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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE SINALOA


UNIDAD REGIONAL NORTE UNIDAD ACADEMICA DE NEGOCIOS LIC. EN RELACIONES COMERCIALES INTERNACIONALES

Manual de Ingls General 3ro y 4to Semestre

Gramtica General

ALUMNO

Relaciones comerciales internacionales Barreto

RUPO 2-3 Los Mochis Sinaloa. Agosto del 2010

GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

Plural del sustantivo


Gramtica Los sustantivos forman el plural aadiendo la terminacin "-s": cat / cats head / heads Cuando el sustantivo presenta una de las siguientes terminaciones forma el plural aadiendo "-es": - s (focus / focuses) - ss (miss / misses) - sh (fish / fishes) - ch (stitch / stitches) - x (fox / foxes) Si el sustantivo finaliza en "-y": Tras consonante: presenta en plural la terminacin "-ies" Battery / batteries Tras vocal: forma el plural aadiendo "-s" Bay / bays Si el sustantivo termina en vocal "-o" forma el plural aadiendo "-es": Tomato / tomatoes

GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

Ejercicios
1.

8.

15.

Flash Globe 9. 2. Potato Dish 10. 3. Box Day 11. 4. Go Tax 12. 5. Casualty Match 13. 6. Church Parody 14. 7. Miss Wish

Lieutenant 16.

Mouth 17.

Lens 18.

Cry 19.

Witch 20.

Boy 21.

Archer

GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

22.

23.

24.

Bus

Salary

Dress

Doblar la consonante final


Gramtica 1.- Ciertas palabras inglesas (verbos, sustantivos, adjetivos) al incorporar un sufijo (terminacin) doblan la consonante final. a) Palabras monoslabas que finalizan en: una sola vocal + una sola consonante Doblan la consonante final cuando incorporan un sufijo que comienza por vocal (-ing / -ed / -er / -est ...) to run / runner to sit / sitting to sin / sinned b) Palabras de dos o ms slaba cuando el acento recae en la slaba final y esta slaba final termina en: una sola vocal + una sola consonante Al incorporar sufijos que comienzan por vocal ( -ing / -ed / -er / -est...) begin / beginner forget / forgetting c) Suelen doblar tambin la ltima consonante aquellas palabras que terminan en "l" (con independencia de que est acentuada o no la ltima silaba) cuando incorporan los sufijos "-ing / -ed": to cancel / cancelling to signal / signalled

GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

2.- Otras palabras en cambio no doblan la consonante final a) Aquellas palabras que terminan en 2 o ms consonantes. to fight / fighting to transform / transforming b) Aquellas palabras que finalizan en una consonante pero que delante llevan dos vocales. to eat / eating to meet / meeting c) las consonantes "w, x, y" no se doblan al final de una palabra to draw / drawing to sew / sewing

GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

1. To cut (participio presente) 2. To sleep (participio presente) 3. To accept (participio pasado) 4. To fit (participio presente) 5. To behave (participio presente) 6. To put (participio presente) 7. To repel (participio presente) 8. To look (participio pasado) 9. To attack (participio presente) 10. To grow (participio presente)

11. To submit (participio presente) 12. To cook (participio presente) 13. To travel (participio presente) 14. To listen (sustantivo) 15. To commit (participio presente) 16. To rest (participio presente) 17. To land (participio pasado) 18. To dream (sustantivo) 19. To forbid (participio presente) 20. To conquer (sustantivo)

GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

Palabras que terminan en "-y"


Gramtica Las palabras que terminan en "-y" tras consonante cambian la "y" por "i" delante de cualquier sufijo excepto "-ing" to dry / dried / drying to deny / denied / denying happy / happily funny / funnier / funniest Cuando se aade una "-s" final, bien para formar el plural del sustantivo bien la 3 persona del singular del presente del indicativo, la "y" final se transforma en "-ies": lorry / lorries country / countries to fly / flies to cry / cries Si la "y" va precedida por una vocal entonces no cambia, si bien hay excepciones: to employ / employed / employing / employer to convey / conveyed / conveying / conveyor

GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

Ejercicios
1. To fly (participio presente) 2. To carry (participio pasado) 3. To play (sustantivo) 4. Baby (plural) 5. Sunny (superlativo) 6. To decay (participio pasado) 7. Donkey (plural) 8. Family (plural) 9. Jockey (plural) 10. To spray (participio pasado)

11. To obey (participio pasado) 12. Voluntary (adverbio) 13. Heavy (superlativo) 14. To unify (participio presente) 15. To play (participio pasado) 16. Sporty (sustantivo) 17. Spray (plural) 18. Cemetery (plural) 19. To qualify (participio presente) 20. To falsify (participio presente)

GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

Palabras que terminan en "-e"


Gramtica Las palabras que terminan en "-e" precedidas de consonante pierden la "-e" cuando incorporan un sufijo que comienza por vocal: to come / coming to believe / believable to dance / danced rude / rudest late / later Excepcin : si el verbo termina en "-ee " entonces mantiene la "-e" final: to see / seeing to flee / fleeing Si el sufijo comienza por consonante por regla general (hay excepciones) se mantiene la "-e" final: morose / morosely secure / securely to engage / engagement hope / hopeful Si es un adjetivo que finaliza en "-le" forma el adverbio sustituyendo "-le" por la terminacin "-ly": probable / probably understandable / understandably

GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

Ejercicios
1. To compete (participio presente) 2. To drive (participio presente) 3. To decline (participio pasado) 4. Complete (adverbio) 5. To blame (participio presente) 6. Close (superlativo) 7. Visible (adverbio) 8. To practise (participio pasado) 9. To oppose (participio presente) 10. Precise (adverbio)

11. To leave (participio presente) 12. Gentle (adverbio) 13. Wise (superlativo) 14. To give (participio presente) 15. To arrive (participio pasado) 16. Subtle (superlativo) 17. To abuse (participio presente) 18. Possible (adverbio) 19. To agree (participio presente) 20. Arguable (adverbio)

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

Omisin del artculo


Gramtica 1.- Artculo indefinido: a / an Se omite: a) Delante de un sustantivo en plural: a car / cars a house / houses You can see a house over there / You can see houses over there b) Delante de nombres gnericos de sustancias (wine, milk, gold, wood, silver, petrol, blood...): I like milk I don't drink wine No obstante, si un sustantivo genrico se utiliza con un sentido concreto, para hacer referencia a algo determinado, entonces s lleva artculo: What a good wine ! c) Delante de nombres abstractos (happiness, justice, fear, help, love, future, hope...): The children have fear of phantoms The drug addicts especially need understanding and help d) Delante de nombres de comidas; breakfast, lunch, dinner,... We have dinner at 8 o'clock This morning I had breakfast very late Salvo cuando van precedidos por un adjetivo calificativo: What a delicious dinner you have prepared!

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

2.- Artculo definido: the Se omite: a) Con nombres abstractos , salvo que se utilicen con un sentido particular: Justice is the basis of any political system In Spain the justice works very slowly

b) Delante de nombres de deportes: He plays tennis (football) c) Delante de nombres genricos en plural: Sport cars are always expensive Men practise sport more than women Children learn foreign languages more easily than adults In Spain dentists are very well paid Salvo cuando se utilizan con un sentido concreto: Last weekend we went to Paris with the children All the dentists I know advise you to brush your teeth after every meal

d) Con los sustantivos "home" / "work": Last Friday I stayed at home all evening He goes to work

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

e) Con los sustantivos "bed" / "church" / "prison" / "school" / "university" ... cuando se hace referencia a su finalidad bsica: To go to bed (to sleep) To go to church / to come back from church (to pray) To be in hospital / to leave hospital (as a patient) To stay in prison (as a prisoner) To be back from university / to leave school (as a student)

Pero cuando se hace referencia a estos lugares por otros motivos (por ejemplo, ir a un hospital de visita) entonces s llevan artculos: I went to the hospital to visit my wife I went to the university to ask for information

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

Ejercicios
1. Could you bring me ________ glass of water? Are you going to play ________ football with your friends? You can see ________ cat lying on that roof Yesterday evening I was at ________ home because I didn't feel well The Cathedral of Seville is one of the biggest in ________ world That sailing boat is made of ________ aluminium ________ Freedom is one of the pillars of modern society You can see ________ eagles flying over those hills I want to buy ________ books for this summer These plants need ________ water urgently In our days, car accidents are one of the main causes of ________ death I like ________ coffee very much

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

14

GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

13.

________ Love can change your life

14.

I visited ________ church of St. Michael in Paris ________ Health is the first thing needed to find happiness Last Sunday morning I went to ________ church with my girlfriend After doing sport I really enjoy ________ good beer ________ party was a real disaster. People got drunk immediately ________ love I feel for my daughter is the most important thing in my life What ________ good coffee you can drink in that bar!

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

15

GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

Caso posesivo ('s) versus "of + sustantivo"


Gramtica 1.- El caso posesivo ('s) se utiliza: a) Si el poseedor es una persona o un animal: My father's car The tiger's teeth b) Con organizaciones o grupos de personas (aunque la otra estructura tambin es posible): Trade union's elections (= the elections of the trade unions) The company's result (= the results of the company) c) Con lugares: The village's church Spain's surface d) Con expresiones de tiempo: today, tomorrow, yesterday, week... This week's trip Monday's meeting Si el sustantivo es singular se pone ('s), si es plural se pone un apstrofe al final de la palabra ( ' ): My brother's car / My brothers' car The manager's bonus / The managers' bonus 2.- Cuando el poseedor es un objeto o un ser inanimado se utiliza normalmente la estructura "of + sustantivo": The price of the house The depth of the river

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

(News / evening / the)

Ejercicios
11. 1. (The / equipment / soldier) (The / bodyguards / palace) 12. 2. (Horns / the / bull ) (Motorbike / son / the) 13. 3. (Color / the / sea) (Parents / cousin / the) 14. 4. (The / illness / friend) (Strategy / government / the) 15. 5. (The / traffic / morning / jam) (Attack / terrorist / Madrid) 16. 6. (The / plane / wings) (Exams / the / week) 17. 7. (Team / coach / the) (The / book / end) 18. 8. (Constitution / Europe) (Leader / the / party) 19. 9. (Gleam / the / mirror) (Habits / neighbors / the) 20. 10. (Daughter / Mr. / Wilson)

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

"Of + sustantivo" versus "compound nouns"


Gramtica En algunos casos slo una de estas estructuras es posible; en otros ambas son posibles. En caso de duda es preferible utilizar la estructura "of + sustantivo". A continuacin se recogen las reglas generales, si bien hay excepciones. 1.- "of + sustantivo" a) Cuando el poseedor es un objeto o un ser inanimado: The name of the street The temperature of the water b) Cuando el poseedor es una persona o un animal pero va seguido por una oracin subordinada que lo define: The car of the man who lives beside me The claws of the cat that attacked my son 2.- Compound nouns La estructura: "sustantivo A + sustantivo B" se utiliza cuando: a) El "sustantivo A" representa el objeto del que forma parte el "sustantivo B": Museum entry Shop window b) El "sustantivo A" seala el lugar en el que se encuentra el "sustantivo B": Beach bar City theatre c) El "sustantivo A" seala el tiempo al que corresponde el "sustantivo B": Winter festival Sunday mass

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

d) El "sustantivo A" indica el material del que est hecho el "sustantivo B": Gold ring Silver cufflinks e) El "sustantivo A" indica la finalidad del "sustantivo B": Tennis racket Boxing gloves f) El "sustantivo A" da informacin sobre el "sustantivo B": Car park Bus ticket

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

(centre / town)

Ejercicios
11. 1. (cost / life) (tournament / summer) 12. 2. (belt / safety) (number / victims) 13. 3. (lenght / beach) (engine / car) 14. 4. (roof / house) (bottle / plastic) 15. 5. (toilet / restaurant) (school / driving) 16. 6. (shorts / boxer) (airport / city) 17. 7. (bridge / river) (tie / silk) 18. 8. (bag / tea) (course / winter) 19. 9. (gate / iron) (colour / sky) 20. 10. (level / sea)

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

Orden de los adjetivos


Gramtica Cuando 2 o ms adjetivos acompaan a un sustantivo el orden de su colocacin es el siguiente: 1.- Adjetivos subjetivos: Expresan una opinin personal: beautiful, ugly, nice, lovely, friendly, elegant, useful... 2.- Adjetivos objetivos Definen propiedades objetivas del sustantivo. Estos a su vez siguen el siguiente orden, si bien cabe cierta flexibilidad: a) Tamao: big, small, huge, great, medium... (excepto "little" que ira en el mismo lugar que los que expresan edad) b) Aspectos generales: sporty, dirty, quiet, expensive, healthy, strong... c) Edad: old, new, adult, young... (tambin "little")

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

d) Forma: round, square, hexagonal, wide, narrow... e) Personalidad: shy, ambitious, humble, arrogant... f) Color: red, yellow, blue... g) Material: plastic, wooden, metallic, woollen... h) Origen: Russian, Spanish, European...

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

Ejercicios
1. A ________ woman (Spanish / nice / old) 2. A ________ table (square / big / wooden) 3. A ________ carpet (Russian / yellow / rectangular) 4. A ________ beach (beautiful / quiet / long) 5. A ________ car (Italian / fast / red) 6. An ________ girl (cheerful / young / attractive) 7. A ________ painting (Spanish / modern / marvellous) 8. An ________ book (old / interesting / German) 9. An ________ watch (golden / old / Swiss) 10. A ________ diamond (hexagonal / expensive / big ) 11. A ________ man (tall / blond / good-looking)

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

12. A ________ bucket (plastic / grey / big) 13. A ________ house (typical / wooden / Swedish) 14. A ________ tie (Italian / silky / red) 15. A ________ street (picturesque / narrow / city centre) 16. A ________ friend (French / old / close) 17. A ________ church (small / cosy / catholic) 18. A ________ singer (romantic / Irish / young) 19. A ________ train (new / Japanese / speedy) 20. A ________ dish (Turkish / traditional / delicious) 21. A ________ shirt (woollen / cheap / red) 22. A ________ film (Italian / successful / old)

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

Verbos seguidos de infinitivo / gerundio


Gramtica Cuando un verbo va acompaado por otro, este segundo puede ir en: Infinitivo Infinitivo (sin "to") Gerundio Ejemplos: Last summer we decided to go to the beach We can speak English fluently I hate driving at night Hay una serie de verbos que cuando van acompaados por otro este segundo va en gerundio : Admit / Appreciate / Avoid / Consider / Delay / Deny / Detest / Excuse / Finish / Forgive / Imagine / Keep (=continue) / Miss / Postpone / Practise / Prevent / Propose(=suggest) / Regret / Resist / Risk / Stop / Suggest / Understand Veamos algunos ejemplos: When I lost my job I postponed buying a new house After the heart attack my father stopped smoking My boss told me that he is considering promoting me for the new post If you drive when you are drunk you risk losing your driving licence The detainee admitted doing business with the mafia Tambin suelen ir seguidos de gerundios los siguientes verbos: Like / Dislike / Hate / Love / Enjoy / Mind

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

Ejemplos: I like travelling with my girlfriend I hate tidying my bedroom I enjoy dancing I dont mind going to English classes El verbo "like" puede tambin ir seguido por un infinitivo pero el significado es diferente: to like + gerundio: disfrutar to like + infinitivo: querer hacer algo porque considero que es positivo I like playing tennis I like to do my homework on Saturday mornings Algunos de los verbos anteriores si va precedido del auxiliar "would" pide entonces un infinitivo: Would like to Would love to Would hate to Would prefer to I would like to visit Paris I would love to go out for dinner tonight! I would hate to spend the summer in Seville I would prefer to go to the cinema than go to the gym Los siguientes verbos, si van acompaados por otro, este segundo va en infinitivo : Agree / Appear / Arrange / Ask / Choose / Claim / Decide / Decline / Demand / Fail / Forget / Happen / Hesitate / Hope / Learn / Manage / Offer / Plan / Prepare / Pretend / Promise / Refuse / Remember / Seem / Swear / Threaten

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

Ejemplos: He agreed to help me with my homework She promised to phone her mother My brother decided to sell his car El verbo "try" puede ir seguido de infinitivo o gerundio pero con distinto significado : + infinitivo: hacer un esfuerzo + gerundio: probar algo en plan experimento I will try to wash my car before lunch I tried calling my girlfriend with this mobile but it didn't work La expression "I am afraid" puede ir seguida de: Infinitivo: no quiero hacer algo porque creo que es peligroso "of + gerundio": existe la posibilidad de que algo malo me ocurra I am afraid to climb up the tree When I drive through the centre of town I am afraid of having an accident

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

1. I hope ________ my studies this year (to finish) 2. She promised ________ to me during her trip (to write) 3. My boss postponed ________ a decision about my promotion (to make) 4. I learned ________ English at school (to speak) 5. My son detests ________ his medicine (to take) 6. I dislike ________ up early, especially on Monday (to get) 7. The police pretended ________ the terrorist at the border (to arrest) 8. The old couple swore ________ a formal complaint against the hotel (to make) 9. After my injury I missed ________ tennis a lot (to play) 10. Forgive me for ________ you but your boss wants to see you immediately (to interrupt)

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

11. I imagine ________ a sailing boat and travelling around the world (to have) 12. She decided ________ her holidays in Italy (to spend) 13. When the teacher entered the classroom the students stopped ________ a noise (to make) 14. Driving so fast he risks ________ an accident (to have) 15. The company postponed ________ its American franchise (to sell) 16. My sister agrees ________ me money for my new house (to lend) 17. The fire brigade decided ________ the fire with two helicopters (to extinguish) 18. I completely detest ________ to the beach on Sundays; they are totally crowded (to go) 19. Last weekend I tried ________ from Madrid to Seville without stopping (to drive) 20. You must remember ________ your mum before leaving (to call)

29

GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

Some / Any
Gramtica Ambos adjetivos se traducen por "algo de", "algunos". Regla general: "Some": se utiliza en oraciones afirmativas. "Any": se utiliza en oraciones negativas o interrogativas. Particularidades: "Some": se utiliza a veces en preguntas : a) Que suponen ofrecimiento. Do you want some wine? Can I give you some advice? b) Cuando se espera casi con toda seguridad una respuesta afirmativa. Can I have some biscuits? "Any" se utiliza a veces: a) En oraciones afirmativas con el significado de "cualquiera". Any kid would have behaved like that You can pick any of these books You can go anywhere you want b) En oraciones condicionales con el significado de "alguien, algo, alguna cosa". If anyone ask for me, please tell them I will be back soon If anything happens, please call me immediately If I had any money I would buy a new car

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

Much / Many / Little / Few / A lot of


Gramtica 1.- "much" / "many" / "a lot of" se traducen por "mucho". Las reglas que se aplican son las siguientes, si bien cabe cierta flexibilidad: a) En oraciones afirmativas: "a lot of" b) En oraciones negativas e interrogativas: b.1) Con sustantivos contables: "many" many books, many coins, many girls... b.2) Con sustantivos incontables: "much" much time, much effort, much energy 2.- "little" / "few" se traducen por "poco". a) Con sustantivos contables: "few" Few books, few pencils, few tickets... b) Con sustantivos "incontables": "little" Little sugar, little rain, little water... Ejemplos: She is very friendly and has a lot of friends I don't have many paintings in my flat When you were unemployed, did you receive much help from your family? This bookshop has few books about Spanish history There is little hope that the hostage will be released

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

Ejercicios
1. There are ________ people who prefer to work part-time 2. We don't have ________ time to listen to your arguments 3. You need ________ time to finish your homework 4. Look at the sky! You can see ________ birds flying southwards 5. Have you received ________ letters from your friend? 6. ________ people know that you worked abroad for ten years 7. I can see that you have ________ interest in helping me 8. ________ cars can go more than 300 km per hour 9. There were ________ foreigners in that village last summer? 10.

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

I am very busy; I have ________ things to do 11. Mark is not a millionaire. I am sure he doesn't have ________ money 12. I put a ________ bit of sugar in my coffee because I don't like it very sweet 13. Peter has a stomach ache and that is because he ate ________ biscuits 14. He didn't have ________ luck. He lost all his money in the casino 15. It is a very small car park; it allows ________ cars 16. We haven't had ________ rain during this year 17. I have ________ books on the Second World War 18. He made ________ effort to win the race 19. Martin doesn't eat ________ meat because he thinks that that is unhealthy 20. Do you have ________ friends in England?

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

No-one / Anyone / Nobody / Anybody...


Gramtica Los pronombres "no-one" / "anyone" / "nobody" / "anybody" / "nothing" / "anything"... tienen todos ellos significado negativo. Como regla general: a) "no-one" / "nobody" / "nothing" / "nowhere" / "no+sustantivo" se utilizan con oraciones afirmativas y se suelen colocar al comienzo de la oracin. b) "anyone" / "anybody" / "anything" / "anywhere" / "any+sustantivo" se utilizan con verbos negativos y se suelen colocar a mitad o al final de la oracin. Ejemplos: Nothing was decided in our last meeting No-one called you last night Last weekend I went nowhere because the weather was terrible I have been looking for my mother but I haven't found her anywhere I haven't seen anyone in your office My company hasnt done anything in relation with the Kioto Protocol

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

Ejercicios
1. ________ will vote for a party with such extremist ideologies 2. You won't find ________ who wants to support your party 3. Nowadays you cannot travel ________ without a credit card 4. ________ you will find people so friendly like in my country 5. ________ can help you to solve that problem; you have to do it yourself 6. I haven't found ________ interesting in that bookshop 7. ________ Information was given when the flight was delayed 8. ________ wrote to me while I was in Finland 9. I feel a little bit embarrassed because I haven't brought ________ for the party 10. You can trust me. I won't tell your secret to ________

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

11. ________ complained when the flight was delayed 12. I cannot find ________ explanation for his behavior 13. ________ told me that you called last night 14. ________ the kids are better than in the school 15. ________ is more important than health 16. Kevin hasn't phoned ________ this morning 17. James is not going ________ this summer; he will stay here 18. ________ was arrested by the police after the robbery 19. ________ good has happened to me in the last two weeks 20. ________ will buy your car; it is too old and in a very bad condition

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

Respuestas cortas
Gramtica Su estructura es la siguiente: So am I / Neither am I So do I / Neither do I So can I / Neither can I .... Se utilizan para expresar coincidencia con lo manifestado por el interlocutor. a) Si ste realiza una afirmacin, la coincidencia se manifiesta con las expresiones: "So am I" / "So do I" / "So can I" / "So have I" (El utilizar una u otra depender del verbo de la oracin principal) b) Si por el contrario ste realiza una negacin, la coincidencia se manifiesta con las expresiones: "Neither am I" / "Neither do I" / "Neither can I" / "Neither have I" En el caso de la negacin se puede utilizar tambin una estructura alternativa: "I am not either" / "I do not either" / "I can not either" / "I have not either" El verbo que se utiliza en estas respuestas es el auxiliar de la oracin principal: (Peter) I can play tennis / (John) So can I (Peter) I haven't been to Paris / (John) Neither have I (Peter) I study French / (John) So do I El verbo de estas respuestas va en el mismo tiempo que el de la oracin principal: (Peter) I was in Germany last November / (John) So was I (Peter) I won't play football this Sunday / (John) Neither will I (Peter) I worked in a bank last summer / (John) So did I El sujeto es siempre un pronombre personal:

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

(Peter) I am going to the cinema / (John) So is she (refirindose a una tercera persona que por el contexto ambos interlocutores conocen) (Peter) I finish my studies this year / (John) So do we

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

Question tags
Gramtica Son preguntas cortas que realiza el emisor al final de la oracin con intencin de enfatizar. You have finished your exam. Haven't you? He doesn't speak German. Does he? Se utilizan para: a) Pedir confirmacin. b) Pedir informacin. Ello va a depender de la entonacin de la "question tag": a) Entonacin descendente: se pide al interlocutor confirmacin de lo que uno ha dicho (no es una pregunta, no se pide informacin). You have been to Paris. Haven't you? (bajando el tono de voz) El emisor est plenamente convencido de que su interlocutor ha estado en Pars. Le pide (y espera) que se lo confirme. b) Entonacin ascendente: se pide informacin. You haven't seen my brother . Have you? (subiendo el tono de voz) El emisor no sabe si su interlocutor ha visto o no a su hermano. Espera que le responda y que le facilite alguna informacin. Por ejemplo: - Yes, I have seen him one hour ago in the street - No sorry, I haven't seen him Tambin se utilizan las "questions tags" con oraciones negativas pare solicitar de modo informal pero corts algn favor. Youu couldn't bring me a glass of water. Could you? Cmo se construye la "question tag"?

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

Su estructura es muy simple: verbo auxiliar (de la oracin principal) + pronombre personal Your brother has bought a new car. Hasn't he? My mother phoned me. Didn't she? Your sister is in London. Isn't she? You can play tennis. Cant you? Your brother will go with us to the cinema. Won't he? El sujeto es siempre un pronombre. Si la oracin principal es afirmativa la "question tag" es negativa . You are coming with us. Aren't you? Y viceversa: si la oracin principal es negativa la "question tag" es afirmativa . You are not coming with us. Are you? Algunos casos particulares: a) Con oraciones imperativas se utiliza como verbo auxiliar "will" y va en afirmativo. Open the door. Will you? b)Con oraciones del tipo "Let us..." se utiliza como verbo auxilizar "shall" y va en afirmativo. Let's play tennis. Shall we?

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

Ejercicios
1. They were coming with you. ________ 2. Your friends will come to my party. ________ 3. My sister has gone to the doctor. ________ 4. You haven't read that book. ________ 5. Let's go to the beach. ________ 6. Switch on the light, please. ________ 7. You made a lot of noise. ________ 8. You haven't finished your homework. ________ 9. Your parents will come with us to the theatre. ________ 10. Your sister is married. ________

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

11. You enjoyed the party a lot. ________ 12. She didn't pass the exam. ________ 13. You have tidied your bedroom. ________ 14. Shut-up. ________ 15. Our boss has resigned. ________ 16. The workers have gone on strike. ________ 17. It was a very good concert. ________ 18. The tournament started last week. ________ 19. The plane crashed in the mountains. ________ 20. When I arrived your brother had already left. ________

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

"Present" versus "Present continuous"


Ambos verbos se utilizan para describir acciones presentes, si bien con diferentes matices. a) Present continuous a.1) Describe acciones que estn ocurriendo en ese preciso momento. I am reading the newspaper (lo estoy leyendo ahora) a.2) Tambin puede describir acciones que ocurren alrededor del momento actual, aunque no precisamente ahora. I am planning a trip to Egypt for this summer (por ejemplo, le estoy contando a un amigo que estoy planeando un viaje; no es que lo est planeando en ese preciso momento) b) Present simple b.1) Describe acciones habituales, actuales, generales, que no tienen porqu estar ocurriendo en ese preciso momento. I work in a bank I speak English very fluently In Madrid people drive very fast b.2) Describe tambin acciones que se repiten peridicamente, acciones rutinarias. Every morning I have a meeting with my boss at 8 o'clock I play tennis every Sunday Algunos verbos no se suelen utilizar en tiempo continuo, por lo que en estos casos hay que emplear el "present simple": Verbos que describen acciones de los sentidos: feel, hear, see, smell... Verbos de sentimiento / emocin: like, love, hate, want, wish, fear, desire, detest, dislike... Verbos de acciones mentales: agree, believe, forget, know, remember, think (=tener una opinion), understand, realize... Verbos de posesin: belong, own, posess... Por ltimo, decir que estas dos formas verbales se emplean a veces para describir acciones futuras.

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

1. I ________ French literature a lot (to like) 2. Where is your brother? My brother ________ tennis with James (to play) 3. My neighbour is a cook; he ________ in a Mexican restaurant (to work) 4. Excuse me, but I cannot open the door; I ________ a shower (to have) 5. The phone ________; John, can you answer it, please? (to ring) 6. Andrew, Why you ________ at me? (to shout) 7. My wife ________ occasionally, mainly in parties (to smoke) 8. My sister ________ the piano like a professional (to play) 9. Where is your husband? He ________ the car (to wash) 10. Congratulations Paul!, Your English ________ little by little (to improve) 11.

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

She is a dancer; she ________ in the National Ballet (to perform) 12. Sorry, but at this moment I can not contact my boss; he ________ to London (to fly) 13. Where do you come from? I ________ from Jamaica (to come) 14. Chris, stop the car; the engine ________ a very strange noise (to make) 15. We ________ elections in my country every four years (to have) 16. My kids ________ to bed at 9 o'clock (to go) 17. In winter, it ________ almost every day in Scotland (to rain) 18. Alice is very religious; she ________ to mass every day (to go) 19. My mother ________ supper ready (to get) 20. In my country we ________ very high taxes (to pay)

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

"Present continuous" versus "Future"


Gramtica 1.- Present Continuous Describe una accin que va a tener lugar en un futuro ms o menos inmediato, pero que la decisin de realizarla fue tomada en el pasado. Next Monday I am flying to Paris (La decisin de volar a Pars no la he tomado justo en este momento sino que ya lo haba decidido con anterioridad) Con un sentido similar se podra utilizar la expresin "going to...". Next Monday I am going to fly to Paris No obstante entre el "present continuous" y "going to..." hay algunas diferencias: a) El "present continuous" se prefiere en aquellas acciones que han sido ya programadas del tipo, reuniones, viajes, fiestas, etc, en las que hay que poner de acuerdo a otras personas. b) La expresin "going to..." se utiliza principalmente cuando se quiere resaltar la voluntad del emisor. Este est plenamente decidido a realizar esa accin por lo que hay muchas probabilidades de que se lleve a cabo. Posiblemente el emisor haya realizado ya alguna actuacin encaminada a ejecutar la accin. This evening I am going to the see the match between Real Madrid and Barcelona (ya he comprado las entradas) c) Tambin la expresin "going to" se utiliza para describir acciones que van a suceder en un futuro inmediato ya que hay indicios que apuntan a ello: The sky is very dark; it is going to rain d) Mientras que con el "present continuous" siempre hay que mencionar el momento en el que se va a desarrollar la accin, con la expresin "going to..." cabe a veces omitir toda referencia temporal (se entiende que va a tener lugar en un futuro inmediato pero no se precisa cuando).

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

2.- Future El "future" describe acciones futuras, si bien no tienen por que ser tan inmediatas como con el "present continuous" o con "going to...". Tambin se utiliza para describir acciones futuras que han sido decididas sobre la marcha, en el momento actual. Oh, it is very late, I will go back home It is very cold, I will close the window O acciones futuras que el emisor considera que van a tener lugar pero que no dependen de su voluntad. When will you buy a new car? I am sure your brother will win the race The match between Real Madrid and Barcelona will be exciting Muchas veces va introducido por expresiones del tipo: I am sure / I supposse / Perhaps / Probably / Surely / Possibly...

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

Ejercicios
1. I ________ a meeting in half an hour (to have) 2. Which team do you think ________ the match? (to win) 3. This evening I ________ to the Opera with my girlfriend (to go) 4. I have studied very hard and I am sure I ________ the exam (to pass) 5. I am sure your girlfriend ________ you for that little fault (to forgive) 6. This afternoon my sister ________ an interview with a head hunter (to have) 7. It's not sure but probably I ________ with you to the party (to go) 8. If you continue disturbing the neighbours, they ________ you (to report) 9. I feel very tired; I think I ________ this report tomorrow (to finish) 10. I don't think that my father ________ a new car (to buy)

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

11. I am sure that my train ________ late (to arrive) 12. The condition of this patient is really bad; probably he ________ in the next few days (to die) 13. Tomorrow we ________ with some friends to the Town Festival (to go) 14. This winter the Annual Meeting of the G-7 ________ place in Madrid (to take) 15. My boss ________ in two weeks (to retire) 16. Tomorrow my mother ________ lunch with her friends (to have) 17. As I told you before this evening we ________ dinner with our parents in law (to have) 18. This Friday my brother ________ back from Moscow (to come) 19. My brother ________ married next month (to get) 20. This Friday I ________ to Rome (to travel)

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

"Past simple" versus "Past continuous"


Gramtica 1.- Past simple El "past simple" describe una accin pasada ya finalizada. When I was young I lived in Madrid (ahora vivo en Barcelona) 2.- Past continuous Indica que una accin se estaba desarrollando en cierto momento del pasado al cual se hace referencia. No dice si la accin ya finaliz o todava continuaba. When the mother came home her husband was playing with the kids (no sabemos si termin de jugar en ese momento o continu jugando) A veces se describen dos acciones simultneas que tuvieron lugar en el pasado. En dicho caso, se utiliza el "past imple" para describir aquella que finaliz y el "past continuous" para aquella otra que estaba ocurriendo cuando la primera tuvo lugar. Yesterday evening when you called me I was having a shower When the parents arrived home the children were watching TV Otra diferencia entre ambos tiempos es que el "past continuous" se utiliza a veces para indicar que la accin es ms casual, menos planificada. Yesterday morning, from 8 to 10, I was running (algo rutinario, que suelo hacer con frecuencia, por lo que no lo resalto) Yesterday morning, from 8 to 10, I ran (algo diferente, un tanto extraordinario, por lo que quiero destacarlo)

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

Ejercicios
1. Last Saturday when my brother arrived, I ________ TV (to watch) 2. The police arrested the murderer when he ________ an old woman (to attack) 3. My uncle ________ all his fortune playing in casinos (to lose) 4. Yesterday it rained all day and the river almost ________ its banks (to burst) 5. Last night when I left the party two gangs of hooligans ________ (to fight) 6. Last Friday my father ________ to Paris to visit my brother who works there (to go) 7. They ________ the new bridge in time for the Olympic Games (to finish) 8. My girlfriend didn't come with us to the cinema because she ________ (to study) 9. When the teacher entered the classroom the students ________ very loudly (to speak) 10. That terrible accident ________ yesterday evening (to happen)

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

11. Last night when the thieves ________ into my house I was sleeping (to break) 12. My parents ________ in the Cathedral of Seville 40 years ago (to get married) 13. The Socialist Party ________ the last elections and is now in power (to win) 14. The other day when I ________ tennis I hurt my leg (to play) 15. Philip ________ at home in very strange circumstances (to die) 16. Susan ________ Law in the university of Madrid (to study) 17. Yesterday when you came home I ________ the dog (to walk) 18. The plane ________ into the mountains due to the weather conditions (to crash) 19. He ________ late at the station and missed his train (to arrive) 20. The mother went to calm her little baby because she ________ (to cry)

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

"Past simple" vs "Present perfect"


Ambos tiempos describen acciones que tuvieron lugar en el pasado, si bien presentan ciertas diferencias: a) Past Simple - Accin que se desarroll y finaliz en el pasado, sin que se de ninguna informacin sobre cual ha sido su repercusin en el tiempo presente. When I was young I played tennis (no nos da ninguna infomacin sobre si en la actualidad sigo jugando al tenis o no) - Accin que se desarroll y complet en un periodo de tiempo ya finalizado. This morning I had a very tense meeting with my boss (ya es por la tarde, la maana ha finalizado) Yesterday I went to the cinema with my friends b) Presente Perfect - Accin que se inici en el pasado y que an contina desarrollndose. I have worked in this bank for ten years (todava contino en el banco) - Accin que acaba de finalizar. I have missed my train (lo acabo de perder) - Accin que se ha desarrollado en un periodo de tiempo que an no ha terminado. This morning I has had a very tense meeting with my boss (an es por la maana) Today I have visited my parents (el da todava no ha finalizado) - Accin desarrollada en el pasado pero cuya repercusin an se manifiesta en el tiempo presente. My brother has broken his glasses (las gafas se han roto recientemente y siguen rotas) Comparar con la siguiente oracin: My brother broke his glasses (no sabemos si las gafas ya estn rotas o no) Para terminar, sealar que en ocasiones las diferencias entre estos dos tiempos no son muy ntidas, y de hecho en algunos casos cabra utilizar cualquiera de ellos.

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

Ejercicios
1. They ________ and are now on their honeymoon (To get married) 2. I ________ studying 10 years ago (To finish) 3. ________ you my daughter? I can't find her (To see) 4. I ________ a very interesting book about the Spanish Empire (recientemente) (To finish) 5. I ________ the watch that my wife gave me on our honeymoon (To lose) 6. This morning I ________ to the Spanish Embassy in Paris (To be) (todava es por la maana) 7. They ________ five years ago in Naples (To get married) 8. Today I ________ a program on television about Africa (To watch) 9. This is the first time I ________ to the Theatre (To be) 10.

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

Today I ________ tennis with my nephew (To play) 11. My mother is not at home, she ________ to the school to speak to my teacher (To go) 12. Where have you been this afternoon? I ________ to a restaurant with my wife (To be) 13. When I ________ to London I visited the National Gallery (To go) 14. A while ago I ________ a very interesting book about Islamic culture (To read) 15. I ________ four men yesterday morning near my office (To see) 16. This year I ________ my studies (To finish) 17. When I was a child I ________ tennis with my dad (To play) 18. Your boss ________ you yesterday evening (To phone) 19. Today I ________ my father several times but I haven't been able to contact him (To phone) (todava es por la maana)

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

"Present perfect continuous" vs "Present perfect"


Gramtica 1.- Present perfect continuous Esta forma verbal se emplea cuando interesa destacar la accin en s misma ms que el resultado; no se precisa si la accin ha finalizado o no (la accin comenz en el pasado y puede que acabe de terminar o que incluso contine). I have been reading a book (resalto lo que he estado haciendo; no indico si he finalizado el libro o no) Este tiempo se utiliza tambin para indicar la duracin de una accin que comenz en el pasado (y que acaba de finalizar o an contina). I have been playing tennis for two hours I have been waiting for him for 1 hour (puede que la otra persona acabe de llegar o que yo an siga esperando; el contexto determinar un sentido u otro) El empleo de este tiempo indica que el emisor considera que la duracin ha sido larga. 2.- Present perfect simple Describe una accin que comenz en el pasado y que acaba de finalizar. Pone el nfasis en el resultado y no en la accin en si misma. I have read a book (destaco que he ledo un libro, que lo he terminado, y no el hecho de haber dedicado un tiempo a la lectura). En el siguiente ejemplo se puede observar la diferencia entre estas dos formas verbales: I have done my homework (indico que ya lo he finalizado) I have been doing my homework (indico la actividad que he estado desarrollando; no informo de si he terminado mis deberes o no) Se utiliza tambin para indicar cuantas acciones se han realizado en un tiempo determinado. Today I have read ten books El empleo de este tiempo informa indirectamente sobre el presente, ya que conlleva que la situacin no ha cambiado .

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

He has gone to Canada (esta persona sigue en Canda o est de viaje hacia all; en cualquier caso todava no ha regresado) I have broken my leg (la pierna sigue rota; an no ha sanado) Si no se da informacin sobre el presente hay que utilizar el "past simple". He went to Canada (no se informa de si l sigue all o ya volvi) I broke my leg (puede que la pierna ya est curada o que an siga rota) En aquellos verbos en los que no se utiliza la forma continua (leccin 17) hay que recurrir en todos estos supuestos al "present perfect simple".

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

Ejercicios
1. This evening I ________ two letters to my parents (to write) 2. My daughter ________ letters to her friends for hours (to write) 3. This morning I ________ breakfast for my wife (to prepare) 4. Today Lucy ________ her boyfriend three times (to phone) 5. My friends ________ around Italy for five months (to travel) 6. I ________ to music all evening (to listen) 7. I ________ English since I was a child (to learn) 8. We are coming from the beach where my kids ________ a sandcastle (to make) 9. Why are you so dirty? I ________ in the garden (to work) 10. I ________ to Malaga for three days with my in-laws (to be)

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

11. I ________ my homework. Now I am going to rest (to finish) 12. My brother ________ TV for three hours (to watch) 13. John ________ since 3 o'clock (to study) 14. The fatal accident just ________. The police haven't arrived yet (to happen) 15. ________ you my watch? I have just lost it (to see) 16. Emma is very tired; she ________ all day (to work) 17. My son ________ two pages so far (to translate) 18. What weather! It ________ since yesterday (to rain) 19. This week my team ________ one match (to win) 20. Today I ________ my room (to paint)

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

"Past simple" vs "Past perfect"


Gramtica Ambos tiempos describen acciones finalizadas en el pasado, si bien con algunas diferencias. a) Past Simple Accin finalizada en el pasado; no se hace referencia a ninguna conexin con el presente. I studied law at the university of Madrid b) Past Perfect Equivale al "present perfect" pero tomando como punto de referencia un momento en el pasado. - La accin finaliz cerca de dicho momento pasado que es mencionado en la oracin. Did you see him when you went to his office? No, he had left - La accin finaliz justo en dicho momento pasado o incluso continu despus. He had lived in Paris for 10 years when he decided to buy his own flat (continu viviendo en Pars)

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

Ejercicios
1. My father ________ in Madrid when he was young (To live) 2. David's car was very new; he just ________ it (To buy) 3. Ann passed her exam because she ________ a lot (To study) 4. The oil tanker ________ in the middle of a terrible hurricane (To sink) 5. Last summer my parents went to London; they never ________ there before (To be) 6. When the police arrived the terrorist just ________ one hostage (To kill) (acababa de suceder)

7. Mark didn't ________ me to his birthday party (To invite) 8. Yesterday morning my kids ________ to the zoo (To go) 9. Ten years ago I ________ 100.000 Euros for my house (To pay)

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

10. When I saw your father I didn't recognize him. He ________ a lot (To change) 11. The first time I ________ my wife was in Paris during the Roland Garros Tournament (To meet) 12. Last night I ________ to bed very late because I was reading a book (To go) 13. When my mother phoned me yesterday night I just ________ to bed (To go) (justo poco antes de la llamada)

14. I didn't see my brother last summer. He ________ in France (To be) 15. I arrived very late at the party and my friends just ________ (To leave) (acababan de marcharse)

16. Mr Wilson ________ alone in his castle (To die) 17. Last September the village was very quiet: the holiday makers already ________ (To leave) (pocos das antes)

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

18. Last time I went to Barcelona they ________the Olympic Village (To open) (poco tiempo antes) 19. When the bomb exploded the police already ________ the building (To evacuate) 20. I ________ for an American firm for 10 years (To work) (ya no trabajo) 21. We ________ our trip to Italy a lot (To enjoy)

22. When the helicopter finally arrived the oil tanker ________ (To sink) 23. When the vaccine was finally developed that strange illness already ________ thousands of people (To kill)

24. The bomb ________ in front of the police station (To explode) 25. The public ________ the referee during the match (To insult)

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

Can / May
Gramtica a) Posibilidad vs Probabilidad "Can" indica que algo es posible (las circunstancias lo permiten o alguien tiene la habilidad de hacerlo). I can play tennis quite well I can open that door with my key I can run for two hours This car can go faster than 200 km per hour You can go to France without a passport "May" indica que algo es probable; equivale a "perhaps" My friend may win the race The sky is very dark. It may rain b) Permiso Se utilizan ambos verbos modales, con los siguientes matices: - Tener permiso: "can" es ms habitual. I can smoke in the office - Dar permiso : "may" es ms habitual, "can" ms informal. You may smoke here if you want You may use my computer You can take my car (informal) Si el permiso viene de un tercero se utiliza "can". You can smoke here (la ley lo permite o las normas de esta oficina) - Pedir permiso : "can" es ms habitual y tambin ms informal

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

Can I smoke in the office? (informal) / May I smoke in the office? (formal) Can I speak to you? (informal) / May I speak to you? (formal) c) Peticin - Solicitar algo: Se utilian ambos verbos modales May (Can) I get your dictionary? - Pedirle a alguien que haga algo: se suele utilizar "can" Can you give me that book? d) Ofrecimiento Se utiliza ambos verbos modales Can (May) I help you?

Ejercicios
1. My boss ________ speak English very fluently 2. You ________ take my dictionary for your exam (formal) 3. Your sister ________ come with us to the cinema. It depends on your mother (formal) 4. You ________ open the bottle with that corkscrew 5. You ________ use my computer if you want (formal) 6.

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

________ you bring me a glass of water, please?

7. My father is very strong, he ________ lift 100 kg 8. You ________ enter the party with this invitation 9. You ________ find that book in the Central Library 10. ________ I switch on the light? I would like to read the newspaper (informal) 11. Philip ________ use his father's motorbike 12. If you need it you ________ use our lawnmower (formal) 13. ________ you help me to clean the swimming pool, please? 14. I ________ use the company car for private trips (informal) 15. There are rumours that the Spanish airline Iberia ________ merge with British Airway

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

16. We are going to the park; you ________ come with us if you want (formal) 17. With that telescope you ________ see Mars 18. You should buy lottery tickets; you ________ become millionaire 19. ________ you help me to move this heavy box? I cannot do it on my own (informal) 20. If you have any questions you ________ ask me (formal) 21. My brother works in the Air Force; he ________ fly a fighter plane 22. If you study hard you ________ pass your exams 23. During the flight you ________ not use your mobile

24. With my savings I ________ buy a new car 25. Mark doesn't answer the phone; he ________ have left his office because he didn't feel well

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

Can / Could
"Can" y "could" se utilizan para expresar permiso , posibilidad o habilidad. Como regla general "can" se utiliza en el presente y "could" en el pasado , pero hay ciertos matices: a) Posibilidad / habilidad En el presente "can" y en el pasado "could" o "was / were able". With the new motorway you can go from Madrid to Barcelona in less than 4 hours Ten years ago you could go from Madrid to Barcelona in 6 hours I can play tennis I could (was able) to play tennis when I was a child "Could" tambin se utiliza con un sentido condicional, mientras que en el futuro se emplea "will be able": If I had money I could buy a new car In two years I will be able to speak English fluently

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

b) Permiso En el presente distinguimos: - Tener o pedir permiso: "can" tiene un sentido informal y "could" formal. I can use the company's car for my private trips (informal) I could use the company's car for my private trips (formal) Can I borrow your car ? (informal) Could I borrow your car ? (formal) - Dar permiso: se utiliza "can"; "could" nicamente se emplea con un sentido condicional. Tonight you can stay with us If you don't find any other place, you could stay with En el pasado se utiliza "could" y en el futuro "can". c) Ofrecimiento Slo se utiliza "can". Can I help you

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Ejercicios
1. ________ I watch the football match in your house? (informal) 2. When I asked him, he said his daughter ________ come with us to the party 3. You are very strong, I am sure that you ________ lift a weight of 75 kilos 4. I told my son that it was too late and he ________ not go to the party 5. If I continue training I will ________ to run the marathon next summer 6. My father was very fit; he ________ run a mile in less than 4 minutes 7. ________ I open the window? It is very hot in here (formal) 8. The anesthetist asked the doctor if he ________ postpone the operation for at least one hour 9. The soldiers are very tired. Please, tell them that they ________ rest for two hours 10. James says that his daughter ________ come with us to the cinema

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

11. My boss gave me an invitation so I ________ enter the conference 12. In this building you ________ not smoke 13. ________ I use your phone, please? (dirigindote a tu jefe) 14. Mr Wilson, ________ I explain to you our new offer? (formal) 15. ________ I use your phone, please? (dirigindote a un amigo)

16. If you continue drinking you wont ________ to drive home 17. With these new engines, rockets ________ reach Mars in half the time than before 18. Henry, ________ you be quiet, please?. I cannot concentrate (informal) 19. He ________ not go to France because he had lost his passport

Must / Have to

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

Gramtica "Must" y "Have to" expresan una obligacin. A veces se pueden utilizar indistintamente (especialmente con la primera persona donde prcticamente tienen el mismo sentido), no obstante existen ciertas diferencias. "Must" se utiliza con el tiempo presente y futuro "Have to" con pasado, presente y futuro Autoridad externa Autoridad del emisor Pasado Presente Futuro Had to Have to Will have to Had to Must Must

"Must": el emisor impone una obligacin. "Have to": el emisor no impone ninguna obligacin, se limita a comunicar una obligacin que existe. (Teacher) You must do your homework (El profesor impone el deber de hacer los deberes) (Student) I have to do my homework (el estudiante se limita a comunicar una obligacin que le ha sido impuesta) You must stop making noises (El profesor ordena a sus alumnos) You have to stop smoking (La mujer le recuerda a su marido una obligacin que le ha impuesto el medico) I cannot stay longer, I have to go home (mis obligaciones familiares me obligan a volver a casa) "Must" tambin se puede utilizar para expresar un consejo de forma enftica . Ver la diferencia entre: You should stop smoking You must stop smoking En ambos casos no se trata de una obligacin sino de un consejo. Con "must" el consejo es ms enftico. Forma interrogativa

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

Must + sujeto + verbo principal ? Do + sujeto + have to + verbo principal ? Must you leave now? Do you have to leave now? Forma Negativa Cuando la oracin es negativa el significado de estos dos verbos es diferente: "Mustn't": no se debe hacer algo "Don't have to": no es necesario hacer algo You mustn't go to that meeting (no debes ir ya que no has sido invitado) You don't have to go to that meeting (no es necesario que vaya; no se va a tratar nada interesante)

Ejercicios
1. It is very cold, we ________ light the fire (a father to his son) 2. You ________ go to bed now. It is very late (obligation) 3. When I was at university I ________ study very hard (a mother to her daughter) 4. You ________ come back home before midnight 5. If I want to do a master, I ________ my degree first

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

6. The neighbours complained and the police told us that we ________ to turn the music down 7. This is a secret; you ________ not say anything about it 8. You look very tired. You ________ rest 9. I ________ to tidy my room before my mum comes back 10. I have fixed the toilet; you don't ________ call the plumber 11. The lawyer told his client that he didn't ________ confess to his participation in the fraud 12. (A mother to her son) You ________ change your clothes; they are very dirty 13. During the exam you ________ not speak to your classmates 14. (A boss to his employee) You ________ finish your report before 4 o'clock 15. My father will bring the newspaper; you don't ________ buy it

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

16. We have a lot of food for the party; you don't ________ bring anything 17. If you want to lose weight you ________ stop eating so much (muy enftico) 18. You ________ leave my house immediately; if not I will call the police 19. If I want to go to the USA I ________ get a Visa 20. You ________ stop drinking so much; you are destroying yourself (muy enftico) 21. Last summer, when I went to Greece I ________ rent a car to visit all the ruins 22. The Formula 1 pilot ________ be very accurate to drive so fast 23. If you are assaulted in the street, you ________ mpt show any resistance (enftico) 24. In Spain you ________ always wear a helmet when you ride a motorbike

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

Should / Must / Have to


Should Se utiliza para dar consejos. Se indica que algo es bueno y por lo tanto se debera hacer. Es una recomendacin, no una obligacin. Tiene menos fuerza impositiva que "must" y que "have to". If you feel bad you should go to the doctor Tambin se utiliza para dar una orden pero de forma muy educada. Anyone who wants to enter the conference should show his credentials (Se trata realmente de una obligacin -es obligatorio mostrar las credenciales para entrar en la conferencia-, pero est expresada de forma poco coercitiva) Construccin: este verbo modal va seguido del infinitivo del verbo principal sin la partcula "to". Se utiliza en pasado , presente y futuro. I should have finished my report yesterday (pasado) You should help me, I can not do it alone (presente) Tomorrow you should call your parents (futuro) El pasado se utiliza para indicar algo que se debera haber hecho y no se hizo. La forma negativa es: shouldn't You shouldn't smoke Y la forma interrogativa : Should + sujeto...? Should I wear a dark suit for the party?

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

Must / Have to Expresan una obligacin, algo que hay que hacer. You must come here immediately (es una orden) If you want to make a career in a company you have to speak English (No hay alternativa: o hablas ingls o no hay carrera posible) Comprueba la diferencia con la siguiente oracin: Nowdays it is very important to speak English. You should do it. Aqu se trata de un consejo, mientras que en la anterior era una obligacin. Por otra parte, cuando se utiliza "must" / "have to" el emisor tiene la conviccin de que la obligacin va a ser cumplida, mientras que cuando se utiliza "should" no se sabe si el consejo se va a seguir o no. We should buy a new car (es un deseo; no hay seguridad de que vayamos a hacerlo) We must buy a new car (hay muchas probabilidades de que lo hagamos)

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

Ejercicios
1. You ________ speak to your brother and try to solve that problem 2. You ________ come with us to the cinema; the film we are going to see is marvellous 3. You are very fat. You ________ practice sport (consejo) 4. Please, we are in the church; you ________ stop making that unpleasant noise (A father to his son)

5. If you want to watch TV, first you ________ finish your homework 6. If I want to buy a new house I ________ get a mortgage (A mother to her daughter) 7. You cannot go out with your friends. You ________ stay at home because you have fever 8. In internal flights you ________ check in one hour before the departure 9. I ________ go to the bank to get some money

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

10. You ________ visit Paris. What a beautiful city! 11. The doctor is very worried about my dad and has told him that he ________ work less 12. I ________ fill the tank; it is almost empty 13. Our teaches have told us that we ________ be quiet during the class (A father to his son) 14. You will have exams in two weeks. You ________ study harder (obligation) 15. (The police officer to the protesters) You ________ leave this place immediately 16. I ________ leave immediately; it is very late and tomorrow I have to get up early 17. In the petrol station we ________ switch off the engine before filling the tank 18. The weather is really nice. We ________ go for a walk 19. You ________ to go to the dentist; you have lost a filling (consejo muy enftico)

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

Preposiciones de lugar: In / On / At
Gramtica La utilizacin de estas preposiciones con expresiones de lugar tiene muchos matices. A continuacin vamos a indicar sus principales usos, si bien la mejor manera de dominar sus usos es indudablemente mediante la prctica IN a) Dentro de un espacio cerrado: in the bedroom / in my office / in your pocket / in hospital / in prison / in bed in the front / in the back of a car (pero; at the front / at the back of a cinema, of a building) O dentro de un objeto: in that book / in the water b) En un lugar abierto (sitios determinados con unos lmites definidos): in the park / in the street / in the garden / in the queue c) Con pases y ciudades: in Spain / in Madrid / in my country / in this town ON a) Sobre una superficie, con contacto fsico: on the table / on the wall / on the floor / on my shoulder / on page 103 / on the second floor b) Con las expresiones: on the left / on the right AT a) Lugar determinado: at the door / at the window / at the trafic light / at the top of the page / at the bridge b) Con las expresiones:

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

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at home / at school / at work / at the office / at the bus stop / at the airport / at someone's house c) Con acontecimientos: at the party / at the meeting / at the conference d) Tambin se puede utiliza con edificios, con un significado diferente al de "in": at the museum (en el museo: puede ser dentro o justo fuera) in the museum (dentro del museo) e) "At" se utiliza cuando se menciona donde tuvo lugar un acto: This morning I visited the painting exposition at the National Museum Yesterday we had dinner at the new Chinese restaurant f) O con lugares abiertos con agua: "at": al lado; "in": dentro at the river (en la orilla del ro) / in the river (dentro del agua) at the lake / in the lake at the swimming pool / in the swimming pool at the sea / in the sea En numerosos casos con un mismo sustantivo se pueden utilizar diferentes preposiciones si bien el significado vara: in the car (dentro del coche) on the car (sobre el coche) at the car (dentro o justo al lado el coche)

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

Ejercicios
1. I have left my luggage ________ the car 2. My flat is ________ the tenth floor 3. To go to that restaurant you must turn left ________ the next corner 4. I study law ________ the Madrid University

5. My dog plays ________ the square with a little ball 6. In Japan people drive ________ the left, the same as in England 7. You can find that article ________ page 15. I recommend that you read it 8. The president of that football club is now ________ prison accused of multiple frauds 9. When I was young I lived ________ Paris with my parents 10.

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

He must be very tired; he has fallen asleep ________ the sofa 11. I will meet you at the cinema ________ 10 o'clock 12. The eagles fly ________ the sky looking for food 13. Look at that butterfly ________ the wall. It is so beautiful 14. I have put my glasses ________ your bag. Please, look after them 15. If you agree you must sign ________ the bottom of this document 16. You can see my grandparents ________ this photograph 17. I have two coins in my hand and another two ________ my pocket 18. My kids are swimming ________ the river with their friends 19. She was all evening ________ home listening to music 20. I have left my car ________ the end of this street

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

Preposiciones de lugar (II)


Gramtica Above: Por encima de The lamp hangs above the table Against: Contra I put the mirrors against the wall Among: Entre (ms de 2 personas u objetos) The Spanish flag waves among the other European ones Behind: Detrs de The child hides behind the tree Below: Debajo de The submarine sails below the surface Beside: Junto a, al lado de In the last meeting I sat beside my boss Between: entre (2 personas u objetos) I sat in the cinema between my wife and my daughter In front of: Delante de In the queue he was just in front of me Inside: Dentro de Your wallet is inside that drawer Next to : Al lado de, junto a I can see your daughter next to your house Opposite: Enfrente de

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

The accused stood opposite the judge Over: Por encima de , sobre You can see an eagle flying over the forest Under: Debajo de The ball is under the car Diferencias a) Above / Over Ambas preposiciones significan "por encima de" y con este sentido se pueden utilizar indistintamente. The birds fly above / over the fishing boat No obstante la preposicin "over" tiene otras acepciones: 1.- Al otro lado de: He lives over the forest 2.- De un lado a otro: There is a bridge over the railway 3.- Cubriendo: He put a blanket over his son b) Below / Under Las dos significan "por debajo de" y en este sentido se pueden utilizar en muchos casos indistintamente. The cat sleeps below / under my bed No obstante, si hay contacto fsico hay que utilizar "under", ya que "below" implica que existe un espacio entre ambos elementos I put the letter under the book The plane flys below the cloud c) In front of / Opposite Cuando se utilizan con personas:

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

1.- Opposite: uno delante del otro dndose la cara In the train my friend sat opposite me (enfrente de mi, cara a cara) En la mesa, para sealar que una persona est enfrente de la otra. In the restaurant my wife sat opposite me 2.- In front of: uno delante del otro, dndose la cara o la espalda My broter stand in front of me (mi hermano est delante de mi; puede ser dndome la cara o la espalda) In the cinema my son sat in front of me (mi hijo se sent delante de mi dndome la espalda; aqu no se podra utilizar "opposite") Cuando se utiliza con objetos la diferencia ya no es tan ntida , si bien en algunas situaciones se tiende a utilizar una de ellas determinada. Veamos algunos ejemplos: Dos casas en la misma calle, una enfrente de la otra: "opposite" My brother lives opposite me Un plato en la mesa enfrente de un comensal: "in front of" My mother put the plate in front of me

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

Ejercicios
"Above" / "Against" / "Among" / "Behind" / "Below" / "Beside" / "Between" / "In front of" / "Inside" / "Next to" / "Opposite" / "On"

1. My son sat in the cinema ________ me (detrs) 2. That restaurant is ________ the bank where I work (prximo) 3. The springboard is ________ the swimming pool 4. I live on the fifth floor and my brother ________ me, on the second 5. He stopped his car ________ his house (delante) 6. I put the ballpoint pen ________ the drawer 7. In the cocktail party the Spanish ambassador was ________ his colleagues 8. The book that you are looking for is ________ that shelf 9. Peter, you left your raincoat ________ my car

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

10. The winner stood on the podium ________ the second and the third 11. After the race, he was very tired and leant ________ the tree 12. I cannot find my glasses but I am sure that I left them ________ the keys (al lado) 13. The parachutist jumped ________ the village 14. They are building a tunnel ________ the river 15. I sat at the table ________ my boss (enfrente) 16. Belgium is ________ Holland and France 17. The cat sleeps ________ the roof 18. He put the ladder ________ the wall

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

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Preposiciones de movimiento: To / In / On / At
a) From: Indica el origen de un movimiento. We went from Paris to London I come from Spain Where do you come from? b) To: Indica el destino , el punto final de un movimiento, con verbos como: to go to / to come to / to drive to / to fly to / to travel to / to run to / to walk to I will go to America You walk to the cinema She flied to London My father drove to the beach He went to a party She went to bed La expresin "to get + to" significa llegar a un destino; se puede utilizar con cualquier destino: This morning I got to the office at 10 o'clock She got to England last week c) Into: cuando el movimiento finaliza dentro de un lugar. The police went into my house It is raining; we can go into the cinema Mientras que la preposicin "in" se utiliza habitualmente para indicar posicin. He studies in his room d) "Out of": salir de un lugar

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

He went out of the theatre The robbers went out of the bank with a hostage e) "On"; cuando el movimiento finaliza sobre una superficie The birds land on the tree The rain falls on the car "On" se puede utilizar tambin para indicar posicin Your glasses are on your desk f) Onto: movimiento que implica un cambio de nivel My father went up onto the roof The cat jumped onto the chair Peculiaridades 1.- Con el verbo "to arrive" no se utiliza la preposicin "to" sino: "in" (si el destino es una ciudad o un pas) "at" (si el destino es un pueblo u otros destinos) I arrived in Paris / in France She arrives at the museum / at the railway station 2.- Con el sustantivo "home" no se utiliza preposicin: To go home: ir a casa To get home: llegar a casa To come home: venir a casa Why don't you come home? After work I went home Yesterday I got home very late

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

Ejercicios
1. Can you come ________ home this evening? 2. The students went ________ the school and crossed the road 3. When George arrived ________ the bookshop, it was closed 4. Jack flew ________ New York from Mexico DC 5. Sunday morning my family goes ________ church 6. The climber went ________ the top of the mountain 7. We arrived ________ Paris last Friday evening 8. Helen was coming ________ Geneva by car when she had the accident 9. The robbers went ________ the jewellery shop before it was open 10. After dinner we got ________ the cinema to see the new film of Almodovar

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

Preposiciones de movimiento (II)


Gramtica Across: de un lado a otro James swims across the river Along : a lo largo de Every morning Michael runs along the beach Down: Abajo Paul went down the hill Over: sobre, por encima de The horse jumps over the fence Round : alrededor de The dog runs round the house chasing the cat Through: a travs de Henry hit the ball and it went into the classroom through the window Towards: hacia That plane flies towards America Up: Arriba Thomas went up the stairs to take the English dictionary

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

1. Every morning I run half an hour ________ the tennis court (alrededor) 2. He went ________ to the cellar and picked a bottle of red wine 3. The athletes ran ________ the track training for the Olympic Games 4. I like walking ________ the beach early in the morning 5. The missile passed ________ the city and exploded at the airport 6. The plane went ________ and crashed into the village 7. The helicopter flies ________ the jungle looking for survivors of the plane crash 8. The rescue team went ________ the mine to try to help the trapped miners 9. The sailing boat sails ________ the beach 10. The petrol flows ________ the pipe into the engine

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

Preposiciones utilizadas con medios de transporte


Gramtica a) Viajar en un medio de transporte Si se hace referencia nicamente al medio de transporte utilizado y no a un vehculo concreto se utiliza la preposicin "by": To go by car To go by train To go by plane To go by ship To go by bus To go by motorbike To go by bicycle Tambin: By road By sea By air By rail By underground Salvo en las expresiones: On foot On horse On a bicycle Cuando se hace referencia a un vehculo concreto: 1.- Se utiliza la preposicin "in" con los siguientes vehculos:

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

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In my car In a taxi 2.- Y la preposicin "on" con los siguientes vehculos: On the bus number 12 On the 09:00 train On a very old ship On my bike b) Subir o bajar de un medio de transporte Depende del tipo de vehculo: 1.- Con "car", "taxi" se utilizan las expresiones: Get in (into): subir Get out of : bajar 2.- Con "train", "bus", "horse", "bicycle", "motorbike", etc.: Get on (onto): subir Get off : bajar 3.- Con un barco se utiliza la expresin: To go on board

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

Ejercicios
1. Daniel came from Israel ________ plane 2. The accident took place when the old woman was getting ________ the taxi 3. My house is not far from here: we can go ________ foot 4. You can go ________ the bus number 11 to the centre of town 5. We can go to the zoo ________ my car 6. From Cordoba to Barcelona you can go ________ the 09:15 train 7. Get ________ my car immediately! 8. How do you prefer to go to England, ________ train or by bus? 9. Come on! Get ________ the train! It is leaving 10. The best way to move in Paris is ________ underground

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

Preposiciones de tiempo: At / On / In
Gramtica At Se utiliza para sealar momentos puntuales del da: At six o'clock At midday At breakfast time At what time? Tambin se utiliza en: At the age of 14 years At the weekend Y con periodos vacacionales oficiales: At Christmas At Easter On Con das de la semana o das determinados: On Monday On Friday evenings On my birthday On 15 November In Con meses del ao: In January, in April

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

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Con estaciones: In winter, in autumn Con aos: In 1964 Con siglos: In the 19th century Con perodos del da: In the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening (pero: at night) No obstante, si se indica a que da corresponde ese periodo entonces se utiliza "on": On Friday morning On Saturday night In + a period of time: In 10 weeks In two hours In three months

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

Ejercicios
1. The film starts ________ 10 o'clock 2. I am sure that I will finish my report ________ Sunday 3. I was born in Seville ________ 1964 4. I think that the best time to go to Paris is ________ Christmas 5. My brother will arrive from London ________ Friday afternoon 6. I want to organize a big party ________ my birthday 7. In Madrid it is very cold ________ winter 8. Napoleon lived ________ the 19th century 9. We can go to the beach ________ the weekend 10. I usually get up ________ six o'clock

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

For / Since
Gramtica Ambas preposiciones se utilizan para indicar la duracin de una accin: Since: indica el comienzo de la accin. La accin se prolonga hasta el momento en que habla el emisor. For: seala la duracin de la accin. Ejemplos: I have been living in Seville since last june (y sigo viviendo) I haven't seen you since last week (y hasta este momento no te he visto) Yesterday I studied for three hours I have been living in Seville for 1 year I haven't seen you for a week

Ejercicios
1. I have been studying mathematics ________ three hours 2. George has worked in this company ________ 8 years 3. The socialist party has been in power ________ March 2004 4. This terrorist has been in prison ________ three years

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5. My mother has been travelling ________ last April 6. The oil price has been going up ________ three months 7. Alice has been in her bedroom ________ two hours 8. We have been married ________ 1992 9. The socialist party has been in power ________ 6 months 10. What weather! It has been snowing ________ two days 11. It is unbelievable. They have been arguing ________ 6 o'clock 12. The oil price has been going up ________ last March 13. My French teacher has been ill ________ one week

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Like / As
Gramtica Cuando se utilizan como preposiciones van seguidas de un sustantivo o de un pronombre. "Like" se traduce por "como / igual que / similar a / parecido a" con el sentido de similitud. Se trata de una comparacin: He behaved like a kid (no es que fuera un nio, pero lo pareca) Your car is fast like a rocket He looks like his father "As" se traduce tambin por "como" con el sentido de "en calidad de". Se trata de una identidad. Use this rope as a belt (la cuerda no se parece a un cinturn, pero se utiliza haciendo la funcin de cinturn) The army used this building as its headquarters En el siguiente ejemplo se puede ver la diferencia entre "like" y "as": My house is always full of people, it is like a hotel (es parecido a un hotel) The building where I live was used before as a hotel (funcion en calidad de hotel) Tambin se utiliza la preposicin "as" con profesiones: My brother works as a lawyer "As" se puede utilizar tambin como conjuncin en cuyo caso va seguido por una oracin (sujeto + verbo). Se traduce por "como". The terrorist acted as we expected Do your homework as your teacher has told you

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

Ejercicios
1. My boss is very strict; he is ________ a sergeant 2. His house is very big; it is ________ a castle 3. He has found a job in Marbella ________ a gardener 4. The thief threatened the old couple using a screwdriver ________ a weapon 5. During the war they used this local road ________ an airfield 6. You must reply to the judge ________ your lawyer has told you 7. When I finished my studies I started working ________ an accountant 8. What a beautiful place! It is ________ paradise 9. Can you swim that distance ________ fast as I can? 10. My wife always behaves ________ her mother

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Adjetivos seguidos de preposiciones


Gramtica According + to Accustomed + to Afraid, frightened, terrified, scared, proud, ashamed, jealous, envious, suspicious + of (someone / something) Angry, annoyed, furious + about (something) / with (someone for doing something) Anxious + about Aware, conscious + of (something) Capable, incapable + of (something) Crowded + with (people) Delighted, pleased, satisfied, disappointed, bored, fed up + with (something) Different + from (someone / something) Excited, worried, upset + about (something) Famous + for (something) Fit + for Fond + of (someone / something) Full + of (something) Good, bad, excellent+ at (doing something) / for (someone / something) Impressed + by (someone / something) Interested + in (something) Keen + on (something) Married, engaged + to (someone) Nervous + of

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

Nice, kind, good, generous, mean, stupid, silly, intelligent, clever, polite, rude, unreasonable + of (someone) Prepared + for Ready + for Responsible + for (something) Short + of (something) Similar + to (something) Sorry + about (something) / for (doing something) Successful + in Surprised, shocked, amazed, astonished + by (something) Tired + of (something) Used + to

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

Ejercicios
1. He was impressed ________ the prices of the houses 2. The man is very fond ________ his son 3. I think that Daniel is not fit ________ the marathon 4. It was very nice ________ you to lend me your car 5. Thomas was surprised ________ his boss's decision 6. When I was a child I was frightened ________ wolves 7. I am completely ashamed ________ your behaviour 8. The teacher was conscious ________ her efforts 9. I am used ________ working very hard 10. It is very good ________ you to practice tennis

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

Verbos + preposiciones
Gramtica To accuse (someone) of (something) To apologies to (someone) for (something) To apply for (a job) To ask (someone) about (someone / something) To ask (someone) for (something) (pedir algo) To believe in (something) To belong to (someone) To blame (someone / something) for (something) To borrow (something) from (someone) To compare (something) with (something) To complain to (someone) about (someone / something) To concentrate on (something) To congratulate (someone) on (something) To crash into (something) (estrellarse) To depend on (someone / something) To die of (an illness) To divide (something) into (parts) To dream about (someone / something) To explain (a problem) to (someone) To forgive (someone) for (something) To happen to (someone / something) To hear about (something) To insist on To invite (someone) to (a party) To laugh at To listen to (someone / something) To look after (someone / something) To look at (someone / something) To look for (someone / something) (to try to find) To look forward to To object to (someone / something) To pay (someone) for (something) To persist in To prefer (someone / something) to (someone / something) To prepare for To protect (someone / something) from (someone / something) To provide (someone) with (something) To punish (someone) for (something) To remind (someone) of (someone / something) (me hace redordar) To remind (someone) about (something) (recordarle a alguien algo) To run into (something) (estrellarse) / (someone) (atropellar) To spend (money) on (something) To shout at (someone) (angrily) / to (someone) (para que se entere) To smile at

107

GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

To speak to (someone) about (someone / something) To succeed in To suffer from (an illness) To take care of (someone / something) To talk to (someone) about (someone / something) To thank (someone) for (something) To think about (someone / something) (reflexionar sobre algo, recordar) To think of (pensar en algo, imaginar, recordar) To throw (something) at (someone / something) (para golpearle) To throw (something) to (someone / something) (para que lo coja) To translate (a book) from (one language) into (another language) To wait for (someone / something) To warn(someone) about (someone / something) To write to (someone)

Ejercicios
1. Next Friday I have to look ________ my kids 2. He lost control of his car and ran ________ the news-stand 3. You must think ________ your marriage; it doesn't work 4. Last Sunday I had to borrow a tennis racket ________ my brother 5. That old lady spent all her money ________ gambling 6. Our president persists ________ his arguments to oppose the merger

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

7. I have been thinking ________ your proposals but I definitively cannot accept it 8. This scarf belongs ________ my wife 9. I didn't hear ________ your divorce 10. Do you believe ________ God? 11. Have you heard that the prime minister has died ________ a heart attack? 12. You should write ________ your parents; you haven't seen them for a very long time 13. Be quiet, please! Your brother has to concentrate ________ his exam 14. The embassy provided the detainee ________ legal assistance 15. What a party! Tom was all night talking ________ me about his girlfriend 16. Victoria cannot come with us; she has to take care ________ her youngest brother 17.

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

I want to congratulate you ________ your birthday 18. The father shouted ________ his son when he threw the stone 19. If you have finished your studies you should apply ________ a job 20. I warned you ________ your neighbours 21. You should ask your brother ________ money 22. The police has accused these detainees ________ being responsible of the terrorist attacks 23. That African country depends ________ foreign aid for survival 24. In class you must listen ________ the teacher 25. He cannot walk; he suffers ________ a very rare disease 26. Have you invited my cousins ________ the party? 27. We should look ________ a new flat; this one has become too small for us

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

Conjunciones
Gramtica And I study and my brother watches TV As (mientras; la 2 accin ocurre antes de que la 1 haya finalizado, o evolucionan paralelamente) As he grew older he became more aggressive Because (porque) You cannot go to the party because you are too young Both...and Both the Spanish team and the English one play football quite well But I studied very hard but I didn't pass the exam Either...or I have to decide to go either to Paris or to London However (como quiera, sin embargo) I explained my problem to him, however he didn't understand it If (si -condicional-) If he studys he will pas his exams Neither... nor I like neither this tie nor that one Nevertheless (sin embargo) I didn't receive an invitation to the party; nevertheless I went there Not only...but also

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

My brother not only speaks French but also German Or From here to Gibraltar you can go by train or by car Otherwise (de otro modo) We must leave now, otherwise we will lose our flight So (por lo tanto) It was raining a lot, so we decided to rest at home That (que) I didn't know that you had bought a new car Therefore (mismo significado que "so" pero ms formal) I had fever; therefore I didn't go to work Though (aunque, pero) ("Although" tiene el mismo significado pero es ms formal) He didn't admit his fault, though he knew it was his responsibility Unless (a menos que) Unless you study more you wont pass your exams When (cuando; las dos oraciones ocurren simultneamente o una detrs de la otra) When the weather is good lots of people go to the beach Diferencia entre When / as Las 2 se utilizan para acciones paralelas. La conjuncin "when" tambin se utiliza cuando una accin ocurre despus de la otra: When you finish your homework you will play with your friends "As" tambin se emplea cuando una accin ocurre antes que finalice la otra As I flew to Barcelona I started feeling bad

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

While (mientras) While I was away my house was burgled

Ejercicios
1. He promised to go to the party ________ at the end he stayed at home 2. The climbers were exhausted; ________ they could reach the top 3. I speak ________ English nor French 4. Last year he bought a new car ________ a new house 5. I have studied English all my life; ________ I don't speak well 6. The police are not sure ________ this has been a terrorist attack 7. ________ Spain and Portugal became members of the European Union the same year 8. We didn't have enough money, ________ we decided to postpone our trip 9. I should buy either a car ________ a motorbike

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GRAMATICA GENERAL Licenciatura en Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales

Hebert C. Barreto.

10. He didn't enjoy the party ________ left very early 11. Not only did he loose his wallet ________ also his car keys 12. Yesterday I met an old friend ________ we talked for almost an hour 13. He was condemned ________ he had a very convincing alibi 14. His party won the past elections; ________ he will be the next President (formal) 15. I don't know if I should call my mother now ________ do it a bit later 16. If you see my brother, please tell him ________ mum wants to speak to him 17. ________ he left prison he started a completely new life 18. Their marriage worked ________ they argued very often 19. I am sure that he will win ________ a gold medal or a silver one.

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