(

)
/

.(*)

"

.
/

"

/
/ /

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.
.

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.
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.
:
.

.
:
"

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( )

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( )
( )
( )

( )

:
(

. .

()

.
2

( ) Sharp, Basil M.H. (2001), Sustainable Development Environment and Economic

Framework Integration; Department of Economic, University of Auckland, p.10.

. .

()

( ) Munasinghe, Mohan, (1997), Environment Economic and Sustainable Development,

World Bank, Washington, D.C. USA, p.5.

.
7

(
.

()
()

( ) Perman, Roger and others (1998), Natural Resource and Environmental Economics,
Longman, New York, USA, p.56.

.
.
)

( )

.
UNESCO

.
Robert Solow

( )

Pezzey

( )

Barbier and Markadya

(1) Ibid, p. 57.

(2) Pezzey J. (1992), Sustainability: An Interdisciplinary Guide. Environment Values, USA,
p.323.
(3) Barbier E.B. and Markadya A. (1990), The Conditions for Achieving Environmentally
Sustainable Development, European Economic Review, vol. 34, pp. 659-669.

.
WCED

( )

Page T.

.(
Pearce

)
( )

.(

( )

"
."
(1) WCED (1987), World Commision on Environment and Development, Oxford
University Press and United Nation, New York.
(2) Perman, Roger and Others, Op. Cit.; p.57.
(3) Pearce, D. W., and Others (1989), Blueprint for Green Economy, Earthscan, London,
UK, p.37.
(4) Nicolaisen, John and Peter Hoeller (1990), Economics and The Environment: A Survey
of Issues and Policy Optics, (OECD) Organization for Economic Co-operation and
development. Paris, p.16.
(5) Perman Roger and Others, Op. Cit.; p.58.

:
.

"

"

( )

( )

( )

John Hartwick

(
.
(

(1) Solow R. M. (1974), The Economics of Resources and The Resources of Economics,
American Economic Review, New York, USA, pp.29-49.
(2) Hartwick J. M. (1977), Intergenerational Equity and The Investing of Rents From
Exhaustible Resources, American Economic Review, p.972.
(3) Hartwick J. M. (1978), Substitution Among Exhaustible Resources and Intergenerational
Equity, Review of Economic Studies, p.347.

(C=

)
.(t = 0)
C.Min

C(6), C(5), C(3), C(1)

.
C (t)
C (3)
C (4)
C (2)
C (1)
C (5)

C. Min

C (6)

:( )
=S:

S
S
S
NS
S
S
S
NS
NS
S
NS
S
Source: Perman, Roger, Op. Cit.; p.58

C (1)
C (2)
C (3)
C (4)
C (5)
C (6)

)
=S:
= NS

C(6),

(C.Min)

C(3), C(1)

.C(5)
.
.

C(2)

.
C(2)

.
C(4), C(3), C(2), C(1)
C(6), C(5)

C(4)
C(6), C(5), C(1)

C(4)

.(

"

"
( )

.
.

(1) Perman, Roger, Op. Cit.; p.60.

(2) Solow, R. M. (1986), On The Intergenerational Allocation of Natural Resources,
Scandinavian Journal of Economics, pp.141-149.

.
.

( )

:
.
.

:
.
.

.
( )

(KN)
:

(KH)

(KN)

.
(KH)

Q = f(L, KN, KH)

(1) Perman, Roger and Others (1998). Op. Cit.; p.59.

(2) Sharp, Basil M. H., Op. Cit.; p.16.

:
=Q
=L
= KN
= KH

Dasgupta, and Heal

( )

( )

.
-

( )

)
.
:
:

( )

.
.

(1) Dasgupta, P. and Heal G., (1974), the Optimal Depletion of Exhastible Resources,
Review of Economic Studies, USA., pp. 3-28.
(2) Dasgupta, P. and Heal G., (1979), Economic Theory and Exhastible Resources,
Cambridge University Press, UK., p.207.
(3) Perman Roger and Others, Op. Cit.; p.60.
(4) Op. Cit.; p.17.

( )

.
:
( )

.
.

( )

Herman Daly

( )

Boulding

.
.

(1) Sharp, Basil M. H., Op. Cit.; p. 17.

(2) Perman Roger and Others, Op. Cit.; p.60.
(3) Perman Roger and Others, Op. Cit.; p.62.
(4) Boulding K. E., (1966), The Economics of the Coming Spaceship Earth, Johns
HOpkins Press, USA, pp. 3-14.

:
.(

.
.

.
Bisphere
Lithosphere Hydrosphere

Atmosphere

.
Stability
C. S. Holling

( )

Resilience
( )

( )

.
.

(1) Perman Roger and Others, Op. Cit.; p.61.

(2) Holling, C. S. (1973), Resilience and Stability of Ecological Systems, Annual Review of
Ecological Systems, (4), pp. 1-24.
(3) Holling, C. S. (1986), The Resilience of Terrestrial Ecosystem, Cambridge University
Press, UK.
(4) Common and Perrings S. C. (1992), Towards An Ecological Economics of
Sustainability, Ecological Economics, 6(1), pp. 7-34.

( )

.
.
.
.

.
:
.
:
.
.
(1) Perman Roger and Others, Op. Cit.; p.65.

.(

.
( )

()

C t = f(K t , R t ) - K t

(1)

=C
= f( )
=K

dK
dt

= K

=R

fR
= fk
fR

(2)

K = R .fR

(3)

fR =

f
R

fK =

f
K

= fR
= fK

( )

( )

Hotellig's

R)

fR

.
.

Ct = f K K + f R R -

d 2K
dt 2

(4)

d 2K
=
f
R
+
R
f
R
R
dt 2

(5)

( )

Ct = f K K + fR R - f R R + R f R

(6)

Ct = f K K - R f R

(7)

( )

( )

( )

Ct = f K R fR - R f R

(8)

( )

( )

Ct = f K R f R - fK fR R

(9)

Ct = 0
.

"

"
.

(KH)

(KN)
.

.
.

"
"
( )

(1) Griffiths, Alan and Wall Stuart, (1998), Applied Economics, 7th ed. Longman, Inc, New
York, USA, p.220.

)
.

.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.

1.

Basil M.H. Sharp, Sustainable Development Environment and Economics

Framework Integration; Department of Economic, University of Auckland,
2001.
2. C. S. Holling, Resilience and Stability of Ecological Systems, Annual Review
of Ecological Systems, Vol. (4), 1973
3. Common and S. C. Perrings, Towards an Ecological Economics of
Sustainability, Ecological Economics, 1992.
4. E. B. Barbier and A. Markadya, The Conditions for Achieving
Environmentally Sustainable Development, European Economic Review, vol.
(34),1990.
5. J. M. Hartwick, Intergenerational Equity and the Investing of Rents from
Exhaustible Resources, American Economic Review, 1977.
6. J. M. Hartwick, Substitution among Exhaustible Resources and
Intergenerational Equity, Review of Economic Studies,1978.
7. J. Pezzey (1992), Sustainability: An Interdisciplinary Guide. Environment
Values, Vol. (1), USA.
8. John Nicolaisen and Peter Hoeller, Economics and the Environment: A Survey
of Issues and Policy Optics, (OECD) Organization for Economic Co-operation
and Development, Paris, 1990.
9. K. E. Boulding, The Economics of the Coming Spaceship Earth, Johns
Hopkins Press, USA, 1966.
10. P. Dasgupta and G. Heal, Economic Theory and Exhastible Resources,
Cambridge University Press, UK, 1979.
11. P. Dasgupta and G. Heal, the Optimal Depletion of Exhastible Resources,
Review of Economic Studies, USA, 1974.
12. R. M. Solow, On the Intergenerational Allocation of Natural Resources,
Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 1986.

13. R. M. Solow, The Economics of Resources and the Resources of Economics,

American Economic Review, New York, USA, 1974.

1. Alan Griffiths and Stuart Wall, Applied Economics, 7th ed. Longman, Inc, New
York, USA, 1998.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

C. S. Holling, The Resilience of Terrestrial Ecosystem, Cambridge University

Press, UK, 1986.
D. W. Pearce and others, Blueprint for Green Economy, Earthscan, London, UK,
1989.
Mohan Munasinghe, Environment Economic and Sustainable Development,
World Bank, Washington, D.C. USA, 1997.
Roger Perman and others, Natural Resource and Environmental Economics,
Longman, New York, USA, 1998.
WCED, World Commision on Environment and Development, , Oxford
University Press and united Nation, New York, USA,1987.

Environment and Sustainable Development

Contemporary Economic Approached
ABSTRACT
This paper sheds light upon the relation between the environment and economic
development to specify the concept of sustainable development. The interest in
development programs doesn t emphasizing only on achieving the objectives of society
concerning justice in the distribution of income, and the importance of efficiency and
economic stability as a path towards welfare. But also to connect the development
programs socio-economic with the environment through absorbing disposals and
emissions, recycling the natural resources to the society, taking into consideration the
effect of growth of products and population in the fulfillment of sustainable
development and increasing welfare averages to ensure the share of future
generations.
Also taking into consideration the indicators which concern the environment
and it s effects upon the social and economic aspects to specify the concepts criteria of
sustainable development and the optimum utilizing of natural resources to preserve
the environment balance.