
27.1
28.86
28.53
29.7
30.01
30.57
31.52
31.45
33.08
32.36
34.68
33.28
37.99
35.19
41.46
37.16
45.1
39.19
48.89
41.28
52.84
43.41
63.38
48.96
74.87
54.75
87.26
60.76
100.5
66.97
114.7
73.35
129.7
79.89
Equation Solver Software
106
(m/s)
Pr
20.56
0.9992
21.94
0.992
23.37
0.9861
24.82
0.9812
26.31
0.9771
27.84
0.9735
29.41
0.9703
31.02
0.9675
32.67
0.9649
34.37
0.9624
36.11
0.9602
39.74
0.9559
43.56
0.9519
47.57
0.948
51.77
0.9444
56.16
0.9408
67.98
0.9323
80.98
0.9245
95.13
0.9173
110.4
0.9108
126.8
0.9048
144.2
0.8994
(EES), Academia
(kg/m)
cp
(kJ/kgK)
106
(Ns/m)
106
(m/s)
k 103
(W/mK)
106
(m/s)
103
(1/K)
Pr
0.001 1005
4.213
1766
1.757
567.2
0.1339
-0.08021 13.12
5
1004
4.201
1506
1.500
574.8
0.1363
0.01135
11.00
10
1003
4.191
1300
1.297
583.0
0.1387
0.08744
9.348
15
1001
4.184
1135
1.134
591.4
0.1412
0.1523
8.033
20
999.5
4.180
1001
1.001
599.8
0.1436
0.209
6.975
25
997.9
4.176
890.1
0.8920
608.0
0.1459
0.2594
6.114
30
996.2
4.175
797.6
0.8007
616.0
0.1481
0.3051
5.406
35
994.3
4.174
719.6
0.7238
623.6
0.1503
0.347
4.817
40
992.4
4.174
653.3
0.6583
630.7
0.1523
0.3859
4.323
45
990.3
4.175
596.3
0.6022
637.4
0.1542
0.4225
3.906
50
988.1
4.177
547.1
0.5537
643.6
0.1559
0.4572
3.551
55
985.7
4.179
504.2
0.5115
649.3
0.1576
0.4903
3.245
60
983.2
4.182
466.6
0.4746
654.4
0.1592
0.5221
2.981
65
980.6
4.184
433.5
0.4420
659.1
0.1606
0.5528
2.752
70
977.9
4.188
404.1
0.4132
663.2
0.1620
0.5827
2.551
75
975.0
4.191
378.0
0.3877
666.9
0.1632
0.6118
2.375
80
971.9
4.195
354.6
0.3648
670.2
0.1644
0.6402
2.219
85
968.8
4.199
333.6
0.3443
673.0
0.1654
0.6682
2.081
90
965.5
4.204
314.6
0.3259
675.5
0.1664
0.6958
1.958
95
962.1
4.209
297.5
0.3092
677.5
0.1673
0.723
1.848
100
958.5
4.214
281.9
0.2941
679.3
0.1682
0.7501
1.749
Fuente: S.A. Klein y F.L. Alvarado, Engineering Equation Solver Software (EES), Academia
Versin 6.271 (20-07-2001).
16
psat
(kPa)
hl-g
(kJ/kg)
l
(kg/m)
vg
(m/kg)
cp,l
(kJ/kgK)
cp,g
(kJ/kgK)
l 106
(Ns/m)
g 106
(Ns/m)
kl 103
(W/mK)
kg 103
(W/mK)
Prl
Prg
l 103
(1/k)
0.001
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
340
360
0.6113
0.8726
1.228
1.706
2.339
3.169
4.246
5.627
7.381
9.59
12.34
15.75
19.93
25.02
31.18
38.56
47.37
57.81
70.12
84.53
101.3
143.2
198.5
270
361.2
475.7
617.7
791.5
1002
1254
1554
2318
3345
4689
6413
8584
11279
14594
18655
2501
2489
2477
2465
2453
2442
2430
2418
2406
2394
2382
2370
2358
2345
2333
2321
2308
2295
2283
2270
2257
2230
2202
2174
2145
2114
2082
2049
2015
1978
1940
1858
1766
1662
1543
1405
1238
1028
721.1
1000
1000
999.7
999.1
998.2
997
995.6
994
992.2
990.2
988
985.7
983.2
980.5
977.7
974.8
971.8
968.6
965.3
961.9
958.4
951
943.2
934.9
926.2
917.1
907.5
897.5
887.1
876.1
864.7
840.3
813.5
783.8
750.5
712.4
667.4
610.8
528.1
206.1
147
106.3
77.9
57.78
43.36
32.9
25.22
19.53
15.26
12.04
9.573
7.674
6.2
5.045
4.133
3.409
2.829
2.362
1.983
1.674
1.211
0.8922
0.6687
0.509
0.3929
0.3071
0.2428
0.194
0.1565
0.1273
0.08616
0.05974
0.04219
0.03016
0.02167
0.01548
0.01079
0.006962
4.229
4.2
4.188
4.184
4.183
4.183
4.183
4.183
4.182
4.182
4.182
4.182
4.183
4.184
4.187
4.19
4.194
4.199
4.204
4.21
4.217
4.232
4.249
4.267
4.288
4.312
4.338
4.368
4.403
4.443
4.489
4.604
4.759
4.973
5.278
5.744
6.542
8.237
14.68
1.868
1.871
1.874
1.878
1.882
1.887
1.892
1.898
1.904
1.912
1.919
1.928
1.937
1.947
1.958
1.97
1.983
1.996
2.011
2.027
2.044
2.082
2.125
2.175
2.233
2.298
2.373
2.459
2.557
2.669
2.796
3.107
3.516
4.064
4.828
5.967
7.87
11.79
25.28
1793
1519
1307
1138
1002
890.5
797.7
719.6
653.3
596.3
547.1
504.2
466.6
433.4
404
377.9
354.5
333.5
314.5
297.4
281.9
254.8
232.1
213
196.6
182.5
170.3
159.6
150.2
141.8
134.4
121.6
110.9
101.7
93.56
85.95
78.46
70.45
60.39
9.216
9.336
9.461
9.592
9.727
9.867
10.01
10.16
10.31
10.46
10.62
10.77
10.93
11.1
11.26
11.43
11.59
11.76
11.93
12.1
12.27
12.61
12.96
13.3
13.65
13.99
14.34
14.68
15.03
15.37
15.71
16.41
17.12
17.88
18.7
19.65
20.84
22.55
25.71
561
570.5
580
589.3
598.4
607.1
615.4
623.3
630.6
637.3
643.5
649.2
654.3
659
663.1
666.8
670
672.8
675.3
677.4
679.1
681.7
683.2
683.7
683.3
682.1
680
677.1
673.4
668.8
663.4
649.8
632
609.2
580.3
543.6
496.7
435.6
351
17.07
17.34
17.62
17.92
18.23
18.55
18.88
19.23
19.6
19.97
20.36
20.77
21.18
21.62
22.07
22.53
23.01
23.5
24.02
24.55
25.09
26.24
27.46
28.76
30.13
31.58
33.11
34.72
36.41
38.18
40.03
43.99
48.31
53.1
58.53
64.98
73.25
85.24
107.5
13.52
11.18
9.435
8.081
7.006
6.136
5.422
4.83
4.333
3.913
3.555
3.248
2.983
2.752
2.551
2.375
2.219
2.081
1.958
1.849
1.75
1.582
1.444
1.329
1.234
1.154
1.086
1.03
0.982
0.9421
0.9092
0.8613
0.8351
0.8304
0.8511
0.9083
1.033
1.332
2.525
1.008
1.007
1.006
1.005
1.004
1.004
1.003
1.002
1.002
1.001
1.001
1
0.9998
0.9995
0.9992
0.999
0.9989
0.9988
0.9989
0.999
0.9993
1.001
1.003
1.006
1.011
1.018
1.028
1.04
1.055
1.074
1.097
1.159
1.246
1.368
1.542
1.804
2.24
3.118
6.046
-0.08063
0.01103
0.08719
0.1522
0.2089
0.2593
0.305
0.3469
0.3859
0.4225
0.4572
0.4903
0.5222
0.5529
0.5827
0.6118
0.6403
0.6682
0.6958
0.723
0.7501
0.8038
0.8576
0.9122
0.9683
1.026
1.087
1.152
1.221
1.296
1.377
1.567
1.807
2.126
2.576
3.266
4.47
7.116
17.11
Fuente: S.A. Klein y F.L. Alvarado, Engineering Equation Solver Software (EES), Academia Versin 6.271 (20-07-2001).
17
T T T
T
k
k
k
q cp
x x y y z z
t
y
y
x
Coordenadas Cilndricas:
x
z
1 T 1 T T
kr
r r r r 2 z z
cp T
q
t
r
z
y
Coordenadas Esfricas:
1 2 T
1
T
k r
2
k
2
2
r r sen
r r
1
T
T
k sen
q cp
2
2
t
r sen
r
y
Ecuacin diferencial
Placa
plana
d2 T
0
dx2
Distribucin de temperaturas
Ts,1 T
Flujo de calor ( q )
Transferencia de calor ( q )
kA
e
kA
T
e
T
e
Capa
cilndrica
1 d dT
r
0
r dr dr
x
e
lnr / r1
lnr2 / r1
Capa
esfrica
1 d 2 dT
r
0
r 2 dr dr
kT
r lnr2 / r1
1 r1 / r
Ts,1 T
1 r1 / r2
kT
2
r 1 / r1 1 / r2
2LkT
lnr2 / r1
4 k T
1 / r1 1 / r2
Ts,1 T
lnr2 / r1
2Lk
1 / r1 1 / r2
4 k
Nota: T Ts,1 Ts,2 , e: espesor de placa plana, r1: radio interno, r2: radio externo, L:
longitud de la capa cilndrica
18
Conveccin:
d
hL
(L)
dx X 1
k
senhmL h / mk coshmL
coshmL1 X h / mk senhmL1 X
M
coshmL h / mk senhmL
coshmL h / mk senhmL
Adiabtica:
d
0
dx X 1
coshm L1 X
coshm L
M tghmL
Aleta
infinita
mx
( L ): (L) 0 e
T T /T0 T ;
X x / L;
(0) 1
M kAcmT0 T
m hP / kAc ;
Esquema
Expresin
L c L / 2
2h
k
tghm Lc
m Lc
1 I1 2m L
m L I0 2m L
w
L
Aleta recta triangular
A s 2 w L2 / 2
2 1/2
2h
k
w
L
A s w 12
L / ln / L C1
C1 1 / L
m
2 1/2
2h
k
y / 21 x / L
a
w
L
x
19
4m L
1/2
r2c r2 t / 2
a C 2
2h
kt
C2
K1 m r1 I1 m r2c I1 m r1 K1 m r2c
I0 m r1 K1 m r2c K 0 m r1 I1 m r2c
2r1 / m
r22c r12
L c L D / 4
4h
kD
tghm Lc
m Lc
2 I2 2m L
m L I1 2m L
4h
kD
D
L
L3 3 4
As
L
8D
ln2DC4 / L C3
2D
C3 1 2D / L
C 4 1 D / L
m
y D / 21 x / L
D
L
4 / 9m L
2 1/2
4h
kD
20
1/2
21
1/2
x
1/3
Nux 0.332Re
Pr
1/2
x
1/3
Nux 0.453Re
Nu x
Nu x
Pr
1/2
x
Pr
0.0468
1
Pr
2 /3
0.3387Re
Condiciones de aplicacin
T Propiedades
Nombre
T de pelcula
Polhausen
T de pelcula
q cte
T de pelcula
Churchill y Ozoe
T de pelcula
Churchill y Ozoe
1/3
1/4
0.4637Re1x / 2 Pr1 / 3
2 /3
0.0207
1
Pr
1/4
T media pelcula
Polhausen
T media pelcula
q cte
T de pelcula
Analoga
de
Chilton-Colburn
Whitaker
T media pelcula
Analoga
de
Chilton-Colburn
T , menos s a Ts
Whitaker
10
4 /5
L
NuL 0.036Re
0.43
331 Pr
/ s
1/ 4
Turbulento, medio,
0.7 Pr 380 , 105 ReL 5.5106 ,
5
22
Tabla 6.2: Correlaciones conv. forzada, flujo externo, conducto circular, flujo perpendicular
Conducto circular, flujo perpendicular
N Correlacin
m
D
1/3
Tabla6.2.1
11
NuD C Re Pr
12
13
1/4
NuD 0.3
Condiciones de aplicacin
Medio, 0.4 ReD 410 , 0.7 Pr
Medio, 1 ReD 106 , 0.7 Pr 500 ,
Tabla6.2.2
1 (0.4 / Pr)
2 /3 1/ 4
n 0.37Pr 10,
5/8
ReD
1
282000
n 0.36Pr 10
T Propiedades
Nombre
T media de pelcula
Hilpert
T , menos Prs a Ts
Zhukauskas
T media de pelcula
Churchill
Berstein
4 /5
C
0.989
0.911
0.683
0.193
0.027
m
0.330
0.385
0.466
0.618
0.805
C
0.75
0.51
0.26
0.076
m
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Condiciones de aplicacin
1/4
T Propiedades
Medio,
- Para la correlacin (14) las propiedades se evalan a la temperatura exterior del fluido, salvo s que se evala a la temperatura superficial
- Las correlaciones para transferencia de masa pueden obtenerse sustituyendo en las correlaciones anteriores Nu y Pr por Sh y Sc respectivamente.
23
Nombre
Whitaker
Tabla 6.4: Correlaciones conv. forzada, flujo externo, conducto no circular, flujo perpendicular
Conducto no circular, flujo perpendicular
N Correlacin
15
m
D
1/3
NuD C Re Pr
Tabla6.4.1
Condiciones de aplicacin
5
T Propiedades
Nombre
T media de pelcula
Hilpert
ReD
5103 - 105
0.246
0.588
5103 - 105
0.102
0.675
0.160
0.638
0.0385
0.782
5103 - 105
0.153
0.638
4103 1.5104
0.228
0.731
Hexgono
V
5103 1.95104
4
1.9510 10
Placa vertical
V
24
Tabla 6.5: Correlaciones conv. forzada, flujo externo, banco de tubos, flujo perpendicular
Banco de tubos, flujo perpendicular
N Correlacin
Condiciones de aplicacin
17
1/4
0.7 Pr
Tabla6.5.3y 6.5.4
T Propiedades
Nombre
T media de pelcula
Grimison
Medio,
Tabla6.5.1y 6.5.2
16
Medio,
0.7 Pr 500
Configuracin en lnea
Configuracin cruzada
SL
SL
SD
D
D
A1
ST
ST
A2
V , T
V , T
A1
2
1
0.64
0.68
2
0.80
0.75
3
0.87
0.83
4
0.90
0.89
5
0.92
0.92
6
0.94
0.95
7
0.96
0.97
8
0.98
0.98
9
0.99
0.99
13
0.98
0.98
16
0.99
0.99
25
1
0.70
0.64
2
0.80
0.76
3
0.86
0.84
4
0.90
0.89
5
0.92
0.92
7
0.95
0.95
10
0.97
0.97
Distribucin
En lnea
Cruzada
SL/D
1.25
1.50
2.00
3.00
0.600
0.900
1.000
1.125
1.250
1.500
2.000
3.000
ST/D
1.25
C1
0.348
0.367
0.418
0.290
0.518
0.451
0.404
0.310
m
0.592
0.586
0.570
0.601
0.556
0.568
0.572
0.592
1.50
C1
0.275
0.250
0.299
0.357
0.479
0.505
0.460
0.416
0.356
M
0.608
0.620
0.602
0.584
0.558
0.554
0.562
0.568
0.580
2.00
C1
0.100
0.101
0.229
0.374
0.446
0.478
0.519
0.452
0.482
0.440
M
0.704
0.702
0.632
0.581
0.571
0.565
0.556
0.568
0.556
0.562
3.00
C1
0.0633
0.0678
0.198
0.286
0.213
0.401
0.518
0.522
0.488
0.449
0.428
m
0.752
0.744
0.648
0.608
0.636
0.581
0.560
0.562
0.568
0.570
0.574
ReD,max
10-102
10-102
102-103
103-2105
Cruzada (ST/SL<2)
103-2105
Cruzada (ST/SL>2)
En lnea
Cruzada
(*)
26
10 -210
2105-2106
2105-2106
C1
m
0.8
0.4
0.9
0.4
Considerar como tubos aislados
0.27
0.63
0.35 ST / SL
0.6
0.4
0.021
0.022
0.6
0.84
0.84
1 /5
Para ST/SL<0.7, la transferencia de calor es muy poco eficaz y no debe usarse un banco de tubos en lnea
Condiciones de aplicacin
T Propiedades
f 64 ReD
20
1 / 4
D
f 0.316Re
21
f 0.184ReD1 / 5
22
f 0.790lnReD 1.64
Turbulento,
complet.
3000 ReD 5106
23
NuD 3.66
T media masa
24
NuD 4.36
T media masa
25
NuD 3.66
26
Re Pr
NuD 1.86 D
L /D
27
0.0668D L ReD Pr
1 0.04D L ReD Pr
2 /3
1/3
28
Nombre
4 /5
D
NuD 0.027Re
1/3
Pr
0.14
Turbulento,
desarrollado,
29
NuD
30
31
0.827
rugosa,
Turbulento,
ReD 10000,
0.6 Pr 160 ,
0.7 Pr 16700, L / D 10
f 8ReD 1000Pr
1/2
1 12.7f 8 Pr2 / 3 1
no
Petukhov
Hausen
Laminar, ent. trmica e hidrodinmica, Ts cte, 0.48 Pr 16700, T media masa, Sieder
menos s a Ts
Tate
ReD Pr/L / D1 / 3 / s 0.14 2 , 0.0044 / s 9.75
L / D 10 ,
0.14
sup.
Turbulento, complet.
desarrollado,
completamente
desarrollado,
desarrollado,
T media masa
metales
lq.,
complet.
desarrollado, Ts uniforme,
PeD 100
DittusBoelter
T media masa
27
Gnielinski
Skupinski
Seban
y
Shimazaki
con D Dh
4A c
P
Condiciones de aplicacin
T Propiedades
T media de masa
Nombre
Tabla 6.7.1: Nmero de Nusselt y factores de friccin, flujo laminar complet. desarrollado, conductos diferente secciones (32)
NuD
Seccin transversal
a
b
a
b
a
b
a
b
a
b
a
b
a
b
28
hDh
k
b
a
qs uniforme
Ts uniforme
f ReD
4.36
3.66
64
1.0
3.61
2.98
57
1.43
3.73
3.08
59
2.0
4.12
3.39
62
3.0
4.79
3.96
69
4.0
5.33
4.44
73
8.0
6.49
5.60
82
8.23
7.54
96
3.11
2.47
53
Tabla 6.8: Correlaciones conv. libre, flujo externo, placa plana vertical, inclinada y horizontal
Placa plana vertical
N Correlacin
34
35
36
n
L
NuL C Ra
(Tabla 6.8.1)
0.387Ra1L / 6
NuL 0.825
9 / 16
1 0.492 / Pr
NuL 0.68
T Propiedades
Nombre
Medio, Ts cte
T media de pelcula.
McAdams
T media de pelcula.
Churchill
Chu
T media de pelcula
Churchill
Chu
8 / 27
1/4
L
0.670Ra
1 0.492 / Pr
Condiciones de aplicacin
9 / 16 4 / 9
RaL
104-109
109-1013
C
0.59
0.10
n
1/4
1/3
RaL
104-107
C
0.54
n
1/4
McAdams
107-1011
0.15
1/3
Tabla 6.9: Correlaciones conv. libre, flujo externo, cilindro largo horizontal
Cilindro largo horizontal
N Correlacin
40
41
n
D
NuD C Ra
(Tabla 6.9.1)
0.387Ra1D/ 6
NuD 0.60
9 / 16
1 0.559 / Pr
8 / 27
Condiciones de aplicacin
T Propiedades
Nombre
Medio, Ts cte
T media de pelcula.
Morgan
T media de pelcula.
Churchill
Chu
C
0.675
1.020
0.850
0.480
0.125
n
0.058
0.148
0.188
1/4
1/3
NuD 2
Condiciones de aplicacin
1/4
D
0.589Ra
1 0.469 / Pr
9 / 16 4 / 9
30
Pr 0.7
T Propiedades
Nombre
T media de pelcula.
Churchill
Condiciones de aplicacin
43
44
RaL Pr
NuL 0,18
0.2 Pr
0,29
45
RaL Pr
NuL 0,22
0.2 Pr
46
H
NuL 0,42 Ra1L / 4 Pr0,012
L
47
H
L
0.3
1708
NuL 1 1,44 1
RaL cos
48
Ra cos
L
5830
1/3
1 / 4
1,6
1708 sen1.8
1
RaL cos
/ cr
Catton
T. media
superficies
Catton
T. media
superficies
MacGregor y
Emery
T. media
superficies
MacGregor y
Emery
T. media
superficies
Hollands
T. media
superficies
Catton
-3
1
25
3
53
6
60
49
NuL ( 90
NuL NuL ( 0 )
NuL ( 0 )
50
51
1/4
sencr ( / 4
cr )
12
67
>12
70
T. media
superficies
T. media
superficies
Ayaswamy y
Catton
Arnold
31
T. media
superficies
10
0,28
RaL Pr
0,2 Pr
T Propiedades Nombre
T. media
Globe
superficies
Dropkin
R a Pr
k ef
0,386
k
0,861 Pr
R a
ln(De / Di )
3 / 5
e
R a
R a Pr
k ef
0,74
k
0,861 Pr
R a
De Di
1/4
7 / 5
e
T Propiedades
Medio, Ts cte
102 Ra* 107
= D e Di
T. media superficies
Condiciones de aplicacin
T Propiedades
Medio, Ts cte
102 Ra* 104
= D e Di
T. media superficies
Di7 / 5
R a
32
Nombre
1/4
Di3 / 5
Condiciones de aplicacin
Nombre
54
g l (l v ) h'gl k l3
hx
4 l (Tsat Ts ) x
55
g ( ) k 3
hL 1,76 l l 2 v l
l
1/3
Re1 / 3
Re0,4
Nusselt
Rohsenow
Kirkbride
1/4
Condiciones de aplicacin
Laminar, Medio, Ts cte,
Re 3600, Ja (N 1) < 2 ,
N = N de tubos en vertical
g l (l v ) h'gl k l3
hD 0,7251 0,2 Ja N 1
l (Tsat Ts ) D N
58 hD 0,555
Rev v v
35000
l (Tsat Ts ) D
v
57
hD C RenD Prl 1 / 3
Nombre
1/3
g ( ) k 3
56 hL 0,0076 l l 2 v l
l
T Propiedades
T Propiedades
Nombre
Nombre
Akers,
Deans
y
Ge D
ReD
; Ge G 1 x G x l
Crossers
l
v
La temperatura med. de pelcula se define
de saturacin
del vapor Tsat.
En flujo externo, placa plana inclinada un ngulo con la vertical, se utilizan las correlaciones (54) a (56) con g = g cos
El nmero de Reynolds en flujo externo se define en funcin del caudal msico de condensado M en la parte inferior de la superficie de
condensacin por unidad de permetro mojado. En flujo interno se define en funcin del caudal msico de condensado M l y/o de vapor Mv
El Rev de la correlacin (58) se evala a las condiciones del vapor en la seccin de entrada.
El ReD de la correlacin (59) se calcula en funcin del ttulo del vapor en la seccin correspondiente.
1/2
59
33
61 qs l hlg
n = 1 (agua)
n = 1,7 (otros lquidos)
Lquido a T. de saturacin
qmax
g (l v )
v hlg
24
2v
1/4
1 v
l
64
g (l v )
Lb L
0,5
g (l v )
qmin cpv hlg
2
(l v )
h hr hc hc / h
65
1/4
g v (l v ) h k
hc 0,62
v Te D
4
4
Ts Tsat
hr
(1 / ) (1 / ) 1 Ts Tsat
3
v
Rohsenow
Zuber
Lienhard
Zuber
Bromley
1/4
1/4
1/3
'
lg
1/2
Nombre
Ebullicin en pelcula,
'
hlg
hlg 1 0,40 Ja
Ja cpv Te / hlg
= emisividad superficie,
= absortividad lquido
medio,
Ts
cte
La temp. med. de pelcula se define como la media aritmtica entre la temperatura de la superficie y la temperatura de saturacin del
lquido Tsat.
34
Condiciones de aplicacin
Conveccin forzada, Local, medio, Ts cte
67
correlacin (61)
T Propiedades
Nombre
Rohsenow
Chen
hFB hc hEN
68
F 1,0
1
F 2,35
0,213
X tt
1
0,1
X tt
0,736
0,75
hEN 0,00122 Psat
Te0,24 S
X tt
0,45 0,49
k l0,79 cpl
l
0,24 0,24
0,5 l0,29 hlg
v
S 1 0,42 Re
S 1 0,12 Re1FB,14
ReFB 32,5
32,5 ReFB 70
ReFB 70
ReFB
0,9
0,5
v l
l v
G (1 x) D 1,25
F
104
l
1 x
0,1
0,78 1
FB
S 0,1
La temp. media de pelcula se define como la media aritmtica entre la temperatura de la superficie y la temperatura de saturacin del
lquido Tsat.
En la correlacin (68), G representa el caudal msico por tubo y por unidad de superficie y x el ttulo del vapor en la seccin.
35
Fluido
Agua
Agua
Agua
Agua
Agua
Agua
Agua
Agua
Agua
Agua
Agua
Sodio
Potasio
Cesio
Mercurio
Benceno
Alcohol etlico
Fren 11
Temperatura
Saturacin (C)
0
20
40
60
80
100
150
200
250
300
350
880
760
680
355
80
78
45
Tensin superficial
x 103 (N/m)
75,5
72,9
69,5
66,1
62,7
58,9
48,7
37,8
26,1
14,3
3,6
11,2
62,7
29,2
39,4
27,7
21,9
8,5
F(Lb)
Condiciones aplicacin
Geometra: Tubera
Combinacin lquido-superficie
Csf
1,14
Lb > 30
Horizontal 15mm ID
0,015
Lb > 0,15;
L = radio
Horizontal - 2,4mm ID
0,020
0,84
Lb > 4,26;
L = radio
Vertical 4,5mm ID
Agua nquel
0,006
Agua cobre
0,013
0,013
1,734 L b
36
1 / 2
L = Vol/Sup
Vertical 27mm ID
37
Ji i Mi0 1 i Ei
Ecuacin (1b):
Ji i T 1- i Fij J j
4
i
j1
Irradiacin:
Ecuacin (2):
Ei
ij
Jj
j1
Flujo de calor:
Ecuacin (3a):
Qi Ai Ji Ei
Ecuacin (3b):
Qi Ai Fij J i J j
N
j1
j1
Jj
Ai Fij
Ecuaciones 7.2: Expresin linealizada del flujo de calor por radiacin neto
en una superficie
Ecuacin (1):
Ecuacin (2):
T Tre
h r 41 1
38
M0(,T)/
M0(,T)
F0-
0.000000
0.000000
0.000014
0.001372
0.016402
0.072516
0.186035
0.344815
0.519815
0.682947
0.816119
0.911920
0.970641
0.996866
1.000000
0.996887
0.977122
0.943308
0.900197
0.851518
0.800085
0.747947
0.696541
0.646838
0.599456
0.554755
0.512911
0.473970
0.437889
0.404567
0.373869
0.345635
0.319701
0.295897
0.274058
0.254025
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000016
0.000321
0.002134
0.007790
0.019718
0.039341
0.066728
0.100888
0.140256
0.183120
0.227897
0.250108
0.273232
0.318102
0.361735
0.403607
0.443382
0.480877
0.516014
0.548796
0.579280
0.607559
0.633747
0.658970
0.680360
0.701046
0.720158
0.737818
0.754140
0.769234
0.783199
0.796129
0.808109
39
T
(mK)
7200
7400
7600
7800
8000
8500
9000
9500
10000
10500
11000
11500
12000
13000
14000
15000
16000
18000
20000
25000
30000
40000
50000
75000
100000
M0(,T)/
M0(,T)
F0-
0.235648
0.218786
0.203308
0.189094
0.176033
0.147781
0.124769
0.105929
0.090419
0.077580
0.066895
0.057955
0.050435
0.038679
0.030123
0.023788
0.019021
0.012571
0.008627
0.003827
0.001944
0.000656
0.000279
0.000058
0.000019
0.819217
0.829527
0.839102
0.848005
0.856288
0.874608
0.890029
0.903085
0.914199
0.923710
0.931890
0.939959
0.945098
0.955139
0.962898
0.969981
0.973814
0.980860
0.985602
0.992215
0.995340
0.997967
0.998953
0.999713
0.999905
8. Intercambiadores de calor
Grfica 8.1: Intercambiador de doble tubo a equicorriente
40
41
42
43
Grfica 8.5: Intercambiador flujo cruzado con un fluido mezcla y otro sin
mezclar
44
9. Combustin
9.1 Oxgeno terico
OT
C
S
H
12 32 4
kmol
kg CB
kcal
C O2 CO2 8100
kgC
1
kcal
O2 CO 2500
2
kgC
kgC
kg CB
kgC,residuo
C 'R
CR
p
1 C 'R
kg CB
VCO2
kgC CO2 , fs
ax
VCO2 VCO
kg CB
kgC CO, fs
VCO
bx
VCO2 VCO
kg CB
C x CR
VO2 ,fs
a
12
vCO2 ,fs
VCO,fs
b
12
vCO,fs
VSO2 ,fs
S
32
vSO,fs
N2,fs 3.76 n OT
a
12 22.4
Vfs
VCO2 ,fs
b 2 CR
nOT OT
12 12
45
12 22.4
Vfs
vO2 , fs
32 22.4
Vfs
b 2 CR
nOT OT
12 12
22.4
Vfs
N2,fs
3.76 n OT
22.4
Vfs
Humos hmedos
H W
Vfh Vfs
2 18
kmol
kg CB
= 8100 [kcal/kg]
= 34320 [kcal/kg]
= 2245 [kcal/kg]
hfs
TS
TR
Vfs i CPi Ts TR
kcal
kg CB
i=1.3 kg/Nm3
Cpi=0.25 kcal/kgK (aire seco en condiciones normales)
Nm3
Vfs en
kg CB
Humos hmedos
hfh
TS
TR
H O=0.8 kg/Nm3
2
Nm3
VH2O en
kg CB
46
kcal
kg CB
P
[bar]
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
T
[C]
29.0
36.2
41.5
45.8
60.1
69.1
75.9
81.4
86.0
90.0
93.5
96.7
99.7
111.4
120.3
127.5
133.6
138.9
143.7
148.0
151.9
158.9
165.0
170.5
175.4
179.9
198.4
212.5
224.0
233.9
242.6
250.4
257.5
264.0
275.7
285.9
295.1
303.4
311.1
318.2
324.8
330.9
336.8
342.2
347.4
352.4
357.1
361.6
365.8
Volumen especfico
Energa interna
Entalpa
Entropa
Lquido
Vapor
Lquido
Vapor
Lquido
Vapor
Lquido
Vapor
Evap.
saturado Satutrado saturado Satutrado saturado
Satutrado saturado Satutrado
vf x 103
vg
uf
ug
hf
hfg
hg
sf
sg
[m3/kg] [m3/kg] [kJ/kg] [kJ/kg] [kJ/kg]
[kJ/kg] [kJ/kg] [kJ/(kgK)] [kJ/(kgK)]
1.004
34.80
121.2
2414
121.2
2432
2554
0.422
8.473
1.006
23.74
151.4
2424
151.4
2415
2567
0.520
8.329
1.008
18.10
173.6
2431
173.6
2402
2576
0.592
8.227
1.010
14.67
191.6
2437
191.6
2392
2584
0.649
8.148
1.017
7.650
251.2
2456
251.2
2358
2609
0.831
7.907
1.022
5.230
289.0
2468
289.1
2336
2625
0.944
7.767
1.026
3.994
317.4
2476
317.4
2319
2636
1.025
7.669
1.030
3.241
340.3
2483
340.3
2305
2645
1.091
7.593
1.033
2.733
359.6
2489
359.7
2293
2653
1.145
7.531
1.036
2.366
376.5
2494
376.5
2283
2660
1.191
7.479
1.038
2.088
391.4
2498
391.5
2274
2665
1.232
7.434
1.041
1.870
404.9
2502
405.0
2266
2671
1.269
7.394
1.043
1.694
417.2
2506
417.3
2258
2675
1.302
7.359
1.053
1.160
466.8
2519
467.0
2226
2693
1.433
7.223
1.060
0.8859
504.4
2529
504.6
2202
2707
1.530
7.127
1.067
0.7188
535.0
2537
535.3
2182
2717
1.607
7.053
1.073
0.6059
561.1
2544
561.4
2164
2725
1.672
6.992
1.079
0.5243
583.9
2549
584.3
2148
2732
1.727
6.941
1.083
0.4625
604.3
2554
604.7
2134
2739
1.777
6.896
1.088
0.4140
622.7
2558
623.2
2121
2744
1.821
6.857
1.092
0.3749
639.6
2561
640.2
2108
2749
1.861
6.822
1.101
0.3157
669.8
2567
670.5
2086
2757
1.931
6.760
1.108
0.2728
696.4
2572
697.2
2066
2763
1.992
6.708
1.115
0.2404
720.1
2577
721.0
2048
2769
2.046
6.663
1.121
0.2149
741.7
2580
742.7
2031
2774
2.094
6.622
1.127
0.1944
761.6
2583
762.7
2015
2778
2.138
6.586
1.154
0.1317
842.9
2594
844.7
1947
2792
2.315
6.444
1.177
0.09960
906.2
2600
908.5
1890
2799
2.447
6.340
1.197
0.07996
958.8
2602
961.8
1841
2802
2.554
6.256
1.216
0.06667
1004
2603
1008
1795
2803
2.645
6.186
1.235
0.05706
1045
2603
1049
1753
2803
2.725
6.124
1.252
0.04978
1082
2602
1087
1714
2801
2.796
6.069
1.269
0.04406
1116
2600
1122
1676
2798
2.860
6.019
1.286
0.03945
1148
2597
1154
1640
2794
2.920
5.973
1.319
0.03245
1205
2589
1213
1571
2784
3.026
5.889
1.351
0.02738
1257
2580
1267
1505
2772
3.121
5.813
1.384
0.02353
1305
2570
1316
1442
2758
3.206
5.744
1.418
0.02049
1350
2558
1363
1379
2742
3.285
5.678
1.452
0.01803
1393
2545
1407
1318
2725
3.359
5.615
1.488
0.01599
1433
2530
1450
1256
2706
3.429
5.553
1.526
0.01427
1472
2514
1491
1194
2685
3.495
5.493
1.566
0.01279
1510
2496
1531
1132
2662
3.559
5.433
1.609
0.01149
1548
2477
1570
1067
2638
3.622
5.372
1.657
0.01035
1585
2456
1610
1001
2611
3.683
5.310
1.710
0.00932
1622
2432
1649
931.8
2581
3.745
5.246
1.769
0.00838
1660
2406
1690
858.3
2548
3.807
5.179
1.839
0.00752
1699
2375
1732
779.1
2511
3.871
5.107
1.924
0.00669
1740
2340
1776
691.1
2468
3.939
5.028
2.034
0.00589
1785
2298
1826
589.3
2415
4.013
4.936
47
Energa interna
Entalpa
Lquido
Vapor
Lquido
Vapor
Lquido
saturado Satutrado saturado Satutrado saturado
T
[C]
1
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
110
115
120
125
130
135
140
145
150
155
160
165
170
175
180
185
190
195
200
205
210
215
220
225
230
235
240
245
250
P
vf x 103
[bar] [m3/kg]
0.00657 1.000
0.00873 1.000
0.0123 1.000
0.0171 1.001
0.0234 1.002
0.0317 1.003
0.0425 1.004
0.0563 1.006
0.0738 1.008
0.0959 1.010
0.123
1.012
0.158
1.015
0.199
1.017
0.250
1.020
0.312
1.023
0.386
1.026
0.474
1.029
0.578
1.032
0.701
1.036
0.845
1.040
1.01
1.043
1.21
1.047
1.43
1.052
1.69
1.056
1.99
1.060
2.32
1.065
2.70
1.070
3.13
1.075
3.61
1.080
4.15
1.085
4.76
1.090
5.43
1.096
6.18
1.102
7.00
1.108
7.92
1.114
8.92
1.121
10.0
1.127
11.2
1.134
12.5
1.141
14.0
1.149
15.5
1.156
17.2
1.164
19.1
1.173
21.0
1.181
23.2
1.190
25.5
1.199
28.0
1.209
30.6
1.219
33.5
1.229
36.5
1.240
39.7
1.251
48
vg
[m3/kg]
192.5
147.1
106.3
77.91
57.79
43.36
32.90
25.22
19.53
15.27
12.04
9.574
7.676
6.201
5.045
4.134
3.409
2.829
2.362
1.983
1.674
1.420
1.211
1.037
0.8923
0.7710
0.6688
0.5824
0.5091
0.4465
0.3929
0.3469
0.3071
0.2727
0.2429
0.2168
0.1941
0.1741
0.1565
0.1410
0.1273
0.1152
0.1044
0.09477
0.08617
0.07847
0.07157
0.06535
0.05975
0.05470
0.05012
uf
[kJ/kg]
4.077
20.92
41.88
62.81
83.73
104.6
125.6
146.5
167.4
188.3
209.2
230.1
251.0
271.9
292.9
313.8
334.8
355.8
376.8
397.8
418.9
439.9
461.1
482.3
503.5
524.7
546.0
567.4
588.7
610.2
631.7
653.2
674.9
696.5
718.3
740.1
762.0
784.0
806.1
828.2
850.5
872.8
895.3
917.9
940.6
963.5
986.5
1010
1033
1057
1080
ug
[kJ/kg]
2376
2381
2388
2395
2402
2409
2416
2423
2429
2436
2443
2449
2456
2462
2469
2475
2482
2488
2494
2500
2506
2512
2518
2524
2529
2535
2540
2545
2550
2555
2560
2564
2568
2572
2576
2580
2583
2587
2590
2592
2595
2597
2599
2600
2602
2603
2603
2603
2603
2603
2602
hfg
[kJ/kg]
4.078
20.92
41.88
62.81
83.73
104.6
125.6
146.5
167.4
188.3
209.2
230.1
251.0
272.0
292.9
313.9
334.8
355.8
376.8
397.9
419.0
440.1
461.2
482.4
503.7
525.0
546.3
567.7
589.1
610.6
632.2
653.8
675.5
697.3
719.2
741.1
763.1
785.3
807.5
829.8
852.3
874.8
897.5
920.4
943.4
966.6
989.9
1013
1037
1061
1085
Evap.
hf
[kJ/kg]
2498
2489
2477
2465
2454
2442
2430
2418
2406
2394
2382
2370
2358
2346
2333
2321
2308
2296
2283
2270
2257
2244
2230
2216
2203
2189
2174
2160
2145
2130
2114
2099
2083
2066
2049
2032
2015
1997
1978
1960
1940
1921
1900
1879
1858
1836
1813
1790
1766
1741
1716
Entropa
Vapor
Lquido
Satutrado saturado
Vapor
Satutrado
hg
sf
sg
[kJ/kg] [kJ/(kgK)] [kJ/(kgK)]
2502
0.01490
9.128
2510
0.07588
9.024
2519
0.1506
8.899
2528
0.2239
8.780
2537
0.2958
8.665
2546
0.3666
8.556
2555
0.4362
8.452
2564
0.5046
8.351
2573
0.5719
8.255
2582
0.6382
8.163
2591
0.7034
8.075
2600
0.7676
7.990
2609
0.8309
7.908
2618
0.8932
7.830
2626
0.9546
7.754
2635
1.015
7.682
2643
1.075
7.611
2652
1.134
7.544
2660
1.192
7.479
2668
1.250
7.416
2676
1.307
7.355
2684
1.363
7.296
2691
1.418
7.239
2699
1.473
7.184
2706
1.527
7.130
2714
1.581
7.078
2721
1.634
7.027
2727
1.687
6.978
2734
1.739
6.930
2740
1.791
6.884
2746
1.842
6.838
2752
1.892
6.794
2758
1.943
6.751
2763
1.992
6.708
2769
2.042
6.666
2773
2.091
6.626
2778
2.139
6.586
2782
2.188
6.546
2786
2.236
6.507
2789
2.283
6.469
2793
2.331
6.432
2795
2.378
6.394
2798
2.424
6.358
2800
2.471
6.321
2801
2.517
6.285
2803
2.563
6.249
2803
2.609
6.213
2803
2.655
6.178
2803
2.701
6.143
2802
2.747
6.107
2801
2.792
6.072