22 - 23 November, 2010 Institution of Civil Engineers

Bridge Design to Eurocodes

- UK Implementation

22 - 23 November, 2010 Institution of Civil Engineers

Developments in Integral Bridge Design

Steve Denton, Tim Christie - Parsons Brinckerhoff Oliver Riches - Arup Alex Kidd - Highways Agency

Introduction
Section 9 and Annex A of PD 6694-1 cover Integral Bridges Based on BA42, but updated to: align with Eurocodes address known issues with BA42 embrace latest research in the field Some important developments that: enhance efficiency in design provide greater flexibility to designers

Important developments 1. Soil-structure interaction methods

Both limit equilibrium and soil-structure interaction methods covered requirements for soil-structure interaction methods are given in Section 9 an approach is given in Annex A, alternatives may be used Soil-structure interaction methods are recommended for full height frame abutments on single row of piles Embedded wall abutments

Important developments 2. Limit equilibrium equations for K*d

Simplified to two equations for: rotation and/or flexure: K*d = K0 + (C dd / H)0.6 Kp Translation: K*d = K0 + (40dd / H)0.4 Kp

Rotation / Flexure

Translation

Important developments 2. Limit equilibrium equations for K*d

Simplified to two equations for: rotation and/or flexure: K*d = K0 + (C dd / H)0.6 Kp Translation: K*d = K0 + (40dd / H)0.4 Kp
K* equations
PD 6694-1

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Important developments 2. Limit equilibrium equations for K*d

Simplified to two equations for: rotation and/or flexure: K*d = K0 + (C dd / H)0.6 Kp Translation: K*d = K0 + (40dd / H)0.4 Kp

Based on horizontal displacement at H/2 (denoted, dd )

Important developments 2. Limit equilibrium equations for K*d

Simplified to two equations for: rotation and/or flexure: K*d = K0 + (C dd / H)0.6 Kp Translation: K*d = K0 + (40dd / H)0.4 Kp
Comparion of pure rotation with flexure
Springman et al (1996)

Based on horizontal displacement at H/2 (denoted, dd )

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Important developments 2. Limit equilibrium equations for K*d

Simplified to two equations for: rotation and/or flexure: K*d = K0 + (C dd / H)0.6 Kp Translation: K*d = K0 + (40dd / H)0.4 Kp Parameter, C, accounts of effect of non-rigid boundary below foundation (i.e. the stiffness of ground below foundation). Varies between 20 and 66.

Important developments 2. Limit equilibrium equations for K*d

Simplified to two equations for: rotation and/or flexure: K*d = K0 + (C dd / H)0.6 Kp Translation: K*d = K0 + (40dd / H)0.4 Kp
The effect of a rigid boundary at the hinge
Tapper and Lehane (2004) Tan and Lehane (2008)

Parameter, C, accounts of effect of non-rigid boundary below foundation (i.e. the stiffness of ground below foundation). Varies between 20 and 66.

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Important developments 2. Limit equilibrium equation for K*d

For rotation and/or flexure earth pressure coefficient equal to K0 and depth, H

Important developments 2. Limit equilibrium equation for K*d

For rotation and/or flexure earth pressure coefficient equal to K0 and depth, H
Soil response to repeated cycles of strain
England et al (2000)

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Important developments 3. Combinations and partial factors

Characteristic value of movement of end of deck given by: dk = Lx(Te;max Te;min) Design value is given by: dd = 0.5dk(1 + Q) where, and Q are relevant values for thermal actions in the combination of actions under consideration

Important developments 3. Combinations and partial factors

Horizontal earth pressure applied to bridge is equal to product of effective vertical stress and K*d, i.e.: Horizontal earth pressure1 = zK*dG Where G is relevant partial factor for weight of soil

[1 note: assuming no pore water pressure]

Important developments 3. Combinations and partial factors

Important developments 3. Combinations and partial factors

Soil structure interaction and research findings

Background- HA Integral Bridges Research Scoping study and workshop (2005) Desk study of integral bridge usage Review of existing data, back analysis of measured performance and recommendations: data collection and review geotechnical review / back analysis of laboratory tests final research report

The development of a numerical soils model

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Soil response to repeated cycles of strain

England et al (2000)

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Earlier research has demonstrated the relationship between soil strain and:

Soil Stiffness
Seed and Idriss (1970)

Mobilised Passive Resistance

Terzaghi (1934), Hambly and Burland(1979)

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Impact of repeated application of soil strains on soil stiffness

Clayton et al (2007)
Increase in soil stiffness Increase in densification in loose soils and associated increase in

max

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No effect on cohesive soils

Flexible abutments and soil strains

Springman et al (1996)

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Comparion of pure rotation with flexure

Springman et al (1996)

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Re-evaluation of values
max triaxial = cv + 3 (Dr(10-ln)-1) max triaxial = Initial max triaxial + ((0.9 Dr)/0.1)
Bolton (1986) Clayton et al (2007)

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The effect of a rigid boundary at the hinge

Tapper and Lehane (2004) Tan and Lehane (2008)

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K* equations
PD 6694-1

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Displacement Displacement[mm] Displacement [mm]

Soil structure interaction using the numerical soils model

-40.00 1 5.00 15.00

-20.00 -20.00

.0 .0

20.00 20.00 20.00

40.00 40.00

267.08 kN/m 577.72 kN/m 0.00 kN/m 108.22 3059.72 kN/m

1 0.00 10.00

7.500 7.500
[17] [17] [18] [18] [19] [19] [20] [20] [21] [21] [22] [22] [23] [23] [24] [24] [25] [25] [26] [26] [26] [27] [27] [27] [28] [28] 0.2500 [28] [29] [29] [29] [30] [30] [30] [31] [31] [31] [31] 95.38 160.36 0.00 kN/m 75.15 kN/m 741.04 kN/m

5.000 5.0 00 5 .000 5.000

0.2500 0.2500 0.2500 0.2500 [32] [40] [32] [33] [33] [34] [34] [35] [35] [36] [36] [37] [37] [38] [38] [39] [39] [40] [40] [41] [41] [42] [42] [43] [43] [44] [44] [45] [45] [46] [46] [47] [47] [45] [45] [46] [46] [42] [42] [44] [44] [45] [45] [46] [46] [41] [41] [45] [45] [44] [44] [47] [47]
.0 .0 .0 .0 Pressure [kN/m] Pressure [kN/m] Pressure [kN/m] Pressure [kN/m] 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0

.0 .0

-5 .000 -5.000 -5.0 00 -5.000

-1 0.00 -10.00 -10.00

WaterPressure Pressure Water Pressure Water Water Pressure Actual eff. eff.Pressures Pressures Pressures Actual Actual eff. Pressures Passive Limit Passive Passive Limit Limit Active Limit Active Limit Limit Active Active Limit Displacements Displacements Displacements Displacements Displacements
-100.0 -100.0 -100.0 -100.0

-200 .0 -200.0 -200.0 1:276 y 1:293 Scale 1:293 1:276 y1:284 1:293 Scale x x 1:270 1:276 y y 1:293

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Global Bridge Analysis

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Examples of Soil Structure Interaction

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