Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 25 (6) (2011) 1465~1474

www.springerlink.com/content/1738-494x

DOI 10.1007/s12206-011-0407-y

A computational study on the flow characteristics of a self-compensating liquid balancer

Chung-Hyo Jung1, Jin-Tak Kim2 and Yun-Ho Choi2,*
1

Samsung Electronics CO., LTD., 416, Maetan-3Dong, Yeongtong-Gu, Suwon-City, Korea 2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea (Manuscript Received July 2, 2010; Revised February 21, 2011; Accepted April 4, 2011)

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Abstract
An automatic washing machine undergoes rotational unbalance due to unbalanced mass during the spinning process. A liquid balancer is an assembly that plays a role in controlling this unbalance. In recent years, washing machines (drum and automatic types) are becoming larger to handle large laundry items such as comforters. A large-sized washing machine generates a huge centrifugal force in its high speed rotating drum. Thus, a specific vibration reduction technique is required. The design of a liquid balancer has, to date, depended on conventional methods such as experiments and dynamic models. A dynamic model classifies the behavior of liquid inside the balancer into three different patterns, and solutions can be obtained by approximating these patterns as rigid bodies. This method, however, is limited to two-dimensional (2-D) analysis for simple geometry. In the present study, a three dimensional (3-D) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method is used to analyze flow characteristics inside the liquid balancer for various design parameters. The main parameters include rotational speed, eccentricities of the center of rotation, viscosity of the liquid, gravity orientation, surface tension, and the number of baffles. In particular, the effects of these parameters on the hydraulic force (restoration force) of the liquid balancer are studied.
Keywords: Automatic washing machine; Liquid balancer; CFD; Dynamic model; Free surface; VOF; Centrifugal force; Baffle; Restoration force; Eccentricity ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. Introduction
A liquid balancer is a device or part that controls vibration caused by unbalanced mass during the spinning process. Two types of problems are caused by such vibration: 1) the collision between the tub and the frame of a washing machine in the early spinning process, and 2) whirling vibration occurring in the steady state. The performance of a liquid balancer can be improved by solving these problems. In the previous study [1], we reviewed the structure of an automatic washing machine and the role of the balance control system, and proposed an alternative method that improves the performance of such a balancer by establishing a dynamic model. Also, we investigated a method that prevents liquid deflection from occurring at the early transient state using CFD calculations. Some of our results were applied to actual products, and improvements were made to enhance product quality. Our companys washing machines with capacities of 6 kg, 7 kg, and 8 kg employ a two-race balancer, and it was
This paper was recommended for publication in revised form by Associate Editor Gihun Son * Corresponding author. Tel.: +82 31 219 2346, Fax.: +82 31 219 1611 E-mail address: ychoi@ajou.ac.kr KSME & Springer 2011

found that whirling vibration could be suppressed more easily at normal rotational speed by a two-race balancer than by a one-race balancer. The recent trend in the development of automatic washing machines is to make large products due to the demands of customers who have large laundry items such as comforters. One of the key technologies required in the design of largescale washing machines is a vibration reduction. As previously mentioned, it is necessary to introduce a two-race balancer in large-scale washing machines to reduce the rotational vibration of the basket. Before dynamic modeling and the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method were established, designers used the trial and error method by building test mock-ups. Dynamic modeling and the CFD method are being used to develop a large-scale washing machine and to help improve the performance of existing machines. In the present study, we introduced the CFD method to deduce design parameters such as the shape and number of baffles, and to understand the self-excited oscillation [2] that cannot be analyzed using a dynamic model. No studies have been reported on the shape and number of baffles required to prevent the self-excited oscillation of liquid. Saito et al. [3] investigated self-excited oscillation occurring during the rotation of a dual concentric cylinder using a finite

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H hinner Rinner Router

2H=Htotal

Rinner Rlower Rupper Router

Fig. 2. Liquid-break model of the fluid in a liquid balancer.

Fig. 1. Linear model of the fluid in a liquid balancer.

difference method. Also, they presented a relationship between external damping and the self-excited oscillation, and obtained a numerical solution for fluid force [4]. In addition, the stability threshold at low and high speed regimes obtained from their experiments was nearly identical to numerical results. Kaneko et al. [5] investigated the periodic characteristics of centrifugal force waves in a free surface, and established a boundary layer theory. Although there are many studies using such dynamic models, no studies are available which directly use numerical simulation to investigate fluid force and free surface. The purpose of the present study is to investigate flow characteristics and to understand flow physics inside the liquid balancer to help make a better design of liquid balancer. For this, we used both an analytical method and a CFD method. For analytical method, two dynamic models are constructed, one of which is to compute the heights of liquid columns and the other is to compute the fluid forces. For CFD method, we made two and three dimensional CFD computations to study various design parameters. These parameters include eccentricities of the center of rotation, rotational speeds, gravity orientation, number of baffles and their shape, and number of races. In particular, the effects of these parameters on the hydraulic forces of the liquid balancer have been studied.

Also, liquid in the linear range passes through the liquid contact state and reaches the liquid break state due to an increase in rotational speed as shown in Fig. 2. The isobaric surface at the liquid break state cannot be computed using Eq. (3) for the inner/outer heights, as is done in the linear range. However, the isobaric surface can be obtained using the following equation assuming there exists some water on the bottom and the top surfaces of the balancer:
h1 +

2 Ro 2
2g

= constant .

(4)

The total liquid volume at the liquid break state can be obtained using
V=

Rupper

Rlower

2 rhdr + Ro 2 R 2upper H t .

(5)

The height of liquid columns can be calculated using Eqs. (4) and (5) as follows:
R 2upper = R
2

gH t

2. Calculation of the height of a liquid column

2.1 Dynamic model The liquid inside the balancer rotates on its axis with angular velocity , and behaves as a rigid body after an early transition process. In Ref. [1], we classified the rigid body rotation into three types. One type is a linear model, as shown in Fig. 1. Within the linear range, the inner height hinner and outer height houter of the liquid columns [6, 7] can be obtained using Eq. (3). Here, Eq. (3) can be obtained by combining Eqs. (1) and (2) representing an isobaric surface of liquid and the total liquid volume, respectively.
h0

Ri 2 + Ro 2 2 R 2 + Ro 2 . + i 2

lower

gH t

(6)

2.2 Calculation of the free surface In order to calculate the free surface of a liquid balancer that does not have an eccentricity, we considered a twodimensional (2-D) computational model as illustrated in Fig. 3. This is because the flow inside the balancer is axisymmetric when the eccentricity is not present. The width and height of the balancer is 1.02 cm and 6.95 cm, respectively, and the radius from the center of rotation to the outer wall is 20.98 cm. Also, for our calculations, the Fluent v6.3 code was used, with the steady/unsteady turbulent Navier-Stokes equations. The computational domain was divided into lower and upper regions which were filled with water and air, respectively. A volume of fluid (VOF) model [8] was used to simulate the mixture fluid phase, and a standard k- model was used for the turbulence calculations. The calculation was performed for six

2 Ri 2
2g

= constant

(1) (2) (3)

V= h=

Ro

Ri

2 rhdr

2
4g

( 2r 2 Ri2 Ro2 ) + H

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Table 1. Fluid properties at 298.15 K. Properties Density (kg/m ) Dynamic viscosity (kg/ms)
3

Air 1.225 1.7894e-5

Water 998.2 1.003e-3

Oil(SAE30) 600 3.8e-1

Fig. 5. Comparison of CFD and dynamic model solutions for water levels.

Fig. 3. Two-dimensional computational model.

Fig. 4. Shapes of the free surface for various values in (2-D calculation).

different rotational speeds ranged from 50 r/min to 700 r/min (refer to Fig. 4). In addition, this calculation was made only for the steady state by simplifying nonlinear phenomena into linear phenomena. Table 1 shows the properties of the fluid used in the calculation. The number of grids used in the calculation was 27,380. Fig. 4 illustrates the shape of the free surface [9] obtained for various rotational speeds. If water moves in a closed space due to a rotational force, water gradually climbs upward along the outer wall in the early stage of the rotation. Then, water reaches the top surface at speeds higher than 200 r/min. As rotational speed increases, the water stands up as a liquid column because the centrifugal force is significantly larger than

the gravity due to the weight of water. Although the free surface varies linearly as rotational speed increases, the actual shape may show fluctuations at low speeds. This is due to the fact that the rotation is unstable at such low speeds because the natural frequency of a suspension system exists at 60~80 r/min [10]; furthermore, uneven distribution of laundries inside the basket generates an unbalanced force. In addition, as the rotation approaches steady state, a whirling vibration that represents nonlinearity appears. This whirling vibration will generate fluctuations on the free surface in the rotational direction instead of keeping a constant shape on the free surface. Fig. 5 shows a comparison of the heights of liquid columns obtained by the dynamic model (Eqs. (3) and (6)) and CFD calculations. Although surface tension cannot be considered in the dynamic model, the heights of the liquid columns were compared according to the existence of surface tension (the CFD calculations can consider the surface tension). For calculations that do not consider surface tension, the heights of liquid columns obtained by these two methods agree with each other. As shown in Fig. 5, surface tension has an effect on the free surface below 200 r/min. However, when the balancer rotates at higher than 200 r/min, there are no changes in the free surface regardless of the existence of surface tension [11]. The fluctuations occurring on the free surface in actual phenomena are due to the unbalanced force of a rotating body. In addition, the free surface will also be deformed [12-14], even with a very small force (or factor), when the balancer rotates with an unstable center of rotation. Kaneko et al. [4] suggested that flow velocities of liquid inside the rotating cylinder depend on kinematic viscosities of the liquid. Although the radial velocity was not influenced by the variation of kinematic viscosities, the tangential velocity exhibited a sudden change near the outer wall due to the varia-

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Fig. 6. Tangential velocities of water and oil. Fig. 8. Radial velocities for gravity in x- and z- directions.

z
y x 1.021cm

baffle

Fig. 7. Tangential velocities for gravity in x- and z-directions.

Fig. 9. Two dimensional modeling of the baffle.

tion of kinematic viscosities. It has been reported that boundary layers are not formed. In order to study this behavior, CFD calculations were made for a one-race model with the conditions of no eccentricity e and no baffles at 700 r/min. Fig. 6 shows the computational results of tangential velocities for working fluids of water and air. The radial distance shown on the x axis represents the distance from the inner radius (19.96 cm) to the outer radius (20.98 cm), and the location on the y axis where the velocity was calculated corresponds to the middle point (3.48 cm) of the balancer. The dotted line indicates the regions including air, while the solid lines indicate the regions including water or oil. Flow velocity increased as the radius increased because the centrifugal force increased as the radius increased. Also, the tangential velocity of water is greater than that of oil. Thus, the water with low viscosity responds more sensitively to a small imbalance of the balancer than does oil. However, when the fluid viscosity is high, an excessive liquid deflection in the early stage of rotation can be avoided, but this may show some disadvantages in the control of whirling vibration due to a decrease in sensitivity at steady rotational speed. Calculations were performed for a liquid balancer standing upright. For this case, we assumed that gravity acts in the x direction [15]. Fig. 7 compares the results for gravity acting in the x and z directions. As shown in Fig. 7, the tangential ve-

locity shows smaller values for the case of gravity acting in the x direction than for the case of gravity acting in the z direction. This is because the water was deflected to a particular side by gravity. Thus, for the same reason, the radial velocity for gravity acting in the x direction was larger than for gravity acting in the z direction, as illustrated in Fig. 8. The maximum radial velocity of the water can be observed just inside the outer wall regardless of the direction of the gravity.

3. Calculation of the fluid force

3.1 Fluid force according to the size of baffles Baffles [16] are installed in a liquid balancer in order to control excessive deflection of the liquid caused by unbalanced mass in the early stage of rotation. Fig. 9 represents a 2D model (x-y section) of a liquid balancer used for calculating fluid forces for various sizes of baffles. The fluid force is defined as F0/ 2 = R02he (refer to Ref. [1]). Here , R0, , h and e are the liquid density, the outer radius of the balancer, the angular velocity, the height of the balancer, and the eccentricity respectively. In the present calculations, this fluid force is a total force defined as the magnitude of vector sum of force components that act on walls in x, y and z directions. For the calculations, the distance between the left end of the baffle and the inner wall was fixed, and the distance between the right end of the baffle and the outer wall was chosen as a variable, d,

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0.8 0.7 0.6 F/w^2 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 time (sec)
Fig. 10. Fluid forces for various sizes of baffles (d).

baffle

Dynamic model CFD(without baffle) CFD(15 percent) CFD(10 percent) CFD(5 percent) CFD(0 percent)

z y x

Fig. 11. Three dimensional model of the liquid balancer with baffles.

as shown in the figure (the enlarged section marked by a dotted line). For d, 0%, 5%, and 15% of the width of the balancer (1.021 cm) were used. Twelve baffles were used and they are installed with equal spacing. The rotational speed of the balancer and the eccentricity is 1000 r/min and 5 mm, respectively. The transient analysis was performed for up to 11 s. Fig. 10 shows the computational results using a dynamic model and the CFD method. It can be seen that the fluid force increased rapidly as the gap between the baffles and the outer wall increased. The reason might be because water can respond sensitively to an unbalanced rotating body due to the increase in mobility of the water. However, the liquid can be excessively deflected for a large gap in the early transient state, and this might lead to an increase in the number of collisions between the basket and the tub. Considering this, we note that the desirable gap size (d) is about 5% of the width of the baffle. For this case, as shown in Fig. 10, the fluid force approaches its analytical value in 11 s after starting to rotate. 3.2 Fluid force according to eccentricity In this section, the previous 2-D calculation is extended to three dimensions, and a parametric study for various eccentricities is described. Fig. 11 shows the shape of the baffles installed on the outer wall of an actual product. First, the computations were made without considering baffles. The rotating speed and eccentricity used for this calculation are in the range of 0~1000 r/min and 0~15 mm, respectively. The working fluids are water and air, and the water volume fraction is set to 0.5. The fluid force was obtained from the dynamic model as follows:
Fo / 2 = he Ro 2 ( sin ( ) cos ( ) ) Ro 2 ( -sin ( ) cos ( ) ) Ri 2 .

Fig. 12. Fluid forces for various rotational speeds and eccentricities.

ing to the liquid patterns. For the linear region where the liquid deflection is small ( e Ro Rs or e Rs Ri ), and are as follows:

= 0, = 0

(8)

where is the angle between the x axis and Ri. For the liquid contact state where the free surface represents a discontinuity due to the large deflection of liquid, and are given by

= 0, = cos-1

Rs 2 Ri 2 e 2 . 2eRi

(9)

In addition, for the liquid break state where the free surface totally contacts the outer wall of the balancer due to the very large deflection of liquid, and can be determined by

(7)

= cos-1

Ro 2 Rs 2 + e 2 , = 0. 2eRo

(10)

This equation is a generalized form of the equation for the fluid force (restoration force) derived in our previous study [1]. The constants and have three different values accord-

Fig. 12 shows the fluid force (Fo/2(kgm)) for various rotational speeds and eccentricities. The fluid force represents the

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force that water exerts on the walls (four walls, including the bottom, top, inner, and outer wall of the balancer) in the x direction when the balancer rotates. In Fig. 12, the analytical calculation was performed using a dynamic model under the assumption that the liquid flow approaches steady state. As can be seen in Eq. (7), the fluid force does not depend on the rotational speed, since it is defined as the ratio of the centrifugal force to the square of rotational speed. The fluid force depends on the liquid density, the inner and outer radius of the balancer, the height of the balancer, the eccentricity and the liquid patterns. Also, we can see that a dynamic model cannot consider effects of baffles because Eq. (7) does not include any design parameters associated with baffles. Fig. 12 shows that the fluid force increases as speed increases: it increases rapidly in the range of 50-150 r/min, and it approaches to the solution of a dynamic model at 500 r/min. At 1000 r/min, the results of CFD calculations and the dynamic model show good agreement. This is because the water stands vertically parallel to the wall at 1000 r/min as the 2-D model does. In addition, for small eccentricities (e < 6 mm), the gradient of the fluid force is large, but for large eccentricities (e > 6 mm) it decreases significantly. Thus, based on these results, there are some limitations in improving the fluid force of the existing model (7 kg liquid balancer) by the increase of rotational speed. 3.3 Fluid forces of the multi-race models A two-race model can be constructed by installing a concentric partition wall at the center of a one-race model. For calculations, we considered three types of two-race models according to the arrangement of the partition wall, as shown in Fig. 13. A 3-D steady-state condition was considered and a rotating speed of 300 r/min was used. We assumed that gravity acts in the z- direction and that surface tension did not exist. The working fluid is water. Fig. 14 shows the fluid force obtained by 3-D CFD calculations for various eccentricities in the one- and two-race models. The fluid force of the two-race model is much larger than that of the one-race model. Also, the two-race model represents the largest fluid force when the partition wall lies midway between the inner and outer walls (50%). This was also verified by the dynamic model in Ref. [1]. Thus, an important design point for a multi-race model is to construct the partition wall with equal spacing. We next considered the fluid force of one-race and two-race models for various rotational speeds and eccentricities. Fig. 15 shows a comparison between fluid forces obtained using the dynamic model and CFD calculations. For the calculations, the partition wall of the two-race model lies midway between the inner and outer walls. As shown in Fig. 15, calculations with a dynamic model showed that the fluid force of the tworace model is larger than that of the one-race model for the entire range of eccentricities. The CFD calculations also showed similar trends. The CFD calculations for the one- and

35 percent

50 percent

65 percent

Fig. 13. Modeling of the two-race liquid balancer.

Fig. 14. Comparison of fluid forces of the one- and two- race models.

Dynamic model(1 race) CFD(50rpm, 1 race) CFD(100rpm, 1 race) CFD(150rpm, 1 race) CFD(200rpm, 1 race) CFD(300rpm, 2 race)

Dynamic model(2 race) CFD(50rpm, 2 race) CFD(100rpm ,2 race) CFD(150rpm, 2 race) CFD(200rpm, 2 race)

1 0.8 F/w^2 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 2 4 6 Eccentricity (mm) 8 10

Fig. 15. Fluid forces in the one- and two- race models.

two-race models showed no differences in the fluid force in the range of 50~100 r/min. As mentioned in the previous section, this means that no fluid forces are generated in the balancer at low rotational speeds. On the other hand, when the speed of the basket exceeds 150 r/min, the fluid force of the two-race model is larger than that of the one-race model. In addition, we note that the tub may collide against the frame due to the excessive eccentricity (maximum 9 mm) caused by the unbalanced mass in the early stage of rotation (low speed), and it is difficult to prevent this phenomenon even if a multirace model is used.

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e(mm) 50 RPM 100 RPM 150 RPM 200 RPM

1471

e(mm)

Air

Fig. 16. Flow configurations for various rotational speeds and eccentricities without baffles (3-D).

Fig. 17. Flow configurations for various rotational speeds and eccentricities with 12 baffles (3-D).

Fig. 16 shows the 3-D and 2-D sectional views of the free surface of the two-race model. The red bars marked at the left and right sides of the balancer in the upper part of the figure represent the 2-D sections for visualization of the lower part. The two saw-tooth shapes shown in the lower part of the figure represent the liquid level raised from each race. The liquid deflection at an eccentricity of 8 mm is larger than that of 4 mm at the same speed condition. The liquid can reach the top wall at 200 r/min in the 2-D calculation, as shown in Fig. 4. However, the liquid reaches the top wall at 150 r/min when eccentricities were applied in the 3-D calculations. The flow pattern shows linear behavior at 150 r/min with an eccentricity of 4 mm. For the same speed and an eccentricity of 8 mm, it shows a liquid contact behavior, and for the conditions of 200 r/min and an eccentricity of 8 mm, it represents a liquid break behavior. 3.4 Effects of baffles on the fluid force We present the computational results considering the actual baffle shapes illustrated in Fig. 11. For this calculation, a onerace liquid balancer with rotation speeds of 0-1000 r/min,

Section view

e (mm)

Water

200 RPM

500 RPM

1,000 RPM

10

eccentricity of 0-10 mm, and 9 to 12 baffles is used. Fig. 17 shows the flow patterns in the liquid balancer with 12 baffles for eccentricities of 4 mm and 10 mm, and for various rotational speeds. Recall that when the baffles were not present, the flow pattern at 200 r/min showed a liquid break behavior because of the liquid deflection to a particular side (refer to Fig. 16). However, when the baffles were present, the liquid deflection can be suppressed at the same speed as shown in Fig. 17. Thus, the baffles play a role in controlling the stabilization of a free surface and the unbalance of a rotating system by suppressing nonlinear sloshing. The conditions of 4 mm eccentricity and a rotational speed of 1000 r/min do not represent a nonlinear liquid break state, but it can be observed at an eccentricity of 10 mm with the same rotational speed. Such a liquid break behavior appears in actual products at about 150 r/min, which corresponds to the early transient stage. It takes about 10 s to reach this speed from a stationary state. Thus, the liquid break pattern (e=10 mm/1000 r/min) shown in Fig. 17 is a numerical result that is hard to reproduce experimentally. Fig. 18 shows a comparison of fluid force according to the existence of baffles. Because the dynamic model cannot consider the baffle, the results of this model represent a large dif-

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Fig. 19. Fluid force according to the number of baffles at 50 r/min.

0.2 0.175 0.15 F/w^2 0.125 0.1 0.075 0.05 0.025 0 0 2 4 6 Eccentricity (mm) 8 10 9 baffles 10 baffles 12 baffles

Fig. 18. Fluid force according to the existence of baffles.

ference compared to those of the CFD calculations. The baffle has two functions. One is to prevent excessive liquid deflection, and the other is to control the sloshing vibration of liquid. However, as shown in Fig. 18, the fluid force can be significantly decreased when baffles are used. Accordingly, it is necessary to design a system that performs these two functions optimally without any decrease in the fluid force. Fig. 18 shows that there are no differences in the fluid force at 50 r/min regardless of the existence of baffles. This means that the baffles play a role in preventing liquid deflection during the early stage of rotation. However, there are significant differences in the fluid force for rotational speed over 100 r/min depending on the existence of baffles. Therefore, the number of baffles should be selected with careful consideration of these observations. Figs. 19-22 show a comparison of fluid force according to the number of baffles for various rotational speeds in a onerace balancer used for the 7 kg capacity washing machine. Fig. 19 shows fluid forces for 9, 10, and 12 baffles at 50 r/min. It can be seen that the fluid force increases linearly. In Fig. 20, the variation of the fluid forces at 100 r/min shows nonlinear behavior only for 12 baffles. The fluid force at 200 r/min in Fig. 21 shows nonlinear behavior for all three types of baffles. Finally, Fig. 22 shows that the fluid forces at 1000 r/min for 9 and 10 baffles increase steadily, but fluid force for 12 baffles increases with nonlinear behavior. The nonlinear behaviors in fluid forces in the above figures occur because the liquid distribution inside the liquid balancer becomes non-uniform as the eccentricity increases. In particular, for the case of e=10mm and r/min=200 in Fig. 17, we can see that the liquid is confined in the shape of saw tooth. This non-uniform confinement of liquid between the baffles and the balancer walls results in the non-linear fluid forces. These behaviors differ

Fig. 20. Fluid force according to the number of baffles at 100 r/min.

0.35 0.3 0.25 F/w^2 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 0 2 4 6 9 baffles 10 baffles 12 baffles 8 10

Eccentricity (mm)
Fig. 21. Fluid force according to the number of baffles at 200 r/min.

0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 2

F/w^2

9 baffles 10 baffles 12 baffles 4 6 Eccentricity (mm) 8 10

Fig. 22. Fluid force according to the number of baffles at 1000 r/min.

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according to its magnitude of eccentricity and thus fluid forces show non-linear behavior such as those in Figs. 18-22. To summarize, the fluid force versus increase of eccentricity increases linearly at low rotational speed; its nonlinearity is maximized at intermediate speed; and its variation is stabilized at high speed. In addition, the magnitude of the fluid force for 12 baffles is relatively smaller than that of the other cases for the entire range of rotational speed. However, the fluid force shows a steady increase with 9 and 10 baffles.

4. Conclusions
In the present study, a dynamic model and a CFD method were used to analyze the liquid flow inside a liquid balancer. The results of this study can be summarized as follows: (1) The behavior of the free surface was calculated using a dynamic model and a CFD method for a 2-D model of the liquid balancer in order to verify the CFD method. The results obtained from these two methods agree well each other, and thus the CFD method is acceptable. Also, the maximum rising level of the free surface was observed at 200 r/min. In addition, the level of the free surface decreased slightly at around 100 r/min when the surface tension is considered. (2) In order to investigate the effects of viscosity on fluid force, computations were made using water and oil as working fluids. It was shown that the oil, which has a large viscosity coefficient, represents a low tangential velocity compared to that of the water. Computational studies were also made for the condition of gravity acting in the vertical and horizontal directions with respect to the balancer itself. When gravity acts in the horizontal direction, it was found that the tangential velocity is larger than if gravity acts in the vertical direction. On the contrary, when gravity acts in the vertical direction, the radial velocity is larger than if gravity acts in the horizontal direction. (3) Fluid forces are calculated according to the arrangement of baffles using 2-D models. If the gap between the baffles and the outer wall of the balancer is larger than the width of the balancer by 15%, the baffles do not affect the fluid force, and the fluid force remains nearly the same as the case without baffles. This is because the momentum of water is not suppressed by the baffles; rather, it transfers to the inner wall because the water freely passes through the baffles. (4) Computational studies were also made to obtain the fluid force for the liquid balancer without baffles using eccentricity and rotational speed as variables. For a speed of 1000 r/min, it was found that the results obtained by CFD agree with those of the dynamics model. In addition, if the rotational speed exceeds 150 r/min, the gradient of the restoration force becomes large for small eccentricities (e < 6 mm), but it decreases significantly for large eccentricities (6 mm < e < 10 mm). (5) Computational results of the CFD method for the multirace liquid balancer showed trends similar to the dynamic model. A two-race model can be constructed by adding a con-

centric partition wall to a one-race model. The calculations were performed according to the arrangement of the partition wall. It is advantageous when increasing the fluid force to install the partition wall midway between the inner and outer walls, thereby making the gaps between the inner and outer walls equal. The flow pattern of the two-race model shows linear behavior up to the conditions of 150 r/min and eccentricity of 4 mm, and a liquid contact behavior at the conditions of 150 r/min and 8 mm eccentricity. Conditions with the same speed with eccentricity of 8 mm shows a liquid contact behavior, and for the conditions of 200 r/min and eccentricity of 8 mm, it represents a liquid break behavior. Also, there were no differences in the fluid forces between the one-race and the two-race models in the early rotation stage in which the excessive eccentricity (10 mm at its maximum) might occur. This means that there would be no fluid forces regardless of the use of the multi-race in the early stage of rotation, where excessive eccentricity occurs. (6) The baffle has two functions. One is to prevent excessive liquid deflection, and the other is to control the sloshing vibration of liquid. A dynamic model cannot consider the baffle, but the CFD model can. Thus, we performed CFD calculations for the liquid balancer with baffles. If the baffles are considered, the fluid force significantly decreases. Also, there are no significant differences in the fluid force at 50 r/min regardless of the existence of baffles. This means that the liquid cannot generate a centrifugal force at low rotational speed. Thus, the tub during the early rotation stage shows an excessive eccentricity due to unbalanced mass, and this is aggravated by the deflection of water. Thus, an increase in the number of baffles is not effective in preventing such phenomena. (7) The one-race balancer used for the 7 kg capacity washing machine included 12 baffles. The CFD calculations for this model showed that the fluid force increased nonlinearly for rotation speeds from 100 to 500 r/min. Also, 12 baffles represent smaller fluid forces than 9 or 10 baffles under the same conditions. However, the fluid forces for 9 and 10 baffles show a steady increase for the entire range of rotational speed.

Acknowledgment
This research was financially supported in part by the Ministry of Knowledge Economy (MKE) and Korea Industrial Technology Foundation (KOTEF) through the Human Resource Training Project for Strategic Technology.

Nomenclature-----------------------------------------------------------------------e F g H m : Eccentricity (m) : Centrifugal force (N) : Gravitational acceleration (m/s2) : Height of the balancer (m) : Mass of water (kg)

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Ri, Ro : Inner and outer radius of the balancer (m) : Distance from the rotating axis to the inner surface of Rs the liquid (m) V : Liquid volume (m3) Greek symbols

: Density of the liquid (kg/m3) : Speed of rotation (r/min)

References
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Chung-Hyo Jung acquired the doctoral degree in the Dept. of Science for Open and Environmental Systems at Keio University in 2003. The specialty in the doctoral course was GSMAC-FEM and studied on MHD (magnetohydrodynamics). Dr. Jung joined Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. as a CFD engineer in 2003. Also, he has worked at Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology and has charged in the thermal analysis of semiconductors (system LSI). One of the Dr. Jung's major concerning fields is the mechanical application of Lie-Groups.