NOTES FOR PHYSICS TRAIL SPM 2013 ( 4531/1 )

Paper 2 ( Essay )
Form 4 Chapter 4 ( Heat )
BIL 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 ASPECT/CHARACTERISTIC/ MODIFICATION the lid of the pan designed to lower the air pressure inside the pan the lid of the pan made of substance which has weak conductivity of heat Made from material with low specific heat capacity Made from a low density material Made from material that is not easily corroded or oxidized The handle of the pot is made from material with high specific heat capacity The pot is designed to have vertical compartments which can be added or removed High melting point Liquid that difficult to compress. High degree of hardness Large numbers of fin blade Big size of fan High boiling point High specific heat capacity Increase the length/area of cooling coil A storage tank must be place at a higher level Pipe embedded in plate must be long The pipe inside the plate must be made of metal thermometer is made from strong transparent glass the thermometric liquid chosen is mercury the capillary tube is made narrow and thin the shape of the thermometer is round the thermometer is placed in melting ice REASON/ EXPLANATION the boiling point of water decreased heat will not absorbed by the the lid,so heat will not lost to surrounding Temperature in the pot can be increased quickly when heated. This saves fuel / cooking gas. Pot is light and more portable Pot is more durable and will not contaminate the food with dangerous material The handle becomes hot slower and can be held without scorching the hand This makes the pot versatile because different food can be cooked at the same time Does not melt easily if there is an increase in temperature. Pressure will be transmited uniformly in all directions/ flows easily Can withstand great force / does not break easily Increase surface area // release heat quickly // engine cools quickly Can suck more air // more air can be blow to the engine /Can cool down a larger area Not easily to vaporize // the volume of liquid reduce slowly // takes a longer time to boil Takes a longer time to become hot // the rise in temperature is slow increase the resistance/Can transfer the heat faster to the surrounding To give higher pressure will enlarge surface area will absorbs heat faster Metal is a good heat conductor,so it will transmit heat to water easily/resistance hih so that it is not easily broken because it easily expands uniformly so that it is more sensitive so that it has a magnifying effect to obtain the lower point

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the thermometer is placed in steam Low specific heat capacity of ice cream box Smaller size of ice cream box Plastic PVC Bright colour of outer box Use insulator behind the absorber panel Use an absorber panel which is painted black.

to obtain the upper point Easy get cold // becomes cool quickly Easier to carry // easy too become cool Poor conductor of heat Does not absorb heat from surrounding quickly To prevent the loss of heat energy A black surface is a good absorber of radiation so it will absorb heat faster

Chapter 5 (LIGHT) BI L 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 ASPECT/CHARACTERISTIC/MODIFI CATION Small critical angle. strong material flexible material. fine diameter High refractive index Optical fibre in a bundle Material with weak rigidity Material with great strength A plane mirror mounted on an adjustable arm Use a converging mirror instead of plane mirror Place the filament at the centre of curvature of the converging mirror // use high powered lens Use heat filter Electric fan operates during and after the lamp is switched on Shorter // smaller size of binocular Use prism to make the total internal refleclection occur Higher density Ojective lens with larger diameter Eyepiece with higher power REASON/EXPLANATION Allow more light to involve in total internal reflection not easily broken. Can easily change the shape. can enter small holes. Total internal reflection can occur easily Large number of signal/higher intensity of light can propagate The optical fibre can be bent easily The optical fibre can last longer/not easily spoil Reflects light to the vertical screen, corrects lateral and vertical inversion Focus the light directly to the lens // increase the intensity of light. Light goes directly from the lamp and reflect back on the same path // increase the intensity of light towards the transparency // to get brighter image To absorb excess heat to the transparency Cooling system to stabilize the temperature (heat energy produced by filament bulb) easy to carry Produce upright image Higher refractive indeks More light passes through the lens Shorter focal length

NOTES FOR PHYSICS TRAIL SPM 2013 ( 4531/1 ) Higher power/increase the magnification Can produce real image Produce maximum magnification Cheaper than cctv Can reflect light from object Easier to handle periscope Wider field view To ensure total internal reflection occur

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Shorter focal length Convex lense u a bit bigger than f periscope 2 plane mirror/prism Casing to hold the mirror Convex mirror Optcal fibre with higher densities/ refrative index inner compare than outer

Chapter 7/8 (ELECTRIC & ELECTROMAGNET) BI L 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 ASPECT/CHARACTERISTIC/MO DIFICATION The electric appliances are connected in parallel Fit fuse at the live wire in the fuse box/Use miniature circuit breakers (mcbs) Earth connection to the metal case of electrical appliances Use low power lamps / install fluorescent lamp Regularly cleaning and removing dust from the air filters of air conditioners Low power lamp High efficiency Long life span Low price/cost Smaller surface area High melting point Long (coiled) metal Low rate of oxidation Low resistance Low resistivity Low rate of thermal expansion use thin diaphragm Use strong material REASON/EXPLANATION Allow each electric appliances to be switched on and off independently/Higher voltage One appliaces damage the another can still function To stop the flow of current by melting when a high voltage of electric current flows through the circuit // switches itself off very quickly if the current exceeds Earth wire connected to earth, so that when a fault occurs and a current flows through the live wire and the earth wire, the fuse in the live wire will blow and cut off the supply. To reduce the energy use/do not waste the electrical energy To make sure the appliaces function effectively Safe cost//electric bill The room looks brighter//high output power//less power wastage No need to replace often Save money/cost the resistance is higher not easy to melt to increase the resistance Does not oxidize easily / can be used for a longer period Current will increase / more heat will be produced To reduce heat loss in the cables The cables will not expand under hot weather Easy to vibrate Not easy to break

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More number of turns of coil Thicker diameter of wire of coil Using more powerful magnet to increase the strength of the magnetic field Change slip rings with commutator Use stronger magnet Use more number of turn for the coil/ Increase the speed of rotation Diameter should be large The rate of expansion should be low Use capacitor Using concave surface soft iron Using a laminated iron core Thick copper wire Using soft iron for the core Winding the secondary and primary coils on top each other.

Increase the rate of change of magnetic flux linkage // The magnitude of the induced current or is also increased reduce the resistance of the coil Increase the rate of change of magnetic flux linkage //The magnitude of the induced current or induced electromotive force is also increased To reverse contact with brushes so that the current flow in same direction in external circuit To increase the magnetic field strength Increase the rate of change of magnetic field/increase the induced current to reduce the resistance of the cables So there is less expansion and less sagging in the cables during hot days To smoothen the current produced/to store electric charge Produce radial magnetic field to ensure smooten rotatation Reduce Eddy current in iron core reduce the resistance of the coil Reduce the hysterisis loss. Easy to magnetize and demagnitize Reduce Leakage of Magnetic Flux

Form 5 Chapter 9 ( Radioactive )

BI L 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 The detector should be able to detect particles (low ionising particles) Has a long half-life Emits beta Solid form Low ionising power Higher ionising power ASPECT/CHARACTERISTIC/MO DIFICATION The half-life should be a few days long The source should emit particles REASON/EXPLANATION This allows for the location to be detected and thereafter the radioactive contamination is reduced This enables the radiation to be detected above the ground/high penetrating power High ionising particles like and particles are absorbed by the ground Can be used for a long time hence save cost Can penetrate box and liquid and is less dangerous than gamma Easy to handle and contain. Does not change the state and taste of juice Easy for the medium to conduct electricity

NOTES FOR PHYSICS TRAIL SPM 2013 ( 4531/1 )

Paper 2 ( Structure )
1. Diagram shows a ray of light directed perpendicularly at a side of the semi circular glass
block. The ray passes through the glass block to a point O before leaving the glass block. The angle of incidence in the glass block is 30 .

Explain how total internal reflection occurs in diagram above?

Increase the angle of incidence,i, then angle of refraction,r will also increase Keep on increasing the angle of incidence until angle of refraction is 90 The angle of incidence is called critical angle Increase the angle of of incidence more than the critical angle, the ray will be reflected .

2. Explain why a piece of paper burns when placed under a convex lens aimed towards hot
sun rays. The parallel rays of the sun will pass through the a convex lens After entering the lens, the light rays is focused at the principal focus of the lens At the principal focus, the light ray is focused on one small area Heat energy causes an increase in temperature, the paper starts to burn

3. Explain how you would estimate the focal length of a convex lens in your school
laboratory .

The convex lens is aimed/focused to a distant object (infinity) The screen is adjusted until a sharp image is formed on the screen The distance between the screen and the lens is measuredl Focal length = distance between the screen and the lens

4. Terangkan bagaimana kedalaman laut boleh diukur. kedalaman laut boleh diukur menggunakan peralatan OSK dan hidrofon hidrofon boleh mengesan gelombang ultrasonik dalam air OSK boleh menyukat masa pantulan gelombang

 Kedalaman boleh dihitung menggunakan rumus v = (2d/t) 5. It is known that the sky is red during sunset and the formation of rainbow on the sky always
appeared after raining. Explain these phenomena.

Light consisting of seven colours. Red has the longest wave length and the last to refracted during sunset. A droplet of water trap in the atmosphere after raining acts a lens. Light travel through this water droplet and undergo the process of refraction ,total internal reflection and dispersion of light occurred.

6. Can you explain why the wave front of sea water will follow the shape of the shore when it
approaches the shore?

The depth of the water decreasing as it travel towards the shore. The velocity and wavelength is decreasing due to the wave travel from the depth to the shallow area. The wave will bend and change their direction(refraction occurs). So, wave front of sea water will follow the shape of the shore. The concept involve is Refraction

7. Explain why strong double-glazed glass is used as walls of the observation tower in an
airport.

All particles in a material/matter/glass vibrate at its natural frequency The airplane engine produces noise which cause the air to vibrate Due to resonance, the glass vibrate at a higher/maximum amplitude Need strong glasses to withstand the effect of resonance/ the strong vibration/ high amplitude, so that it does not brek easily

Paper 3
1. Inference . depends on 2. Hypothesis The higher the ...the higher..... 3. Aim To investigate the relationship between.and. 4. Variable a) manipulated V: .. pastikan variable yang digunakan sama seperti dalam hypothesis dan juga aim

NOTES FOR PHYSICS TRAIL SPM 2013 ( 4531/1 ) b) Responding V: 5. c) Fixed V: . 6. Apparatus- .. 8. Prosedur a) controlling manipulated V: . beritahu nilai pertama yang digunakan 9. b) controlling Responding V: beritahu apa yang diukur, alat pengukur apa? Jika secondary value tunjukkan formulanya 10. c) Repeated Exp. ulang eskperiment sekurang-kurangnya 4 bacaan lagi . 11. Tabulating of Data - buat jadual dan pastikan ada symbol dan unit. - pastikan sama dengan variable di atas Responding/Simbol/unit (jangan guna perkataan type) tulis semua apparatus yang diberi dalam soalan dan lain2 apparatus. lukis gambarajah berlabel,guna pembaris

7. Arrangement of apparatus-.

Manipulated/Simbol/unit

12. Analyzed the data Simbol/unit

buat graf paksi y mesti responding dan paksi x-manipulated -pastikan ada symbol dan unit pada setiap paksi

Simbol/unit

(ada 9 item yang perlu ditulis. Prosedur 3 markah dan variable 2 markah yang membawa jumlah markah keseluruhan 12 markah)