NEPA Environmental Assessment: Kona International Airport Terminal and Facility Improvements

DRAFT
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT
TERMINAL AND FACILITY
IMPROVEMENTS
FOR THE KONA INTERNATIONAL
AIRPORT AT KEAHOLE
County of Hawaii
Prepared for:
STATE OF HAWAII DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION AIRPORTS DIVISION
and
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION
As lead Federal Agency pursuant to the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969
Prepared by:
Wilson Okamoto Corporation
Honolulu, Hawaii
July 2013
This environmental assessment becomes a Federal document when evaluated, signed and dated by
the Responsible FAA Official.
________________________________ ________________
Responsible FAA Official Date
GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT THIS DOCUMENT
WHATS IN THIS DOCUMENT? This document contains a Draft Environmental Assessment
for the State of Hawaiis proposed Terminal and Facility Improvements for the Kona
International Airport at Kehole (KOA) This document discloses the analysis and findings of
the potential impacts of the State of Hawaii Department of Transportation Airports
Divisions (HDOT-A)s Proposed Action, the No Action and other reasonable alternatives.
WHAT SHOULD YOU DO? Read this Draft EA to understand the actions that HDOT-A
intends to take on this proposed project. Copies of the document are available at the Kailua
Kona Public Library and administrative offices of KOA on the island of Hawaii, and at the
administrative offices of Hawaii Department of Transportation Airports Division and at FAAs
office in Honolulu and FAAs Western-Pacific Region office in Hawthorne, California. A list of
these and other locations where the Draft EA is available is in Chapter 5. If you have
important information you believe has not been considered in this document or comments
about the conclusions, you may submit your written comments by letter to the following
address:
Hawaii Department of Transportation
Attention: Jeffrey Chang, Engineering Program Manager
DOT-Airports Division
Engineering Branch
400 Rodgers Boulevard, 7th Floor
Honolulu, Hawaii 96819
The cutoff date for comment submission is not later than 5:00 PM Hawaii Time, August 12,
2013. Please allow enough time for mailing. HDOT-A must receive your comments by the
deadline, not simply postmarked, by that date.
BACKGROUND. The State of Hawaii Department of Transportation Airports Division (DOT-
A) is proposing various improvements at the Kona International Airport at Keahole, North
Kona, Hawaii. The airport is situated on approximately 3,450-acres located within Tax Map
Key (TMK) parcels (3) 7-3-043: portions of 001, 002, and 003 and TMK (3) 7-2-005: 007. The
proposed project improvements, anticipated to be completed within the next five years, will
enhance the Airports security and operations, and will address current and anticipated future
functional needs by modernizing the passenger terminal area, expanding general aviation
facilities, providing a new Commuter Air Terminal (following the relocation of the ARFF
Station), relocation of the Ellison S. Onizuka Space Center, and expanding the Airports jet
fuel storage capacity.
WHAT HAPPENS AFTER THIS? Under the National Environmental Policy Act, HDOT-A will
prepare written responses to comments received on the adequacy of the information
presented in the Draft EA and prepare a Final EA for transmittal to the FAA for approval.
Following review of the Final EA, the FAA will either issue a Finding of No Significant Impact or
decide to prepare a Federal Environmental Impact Statement.
Before including your name, address and telephone number, email or other personal
identifying information in your comment, be advised that your entire comment including your
personal identifying information - may be made publicly available at any time. While you can
ask us in your comment to withhold from public review your personal identifying information,
we cannot guarantee that we will be able to do so.

Terminal and Facility Improvements for
the Kona International Airport at Kehole Draft Environmental Assessment

i
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

1. PURPOSE AND NEED ...................................................................................................... 1-1
1.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 1-1
1.2 Document Organization ...................................................................................... 1-1
1.3 Background ........................................................................................................ 1-2
1.4 Description of the Proposed Action .................................................................... 1-8
1.5 Sponsors Purpose and Need........................................................................... 1-15
1.6 FAA Purpose and Need ................................................................................... 1-21
1.7 Requested Federal Action ................................................................................ 1-21
1.8 Preliminary Schedule ....................................................................................... 1-22

2. ALTERNATIVES ................................................................................................................ 2-1
2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 2-1
2.1.1 Scope of the Analysis of Alternatives ............................................................. 2-1
2.1.1 Requirements of the National Environmental Policy Act ................................ 2-1
2.2 Identification and Screening of Alternatives ....................................................... 2-1
2.2.1 Step 1 Criteria ................................................................................................. 2-2
2.2.2 Step 2 Criteria ................................................................................................ 2-4
2.2.3 Step 3 Criteria ................................................................................................ 2-4
2.3 Evaluation of Off-Airport and Non-Structural Alternatives .................................. 2-4
2.3.1 Use of Other Area Public Airports .................................................................. 2-4
2.3.2 Use of Other Modes of Transportation ........................................................... 2-5
2.4 Evaluation of On-Airport Alternatives ................................................................. 2-5
2.4.1 General Aviation Facilites Expansion Alternatives ......................................... 2-5
2.4.2 Relocation of the Astronaut Ellison S. Onizuka Space Center Alternatives ... 2-6
2.4.3 Passenger Terminal Area Modernization Alternatives ................................... 2-6
2.4.4 Renovations to the Existing Aircract Rescue and Fire Fighting Station for
a new Commuter Air Terminal Alternatives ................................................... 2-6
2.4.5 J et Fuel Storage Facilities Expansion Alternatives ........................................ 2-6
2.5 Summary of Alternatives Screening Process ..................................................... 2-7
2.6 Proposed Action Alternative ............................................................................... 2-7
2.7 No Action Alternative .......................................................................................... 2-8
2.8 Listing of Federal Laws, Regulations, and Guidance Considered ...................... 2-8
2.9 Listing of Permits Required .............................................................................. 2-10

3. AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................................. 3-1
3.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 3-1
3.2 Air Quality ........................................................................................................... 3-1
3.2.1 Air Quality ........................................................................................................ 3-1
3.2.2 Climate and Greenhouse Gas Emissions ....................................................... 3-4
3.3 Coastal Resources ............................................................................................. 3-5
3.3.1 Coastal Barriers Resources Act ...................................................................... 3-5


ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED)

Page

3.3.2 Coastal Zone Management Act ....................................................................... 3-5
3.3.3 County of Hawaii Special Management Area ................................................. 3-5
3.4 Compatible Land Use ......................................................................................... 3-6
3.5 Department of Transportation Act, Section 4 (f) ................................................. 3-6
3.6 Fish, Wildlife, and Plants .................................................................................... 3-6
3.6.1 Consultation Pursuant to Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act .............. 3-6
3.6.2 Flora ................................................................................................................ 3-7
3.6.3 Fauna .............................................................................................................. 3-8
3.7 Floodplains ....................................................................................................... 3-10
3.8 Hazardous Materials, Pollution Prevention, and Solid Waste .......................... 3-10
3.8.1 Hazardous Materials ..................................................................................... 3-10
3.8.2 Pollution Prevention ...................................................................................... 3-11
3.8.3 Solid Waste ................................................................................................... 3-13
3.9 Historical, Architectural, Cultural and Archaeological Resources ..................... 3-13
3.9.1 Consultation Pursuant to Section 106 of the National Historic
Preservation Act ............................................................................................ 3-13
3.9.2 Historical. Architectural and Archaeological Resources ................................ 3-13
3.9.3 Cultural Resources ........................................................................................ 3-18
3.10 Light Emissions and Visual Impacts ................................................................. 3-21
3.11 Natural Resources and Energy Supply ............................................................ 3-22
3.11.1 Water Supply ............................................................................................... 3-22
3.11.2 Wastewater ................................................................................................. 3-22
3.11.3 Stormwater and Drainage ........................................................................... 3-22
3.11.4 Electrical and Communication Systems ...................................................... 3-23
3.12 Noise ................................................................................................................ 3-23
3.13 Socioeconomic Impacts, Environmental J ustice and Chidren's Environmental
Health and Safety Risks ................................................................................... 3-26
3.14 Water Quality (Ground Water) .......................................................................... 3-29
3.15 Wetlands and Surface Waters .......................................................................... 3-29

4. ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES AND MITIGATION MEASURES ........................ 4-1
4.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 4-1
4.2 Air Quality ........................................................................................................... 4-3
4.2.1 Air Quality ........................................................................................................ 4-3
4.2.2 Climate and Greenhouse Gas Emissions ....................................................... 4-6
4.3 Coastal Resources ............................................................................................. 4-6
4.3.1 County of Hawaii Special Management Area ................................................. 4-7
4.4 Compatible Land Use ......................................................................................... 4-9
4.5 Construction Impacts ........................................................................................ 4-10
4.6 Department of Transportation Act, Section 4 (f) ............................................... 4-15
4.7 Fish, Wildlife, and Plants .................................................................................. 4-15
4.7.1 Consultation Pursuant to Section 7 of the Endagered Species Act .............. 4-15


iii

Page

4.7.2 Flora .............................................................................................................. 4-17
4.7.3 Fauna ............................................................................................................ 4-17
4.8 Floodplains ....................................................................................................... 4-18
4.9 Hazardous Materials, Pollution Prevention, and Solid Waste .......................... 4-18
4.10 Historical, Architectural, Cultural and Archaeological Resources ..................... 4-19
4.10.1 Consultation Pursuant to Section 106 of the National Historic
Preservation Act ......................................................................................... 4-19
4.10.2 Historical. Architectural and Archaeological Resources .............................. 4-20
4.10.3 Cultural Resources ...................................................................................... 4-21
4.11 Light Emissions and Visual Impacts ................................................................. 4-21
4.12 Natural Resources and Energy Supply ............................................................ 4-22
4.12.1 Water Supply ............................................................................................... 4-22
4.12.2 Wastewater ................................................................................................. 4-22
4.12.3 Stormwater and Drainage ........................................................................... 4-22
4.12.4 Electrical and Communication Systems ...................................................... 4-23
4.13 Noise ................................................................................................................ 4-23
4.14 Secondary (Induced) Impacts........................................................................... 4-24
4.15 Socioeconomic Impacts, Environmental J ustice and Chidren's Environmental
Health and Safety Risks ................................................................................... 4-25
4.16 Water Quality (Ground Water) .......................................................................... 4-27
4.17 Wetlands and Surface Waters .......................................................................... 4-27
4.18 Cumulative Impacts .......................................................................................... 4-27

5. CONSULTATION AND PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT ............................................................. 5-1
5.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 5-1
5.2 Pre-Assessment Consultation ............................................................................ 5-1
5.3 Public Involvement Meetings .............................................................................. 5-3
5.4 Draft Environmental Assessment Review .......................................................... 5-3
5.5 Consultation and Coordination Related to Federal Environmental Regulations . 5-4

6. LIST OF PREPARERS AND CONTRIBUTORS ........................................................... 6-1

7. REFERENCES ............................................................................................................... 7-1

8. LIST OF ACRONYMS USED ........................................................................................ 8-1

iv
Page
List of Figures
Figure 1-1 Location Map ...................................................................................................... 1-3
Figure 1-2 Project Site Existing Uses Navigational Aids ................................................... 1-4
Figure 1-3 Project Site Existing Uses North ..................................................................... 1-5
Figure 1-4 Project Site Existing Uses South ..................................................................... 1-6
Figure 1-5 Airport Layout Plan ............................................................................................. 1-7
Figure 1-6 Project Site Plan ............................................................................................... 1-10
Figure 1-7 GA Facility Expansion Conceptual Plan Phase I .............................................. 1-11
Figure 1-8 Floor Plan: Astronaut Ellison S. Onizuka Space Center ................................... 1-12
Figure 1-9 Passenger Terminal Area Modernization Phase I Conceptual Design ............. 1-14
Figure 1-10 Conversion of Existing ARFF Station to new Commuter Air Terminal ............. 1-16
Figure 1-11 Expansion of J et Fuel Storage Facilities .......................................................... 1-17
Figure 2-1 Alternatives Screening Process ........................................................................ 2-3
Figure 3-1 Flood Insurance Rate Map ............................................................................... 3-12
Figure 3-2 Previously Recorded Historic Sites in Project Vicinity ...................................... 3-16
Figure 3-3 Approximated Zones of Archaeological Sensitivity. .......................................... 3-17
Figure 3-4 Archaeological Features in Project Vicinity North .......................................... 3-19
Figure 3-5 Archaeological Features in Project Vicinity South ......................................... 3-20
Figure 3-6 Noise Measurement Location Map ................................................................... 3-24
Figure 3-7 Noise Exposure Map ........................................................................................ 3-27
Figure 3-8 Underground Injection Control Line Map .......................................................... 3-31
Figure 4-1 SMA Map ............................................................................................................ 4-8
List of Tables
Table 2-1 Alternative Screening Process Summary ........................................................... 2-7
Table 2-2 Federal Laws and Statutes Considered ............................................................. 2-9
Table 2-3 Executive Orders Considered........................................................................... 2-10
Table 2-4 FAA Orders, Advisory Circulars, and other Federal Guidance Considered ..... 2-10
Table 3-1 National and State Ambient Air Quality Standards ............................................. 3-2
Table 3-2 Demographic Characteristics ........................................................................... 3-28
Table 4-1 Summary of Environmental Consequences ....................................................... 4-1
Table 4-2 Summary of Worst-Case 1-Hour and 8-Hour Carbon Monoxide
Concentrations along Roadways near Kona International Airport ...................... 4-5
Table 4-3 Comparison of Proposed Improvements with SMA No. 325 Approved
Improvements ..................................................................................................... 4-7
Table 4-4 Summary of Construction Activities .................................................................. 4-10


v
Appendices

Appendix A Documentation of Section 7 Consultation

Appendix B Documentation of Section 106 Consultation

Appendix C-1 Botanical Survey, J une 2012.

Appendix C-2 Botanical Survey (Blackburns Sphinx Moth Host Plant Populations),
March, 2013

Appendix D Avian and Terrestrial Mammalian Survey, J anuary, 31, 2012.

Appendix E Archaeological Literature Review and Field Inspection, February 2013

Appendix F Air Quality Study, April 2012

Appendix G Acoustic Study, April 2012

Appendix H Pre-Assessment Consultation Correspondence

Appendix I Public Information Meeting Summary

Appendix J Land Use Assurance Letter

Appendix K Consistency with the Hawaii Coastal Zone Management Program

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1-1
1. PURPOSE AND NEED
1.1 Introduction
The State of Hawaii (State) Department of Transportation, Airports Division (HDOT-A), as
owner and operator of Kona International Airport at Kehole (KOA) proposes several
terminal and facility improvements to KOA including:

Expansion of General Aviation Facilities (Phase I)
Relocation of the Astronaut Ellison S. Onizuka Space Center
Passenger Terminal Area Modernization (Phase I)
Interior Renovations to the Existing Aircraft Rescue and Fire Fighting (ARFF) Station
for New Commuter Air Terminal
Expansion of Jet Fuel Storage Facilities

This Environmental Assessment (EA) has been prepared pursuant to the requirements set
forth by Section 102 (2) (c) of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA) and
Section 509 (b) (5) of the Airport and Airway Improvement Act of 1982, as amended. The
Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is the lead federal agency to ensure compliance with
NEPA for airport development actions. The EA has also been prepared in accordance with
FAA Order 1050.1E, Environmental Impacts: Policies and Procedures, and FAA Order
5050.4B, National Environmental Policy Act Implementing Instructions for Airport Actions for
the preparation of Environmental Assessments. This EA is intended to identify and consider
potential environmental impacts related to the aforementioned proposed project
improvements.

This EA describes the purpose and need for the Proposed Action, discusses the reasonable
alternatives to the Proposed Action, analyzes the potential environmental impacts associated
with implementation of the Proposed Action at KOA, and identifies mitigation measures that
may be implemented to reduce the magnitude of such impacts. The federal action analyzed
in this EA encompasses Terminal and Facility improvements to the Kona International Airport
at Kehole.
This chapter includes a brief description of the Kona International Airport at Kehole, a
description of the format of the EA, a description of the Proposed Action, Discussions of the
HDOT-A and FAA purpose of and need for the Proposed Action, a description of the
requested federal actions, and a preliminary project schedule.
1.2 Document Organization
The contents of each chapter of this EA are summarized below:
Chapter 1 - Purpose and Need: Provides a brief description of KOA, the Proposed
Action, and the purpose of and need for the Proposed Action.
Chapter 2 - Alternatives: Provides an overview of the identification and screening of
alternatives considered as part of the environmental evaluation process.


1-2
Chapter 3 - Affected Environment: Describes existing environmental considerations
within the project study areas.
Chapter 4 - Environmental Consequences and Mitigation: Discusses and compares
the environmental impacts associated with the Proposed Action, the No Action
Alternative, and mitigation measures considered.
Chapter 5 - Coordination and Public Involvement: Discusses the coordination and
public involvement efforts associated with the EA process. This section also provides
an overview of the federal, state and local agencies and other interested parties that
have been involved in the EA coordination process.
Chapter 6 - List of Preparers
Chapter 7 - References
Chapter 8 - List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
The appendices to this EA contain various reference materials, including technical
information, and records of coordination activities.
1.3 Background
HDOT-A owns and operates a system of airports within the State of Hawai'i, including Kona
International Airport at Kehole (KOA). KOA is located in Kehole in the North Kona District
of the Island of Hawai'i approximately 10 miles north of the town of Kailua-Kona. The Airport
is situated on approximately 3,450 acres. A location map showing the regional setting is
included as Figure 1-1. Existing uses at the project site are detailed on Figures 1-2, 1-3, and
1-4.

KOA has a single 11,000-foot long by 150-foot wide runway (Runway 17-35), and eight 75-
foot wide taxiways that connect the runway to the aircraft parking areas. There are several
types of navigational aids used at KOA: the instrument landing system (ILS), the very-high
frequency omni-directional radio range (VOR), the non-directional beacon (NDB) and the
global positioning system (GPS). At KOA, the tactical air navigational and distance
measuring equipment (TACAN) and the VOR have been combined to form what is commonly
known as a VORTAC. KOA is served by an automated surface observing system (ASOS)
which provides automated aviation weather observations 24 hours per day. The KOA airport
traffic control tower (ATCT) is now located east of the runway on the north side of the
passenger terminal.

Passenger terminal facilities for interisland and overseas (mainland and international) flights
are centrally located and are divided into north and south terminals. Separating the terminals
is the Astronaut Ellison S. Onizuka Space Center. The passenger terminal area at KOA
includes the aircraft parking apron, passenger terminal facilities, terminal curbs and drives,
terminal roadways and public parking within the terminal roadway loop.
Legend
Project Site
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WI LSON OKAMOTO
C O R P O R A T I O N
ENGINEERS PLANNERS
LOCATION MAP
Terminal and Facility Improvements for the Kona International Airport at Keahole
FIGURE
1-1
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EXISTING AIRFIELD FACILITIES Exhibit 1D
ATCT and Airport Beacon
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ENGINEERS PLANNERS
PROJECT SITE EXISTING USES - NAVIGATIONAL AIDS
FIGURE
1-2
Source: Kona International Airport at Keahole
Airport Master Plan, 2010
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Terminal Apron Kupipi Road 9 Keahole Street 11 8 10
WI LSON OKAMOTO
ENGINEERS PLANNERS
PROJECT SITE EXISTING USES - NORTH
FIGURE
1-3
Terminal and Facility Improvements for Kona International Airport at Keahole
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EXISTING CARGO AND GENERAL AVIATION FACILITIES Exhibit 1H
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ENGINEERS PLANNERS
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1-8
The aircraft parking apron begins adjacent to the general aviation area to the south and
continues to the international arrivals buildings to the north. To the north of the main
passenger terminal area are the airport administration buildings and further north are the
temporary international arrivals buildings.

The terminal area has regional access from Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway at the intersection
with Kehole Street, the entrance to the Airport. Kehole Street connects to the terminal
roadway loop (Kpp Street). Public parking is located within the terminal roadway loop and
employee parking is located directly adjacent to, and east of, the terminal roadway loop and
has recently been expanded. Rental car facilities are located on the north side of the airport
entrance road between Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway and the terminal area.

There are two cargo buildings located south of the passenger terminal and between the
general aviation facilities. Truck docks and vehicular parking are provided on the east side of
the building and an aircraft parking apron is available on the west side of the buildings.

The general aviation facilities are located on the south side of the Airport. General aviation
aircraft are primarily stored on the aircraft parking apron and in two T-hangars south of the
existing Aircraft Rescue and Fire Fighting (ARFF) station. There are currently 43 tiedown
spaces available. An additional ramp for general aviation use is located to the south of the
air cargo facilities as well as on the south general aviation ramp.

The existing ARFF station is located adjacent to the aircraft parking apron and south of the
former ATCT. An ARFF training facility is located on airport property to the northeast of the
terminal area and is used for live fire exercises. The airport field maintenance facilities are
located east of the general aviation area of the Airport.

1.4 Description of the Proposed Action
HDOT-A is proposing various improvements to KOA. In October 2010, HDOT-A completed
their update of the Kona International Airport at Kehole, Airport Master Plan which provides
a long-range vision of developments on airport property. The proposed improvements,
described below, were previously identified on the Airport Layout Plan (ALP) dated April 12,
2011 (see Figure 1-5), and are anticipated to be implemented within the next five years. The
location of each project, as proposed, is detailed on the Project Site Plan (Figure 1-6).

Alternatives to these projects (with the exception of the Astronaut Ellison S. Onizuka Space
Center Relocation) were evaluated in the 2010 Airport Master Plan and the proposed
projects represent the preferred alternatives. (See Chapter 2, Alternatives, for further details).
The Proposed Action encompasses the following projects:

1. Expansion of the General Aviation Facilities (Phase I): The portion of the South Ramp
used for general aviation will be expanded in phases for use by non-air carrier fixed wing
aircraft to relieve congestion (see Figure 1-7). Rotary wing aircraft (helicopter) operations
in the South Ramp area are planned to be relocated to the North side of the Airport (see
Figure 1-5). Relocation of helicopter operations is a separate project that will be
addressed in future NEPA documentation in anticipation of project readiness. Until then,


1-9
helicopter operations will continue at their current location on the south ramp of the
airport, while Helicopter training will take place over a site near the northern end of
Road N and the existing Wastewater Treatment Plant. Phase I proposed improvements
in the South Ramp general aviation area include the following:

Establishing a new area for general aviation facilities between Paoo Street (Road N)
and Uu Street. Comprising approximately 22 acres, this area will be developed to
include additional space for lease lots, hangars, maintenance and storage facilities,
aircraft parking areas and apron and ramp lighting. Road M will provide vehicular
access and parking to this area. A new access road will be provided on the south
end of the expanded general aviation area. New perimeter/security fencing will be
installed in the expanded general aviation area. Utility connections will also be
provided.
Extending existing Taxiway K to the east to a finished dimension of approximately
850 feet in length and 150 feet in width. This extended taxiway will provide aircraft
access between the runway, taxiways and the previously described new expanded
area for general aviation facilities.

2. Relocation of the Astronaut Ellison S. Onizuka Space Center (Project AH2081-12): The
Onizuka Space Center, currently located between the north and south passenger
terminal areas at KOA will be relocated across the terminal roadway (Kpp Street) to
the former ground transportation area (see Figure 1-8). The relocation of this facility will
allow for the modernization of the passenger terminal area as described in item 3 below.

The new Onizuka Space Center will be a single story structure, approximately 35-feet tall
at its highest point, and will provide approximately 6,135-square feet of floor area (see
Figure 1-8), compared to the existing approximately 3,600 square foot building. The new
facility will include an auditorium, exhibition spaces, a classroom/conference room, a
lobby with display area, a gift shop and reception area, restrooms and a cafe. The new
Space Center will also include staffing and maintenance space.

To construct the new Space Center, the existing buildings in the former ground
transportation area will need to be demolished. In addition, while 75 existing parking
stalls from the adjacent parking lot will be lost, the existing main parking lot experiences a
daily occupancy of approximately 220 stalls, out of its maximum 660 stall capacity. This
unused parking surplus would provide adequate replacements for the stalls lost. The
new facility will provide 14 new parking stalls, an Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
parking stall, and a bike rack to meet parking requirements. In addition, three ADA stalls
that were lost through the demolition of the existing parking lot will be replaced near the
new Space Center to serve the passenger terminal.

Water, wastewater and drainage connections to existing lines along Kpp Street will
serve the new Space Center.
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1-13
3. Passenger Terminal Modernization (Phase I, Project AH2045-16): The relocation of the
Onizuka Space Center, detailed above in item 2, will allow the two passenger terminal
buildings to connect with a new structure that will house a centralized check-in area and
in-line baggage handling system, including a sub-grade baggage transport facility (see
Figure 1-9). The modernization of KOAs passenger terminal facilities will improve
passenger and baggage processing, for both passengers and airlines.

This project encompasses the first phase of the passenger terminal modernization plan to
improve efficiency and technological integration. The phasing of the passenger terminal
modernization will extend beyond the first five years and into the 10-year intermediate
term planning horizon. Projects expected in the short term include passenger amenity
improvements encompassing upgraded and expanded restrooms as well as new
concessions. Statewide closed circuit television (CCTV) improvements (Project AH2050-
05), as well as Transportation Security Administration (TSA) CCTV improvements
(Project AH2050-07) are included as part of Phase I. Access control improvements,
including security checkpoint improvements at the airport operations area (AOA) fence
(Project AH2050-08), as well as efficiency improvements such as photovoltaic (PV)
system installations (Project AS1060-14 Statewide PV System, Phase II) are also
included as part of Phase I.

Phase I of the passenger terminal modernization will commence with the modernization
program necessary to meet the Airports needs through the 10-year intermediate term
planning horizon. Projects are expected to include the consolidation of the passenger
ticketing/check-in area, in-line baggage handling system (BHS) and security screening
and agricultural inspection and baggage drop off, centralized TSA screening checkpoints,
and United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) agricultural inspection stations. Six
new baggage claim carousels will be installed at the apron level. Approximately 64
ticketing/check-in stations will also be installed at the apron level. The in-line baggage
handling system will be located beneath the terminal floor so that baggage can be
conveyed to the aircraft parking apron without interrupting ground floor level operations.
A communication system including a new flight information display system (FIDS), a
baggage information display system (BIDS), and a gate information display system
(GIDS) are also proposed.

HDOT-A intends to maintain the architectural presence and character of the existing
terminal buildings. The design of the passenger terminal area modernization project is
still in conceptual development, however, HDOT-A has, and will continue to emphasize
the existing aesthetic character and atmosphere of the Airport throughout the design and
planning process for the passenger terminal area modernization project.
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1-15
4. Renovations to the existing ARFF Station for a new Commuter Air Terminal: The existing
aircraft rescue and firefighting (ARFF) station will be relocated to a new ARFF building
(which will commence construction in 2013), and the existing 6,034 square foot ARFF
Building will be renovated for use as a new Commuter Air Terminal. The location of this
facility is ideal as it fronts the aircraft parking apron and is much closer to the main
passenger terminal than the existing Commuter Air Terminal, which would make it more
convenient for passengers transferring between the two facilities (see Figure 1-10).
Scheduled commuter aircraft will park on the existing aircraft parking apron adjacent to
the existing ARFF building.

5. Expansion of Jet Fuel Storage Facilities: Development of an additional jet fuel storage
facility to be installed on Lot No. 006-117, adjacent to the existing Hawaii Fueling
Facilities Corporation (HHFC) Jet Fuel Storage Facility is proposed. The expansion of
on-site jet fuel storage capacity will ensure that adequate on-airport fuel supply will meet
current and near term demand. A Revocable Permit (RP) was issued in 2011 by HDOT-A
to the HFFC for an approximately 7,875 square foot lot directly south of the existing
HFFC fuel Storage tanks. The expansion would include four vertical fuel tanks with a
capacity of 270,000 gallons of Jet-A Fuel (See Figure 1-11), capable of storing enough
fuel for three additional days of operation. Each tank would be 21 feet in diameter, 30
feet in total height, and 26 feet in fill height with a 4 foot high spill containment wall
around the approximately 70 feet by 70 feet area for the four tanks.

Summary- The proposed improvements are anticipated to be constructed within the next five
years. Development costs are estimated at $89 million and will utilize State and FAA funds,
public/private partnerships, and possibly TSA and Other Transportation Agreement (OTA)
Funding.

1.5 Sponsors Purpose and Need
The overall purpose of the proposed action is to accommodate existing and projected facility
needs, improve the operational efficiency of Kona International Airport at Kehole (KOA)
while maintaining and enhancing safety and security, and to comply with with FAA Airport
Design Standards in FAA Advisory Circular 150/5300-13A, Airport Design, and other
documents. The FAAs design standards were established to ensure the safety of airports in
the United States, and include standards for dimensional separation between aircraft on the
ground as well as provide dimensional standards for aircraft movement and parking areas.

The proposed project improvements will enhance the Airports security and operations, and
will address current and anticipated future functional needs by modernizing the passenger
terminal area, expanding general aviation facilities, providing a new Commuter Air Terminal
(following the relocation of the ARFF Station), and expanding the Airports fuel storage
capacity.
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ENGINEERS PLANNERS
EXPANSION OF JET FUEL STORAGE FACILITIES
FIGURE
1-11
Source: Department of Transportation - Airports


1-18
These projects provide improved airfield and vehicular access to these areas and extend the
perimeter/security fencing around the proposed new developments. These projects were
recommended in the 2010 Kona International Airport at Kehole Master Plan., and are
required to accommodate existing and future aviation services, ensure the continued
economic vitality of the airport, and to meet FAA safety and design requirements.

1. Expansion of General Aviation Facilities (Phase I): The Phase I expansion of the
south ramp general aviation facilities is required to relieve existing congestion and to
accommodate future general aviation requirements as forecast in the 2010 Airport
Master Plan. To alleviate congestion, helicopter operations are required to be
relocated from the south ramp area to a new area on the north side of the Airport.
(This is separate project, as noted previously).

The expansion of the general aviation facilities is required for safety purposes, and
will provide separate aircraft and vehicular access to the proposed development with
additional perimeter/security fencing and new vehicular access controls into the area.
This will minimize potential airfield incursions and aircraft/vehicular interactions.

There is a shortage of aircraft parking apron, hangars, and lease lots for non-air
carrier operations at the Airport. For example, during holiday periods, there is
increased demand for itinerant aircraft parking, especially for corporate aircraft, that
exceeds the space available south of the passenger terminal area. Overflow
demand, as a result, is frequently accommodated on Bravo North and South Ramp
areas where it is difficult to maintain FAA AC 150/5300-13A, Airport Design, wing tip
clearance requirements for Taxiway A for Airplane Design Group V. This results in an
inefficient use of available aircraft parking apron and causes delays due to the
maneuvering and repositioning of aircraft as well as non-standard taxiway clearance
criteria.

The expansion is required to provide additional aircraft parking apron tiedown, T-
hangar and executive hangar storage and parking for a wide range of general
aviation aircraft from small single-engine propeller aircraft up to large corporate
business jets. Lease lots for commercial aviation operators (non-air carrier) are also
required to meet both current needs and future requirements, including hangar
facilities for aircraft maintenance and other services.

At present there are no utilities serving the expansion area. Utilities (electric,
telephone, water, sewer, drainage, CCTV and security access control systems) will
be installed to serve the new hangars and lease lots. For security, and nighttime
operations, apron ramp lighting will be installed in accordance with FAA design
criteria in FAA AC 150/5300-13A, Airport Design.

The project will require the extension of Taxiway K to the east to serve the area. The
extended Taxiway K serving the area will be designed in accordance with FAA AC
150/5300-13A, Airport Design, for Airplane Design Group II aircraft with at least a
131-foot taxiway object free area. The taxilanes between the hangars will be


1-19
between 83 feet and 90 feet wide and will meet the taxilane object free area for
Airplane Design Group I aircraft of at least 79 feet.

The project will also require a new vehicular security access gate on the southern
part of U'u Street where it enters the new general aviation area. An access road off
Paoo Street and vehicular parking, together with new perimeter fencing, will be
required to serve the area and to separate aircraft and vehicular activities.

The State needs to be able to develop the lease lots and other improvements for
aviation-related activity to address current and forecast demand for general aviation
facilities. The taxiway, aircraft parking apron and vehicular access road would be
funded by the FAA and the State. The lease lots and hangar development would be
funded by private developers.

2. Relocation of the Astronaut Ellison S. Onizuka Space Center: Currently, the Onizuka
Space Center is located between the north and south passenger terminal areas at
KOA. Relocation of the Onizuka Space Center is required to accommodate the
proposed passenger terminal modernization project (see item 3 below). The new site
was formerly occupied by part of the vacated ground transportation area.

3. Passenger Terminal Area Modernization (Phase I): Phase one of the passenger
terminal modernization project will provide additional check-in positions as well as
secured connectivity between the existing north and south passenger holdroom
areas. The modernization will also incorporate advanced technologies including flight
information display systems (FIDS), baggage information display systems (BIDS),
gate information display systems (GIDS), enhanced public address systems, common
use passenger self ticketing and check-in devices and standardized signage and
graphics.

This project will also centralize pre-boarding passenger and checked baggage
activities for the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) resulting in more
efficient and cost-effective service provision. Additionally, the feasibility of integrated
TSA and USDA inspections is being studied to offer seamless one-stop inspection
service for passengers and their baggage. If approved, this integration will further
increase the efficiency and cost effectiveness of inspections, streamline the check-in
process and free up more floor space in the terminal. Additional restrooms and
concession areas will be provided. Expanded ticketing lobbies, check-in positions and
airline offices will be built to better serve the passengers and airlines. New
landscaping is planned.
The proposed in-line explosives detection system (EDS) baggage system will require
excavation of a basement area for baggage-handling tunnels for departing passenger
baggage.
4. Interior renovations to the existing ARFF Station for a new Commuter Air Terminal:
The existing Commuter Air Terminal is undersized, and has inadequate space to
accommodate current as well as forecast future commuter passengers.


1-20
The location of the new Commuter Air Terminal, at the south end of the main
passenger terminal, will become the transition area between general aviation and
airline activity. The new Commuter Air Terminal will be utilized by scheduled
commuter airlines. The location of the new Commuter Air Terminal is ideal since
existing aircraft parking apron is available adjacent to the building and the location is
much closer to the main terminal, making it more convenient for passengers walking
between them. The Commuter Air Terminal is used by passengers flying on smaller
aircraft between other airports within the Hawaiian Islands. In addition, some
passengers transfer to and from air carrier flights in the main passenger terminal and
the Commuter Air Terminal. This new location will facilitate such transfers within
shorter walking distance. In addition, day commuters will be able to use the
passenger terminal loop road (Kpp Street) to be dropped off and picked up at the
new Commuter Air Terminal. Alternatively, they will be able to park at the south end
of the short-term vehicular parking lot just across Kpp Street.

The existing Commuter Air Terminal is utilized by scheduled commuter airlines as
well as non-scheduled air taxi and air tour operators. There are nine air taxi/general
aviation operators located at the Airport. All currently utilize building space in the
existing 2,240 square foot Commuter Air Terminal and/or surrounding buildings. At
present, there are 15 aircraft parking positions on the apron in front of the existing
Commuter Air Terminal that are used primarily by a mix of scheduled commuter, air
tour, charter, rental, flight training and other aircraft associated with the commuter/air
taxi and general aviation businesses at the airport.

Space requirements for terminal facilities identified in the 2010 Airport Master Plan
were based on FAA design guidelines. The existing terminal facilities space was
estimated to be at least 35 percent undersized (14,300 square feet versus 10,000
square feet available). In addition, the space is scattered amongst many different
buildings, making the available space less efficient for users.

The 2010 Airport Master Plan indicated that the vehicular parking around the existing
Commuter Air Terminal and the other air taxi/general aviation facilities at the south
end of the Airport is inadequate during peak periods. During these periods, vehicles
park along Uu Street and in other overflow areas.

5. Expansion of Jet Fuel Storage Facilities: The current HFFC fuel storage facility
provides for approximately one day of on-airport-fuel supply for Jet-A fuel for air
carriers. This supply must be replenished throughout each day by several truckloads
(8 to 9 truckloads a day on average; 13 to14 during holiday peak season) from the
fuel suppliers terminal facilities in Hilo a distance of 100 miles away via the north
route, Highway 190 & Highway 19, along the Hmkua coast. This is inadequate for
the current level of refueling for air carrier aircraft and to provide some reserve
capacity.

The fuel storage facility needs to be expanded to ensure adequate on-airport fuel
supply to meet both current and near-term demand. The supplemental tank farm,
illustrated on Figure 1-11, would provide approximately three additional days of fuel


1-21
storage capacity based on current demand. This is also important due to potential
disruptions to trucking due to weather and other natural causes.

The proposed expansion (Lot 006-117) is adjacent to the existing fuel storage facility
and would be served by fuel truck operators on the airfield in the same way as
currently occurs.

1.6 FAA Purpose and Need
The FAAs statutory mission is to ensure the safe and efficient use of navigable airspace in
the United States. FAA provides Airport Design Standards for airport operators to use.
Federal Grant-in-Aid agreements between the FAA and HDOT-A require the sponsor to use
its best efforts to meet FAA Airport Design standards at KOA. Implementation of the
proposed components of the Terminal and Facility Improvements for KOA would result in
improved compliance with the design standards set forth in FAA Advisory Circular 150/5300-
13A, Airport Design, to the extent practicable.
1.7 Requested Federal Action
The following Federal Actions are requested:

Unconditional approval of the portion of the Airport Layout Plan (ALP) that depicts the
proposed projects and other associated projects pursuant to 49 U.S.C 40103(b),
44718 and 47101(a)(16):
Determinations under 49 U.S.C. 47106 and 47107 relating to the eligibility of the
Proposed Actions for federal funding under the Airport Improvement Program (AIP)
for the proposed projects to assist with construction of potentially eligible
development items shown on the ALP.
Determination under 49 USC. 44502(b) that the Proposed Action is reasonably
necessary for use in air commerce or in the interest of national defense.
Continued close coordination with the Hawaii Department of Transportation Airports
Division and appropriate FAA program offices as required for safety during
construction pursuant to 14 CFR Part 139, Airport Certification Manual, under 49
U.S.C. 44706.
Approval of the appropriate amendments to the Airport Certification Manual pursuant
to 14 CFR Part 139, and
FAA determination of the Proposed Actions effects on the safe and efficient use of
navigable airspace pursuant to 14 CFR Part 77, Safe, Efficient Use and Preservation
of Navigable Airspace.


1-22
1.8 Preliminary Schedule
Construction of the proposed project improvements are anticipated to occur between June
2013 and December 2015.
Project Construction Period
Expansion of General Aviation Facilities (Phase I) Anticipated to commence
within next 5 years,
contingent on selection of
Private Developer

Relocation of the Astronaut Ellison S. Onizuka Space Center June 2013 to May 2016
Passenger Terminal Area Modernization (Phase I) Aug. 2014 to Aug 2015
Renovations to the Existing ARFF Dec. 2013 to June 2014
Station for a New Commuter Air Terminal

Expansion of Jet Fuel Storage Facilities Anticipated to commence
by the end of 2015


2-1
2. ALTERNATIVES
2.1 Introduction
This chapter summarizes the screening analysis conducted to identify a range of reasonable
and prudent alternatives that were considered, and those that were subsequently selected
for full evaluation in this EA.

2.1.1 Scope of the Analysis of Alternatives
This alternatives analysis provides the following information:

An overview of the structure of the alternatives analysis used in this EA;
A description of the alternatives considered, including the Proposed Action and the
No Action alternatives;
A concise statement explaining why some of the alternatives considered have been
eliminated from further study; and
A listing of applicable laws, regulations, executive orders and associated permits,
licenses, and/or reviews.

The stated purpose and need of the Terminal and Facility Improvements for KOA is to
accommodate existing and projected facility needs, improve the operational efficiency of
KOA while maintaining and enhancing safety and security, and comply with FAA Airport
Design Standards in FAA AC 150/5300-13A, Airport Design. The proposed improvements
would not increase airfield capacity, would not affect the existing number or length of
runways at KOA, and would not result in an increase or decrease in aviation activity at KOA.

2.1.2 Requirements of the National Environmental Policy Act
The Council on Environmental Quality regulations (Title 40, Code of Federal Regulations
(CFR) 1502.14) for implementing the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA)
requires that federal agencies perform the following tasks:

Rigorously explore and objectively evaluate all reasonable alternatives and, for
alternatives that were eliminated from detailed study, briefly discuss the reasons for
their having been eliminated;
Devote substantial treatment to each alternative considered in detail, including the
Proposed Action, so that reviewers may evaluate their comparative merits;
Include reasonable alternatives not within the jurisdiction of the lead agency; and
Include the no action alternative.

2.2 Identification and Screening of Alternatives
Identification of alternatives for this Environmental Assessment (EA) is based primarily on
information developed in the 2010 Kona International Airport at Kehole Airport Master Plan
(2010 Airport Master Plan). A three-step screening process, developed through consultation


2-2
with the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), was used to evaluate alternatives. This EA
screening process is depicted on Figure 2-1.

The approach to define reasonable alternatives was based on meeting the purpose and
needs of the State of Hawaii Department of Transportation Airports Division (HDOT-A) as
described earlier in Section 1.5 (Step 1); the requirements of existing and future airport
passengers, users, tenants and air carriers (Step 1); feasibility (Step 2); and meeting the
purpose and needs of FAA as described earlier in Section 1.6 (Step 3).

2.2.1 Step 1 Criteria -- HDOT-A's Purpose and Need, User, Tenant and Air Carrier
Requirements
The first step in the three-step process, as shown on Figure 2-1, was to determine whether
the alternatives would meet HDOT-A's purpose and need. HDOT-A's purpose and need, as
described earlier in Section 1.5, is to accommodate existing and projected facility needs,
improve the operational efficiency of Kona International Airport at Kehole (KOA) while
maintaining and enhancing safety and security, and to comply with FAA Airport Design
Standards. The need for the action is based on existing and forecast demand for facilities;
constrained and congested facilities for airport passengers, users, tenants and air carriers;
modernization to improve efficiency and technical integration; and the need to increase
operational efficiency while maintaining and enhancing safety and security by meeting FAA
design standards. The HDOT-A determined in preparing the 2010 Airport Master Plan that
the existing facilities proposed for improvement did not meet the HDOT-A purpose and need.

The criteria applied under Step 1 further evaluated those reasonable alternatives that met
HDOT-A's purpose and need under Step 1 to determine whether they would also meet the
needs of existing and future airport passengers and users, tenants and air carriers (including
commuter air carriers). In many cases, the passenger, user, tenant and air carrier
requirements were consistent with HDOT-A's purpose and need (e.g., accommodating
current and future facility needs). However, additional factors that were considered included:

Increasing/enhancing the level of service for passengers;
Flexibility to accommodate future technology;
Preference for consolidated and centralized operations, i.e., operational efficiency for
Transportation Security Administration (TSA), U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)
and air carriers;
Facility locations convenient to both the airfield and surface transportation;
Replacement with in-kind facilities, at a minimum, for those facilities that would need
to be demolished;
Relieving existing congestion and delays;
Ensuring the continued economic viability of the Airport.

The above factors were considered as part of the 2010 Airport Master Plan for KOA, as well
as through direct consultation and meetings with users, tenants and air carriers.

FIGURE
2-1
ALTERNATIVE SCREENING PROCESS
TERMINAL AND FACILITY IMPROVEMENTS ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT
KONA INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT AT KEAHOLE, HAWAII


2-4
The alternatives that were both reasonable and addressed HDOT-A's purpose and need
were considered to have passed the Step 1 evaluation, and were then carried forward to the
Step 2 evaluation.

2.2.2 Step 2 Criteria Feasibility
The second step in the three step process centers on the criterion of feasibility.
Constructability, permitting requirements, airspace constraints and design challenges were
included in the feasibility analysis. The feasibility analysis considered information on various
alternatives presented in the 2010 Airport Master Plan for KOA, as well as through direct
consultation meetings with HDOT-A and FAA, as well as users, tenants, and air carriers.
The alternatives that were reasonable, satisfied HDOT-A's purpose and need under Step 1,
and met the requirements of airport passengers, users, tenants, and air carriers under Step
2, were then carried forward to the Step 3 evaluation.

2.2.3 Step 3 Criteria FAAs Purpose and Need
Under Step 3, alternatives were further evaluated to determine whether or not they would
meet FAA's purpose and need of ensuring safe and efficient use of navigable airspace and
enhancing the safety and efficiency of KOA through compliance with the design standards
set forth in FAA AC 150/5300-13A, Airport Design, to the extent practicable (See Section
1.6). Alternatives that satisfied all the criteria of this three-step process, along with the No
Action Alternative, were carried forward for evaluation of potential environmental impacts as
described in Chapter 4 of this EA. Although the No Action Alternative would not meet the
stated purpose and need for the Proposed Action, it was retained for analysis in this EA to
comply with Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) regulations (40 CFR Section
1502.14(d)) implementing NEPA and to comply with FAA Orders 1050.1E and 5050.4B.

2.3 Evaluation of Off-Airport and Non-Structural Alternatives
The focus of this EA is on physical on-Airport construction projects that could be
implemented to improve and modernize the facilities at KOA to enhance safety and efficiency
for passengers, users, tenants, air carriers and employees at the Airport. However, to
comply with the requirements of NEPA, this document also considered off-Airport and non-
structural alternatives as described in the following sections.

2.3.1 Use of Other Area Public Airports
The purpose of the Proposed Action is to accommodate existing and projected facility needs,
modernize and improve the operational efficiency of KOA while maintaining and enhancing
safety and security, and comply with FAA Airport Design Standards consistent with FAA AC
150/5300-13A, Airport Design. The use of other public use airports to replace some or all of
the activity at KOA would not meet the purpose and need because the existing facilities
would remain in place at KOA and the inefficiencies and constraints associated with the
various components proposed for improvement would also remain. KOA is the primary
commercial service airport for the Island of Hawaii. While HDOT-A does own and operate


2-5
other airports on the Island of Hawaii, HDOT-A and FAA do not have the authority to divert
air transportation activity from KOA to other airports on the Island of Hawaii or elsewhere in
the State. Therefore, this alternative was eliminated from further consideration in this EA.

2.3.2 Use of Other Modes of Transportation
The purpose of the Proposed Action is to accommodate existing and projected facility needs,
modernize and improve the operational efficiency of KOA while maintaining and enhancing
the safety and security, and meet FAA Airport Design Standards consistent with FAA AC
150/5300-13A, Airport Design. The use of alternative modes of transportation would not
replace the air transportation activity and facilities at KOA and would not meet the purpose
and need of accommodating existing and projected facility needs or meeting FAA design
standards. The use of alternative modes of transportation is limited due to the remote
location of Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean. The limited surface vessel passenger service
between the U.S. mainland, or other Pacific Ocean destinations, and the Island of Hawaii
cannot compete with the speed, frequency of service and cost of air transportation. Air
transportation to and from KOA includes nonstop or connecting flights to and from other
countries and between islands within the State of Hawaii. There is no other regularly
scheduled passenger surface transportation method available. Therefore, this alternative
was eliminated from further consideration in this EA.

2.4 Evaluation of On-Airport Alternatives
This section presents the identification, development and screening-level evaluation of on-
Airport Alternatives. Specifically, several alternatives that were developed, analyzed and
judged feasible by prior planning studies (i.e. 2010 Airport Master Plan) were carried forward
to this section for screening-level evaluation. The screening process used for these
evaluations is described in Section 2.2.
2.4.1 General Aviation Facilities Expansion Alternatives
The 2010 Airport Master Plan examined various concepts for the General Aviation (GA) and
Helicopter facilities, including separate and combined locations. In general, the alternative
GA facility expansion configurations were adjacent to the current location. The helicopter
(rotary wing) operations co-located with the fixed-wing operations included combinations
where the helicopter facilities were located to the north and east of the fixed-wing GA facility.
Locations for a separate helicopter facility included the currently proposed location, as well
as a site located east of Poo Street. All of the concepts that located the helicopter facility
near the GA facility were dismissed due to safety concerns and visibility issues from the
ATCT. The proposed separation of GA and helicopter facilities was evaluated to be optimal
as the continued mixing of helicopters (rotary wing) and fixed-wing aircraft poses a potential
safety hazard. Relocation of helicopter operations is a separate project that will be
addressed in later NEPA documentation.


2-6
2.4.2 Relocation of the Astronaut Ellison S. Onizuka Space Center Alternatives
The 2010 Airport Master Plan recommended relocating the Astronaut Ellison S. Onizuka
Space Center to near the ground transportation area, adjacent to the intersection of Kehole
Street and Halal Street. However, since that site has a State Land Use Conservation
designation, a Conservation District Use Application (CDUA) would need to be approved.
The proposed site is in an existing developed area near the Space Centers existing location,
and is designated Urban and zoned Industrial (MG-1a). The proposed site is closer to
pedestrian passenger movement, where it could attract more visitors. Moreover, there are
existing utility connections that can be easily extended to service the proposed relocated
facility site.
2.4.3 Passenger Terminal Area Modernization Alternatives
Different configurations for modernizing the passenger terminal area were considered in the
2010 Airport Master Plan. Several concepts left the passenger terminal as is (two terminals
with the Astronaut Ellison S. Onizuka Space Center between them) and building an
international passenger terminal either to the north or south of the existing passenger
terminal area. These concepts were eliminated as they would incur high costs to relocate
existing uses, demolish existing facilities, and construct new facilities. The proposed
improvement only requires relocation of the Astronaut Ellison S. Onizuka Space Center.
This is more cost efficient and allows the two terminal areas to be connected with a
centralized check-in and ticketing area, thus streamlining the process for the travelling public,
airlines, and government agencies.
2.4.4 Renovations to the Existing ARFF Station for a new Commuter Air Terminal
Alternatives
In conjunction with the General Aviation (GA) facility concepts, different locations for the
Commuter Air Terminal were also considered in the 2010 Airport Master Plan. These
included sites immediately west of the existing facility. However, since the existing ARFF
Station building will be vacated in the near future, it would be more cost efficient to renovate
the existing ARFF building than constructing a new structure. In addition, the location of the
existing ARFF Building is ideal as it has direct access to the aircraft parking apron and is
closer to the main passenger terminal area, making it more convenient for passengers
walking between them.
2.4.5 Jet Fuel Storage Facilities Expansion Alternatives
Alternative locations for a future consolidated fuel farm were evaluated as part of the 2010
Airport Master Plan. The 2010 Airport Master Plan, and the Airport Layout Plan, show a
future consolidated fuel farm located to the north of the passenger terminal area and east of
Paoo Street (Road N). The proposed expansion lot is adjacent to the proposed GA facilities
expansion area. The proposed expansion capacity is greater than previously recommended
by HDOT-A for this area.


2-7
2.5 Summary of Alternatives Screening Process
During the development of this EA, HDOT-A and FAA considered a wide range of
alternatives to improve facilities for the Terminal and Facility Improvements Program at KOA.
Alternatives were also considered and evaluated in the 2010 Airport Master Plan as noted
earlier. The alternatives evaluation was conducted using a three-step process (see Figure 2-
1) addressing the ability of each alternative to:

Meet HDOT-A's purpose and need to: accommodate existing and projected facility
needs; enhance the safety and efficiency of KOA; comply with FAA Airport Design
Standards; and correct operational efficiencies that cause congestion and delay.
Meet the needs of existing and future airport passengers and users, tenants and air
carriers, including: increase/enhance level of service for passengers and users;
flexibility to accommodate future technology; preference for consolidated operations
(operational efficiency); provide convenient facility locations; provide replacement
with in-kind facilities for those that are demolished; feasibility; and ensure continued
economic viability of the Airport.

Table 2-1 Alternatives Screening Process Summary

2.6 Proposed Action Alternative
Under the Proposed Action, the State of Hawaii Department of Transportation Airports
Division (HDOT-A) will implement a number of Terminal and Facility improvements to the
Kona International Airport at Kehole (KOA). The currently proposed improvements


2-8
(itemized below) are those that are anticipated to be implemented within the next five years.
Included are airfield improvements and airport facilities presented in the 2010 Airport Master
Plan, as well as smaller projects that are not specified in the airport master plan. The
proposed improvements include the following (see Section 1.4 and Figure 1-6):
Expansion of the General Aviation Facilities (Phase I)
Relocation of the Astronaut Ellison S. Onizuka Space Center
Passenger Terminal Area Modernization (Phase I)
Interior Renovations to the Existing Aircraft Rescue and Fire Fighting (ARFF) Station
for a New Commuter Air Terminal
Expansion of Jet Fuel Storage Facilities

These improvements fully meet the stated purpose and needs of both the HDOT-A and FAA
(see Sections 1.5 and 1.6) and, during the alternatives screening process, satisfy all three
screening criteria; consequently, they will be retained for analysis in Chapter 4 of this EA.
The purpose and need for the Proposed Action are described in Chapter 1, Section 1.4. The
components of the Proposed Action are depicted on Figure 1-6 and described in Section 1.4.

2.7 No Action Alternative
The No Action Alternative encompasses maintaining KOA in its existing condition and is
used for comparative purposes when considering the Proposed Action alternative. The No
Action Alternative (existing conditions) for KOA is detailed on Figures 1-2, 1-3, and 1-4.

Under this alternative, requirements to satisfy existing and future aviation demand for air
carrier, commuter/air taxi and general aviation activity, in addition to the needs of passengers
and other airport users, tenants and air carriers would not be met. In addition, this alternative
would not implement technology and security improvements needed to streamline the
security and efficiency of airport operations.

The No Action Alternative does not meet the identified purpose and need for the facility as
identified in Chapter 1. While the No Action Alternative does not meet the purpose and need
in accordance with 40 CFR 1502.14 and FAA Orders 1050.1E and 5050.4B, it is further
analyzed for comparison to the Proposed Action Alternative in Chapter 4.

2.8 Listing of Federal Laws, Regulations, and Guidance Considered
In accordance with FAA Order 1050.1E, Paragraph 405d(4), the relevant federal laws,
statutes and regulations, Executive Orders; and FAA and USDOT orders, FAA Advisory
Circulars and other federal guidance considered during preparation of this EA are listed in
Tables 2-2, 2-3 and 2-4, respectively.


2-9
Table 2-2, Federal Laws and Statutes Considered
Federal Law or Statute Citation

National Environmental Policy Act of 1969
Public Law (PL) 91-190,
42 USC 4321-4370(d),
effective
January 1, 1970, amended by
PL 94-83

Clean Air Act of 1970, as amended
PL 91-604, PL 101,549,
42 USC 7401-7671
Department of Transportation Act of 1966, Section 4(f) 49 USC 303(c)
Aviation Safety and Noise Abatement Act of 1979 14 CFR Part 150
Federal Aviation Act PL 103-305, 49 USC 40101
Endangered Species Act of 1973 PL 93-205, 16 USC 1531
Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act of 1958 PL 85-624, 16 USC 661-666c
Comprehensive Environmental Response,
Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980, as amended by
the Community Environmental Response Facilitation Act
of 1992

42 USC 9601-9675
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976, as
amended by the Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1980

42 USC 6901-6992(k)
National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended PL 89-665, 16 USC 470
Archaeological and Historic Preservation Act of 1974, as
amended

16 USC 469
Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972, as amended
(commonly referred to as the Clean Water Act)

PL 92-500, 33 USC 1251
Clean Water Act, Section 404 33 USC 1344
Protection of Historic and Cultural Properties 36 CFR 800
Farmland Protection Policy Act 7 USC 4201-4209
Uniform Relocation Assistance and Real Property
Acquisition Policies Act of 1970
PL 91-528, PL 100-117,
42 USC 4601
Wild and Scenic Rivers Act of 1968 PL 90-542; PL 96-487, 16
USC 1271-1287
Coastal Barrier Resources Act of 1982, as amended by
the Coastal Barrier Improvement Act of 1990

PL 97-348, 16 USC 3501-3510
Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended Pl 92-583, 16 USC 1451-1464
Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 16 USC 1361-1421h
Related Essential Fish Habitat Requirements of the
Magnuson-Stevens Act, as amended by the Sustainable
Fisheries Act

16 USC 1855(b)(2)
Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1981 16 USC 703-712
Animal Damage Control Act of 1931 7 USC 426-426c


2-10
Table 2-3, Executive Orders Considered
Executive Order Citation
Executive Order 11296, Flood Hazard Evaluation
Guidelines
31 Federal Register (FR)
10663
Executive Order 11593, Protection and Enhancement of
the Cultural Environment

36 FR 8921
Executive Order 11988, Floodplain Management 43 FR 6030
Executive Order 11990, Protection of Wetlands 42 FR 26961
Executive Order 12898, Federal Actions to Address
Environmental Justice in Minority Populations and Low-
Income Populations

59 FR 7629
Executive Order 13045, Protection of Children from
Environmental Health Risks and Safety Risks

62 FR 19883
Executive Order 13089, Coral Reef Protection 63 FR 32701
Executive Order 13112, Invasive Species 64 FR 6183

Table 2-4, FAA Orders, Advisory Circulars, and Other Federal Guidance Considered
FAA Order, Advisory Circular, and Other Federal Guidance
FAA Order 1050.1E: Environmental Impacts: Policies and Procedures
FAA Order 5050.4B: National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) Implementing Instructions
for Airport Actions
FAR Part 77, Safe, Efficient Use and Preservation of Navigable Airspace
FAR Part 139, Airport Certification Manual
U.S. DOT Order 5650.2: Floodplain Management and Protection
U.S. DOT Order 5660.1A: Preservation of the Nation's Wetlands
U.S. DOT Order 5680.1: Final Order to Address Environmental Justice in Low-Income and
Minority Populations
U.S. DOT FAA AC 70/7460-21: Proposed Construction or Alteration of Objects that May
Affect the Navigable Airspace
U.S. DOT FAA AC 150/5020-1: Noise Control and Compatibility Planning for Airports
U.S. DOT FAA AC 150/5200-33B: Hazardous Wildlife Attractants On or Near Airports
U.S. DOT FAA AC 150/5300-13A: Airport Design

2.9 Listing of Permits Required
In accordance with FAA Order 1050.1E, paragraph 405d(4) and HAR 11-200-10, a
preliminary list of permits that would be required for implementation of the Proposed Action is
provided below:

State of Hawaii
Department of Health
Noise Variance Permit


2-11
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Individual Permit for
Storm Water Associated with Construction Activity
Underground Injection Control (UIC) Permit

Department of Land and Natural Resources
Chapter 6E, HRS, State Historic Preservation Law
Conservation District Use Permit

Office of Planning
Coastal Zone Management (CZM) Federal Consistency Certification

State Land Use Commission
Land Use District Boundary Amendment

County of Hawaii
Planning Department
Special Management Area Use Permit
Plan Approval
Zoning Variance
Grading/Grubbing Permit
Building Permit



3-1
3. AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT
3.1 Introduction
This chapter examines and describes the existing conditions of resource categories that may
be affected by the proposed action. The affected environment includes the study area,
defined by the project sites for the proposed project improvements, outlined earlier on Figure
1-6, Project Site Plan (It should be noted that the project sites shown on the figures in this
chapter include all of the projects addressed in the long-range 2012 Airfield, Terminal and
Facility Improvements Environmental Assessment (EA) prepared in accordance with
Chapter 343 of the Hawaii Revised Statutes (HRS). This NEPA EA only addresses the
projects shown on Figure 1-6). Areas outside of the study area may be included in the
affected environment and described only if potential impacts are suspected.

This chapter is designed to briefly provide context for the environmental setting of the
proposed project. Thus, this EA examines resources germane to the proposed action, and
this section briefly describes the relevant characteristics of the potentially affected
environment.

This Affected Environment chapter (Chapter 3) is organized in the same manner as the
Environmental Consequences chapter (Chapter 4), per FAA Order 1050.1E, Change 1,
Appendix A. The impact categories specified in FAA Order 1050.1E, Change 1, Appendix A
are considered; however some are not affected and are dismissed from further
consideration.

The following environmental resource categories are not present in the project area and
therefore would not be affected by either the proposed action or the no action alternative:
Farmlands; and Wild and Scenic Rivers. There is no farmland in the project area, and the
nearest farmlands are approximately 3 miles away from the airport. There are no rivers or
streams on, or nearby, the project site designated as wild and scenic as part of the Wild and
Scenic Rivers Act.

Consequently, these resources are not presented in either Chapter 3: Affected Environment
or in Chapter 4: Environmental Consequences.

Construction Impacts, Secondary (Induced) Impacts and Cumulative Impacts (including past,
present, and reasonably foreseeable future actions) are evaluated in Chapter 4.

3.2 Air Quality
3.2.1 Air Quality
An Air Quality Study was conducted for the proposed project improvements by B.D. Neal &
Associates in July 2012. The study examined the potential short- and long-term air quality
impacts that could occur as a result of the construction and operations of the proposed
projects and improvements. The study is included in Appendix F and is summarized below.


3-2

Ambient concentrations of air pollution are regulated by both national and State ambient air
quality standards (AAQS). National AAQS are specified in Section 40, Part 50 of the Code of
Federal Regulations (CFR), while State of Hawaii AAQS are defined in Chapter 11-59,
Hawaii Administrative Rules (HAR). National and State AAQS have been established for
particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, ozone, and lead. The
State has also set a standard for hydrogen sulfide. Hawaii air quality standards are
comparable to the national standards, although in some cases the Hawaii standards are
more stringent than the national standards, such as for carbon monoxide. For some other
parameters, such as for particulate matter and sulfur dioxide, the national standards are
more restrictive. According to the USEPA Green Book, there are no non-attainment areas in
Hawaii for any of the criteria pollutants.

Table 3-1 National and State Ambient Air Quality Standards
Air Pollutant
Averaging
Time
Federal
Primary
Standard *1
Federal
Secondary
Standard *1
State of
Hawaii
Standard
*2

Carbon Monoxide 1-hour
8-hour
35 ppm
9 ppm
--
--
9 ppm
4.4 ppm

Nitrogen Dioxide 1-hour
Annual
0.100 ppm
0.053 ppm
--
0.053 ppm
--
0.04 ppm

PM10 24-hour
Annual
150 ug/m3
--
150 ug/m3
--
150 ug/m3
50 ug/m3

PM2.5 24-hour
Annual
35 ug/m3
15 ug/m3
35 ug/m3
15 ug/m3
--
--

Ozone 8-hour 0.075 ppm 0.075 ppm 0.08 ppm
Sulfur
Dioxide
1-hour 0.075 ppm -- --
3-hour
24-hour
--
0.14 ppm
0.5 ppm
--
0.5 ppm
0.14 ppm

Annual 0.03 ppm -- 0.03 ppm
Lead Calendar
Quarter
0.15 ug/m3 0.15 ug/m3 1.5 ug/m3
Hydrogen Sulfide 1-hour -- -- 0.025 ppm
*1 National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) (USEPA 2011).
*2 State of Hawaii Annual Summary, 2010 Air Quality Data (HDOH, 2011). ppm: parts per million
ug/m3: micrograms per cubic meter

Present air quality in the project area is mostly affected by air pollutants from vehicular,
industrial, natural and/or agricultural resources. Based on previous emissions inventories
that have been reported for Hawaii, emissions of particulate matter and nitrogen oxides may


3-3
have increased during the past several years, while emissions of sulfur oxides, carbon
monoxide and hydrocarbons have most likely declined.

It should be noted that the island of Hawaii is unique from the other islands in the state in
terms of the natural volcanic pollution emissions that occur. Volcanic emissions periodically
plague the project area. This is especially so since the latest eruption phase of Klauea
Volcano began in 1983. Air pollution emissions from the Hawaiian volcanoes consist
primarily of sulfur dioxide. Although emissions from Klauea are vented on the other side of a
mountain barrier more than 50 miles east of the project site, the prevailing wind patterns
eventually carry some of the emissions into the Kona area. These emissions can be seen in
the form of volcanic haze (vog) which persistently hangs over the area.

The project area has relatively few major sources of air pollution. Given the types of
activities at KOA, KOA itself is likely one of the more significant sources of regional air
pollution. Aircraft operations, fuel storage and fueling operations, ground support equipment,
motor vehicle traffic and other activities result in emissions of carbon monoxide, nitrogen
oxides, sulfur oxides, hydrocarbons, particulate matter and other air pollutants.

A major industrial source of air pollution in the vicinity of the project site is Hawaii Electric
Light Companys (HELCO) Kehole Power Plant, which is located immediately east of KOA.
Air pollution emissions from the power plant consist mostly of sulfur dioxide and oxides of
nitrogen.

The State of Hawaii Department of Health (DOH) operates a network of air quality
monitoring stations at various locations around the state. Unfortunately, very limited data is
available for the island of Hawaii and even less data is available for the Kona area
specifically. During the most recent 5-year period (2006-2010), DOH operated an air quality
monitoring site in the Kealakekua area several miles to the south of the project site, for the
measurement of sulfur dioxide and particulate matter (PM) 2.5. Monitoring for this PM 2.5 at
this site commenced in 2008.

Measurements of sulfur dioxide concentrations at this location during the 2006-2010
monitoring period were consistently low with annual average concentrations of 0.004 to
0.009 ppm, which is about 30 percent of the state and national standard. The highest annual
second-highest 3-hour and 24-hour concentrations for these five years were 0.112 and 0.042
ppm, respectively; these are about 22 to 30 percent of the applicable standards. No
exceedances of the state/national 3-hour and 24-hour AAQS for sulfur dioxide were
recorded.

The annual average particulate matter (PM 2.5) concentrations for the years 2008 through
2010 ranged from 16 to 21 g/m
3
. These values exceed the national annual standard which
is set at 15 g/m
3
. The 98
th
percentile 24-hour concentration was reported at 37 g/m
3
for
2008 and 2009 and at 35 g/m
3
for 2010. These values are equal to, or slightly above, the
national standard of 35 g/m
3
. The higher concentrations of fine particulates are primarily
due to volcanic emissions.


3-4
At present, no reported measurements of lead, ozone, nitrogen dioxide or carbon monoxide
exist in the project vicinity. The aforementioned pollutants typically stem from motor vehicle
related uses. Concentrated lead, ozone and nitrogen dioxide levels are characteristically
regional scale problems. Notable, however, is that concentrations of lead and nitrogen
dioxide generally have not been found to exceed AAQS elsewhere in the state. Ozone
concentrations measured at Sand Island on the island of Oahu are somewhat elevated, but
are within state and national standards. Carbon monoxide air pollution typically is a micro
scale problem caused by congested motor vehicular traffic. In traffic congested areas such
as urban Honolulu on the island of Oahu, carbon monoxide concentrations have been found
to occasionally exceed the state AAQS. The project site is situated along the west side of
Queen Kaahumanu Highway, a regional arterial roadway and winds may sometimes carry
emissions from motor vehicles traversing these roadways toward the project site.

3.2.2 Climate and Greenhouse Gas Emissions
The Kailua-Kona area of the island of Hawaii is characterized by a tropical climate,
consisting of dry (November to March) and wet (April to October) seasons. There are local
climatic differences across the island as a result of the mountainous terrain formed by Mauna
Kea, Mauna Loa, Klauea, Huallai, and the Kohala Mountains. The tradewinds that affect
the east side of the island are blocked by the mountains, leaving the west side of the island
drier and subject to ground heating and cooling.

Average temperatures in the Kailua-Kona region range from 72 degrees Fahrenheit in
January, which is generally the coolest month, to 77 degrees Fahrenheit in August, which is
generally the warmest month. KOA is located in a relatively drier region of the island, and
experiences an average precipitation of 25 inches per year. Rainfall in the region is highly
seasonal, with precipitation predominantly occurring in winter months.

Northeast tradewinds prevail approximately 80 to 85 percent of the time, and average
approximately 10 to 15 miles per hour during the afternoons, with slightly lighter winds
occurring during the mornings and evenings. Between April and October, however, the
region is potentially subject to southerly winds generated by Kona storms.

Greenhouse gases (GHGs) are components of the atmosphere that trap heat relatively near
the surface of the earth, and therefore, contribute to the greenhouse effect and global
warming. Most GHGs occur naturally in the atmosphere, but increases in their concentration
result from human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels. Global temperatures are
expected to continue to rise as human activities continue to add carbon dioxide, methane,
nitrous oxide, and other greenhouse (or heat-trapping) gases to the atmosphere.

The scientific community continues to make an effort to better understand the impact of
aviation emissions on the global atmosphere. The FAA leads and participates in an array of
initiatives intended to clarify the role that commercial aviation plays in greenhouse gas
emissions and climate. The FAA, with support from the U.S. Global Change Research
Program and participating federal agencies, has developed the Aviation Climate Change
Research Initiative in an effort to advance scientific understanding of regional and global
climate impacts of aircraft emissions. FAA also funds the Partnership for Air Transportation


3-5
Noise & Emissions Reduction Center of Excellence research initiative to quantify the effects
of aircraft exhaust and contrails on global and U.S. climate and atmospheric composition.
Similar research topics are being examined at the international level by the International Civil
Aviation Organization. No data specific to KOA is available.

3.3 Coastal Resources
The nearest coastal water offshore of the project site is Makako Bay, located approximately
0.1 miles to the west. Pursuant to Hawaii Administrative Rules (HAR) Title 11, Chapter 54,
Water Quality Standards, Makako Bay is classified as a AA Marine water. Class AA Marine
waters are recognized as high quality coastal waters with the objective that "these waters
remain in their natural pristine state as nearly as possible with an absolute minimum of
pollution or alteration of water quality from any human-caused source or actions."

3.3.1 Coastal Barriers Resources Act
Federal activities involving or affecting coastal resources are governed by the Coastal
Barriers Resources Act which prohibits, with some exceptions, Federal financial assistance
for development within the Coastal Barrier Resources System, which contains undeveloped
coastal barriers along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts, and Great Lakes. There are no coastal
barriers located in the State of Hawaii; therefore, no further analysis of this resource is
provided within this EA.

3.3.2 Coastal Zone Management Act
Federal activities involving or affecting coastal resources are also governed by the Coastal
Zone Management Act, which requires direct federal activities and development projects to
be consistent with approved state coastal programs to the maximum extent practicable.
Federally permitted, licensed, or assisted activities occurring in, or affecting, the State of
Hawaiis coastal zone must be in alignment with the State of Hawaii Coastal Zone
Management Program's objectives and policies (DBEDT, 2012b). Federal agencies cannot
act without regard for, or in conflict with, State of Hawaii policies and related resource
management programs that have been officially incorporated into the State of Hawaii Coastal
Zone Management Program. Compliance with these requirements is met through the Federal
Consistency Review and Assessment process under the State of Hawaii Coastal Zone
Management Program and the State of Hawaii Office of Planning makes the determination or
a report of findings.
3.3.3 County of Hawaii Special Management Area
Pursuant to the Hawaii CZM Program, Chapter 205A, HRS, the counties have enacted
ordinances establishing Special Management Areas (SMA). Any development within the
SMA requires an SMA Use permit administered by the County of Hawaii Planning
Department. Through the SMA permit system, the County assesses and regulates
developments proposed for areas located within the SMA and the proposed developments
are evaluated for compliance with the CZM objectives and policies and SMA guidelines set
forth in Chapter 205A, HRS. The entire KOA property is located within the SMA.


3-6
3.4 Compatible Land Use
Land uses surrounding the airport property include Kekaha Kai State Park to the north,
Queen Kaahumanu Highway and the HELCO Kehole Power Plant to the east, OTEC Road
to the south and the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority (NELHA) property to the
south and west. None of these uses are incompatible with Airport and aircraft operations.
The Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide (LUPAG) Map designates the majority of the KOA
property as Industrial. The developed portions of KOA are zoned MG-1a, General
Industrial District while the undeveloped portions are zoned Open. Proposed
improvements located within the MG District include the expansion of the GA Facility, the
Onizuka Space Center, the Terminal Modernization Phase I, the Renovation of the Existing
ARFF Station to a New Commuter Air Terminal, and the Expansion of Jet Fuel Storage
Facilities.

According to Section 25-5-150 of the County Code, the MG district applies to areas for uses
that are generally considered to be offensive or have some element of danger. The -1a
following the MG designation indicates that the minimum number of acres required for each
building site is 1-acre. The permitted uses for the MG district are listed in Section 25-5-152.
Permitted uses in the MG district include airfields, heliports and private landing strips as well
as public uses and structures.

The proposed action encompasses improvements vital to the sustained operation of KOA.
The action will not trigger or alter in any way directly, indirectly or cumulatively
development within the project area. Therefore, no further discussion of compatible land use
is warranted.
3.5 Department of Transportation Act, Section 4 (f)
Department of Transportation Act, Section 4(f) stipulates that US DOT agencies cannot
approve the use of land from publicly owned parks; recreation area; wildlife or waterfowl
refuge of national, state, or local significance; or land from a historic site of national, state, or
local significance. The areas for proposed development under the Proposed Action are within
the existing KOA boundaries and do not include or impact any public parks; recreation areas;
or wildlife or waterfowl refuges.
The closest public park and recreation area is at Wawaloli Beach Park, located
approximately 0.5 miles south of KOA. The closest wildlife refuge is the Hakalau National
Wildlife Refuge, approximately 28 miles south of the proposed development. Additional
discussion regarding cultural and historical studies is provided in Section 3.8, Historical,
Architectural, Archaeological, and Cultural Resources; and in Chapter 4.
3.6 Fish, Wildlife, and Plants
3.6.1 Consultation Pursuant to Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act
The Endangered Species Act (ESA) of 1973 (16 U.S.C. 1531-1544, as amended) provides
broad protection for species of fish, wildlife, and plants that are listed as threatened or
endangered in the U.S. or elsewhere. The Act mandates that Federal agencies seek to
conserve endangered and threatened species and use their authorities in furtherance of the


3-7
Acts purposes. Provisions are made for listing species, as well as for recovery plans and
the designation of critical habitat for listed species.

To fulfill the requirements set forth by Section 7 of the ESA, a Biological Site Assessment
encompassing a botanical survey, a more detailed botanical survey specific to Blackburns
Sphinx Moth host-plant populations, as well as an avian and terrestrial mammalian survey,
was conducted for the proposed project sites. These surveys discuss proposed projects
beyond those encompassed by this EA, as they also support an EA prepared pursuant to
Hawaii State Law. The Hawaii State EA covers projects extending beyond the five year
timeframe. Only those aspects of each study pertaining to this Federal EA are discussed
below.
3.6.2 Flora
Botanical surveys of the project site were conducted by Palmer & Associates in December
2011, January 2012, and February 2013. These surveys are included in Appendix C-1 and
C-2 and are summarized below.

Field surveys of the KOA property were conducted on December 1, 5, 8, and 13, 2011,
January 10, 2012, and February 14, 18, 22, and 27, 2013. The airport property is mostly
comprised of the Hualalai 1801 lava flow which is largely barren, unweathered phoehoe
lava. However a sparse pioneer plant community is present consisting of scatter maiapilo
(Capparis sandwichiana), Fimbristylis Hawaiiensis, the ferns Nephroplepis and Dorypteris, as
well as fountain grass (Pennisetum setaceum). Maiapilo and Fimbristylis Hawaiiensis are
both found on the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Services (USFWS) Species of Concern.

Coral strand vegetation occurs along the coast of the 1801 lava flow in scattered sites where
sand and/or other fine material has accumulated. A small area (approximately 2.5 acres) of
Coastal Dry Forest is located in the southwest corner of the property between the OTEC
Road and the airports south access road. In this area, a mixture of native and introduced
plants is present. Kiawe (Prosopis pallida) makes up most of the tree canopy, with shrubs of
naio (Myoporum sandwicense), naupaka (Scaevola taccada), Christmas berry (Schinus
terebinthifolius), klu (Acacia farnesiana) and noni (Morinda citrifolia) also present. In
addition, the native sedge mauu akiaki (Fimbristylis cymos) can be found near an
anchialine pond located between the Coastal Dry Forest patch and the airport fence. The
remainder of the airport property can be described as disturbed/ruderal and fountain grass
scrub as land disturbance of varying degrees has occurred over most of the property. In
heavily disturbed areas, ruderal species (i.e. alien weeds) are present with fountain grass as
the primary component. In disturbed sites adjacent to irrigated landscapes, numerous alien
species are present. Older lava flow areas (mostly on the Kehole Point flow) are mostly
disturbed and are either barren with only a few pioneer species, or are occupied by fountain
grass and a mix of other species including uhaloa (Waltheria indica), tridax (Tridax
procumbens), pluchea (Pluchea carolinesis), maiapilo, and occasionally noni. There are also
patches of relatively old lava flow (undated), which support dense fountain grass grassland.

Other vegetation on the airport property consists of ruderal or weedy vegetation and
landscaping in developed areas. Cultivated plants observed in the landscaped areas include


3-8
the coconut (Cocos nucifera), kou (Cordia subcordata), monkey pod (Samanea saman), be
still tree (Cascabela thevetia), and Tahitian gardenia (gardenia taitensis). Several native
species are also used including naupaka, kia, and ilima.

Focused Surveys for Blackburns Sphinx Moth Host-Plant Populations concluded that, as of
March 2013, no Blackburns sphinx moth host-plant populations existed at KOA.

Specifically for each assessed project improvement, the following botanical species were
observed:

Expansion of General Aviation Facilities Phase I: The proposed expansion site
occupies an already developed area.

Relocation of the Astronaut Ellison S. Onizuka Space Center: The proposed new site
for the museum is in an existing landscaped and developed area.

Passenger Terminal Area Modernization (Phase 1): Construction would occur in an
already developed area.

Interior renovations to the existing ARFF Station for a new Commuter Air Terminal:
Renovations would occur in an already developed area.

Expansion of Jet Fuel Storage Facilities: The proposed expansion site occupies an
already developed area.

No USFWS listed threatened or endangered botanical species were found on the airport
property.
3.6.3 Fauna
An avian and terrestrial mammalian survey of the project site was conducted by Rana
Biological Consulting, Inc. in December 2011. Fieldwork was conducted on December 8, 9,
and 12, 2011. This survey is included in Appendix D and is summarized below.

Avian Survey:
A total of 184 individual birds of 15 species, representing 11 separate families, were
recorded during the survey. All but two of these avian species recorded during the
course of this survey are considered to be alien to the Hawaiian Islands. The two
native species recorded were Pacific Golden-Plover (Pluvialis fulva) and Ruddy
Turnstone (Arenaria interpres). Both are indigenous migratory shorebird species that
nest in the high Arctic, and winter in Hawaii and the Tropical Pacific.

Avian diversity and densities were extremely low, consistent with the xeric habitat
present on the site. At 47 percent of the 30 count stations, no birds were recorded.
Bird numbers and densities were highest around the landscaped and watered areas
within the main terminal complex and along the airport entrance road.


3-9
Three species, Common Myna (Acridotheres tristis), Japanese White-eye (Zosterops
japonicus) and House Finch (Carpodacus mexicanus) accounted for slightly more
than 45 percent of all birds recording during the station counts. Common Myna was
the most frequently recorded species accounting for 18 percent of the total number of
birds counted.

No seabirds were detected during the survey, but it is probable that both the
endangered Hawaiian Petrel (Pterodroma sandwichensis), and the threatened
endemic sub species of the Newells Shearwater (Puffinus auricularis newelli), over-
fly the project area in small numbers between April and the middle of December each
year. Both species have been recorded flying to and from their nesting colonies over
the greater Kona area. Both of these pelagic seabird species nest high in the
mountains in burrows excavated under thick vegetation, especially uluhe
(Dicranopteris lineraris) fern. There is no suitable nesting habitat for either of these
seabird species on, or close to KOA.

No waterbirds were recorded during the course of this survey though several have
been recorded within the airport boundaries in the past, including the endangered
Hawaiian Stilt (Himantopus mexicanus knudesni). In the past, these birds were
drawn to the general area by ponds within the neighboring Cyanotech complex at
Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority (NELHA), but minimization measures
and biocontrol strategies have reduce the attractive nuisance posed by this
aquaculture facility, thus reducing the number of birds attracted to this facility.

No listed or proposed threatened or endangered avian species under either the
Federal or State endangered species statutes were detected during the survey.

Mammalian Survey:
With the exception of the endangered Hawaiian hoary bat (Lasiurus cinerus
semotus), or peapea as it is known locally, all terrestrial mammals currently found
on the Island of Hawaii are alien species, and are largely ubiquitous. The mammlian
survey was limited to visual and auditory detection in concert with the visual
observation or scat, tracks, and other animal signs.

Five terrestrial mammalian species were identified at the airport during the course of
these surveys. Several European house mice (Mus musculus domesticus) were seen
within the landscaped terminal area. Tracks, sign and scat of feral goats (Capra h.
hircus) were seen at numerous locations within the study site (goat usage appears to
be focused around areas that are planted and/or there is irrigation, especially along
Poo Street. Several small Indian mongooses (Herpestes a. auropunctatus) were
seen within the site, including two deceased ones along the airport entrance road.
Three cats (Felis catus) were seen in and around the developed terminal and
infrastructure areas. Sign, scat and tracks were encountered within more remote
locations as well. Tracks and scat of donkeys (Equus a. asinus) were also
encountered at several locations along Poo Street.


3-10
Although only European house mice were detected, it is likely that the other three
established alien muridae found on Hawaii, roof rats (Rattus r. rattus), Norway rats
(Rattus norvegicus), and possibly Polynesian rats (Rattus exulans hawaiiensis) use
resources found within the site on a seasonal basis.
No Hawaiian hoary bats were detected during the course of the survey. Hawaiian
hoary bats are widely distributed along the Kona coast and are present in most areas
that still have tree and dense shrubs. There is very little suitable roosting habitat for
this foliage roosting species within or close to KOA.

No terrestrial mammalian species were detected during the course of this survey.
Thus, no listed or proposed threatened or endangered mammalian species under
either the Federal or State endangered species statutes were detected during the
survey.

3.7 Floodplains
According to the Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM) (Community Panel Numbers
1551660466C, 1551660468C, 1551660681C and 1551660683C, Effective Date: September
16, 1988 prepared by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)), the project site
is located within Zone X, defined as Areas determined to be outside the 0.2% annual
chance floodplain, corresponding to a flood that has a 0.2% chance of being equaled or
exceeded in any given year (see Figure 3-1). The study area, defined by the proposed
project sites, is located outside of the tsunami inundation zone, which represents an area of
expected tsunami inundation, based on geologic field data and tsunami modeling.
3.8 Hazardous Materials, Pollution Prevention, and Solid Waste
3.8.1 Hazardous Materials
Operations currently conducted at KOA require the use and storage of hazardous materials,
and the construction of the proposed project improvements will likely involve the use of
materials and processes that may generate some form of hazardous waste. These materials
are primarily associated with vehicle maintenance and aircraft operations and typically
include flammable and combustible liquids, acids, aerosols, batteries, corrosives, solvents,
paints, and hydraulic fluids.

Hazardous Materials: Hazardous materials and waste include solid, liquid, contained gas, or
sludge wastes that pose a threat to human health and safety or the environment. Hazardous
wastes and materials may be subject to an array of Federal regulations, including the
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), Comprehensive Environmental
Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA), Federal Water Pollution Control Act,
Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act, Safe Drinking Water Act, Toxic Substances Control Act,
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act, Emergency Planning and Community
Right-to-Know Act, and Pollution Prevention Act.
A hazardous material item is generally characterized as any item or agent (physical,
chemical, or biological) which has the potential to cause harm to humans, animals, or the
environment, either independently or through interaction with other factors. Toxic Materials


3-11
are specific hazardous materials identified in regulations. Hazardous wastes are specifically
defined or determined as such based on their ignitability, corrosiveness, reactivity, and
toxicity. The potential impacts hazardous materials and waste have on human health and
the environment are largely dependent upon their types, quantities, toxicities, and
management practices.
For the purposes of this EA, hazardous materials include: products used for various
maintenance or repairs and identified as hazardous on manufacturer material safety data
sheets; petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL); antifreeze; and miscellaneous other waste
streams.

Hazardous and Universal Wastes: RCRA, as amended by the Hazardous and Solid Waste
Amendments (and corresponding state of Hawaii HARs), define hazardous waste as:

A solid waste not specifically excluded from being classified as a hazardous waste
under 40 CFR 261.4(b) that exhibits any of the characteristics (i.e., ignitability,
corrosivity, reactivity, toxicity) described in 40 CFR 261; or
Is listed in 40 CFR 261 Subpart D; or
Is a mixture containing one or more listed hazardous wastes from 40 CFR 261
Subpart D.
Hazardous wastes may take the form of a solid, liquid, contained gas, or semi-solid. In
general, any combination of wastes that poses a substantial present or potential hazard to
human health or the environment that has been discarded or abandoned is a hazardous
waste.
RCRA (and HARs) requires that hazardous waste be systematically tracked from cradle-to-
grave. This hazardous waste tracking system mandates the collection and retention of key
information including: the generator of the waste, how the waste is routed to the receiving
facility, a description of the waste, the quantity of the waste, identification of the facility that
receives the waste, and other relevant data.
EPA and Hawaii universal waste regulations streamline hazardous waste management
standards for federally-designated "universal wastes," which include: batteries, pesticides
and mercury-containing materials. Universal wastes are considered hazardous, however,
they are subject to less restrictive waste disposal regulations than for hazardous wastes.
Hazardous wastes, including used oils, antifreeze and solvents at KOA are picked up and
disposed of by licensed contractors.
3.8.2 Pollution Prevention
Stormwater pollution prevention and protection is currently in place at KOA through its Storm
Water Management Program Plan, which utilizes the twelve best management practices
(BMPs) spanning the elimination of dischargers; aircraft, vehicle, and equipment operations
(maintenance/fueling/washing); handling, storage of waste; facility maintenance; and
pollution prevention education, as listed in the HDOT-A NPDES Inspection and Enforcement
Manual. Other types of pollution prevention best management practices currently in place at
KOA include those for: application of fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides; installation and
Legend
Project Site
Airport Property
Tax Map Key
0 1,500 750
Feet
1 inch =1,500 feet
Kaiminani Dr
OTEC Dr
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ZONE X
PACIFIC OCEAN
Source:
Federal Emergency Management Agency
Flood Insurance Rate Map
Panel #s: 1551660466C, 1551660468C,
1551660681C and 1551660683C
Dated on 09/16/1988
FLOOD INSURANCE RATE MAP
FIGURE
3-1
WI LSON OKAMOTO
ENGINEERS PLANNERS
-


3-13
implementation of temporary erosion control measures; training of personnel who operate
and maintain equipment at KOAs maintenance facility; and field inspectors used to detect
and report illicit discharges and illegal connections from KOA and/or its tenants.

3.8.3 Solid Waste
Municipal solid waste at KOA is generated by an array of day-to-day airport, terminal and
facility operations. Waste from the airport is collected and stored in 6 trash bins that each
hold approximately 8 cubic yards of waste. These bins are emptied each week by Pacific
Waste. KOA currently does not have an airport-wide recycling program. KOA, however,
does have a mix of varying recycling efforts for different departments and tenants.

The County of Hawaii, Department of Environmental Management, Solid Waste Division and
Recycling Section operates and maintains all solid waste collection and disposal facilities in
the County of Hawaii. The facilities include two landfills and 22 transfer stations. Refuse
collected at the airport is taken to the West Hawaii (Puuanahulu) Landfill, located in
Waikoloa, approximately 17 miles from the airport, for disposal. The landfill has a capacity of
6 million tons and currently there is 300,000 tons of waste in place. Consequently, there is
sufficient capacity through 2040.
3.9 Historical, Architectural, Cultural and Archaeological Resources
3.9.1 Consultation Pursuant to Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act
The National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) defines historic property as any prehistoric or
historic district, site, building, structure, or object included in, or eligible for inclusion on the
National Register (16 USC 470w). For the purposes of this EA, the terms archaeological
resources, historic resources, and cultural resources are used synonymously. The two
categories of historic properties considered in the EA are archaeological sites and historic
buildings.

Factors considered in determining a significant impact to cultural resources include the
extent or degree to which an alternative results in a change in the characteristics that qualify
a historic property for listing on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP).

To fulfill the requirements set forth by Section 106 of the Historic Preservation Act, an
Archaeological Literature Review and Field Inspection for the project site was conducted by
Cultural Surveys Hawaii, Inc. in April 2012, and a Cultural Impact Assessment (CIA) is being
prepared for the entire airport property by Cultural Surveys Hawaii, Inc.

3.9.2 Historical, Architectural and Archaeological Resources
An Archaeological Literature Review and Field Inspection for the project site was conducted
by Cultural Surveys Hawaii, Inc. in April 2012. The Archaeological Literature Review and
Field Inspection report, included in Appendix E and summarized below, discusses proposed
projects beyond those encompassed by this EA since it also supports an EA prepared
pursuant to Hawaii State Law. The Hawaii State EA covers projects extending beyond the


3-14
five year timeframe. Only those aspects of the Archaeological Literature Review and Field
Inspection report pertaining to this Federal EA are discussed below.

Numerous archaeological studies have been conducted at, and in the vicinity of, KOA.
Historic properties previously recorded within the project area lie almost entirely within the
Intermediate Zone (beginning at approximately 900 feet inland). This means that the
concentrated site areas representing coastal settlements and activity areas fall outside, but
adjacent to the current study area; and the density of sites in the project area is lower.

The vast majority of the historic properties previously documented on airport property are not
located within or immediately adjacent to the short-term improvement areas. These include a
portion of the well-known Mmalahoa Trail (SIHP 00002) and some actively preserved sites
including a petroglyph field (SIHP 00500) and a segment of stepping stone trail (SIHP
26737), among others. Other previously-identified sites have been documented to their
maximum potential and have subsequently been impacted by development at the airport.
Figure 3-2 depicts the locations of the previously-identified sites relative to the proposed
improvements.

Of all the sites recorded, none overlap with the study area, defined by the project sites, for
the proposed project improvements.
The majority of sites that have been documented within the airport property are typical of
their locations within the Intermediate Zone. These sites consist of temporary habitations or
shelters (often modified outcroppings or lava tubes), midden scatters, phoehoe excavations,
trails, mounds, and other features associated with the types of activities. Examples of both
pre-Contact and historic era sites have been documented, and some sites show evidence of
use throughout multiple time periods. Furthermore, a survey of Kekaha Kai State Park to the
north documented numerous features within the Coastal Zone at the disconnected Kawili
Point portion of the airport property. These features reflect the habitation and ocean-
resource exploitation activities known to occur within this zone throughout pre-Contact and
historic times.
A synthesis of known land-use patterns, geological lava flow data, an account of the extent of
construction-related disturbance to date, and the results of previous archaeological studies
provide a basis for estimating the likelihood for encountering historic properties throughout
the project area. Figure 3-3 represents a synthesis of this data. This map classifies the
likelihood of encountering archaeological remains into three zones: low, moderate, and high.
However, it should be noted that the zones depicted are approximations only and future
improvements on airport property should be evaluated on a case-by-case basis.

As depicted on Figure 3-3, the potential presence of archaeological remains in undisturbed
areas throughout the property ranges from generally moderate to high. The areas of highest
potential are those undeveloped portions of the property situated on older lava flows not
mitigated by recent archaeological study. In general, historic properties have been recorded
in nearly every inventory survey conducted at the airport and nearby areas on older lava
flows, as indicated in Section 4 of the Archaeological Literature Review and Field Inspection
Report, included as Appendix E. Within these portions of the property undisturbed by the
1801 lava flow and modern development, the types of site that might be encountered include:


3-15
temporary or recurrent habitations (characterized by surface structures or modified outcrops
or lava tubes); limited agricultural activity areas including phoehoe excavations and minimal
soil enclosures; mauka-makai trails connecting coastal residences and upland agricultural
areas, with branch trails extending to specific use areas within the project area lands;
petroglyphs; and burial sites utilizing features of the terrain, including lava tubes and cracks.
Sites that may be encountered along the coast in the northern portion of the project area
include: permanent or temporary habitations and associated activity areas; lateral and/or
mauka-makai trails; modified anchialine ponds; storage and agricultural pits; petroglyphs; salt
manufacturing areas; religious structures such as heiau or koa (fishing shrines); burial sites,
and historic-era structures, roads/trails, etc.
Zones of moderate sensitivity are of less concern, though these also represent potential site
areas. Zones of moderate sensitivity include the undeveloped portions of the property
underlain by the 1801 lava flow, and areas at the airport situated off of the 1801 lava flow,
but that have been mitigated by older archaeological studies (typically those completed more
than 15-20 years ago). Historic-era sites can be expected on the 1801 lava flow, and on
more than one occasion pre-Contact sites have been found in kpuka in this flow. Sites that
have been found within kpuka include pre-Contact trail segments, mounds, modified
outcrops, enclosures and other structures. Portions of the property off of the 1801 lava flow
that were covered by older archaeological studies tend to be grouped into this zone due to
inaccuracies in reporting, obsolete methodologies, and/or lack of known mitigation. The
zones of lowest archaeological sensitivity essentially fall within developed or heavily
disturbed portions of the property. Some of these areas can be seen on aerial photographs,
and others were documented during the present field inspection. Also included in this group
are areas that have been subjected to relatively recent archaeological study (generally
completed within the last 15 years), as the sites within these study areas have been
mitigated.
Fieldwork for the proposed improvements was conducted in March 2012. A pedestrian
survey was conducted at each individual improvement area. Below is a summary of findings
at each of the improvement areas and is depicted on Figures 3-4 and 3-5:
Expansion of General Aviation Facilities (Phase I): The proposed expansion area
encompasses a developed area that has already been disturbed.
Relocation of the Astronaut Ellison S. Onizuka Space Center: The proposed new
location for the Onizuka Space Center falls within the main airport vehicular parking
area, comprising approximately one-half acre in the vicinity of the old rental car
facilities. No historic properties are present within this developed area.
Passenger Terminal Area Modernization (Phase I): The expansion areas overlap
roughly three acres of existing airport facilities, including the present site of the
Onizuka Space Center. No historic properties are present within these developed
areas.
Source: Archaeological Literature Review and Field Inspection for KOA Improvements Project,
Cultural Surveys Hawaii, February 2013
Legend
Project Area
Areas of Short-Term Improvements
NELHA Portion of SWAC Line
History Property
NEPA Project Area
PREVIOUSLY RECORDED HISTORIC SITES IN PROJECT VICINITY
FIGURE
3-2
WI LSON OKAMOTO
ENGINEERS PLANNERS
-
Cultural Surveys Hawaii Inc., February 2013

Project Area
NEPA Project Area
Archaeological Sensivity Zones
High Sensitivity
Moderate Sensitivity
Low Sensitivity
APPROXIMATED ZONES OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SENSITIVITY
FIGURE
3-3
WI LSON OKAMOTO
ENGINEERS PLANNERS
-


3-18
Interior renovations to the existing ARFF Station for a new Commuter Air Terminal:
The existing ARFF Station occupies a developed area that has already been
disturbed. Consequently, the proposed renovations would occur in an already
developed area.
Expansion of Jet Fuel Storage Facilities: The proposed expansion area
encompasses a developed area that has already been disturbed.

3.9.3 Cultural Resources
To serve as a reference for future master planning at KOA and to address current and future
requirements under Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, and
Chapter 6E, HRS (State of Hawaii Historic Preservation Law), DOT-A commissioned a
Cultural Impact Assessment (CIA) for the entire airport property to be prepared by Cultural
Surveys Hawaii, Inc (CSH). The study area for the CIA includes ten ahupuaa: Ooma,
Kalaoa, Hamanamana, Haleohiu, Makaula, Ka, Puukala, Awalua, Kaulana, and Mahaiula.
Consultation efforts for the CIA includes contacting Native Hawaiian organizations, agencies,
and community members to identify potentially knowledgeable individuals with cultural
expertise and/or knowledge of the Project area and the vicinity. As of March 2013, CSH has
attempted to contact 34 community members, including government agencies or community
organization representatives and individuals such as residents, cultural and lineal
descendants, and cultural practitioners. From those 34, 13 people have responded and 5
kpuna (elders) and/or kamaina (native-born) were interviewed for more in-depth
contributions to the CIA. The following is a summary of the CIA:

Through background research and community consultation participant interviews, it appears
that, prior to the 1801 lava flow, the area around Kehole Point was a lusher environment
that was more heavily cultivated than it is today, with crops such as breadfruit, fruit trees, and
vegetables. However, it was the access to, and use of, coastal resources that appear to be
of primary importance.

Participants recall collecting water from anchialine ponds and wells, diving for fresh water
fish in the ocean, and extracting water from the leaves of various limu (seaweed). Several of
the participants grew up in a fishing village made up of several families in Makalawena. The
village was located along the northern boundary of the Airport. They also recall people living
along Mahaiula Bay. The shoreline and waters of the project area (encompassing the lands
within the general vicinity of the Airport Property) are described as prime fishing grounds for
the people of Kona, especially for catching pelu, spear-fishing for a variety of other fish,
and for picking opihi. Participants noted that they often gathered koele (large, tough opihi)
from boulders along the shoreline adjacent to the runway at KOA. In addition, they also
gathered limu and collected salt. Salt was used to dry fish for the winter season when the
ocean was rough. Salt gathering is still practiced, but it is not as common as before.
ARCHAEOLOGICAL FEATURES IN PROJECT VICINITY - NORTH
FIGURE
3-4
WI LSON OKAMOTO
ENGINEERS PLANNERS
-
Project Area
Site with Temporary Number
NEPA Project Area
ARCHAEOLOGICAL FEATURES IN PROJECT VICINITY - SOUTH
FIGURE
3-5
WI LSON OKAMOTO
ENGINEERS PLANNERS
-


3-21
Participants recall that the area was once rich in paeula (native shrimp) ponds. The
paeula were used as live fishing bait to catch pelu, which was a fishing method unique to
the area north of Kaiwi Point. However, the ponds were also important for other reasons.
They were a source of fresh water, served as ice-boxes where containers of water and food
were stored to keep them cool and fresh, and fisherman also filled the ponds with live fish to
access when the ocean was rough. In addition, the ponds were used in the drying process
of pelu to rinse and remove the salt from the fish, prior to drying.
One participant shared a moolelo (story) about a large fishpond, within the general vicinity of
the current airport. Though she could not recall the name of the pond, it is likely the
Fishpond of Paaiea, which was for the king and queen. Paaiea Fishpond, the largest
fishpond on Hawaii Island, was thought to have been three miles long and a mile and a half
wide, situated in the general location of KOA. According to historic accounts, the fishpond
extended from Kaelehuluhulu, adjoining the little fishing hamlet of Mahaiula in the north, and
as far south as Wawaloli on the boundary of Ooma, suggesting that the fishpond spanned
the entire ten ahupuaa of the region. The fishpond was used as a shortcut by fishermen
traveling to Kailua and further south on their canoes, to avoid the powerful currents at
Kehole. The fishpond was destroyed and completely covered by the 1801 lava flow. Trail
networks were important to the Hawaiian social and economic system in both pre- and post-
Contact eras, serving as major routes for land units and social groups and as internal
networks for transportation and communication within an ahupuaa. Mauka to makai
(mountain to sea) trails facilitated the gathering and exchange of food and goods between
coastal fishing villages with upland settlements. Participants described a mauka-makai trail
that ran from Kalaoa mauka through the ahupuaa of Kalaoa to Wawaloli Beach and then to
Kehole Point. Another mauka-makai trail ran though the ahupuaa of Ka to the shoreline,
crossing the current runway location on the airport. A coastal road connected this trail to
Mahaiula and Makalawena.

Native Hawaiians believe that iwi (bones) of the dead are the most cherished possession
because they contain a persons mana (divine power). Kamaina of Kekaha believe that
burials may be present throughout the study area. Participants mentioned that there was a
cemetery where family members were buried in Makalawena, however, research revealed
that the cemetery referenced is in fact located several miles to the north, outside of the
airport.

Huehue Ranch covered a large area of Kekaha, including the Project area. One participant
states that the ranch was very important because it allowed its workers to farm on the land,
fish, and hunt. Another participant stated that the area where the airport property lies was
covered in lava where cattle roamed, but by 1970, all the cattle were roped and removed
when the Queen Kaahumanu Highway to Kohala was built.
3.10 Light Emissions and Visual Impacts
KOA is surrounded by open fields of a and phoehoe lava. Eastern views from the airport
present a panoramic view of Huallai while western views from the airport are of the Kona
coastline.


3-22
KOA, in addition to the nearby NELHA facilities, is the major producer of light emissions in
the project area.
These views, and light emissions will not change with the proposed projects.
3.11 Natural Resources and Energy Supply
3.11.1 Water Supply
The airports main water supply is maintained in the airports original 0.5 million gallon tank
which is connected to a newer one million gallon tank that also serves the NELHA facilities.
A 12-inch municipal water main along Queen Kaahumanu Highway supplies the tanks.
From the tanks, a 12-inch line follows the airport access road in from the highway and then
extends north along the periphery road to feed the airports distribution system. An 8-inch
line extends south along Uu Street to serve the air cargo and general aviation facilities.
Pressure for fire flows in the area are created by a 0.5 million gallon storage reservoir at 280-
feet above mean sea level, east of Queen Kaahumanu Highway.
3.11.2 Wastewater
Wastewater is collected and transferred via a collection line that runs parallel to Kpp Street
to an on-site wastewater treatment plant located north of the terminal area. The wastewater
plant has the capacity to handle 130,000 gallons per day and is maintained under contract
with a private wastewater system operator. Currently, this wastewater treatment plant
processes approximately 35,000-40,000 gallons per day (26.9%-30.7% total capacity), once
80% of the plants total capacity is met, expansion of the facility would need to be
considered, in accordance with Department of Health (DOH) requirements. Secondary
treatment is provided through an extended aeration operation followed by clarification and
ultraviolet (UV) disinfection. Wastewater is treated to an R-1 level and re-used for landscape
irrigation along the airport access roadways. When treatment is not able to attain an R-1
classification, the effluent is disposed into the infiltration basin and allowed to percolate into
the soil.
3.11.3 Stormwater and Drainage
Stormwater runoff in the airfield and parking areas is collected using a system of swales,
ditches, and concrete bridge culverts. A system of pipelines (18-inch and 30-inch) and intake
boxes provide drainage for the terminal facility. The water runoff is then injected into dry
wells or porous depressions on site for disposal. This is regulated by State of Hawaii
Department of Health Underground Injection Control Permits.

While the airport is not located within the 100-year floodplain, during heavy downpours,
short-term ponding can occur on the ramp and at some passenger terminal gate locations.
However, the present drainage system is adequate for the amount of storm water runoff
accumulated on site.


3-23
3.11.4 Electrical and Communication Systems
Electrical service is provided to the airport by Hawaiian Electric Light Company (HELCO) via
two 1,247 kilovolt (kV) feeder lines from the Kehole substation located east of Queen
Kaahumanu Highway. The power lines extend along Kehole Street and enter the electrical
control building located adjacent to the old ATCT to the east where it is distributed to the
airport facilities. A 175 kilowatt (KW) diesel engine emergency generator is located in the
electrical control building, along with a 1,000-gallon diesel storage tank located adjacent to
the control building. A second 23 KW diesel engine generator provides a separate
emergency power to the airfield. Separate emergency generators also provide power to the
Wastewater Treatment Plant, the primary sewage lift station, and to the FAA air traffic control
tower in the event of a HELCO outage.

The airport also generates its own electricity via net metered photovoltaic (PV) arrays at the
South Cargo building under a power purchase agreement (PPA) with Hoku Solar and at the
WWTP under another PPA with Solar City. These PV systems reduce power expenses.

Hawaiian Telcom is the primary telecommunications provider within the County of Hawaii.
The main telephone line is located in the same underground duct bank as the HELCO feeder
line which is also connected to the electrical control building. In addition, a public address
system is utilized in the passenger terminal for paging and flight announcements.
3.12 Noise
An acoustical study for the proposed improvements recommended in the 2010 Airport Master
Plan was prepared in June 2012 by Y. Ebisu & Associates. The study examines the
potential short- and long-term noise impacts that could occur as a result of the construction
and operations of the proposed projects and improvements. The study is included in
Appendix G and is summarized below.
Existing traffic levels were measured at six locations in the project environs to provide a
basis for calculating the traffic noise levels along the primary access roadways that serve
KOA: Queen Kaahumanu Highway and Kehole Airport Road. Aircraft noise levels were
measured at seven noise monitoring sites in the airport area (see Figure 3-6). The noise
measurements were performed during April 2012.
The noise descriptor currently used by federal agencies to assess environmental noise is the
Day-Night Average Sound Level (DNL). This descriptor incorporates a 24-hour average of
instantaneous A-Weighted Sound Levels as read on a standard sound level Meter. The
maximum A-Weighted sound level occurring while an aircraft is flying past a listener (i.e., the
maximum sound level from a single event) is referred to as the Lmax value. The
mathematical product (or integral) of the instantaneous sound level times the duration of the
event is known as the Sound Exposure Level, or Lse.
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3-25
By definition, the minimum averaging period for the DNL descriptor is 24 hours. Additionally,
sound levels occurring during the nighttime hours of 10:00 PM to 7:00 AM are increased by
10 decibels (dB) prior to computing the 24-hour average by the DNL descriptor. Because of
the averaging used, DNL values in urbanized areas typically range between 50 and 75 DNL.
In comparison, the typical range of intermittent noise events may have maximum Sound
Level Meter readings between 75 and 105 dBA.
For the purposes of determining noise acceptability for funding assistance from federal
agencies, an exterior noise level of 65 DNL or lower is considered acceptable. These federal
agencies include the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), the Department of Defense
(DOD), Federal Housing Administration, Housing and Urban Development (FHA/HUD), and
Veterans Administration (VA). This standard is applied nationally, including Hawaii. Figure
3-7 depicts regional noise exposure. The noise exposure contours shown below 65 DNL on
Figure 3-7 are for state purposes only (eg. Disclosure requirements).

Traffic Noise: The existing traffic noise levels along Queen Kaahumanu Highway in the
immediate vicinity of the airport are in the Moderate Exposure, Acceptable and Significant
Exposure, Normally Unacceptable categories at 107 feet setback distance from the
roadways centerline. Existing traffic noise levels equal or exceed 65 DNL and 66 Leq at 107
feet distance from the centerline of Queen Kaahumanu Highway north and south of the
Kehole Airport Road intersection.
Noise sensitive properties located in the KOA environs and closest to the roadways serving
KOA consist of five single family residences on the agricultural lots near the Queen
Kaahumanu Highway and Kaiminani Drive intersection. There are no other existing
residences or noise sensitive receptors along Queen Kaahumanu Highway in the vicinity of
the airport or along Kehole Airport Road, which are the primary access roadways to the
airport.
Along Queen Kaahumanu Highway, north and south of the Kehole Airport Road
Intersection, existing traffic noise levels exceed 66 Leq(h) at setback distances of 107 to 136
feet from the roadways centerline. Existing traffic noise levels along Queen Kaahumanu
Highway are highest at the lots fronting the roadway. At the interior lots, traffic noise levels
decrease due to their greater distance from the highway and the noise shielding effects of
intervening structures between the highway and the interior lots. At these interior lots, local
traffic or traffic along Kaiminani Drive may be the more dominant noise sources. Between
road traffic or aircraft noise events, background noise levels drop to a range of 45 to 50 dBA,
and can go below 45 dBA during calm periods. The steady background noise levels at these
interior locations are controlled by distant traffic, birds and foliage movement with the wind.
Aircraft Noise: Aircraft noise sources in the project environs are associated with fixed and
rotary wing (helicopter) aircraft operations at KOA. The 2010 Airport Master Plan update for
the airport contains a detailed breakdown of average day operations by aircraft at KOA
during 2008. For the purposes of this EA, aircraft operations in 2008 were assumed to be
similar to those in 2012 (as of June 2013, 2013 data not available). There were 130,700
aircraft operations in 2008 and 117,013 aircraft operations in 2012 (or 10 percent fewer). Air


3-26
carrier aircraft operations declined from 29,455 in 2008 to 22,795 in 2012 (or 23 percent
fewer). Therefore, the 2008 noise exposure contours are greater than those that would be
generated for 2012 aircraft operations.

Maximum jet aircraft noise levels (Lmax) were typically between 51 to 86 dBA at the
measurement sites shown on Figure 3-6. Location B (LOC B), which is the existing noise
sensitive charter school, lies near the 65 DNL contour. There, typical maximum noise levels
associated with overseas jet aircraft flights were between 80 and 85 dBA and those
associated with interisland jet aircraft flights were between 60 and 70 dBA. At LOC F, which
is within the existing agricultural subdivision east of Queen Kaahumanu Highway, existing
maximum aircraft noise levels from jet aircraft departures are relatively low and less than
70dBA. The louder aircraft noise events (70 to 80 dBA) occur when light fixed wing propeller
and rotary wing aircraft (helicopters) fly in the vicinity of LOC F.

The existing noise levels at KOA are generally compatible with the surrounding land uses.
3.13 Socioeconomic Impacts, Environmental Justice and Childrens Environmental
Health and Safety Risks

The project site is located within the Kalaoa Census Tract (CT 215.07). Demographic and
other information was reviewed from the U.S. Census 2010 for the Kalaoa CT and the
County of Hawaii and is shown in Table 3-2.

Based upon the data shown, Kalaoa CT has a slightly younger population than the County of
Hawaii. The median age of the population for Kalaoa CT was 39.8 years versus 40.9 years
for the County.

By racial mix, the Kalaoa CT has a higher percentage of Whites (44.6%) and those with two
or more races (2.8%) than the County (33.7% and 1.5% respectively). Kalaoa CT also has a
lower percentage of Asians (13.3%) than the county (22.2%). These three races make up
the majority of the population. Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islanders comprise a
slightly lower proportion than the County as a whole, with 10.6% and 12.1%, respectively.

According to the 2010 Census, Kalaoa CT has a slightly lower housing occupancy rate,
79.1%, than the County, 81.5%. Housing units in this region are largely occupied by owners
at 67.3%. The County data is comparable to the Kalaoa CT data in that a large proportion of
housing units are occupied by owners.

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3-28

Given regional poverty data, the proposed project, and its reasonable alternatives are not
likely to have any Environmental Justice impacts. In addition, there are no known existing
risks in the KOA area to childrens environmental health and safety.

Table 3-2
Demographic Characteristics
Subject
CT 215.07
(Kalaoa)
Hawaii County
Number Percent Number Percent
Total Population 8,503 100 185,079 100
AGE
Under 5 years 556 6.5 11,845 33.7
5-19 years 1,528 18.0 0.6
20-64 years 5,516 64.9 0.5
65 years and over 903 10.6 22.2

Median age (years) 39.8 -- 40.9 --

RACE
White 3,792 44.6 62,348 33.7
Black or African American 45 0.5 1,020 0.6
American Indian and Alaskan Native 25 0.3 869 0.5
Asian 1,133 13.3 41,050 22.2
Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander 899 10.6 22,389 12.1
Two or more races 2,396 28.2 54,534 29.5
Other 213 2.5 2,868 1.5

Total households 3,012 100 67,096 100
Family households (families) 2,097 69.6 44,407 66.2
Married-couple family 1,640 54.4 31,834 47.4
With own children under 18 years 624 20.7 11,141 16.6
Female householder, no husband present 285 9.5 8,258 12.3
With own children under 18 years 133 4.4 4,054 6.0

Nonfamily household 583 19.4 22,689 33.8

Average household size 2.8 -- 2.7 --

HOUSING OCCUPANCY AND TENURE
Total housing Units 3,810 100 82,324 100
Occupied Units 3,012 79.1 67,096 81.5
By owner 2,028 67.3 44,271 66.0
By renter 984 32.7 22,825 34.0

Vacant Units 798 20.9 15,228 18.5


3-29
3.14 Water Quality (Ground Water)
Groundwater occurs within portions of geologic formations called aquifers that are favorable
for receiving, storing and transporting water. The Island of Hawaii is divided into nine
groundwater sectors, identified as Aquifer Sector Areas, which reflect broad hydrogeological
(subsurface) similarities while maintaining hydrographic (surface), topographic, and historical
boundaries. Within the Aquifer Sector Areas, smaller sub-regional hydrologic units, or
Aquifer System Areas are delineated based on hydraulic continuity and related
characteristics. The project site is located within the Huallai Aquifer Sector Area, and
specifically within the Keauhou Aquifer System Area, which extends over the western and
southwestern flank of Huallai and the entire coastline from Mahaiula to Keikiwaha Point.
The Keauhou Aquifer is described as being comprised of a basal water system in the coastal
area with the possibility of having high-level, dike confined groundwater near the rift zones of
Huallai. The State Department of Land and Natural Resources Commission on Water
Resource Management (CWRM) estimates that the Keauhou Aquifer has sustainable yield of
38 million gallons per day (mgd), based on a recharge estimate of 87 mgd and an
unconfined, thin basal water development scenario. However, this estimate may be
underestimated due to the discovery of high-level groundwater occurrence in the southern
and northern regions of North Kona. Based upon water level data from 14 wells (from
Kalaoa to Keei), the hydrologic discontinuity between the high-level groundwater and basal-
water aquifers roughly aligns with Mmalahoa Highway, and the high-level water appears to
occur between 42 feet and 490 feet above sea level. This high-level groundwater is
considered to be of pristine quality, largely due to the lack of saltwater intrusion and little to
no urban development overlying the aquifer recharge area.
The Underground Injection Control (UIC) program, administered by the State DOHs Safe
Drinking Water Branch, was established to protect the quality of underground sources of
drinking water from contamination by subsurface disposal of fluids. The UIC Line is the
boundary between non-drinking water aquifers, generally located west, or seaward, of the
UIC Line, and underground sources of drinking water, generally located east, or toward the
mountains, of the UIC Line. KOA is located directly west of the UIC line (see Figure 3-8)
Since 1999, as a requirement of the SMA Permit approval for the 1998 KOA Master Plan
Update, the County of Hawaii Planning Department required HDOT-A to establish a baseline
for subsurface water quality prior to any further expansion at the airport. To accomplish this
task, HDOT-A constructed three (3) water quality monitoring wells and maintained a program
of bi-annual sampling and testing from that time to the present. When the Palamanui
Development SMA was reviewed, HDOT-A required them to construct a fourth water quality
monitoring site on KOA property immediately down gradient from the proposed wastewater
treatment facility to capture any pollutants that might migrate to and through airport areas.
Since May 2009 this site has been included in the collection and analysis program for
subsurface water quality.
3.15 Wetlands and Surface Waters
According to Section 404 of the Clean Water Act wetlands are defined as, areas that are
inundated or saturated by surface or ground water at a frequency and duration sufficient to
support, and that under normal circumstances support a prevalence of vegetation typically


3-30
adapted for life in saturated soil conditions. Wetlands generally include swamps, marshes,
bogs and similar areas.
As the existing KOA site is located on geologically recent lava flows, there are no fresh water
perennial or intermittent streams located on or within the vicinity of the KOA property,
however anchialine pools do exist on the southwest portion of the airport property. The
nearest wetland features to the project site are the paeula and Keahialaka fishponds
located approximately 2,000-feet and 3,250-feet, respectively, to the north of the project site.
In addition, the Paaiea fishpond is located approximately 3.8 miles north of KOA.

Legend
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FIGURE
3-8
WI LSON OKAMOTO
ENGINEERS PLANNERS
-


4-1
4. ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES AND MITIGATION MEASURES
4.1 Introduction
This Environmental Consequences and Mitigation Measures chapter is organized in the
same manner as the Affected Environment chapter (Chapter 3), and the analysis of potential
effects on environmental resources provided was conducted in accordance with guidance
provided in Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Orders 5050.4B National Environmental
Policy Act (NEPA) Implementing Instructions for Airport Actions, and 1050.1E, Environmental
Impacts: Policies and Procedures.

As discussed in Chapter 3, the following environmental resource categories are not present
in the project area and therefore would not be affected by the no action and proposed action
alternatives: Coastal Barriers; Farmlands; and Wild and Scenic Rivers. Consequently, they
are not evaluated in this chapter. Construction Impacts, Secondary Impacts, and Cumulative
Impacts, however, are evaluated in this Chapter.

The analysis of potential effects on environmental resources discussed in the chapter
includes an overview of potential construction and operational impacts, methodology,
thresholds of significance (where applicable), and discussion of potential mitigation
measures.

A summary of the environmental consequences of the development and operation of the
proposed project improvements, and their level of potential significance, is provided in Table
4-1.

Table 4-1
Summary of Environmental Consequences
NEPA
Resource
Proposed Action Projects
Expansion of
General
Aviation
Facilities
(Phase 1)
Relocation of
Astronaut
Ellison S.
Onizuka
Space Center
Passenger
Terminal
Modernization
(Phase 1)
Renovate
Existing
ARFF For
New
Commuter
Terminal
Expansion of
Jet Fuel
Storage
Facilities
Air Quality and
Greenhouse Gas
Emissions
Not
Significant
Not
Significant
Not
Significant
Not
Significant
Not
Significant
Coastal
Resources
Not Applicable Not Applicable
Not
Applicable
Compatible Land
Use
Not
Significant
Not
Significant
Not
Significant
Not
Significant
Not
Significant
Construction
Impacts
Not Significant.
Mitigation
Measures
Available
Not Significant.
Mitigation
Measures
Available
Not Significant.
Mitigation
Measures
Available
Not Significant.
Mitigation
Measures
Available
Not Significant.
Mitigation
Measures
Available


4-2
Table 4-1
NEPA
Resource
Expansion of
General
Aviation
Facilities
(Phase 1)
Relocation of
Astronaut
Ellison S.
Onizuka
Space Center
Passenger
Terminal
Modernization
(Phase 1)
Renovate
Existing
ARFF For
New
Commuter
Terminal
Expansion of
Jet Fuel
Storage
Facilities
Department of
Transportation
Act, Section 4(f)
Not
Applicable
Farmlands Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable
Fish, Wildlife,
and Plants
Not
Significant
Not
Significant
Not
Significant
Not
Significant
Not
Significant
Floodplains Not Applicable Not Applicable
Not
Applicable
Hazardous
Materials,
Pollution
Prevention, and
Solid Waste
Not
Significant
Not
Significant
Not
Significant
Not
Significant
Not
Significant
Historical,
Architectural,
Archaeological
and Cultural
Resources
Not
Significant
Not
Significant
Not
Significant
Not
Significant
Not
Significant
Light Emissions
and Visual
Impacts
Not
Significant
Not
Significant
Not
Significant
Not
Significant
Not
Significant
Natural
Resources and
Energy Supply
Not
Significant
Not
Significant
Not
Significant
Not
Significant
Not
Significant
Noise

Not Significant

Not Significant

Not Significant

Not Significant

Not Significant
Secondary
(Induced)
Impacts
Not
Significant
Not
Significant
Not
Significant
Not
Significant
Not
Significant
Socioeconomic
Impacts,
Environmental
Justice, and
Childrens
Environmental
Health and
Safety Risks
Not
Significant
Not
Significant
Not
Significant
Not
Significant
Not
Significant
Water Quality
Not
Significant
Not
Significant
Not
Significant
Not
Significant
Not
Significant
Wetlands Not Applicable Not Applicable
Not
Applicable


4-3
Table 4-1
NEPA
Resource
Expansion of
General
Aviation
Facilities
(Phase 1)
Relocation of
Astronaut
Ellison S.
Onizuka
Space Center
Passenger
Terminal
Modernization
(Phase 1)
Renovate
Existing
ARFF For
New
Commuter
Terminal
Expansion of
Jet Fuel
Storage
Facilities
Wild and Scenic
Rivers
Not
Applicable
Cumulative
Impacts
Not
Significant
Not
Significant
Not
Significant
Not
Significant
Not
Significant

4.2 Air Quality
4.2.1 Air Quality
Methodology
National and State of Hawaii ambient air quality standards (AAQS) and existing
concentrations of relevant pollutants are detailed in Section 3.1. Overall, air quality on the
island of Hawaii and in the vicinity of the Airport rarely exceeds established AAQS
standards. Major sources of pollution affected the project area include volcanic emissions,
agriculture, power plants and motorized vehicles.
The nature of the proposed project improvements is such that from an air quality perspective
their completion will primarily result in minor changes in the way vehicle traffic is distributed
throughout the Airport. Consequently, the analysis of long-term air quality impacts focused n
the effects of this redistribution by examining air quality changes to 1-hour and 8-hour
concentrations of CO at three intersections. The analysis emphasized intersections because
of traffic congestion and queuing that occurs there. The three intersections evaluated were:
Kehole Airport Road at Queen Kaahumanu Highway
Kehole Airport Road at Halulu Street
Kehole Airport Road at Paoo Street
The analysis focused on carbon monoxide as it is the most stable and most abundant of the
pollutants generated by motor vehicle operations. The analysis considered the worst case 1-
hour and 8-hour carbon monoxide concentrations for the following three scenarios
Present Conditions (2011)
Conditions in 2022 without the Proposed Project Improvements
Conditions in 2022 with the Proposed Project Improvements
4-4
Traffic modeling was used in EPAs MOBILE 6.2 to calculate vehicular carbon monoxide
emissions for each year studied. The results were then input to EPAs CAL3QHC model to
determine the atmospheric dispersion of these emissions in the vicinity of the above
intersections. The results of this analysis are presented in greater detail in Appendix F.
Significance Threshold
Pursuant to FAA Order 1050.1E, Appendix A, Paragraph 2.3, the significance threshold for
air quality impacts is triggered when a project or action exceeds one or more of the National
Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for any of the time periods analyzed.
For the purposes of this EA, expecting to exceed one or more of the NAAQS or State
ambient air quality standards is based on an evaluation of the significance of net emissions
rate increases under federal regulations (40 CFR 52.21) and State of Hawaii rules (HAR
11-60.1). Relevant national and Hawaii significance thresholds for carbon monoxide are
noted below:
Carbon Monoxide Criteria National AAQS Hawaii AAQS
1-hour 35.0 parts per million 9.0 parts per million
8-hour 9.0 parts per million 4.4 parts per million
Proposed Action.
The expansion of Jet Fuel Storage Facilities at KOA would increase the capacity of available
on-site aviation fuel, which would reduce the frequency, yet increase the number of needed
fuel shipments (via trucking) to on-site storage facilities as well as fuel transfer emissions.
Such changes would constitute a negligible impact to regional air quality.
Modeling results for 1-hour and 8-hour carbon monoxide concentrations along roadways
near the Airport are summarized in Table 4-2.
In 2022, without the proposed improvements, carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations were
predicted to remain about the same, or decrease slightly, in the project area, and
concentrations should remain within State and Federal standards. With the proposed
improvements, CO concentrations would remain the same or increase slightly compared to
without the improvements, but concentrations would remain within State and Federal
standards. Implementing mitigation measures for traffic-related air quality impacts is
unnecessary and unwarranted.
The proposed improvements are not expected to affect the number or type of aircraft
operations at the airport. Consequently, the proposed improvements would not result in an
increase in air pollution emissions from aircraft operations at the airport.
Air quality impacts associated with the construction of the proposed project improvements
are discussed in Section 4.5.
No Action Alternative


4-5
Under the No Action alternative, the proposed project improvements would not be
developed, but vehicular traffic at the Airport would continue to grow. This situation is
represented in Table 4-2 by looking at forecast 1-hour and 8-hour concentrations of carbon
monoxide for 2022 without the proposed project improvements. CO concentrations would
remain the same or decrease slightly compared to existing 2011 conditions, and would be
less than concentrations forecast with the Proposed Action projects. Regardless, both 1-
hour and 8-hour concentrations in 2022 without the Proposed Action projects the No Action
Alternative - would remain within State and Federal AAQS standards.

Consequently, the No Action Alternative would preserve the existing environment, and would
not result in significant impacts to air quality or related resources. With or without the
proposed improvements, aircraft operations are anticipated to increase, and associated air
pollution emissions will fluctuate in proportion.

Table 4-2
Summary of Worst-Case 1-Hour and 8-Hour Carbon Monoxide Concentrations Along
Roadways Near Kona International Airport
Roadway
Intersection
Year/Scenario
2011/Present 2022 Without Project 2022 With Project
AM PM AM PM AM PM
Worst Case 1-Hour Carbon Monoxide Concentrations (parts per million)
1

Kehole
Airport Road
at Queen
Kaahumanu
Highway
2.6 2.1 2.1 1.8 2.2 2.0
Kehole
Airport Road
at Halalu
Street
1.2 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.2
Kehole
Airport Road
at Paoo
Street
1.1 0.9 1.1 0.9 1.3 1.3
Worst Case 8-Hour Carbon Monoxide Concentrations (parts per million)
2

Kehole
Airport Road
at Queen
Kaahumanu
Highway
1.3 1.0 1.1
Kehole
Airport Road
at Halalu
Street
0.6 0.6 0.6
Kehole
Airport Road
at Paoo
Street
0.6 0.6 0.6

Notes: 1) Hawaii 1-hour carbon monoxide standard = 9.0 parts per million; National
1-hour carbon monoxide standard = 35.0 parts per million


4-6
7
2) Hawaii 8-hour carbon monoxide standard = 4.4 parts per million; National
8-hour carbon monoxide standard = 9.0 parts per million

4.2.2 Climate and Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Proposed Action
No significant impacts on climate in the project area are anticipated. Construction and
operation of the proposed project are not anticipated to affect temperatures, wind, or rainfall
levels in the project area.
The proposed action would constitute a short-term minor increase in the use of fossil fuel and
associated Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions during construction. GHG emissions would
occur as a result of project construction.

Although there are no federal standards for aviation-related GHG emissions, it is well-
established that GHG emissions can affect climate. (See Massachusetts v. E.P.A., 549 U.S.
497, 508-10, 521-23 (2007)) The Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) has indicated that
climate should be considered in NEPA analyses. As noted by CEQ, however, "it is not
currently useful for the NEPA analysis to attempt to link specific climatological changes, or
the environmental impacts thereof, to the particular project or emissions, as such direct
linkage is difficult to isolate and to understand".

(Draft NEPA Guidance on Consideration of
the Effects of Climate Change and Greenhouse Gas Emissions, CEQ (2010))

As noted
previously the project will not increase the number of aircraft operations at the airport, so
there would no changes to the aircraft emissions from the Proposed Action.

Under the no action alternative, the proposed project improvements would not be developed.
Consequently, the climate would not be impacted, and no changes to greenhouse gas
emission levels would occur.
4.3 Coastal Resources
The FAA has not established thresholds of significance for impacts to coastal resources. For
the purposes of this EA, it was determined that the Proposed Action would have potential for
significant coastal zone impacts if the proposed project improvements would have an
adverse effect on coastal zone resources, or would be inconsistent with the State of Hawaii
Coastal Zone Management (CZM) Program.

Proposed Action
Under the proposed action, a Federal Consistency Review and Assessment must be
conducted under the State of Hawaii Coastal Zone Management (CZM) Program. Adopted
under Chapter 205A of the Hawaii Revised Statutes (HRS), Hawaiis CZM Program
provides a basis for protecting, restoring, and responsibly developing coastal communities
4-7
and resources. The Hawaii CZM area includes all lands within the State and the areas
seaward to the extent of the States management jurisdiction. Hence, the KOA property is
located in the CZM area. A discussion of the proposed actions consistency with the
objectives and policies of the CZM Program is provided in the Hawaii State EA, which
covers projects extending beyond the five year timeframe, and is included as Appendix K.
This discussion indicates that the proposed action would be consistent with the State of
Hawaii CZM Program and that there would be no anticipated short-term or long-term impacts
to coastal resources as a result of the construction and operation of the proposed project
improvements.
Consequently, the no action alternative would not result in changes to existing conditions at
KOA, and therefore would not result in direct or indirect impacts on coastal resources.
4.3.1 County of Hawaii Special Management Area
Proposed Action
There is an existing SMA Use Permit (No. 325) that was approved by the County Planning
Department in December 1991 for the airport based on improvements identified in the 1987
KOA Master Plan and on the 1991 Airport Layout Plan (ALP). The proposed improvements
are associated with previously approved projects, as detailed in Table 4-3, and are
consistent with Hawaiis Coastal Zone Management Program.
Table 4-3
Comparison of Proposed Improvements with
SMA No. 325 Approved Improvements
Proposed Use
SMA No. 325 Approved Uses
(1991 Airport Layout Plan)
Facility
List No.
1 Expansion of GA Facilities (Phase I) GA Area and Future Lease Lots 1 & 2
2 Relocation of Ellison S. Onizuka Space Center Existing Public Parking 8
3 Passenger Terminal Modernization (Phase I) Existing Interisland Apron 10
4 Renovate ARFF for New Commuter Air Terminal Existing ARFF Station N/A
5 Expansion of Jet Fuel Storage Facilities GA Area and Future Lease Lots 1 & 2
Consequently, the SMA would remain unaffected.
Legend
Project Site
Airport Property
Tax Map Key
Special Management Area
0 3,500 1,750
Feet
1 inch =3,500 feet
K
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SPECIAL MANAGEMENT AREA MAP
FIGURE
4-1
W:\8027-01\Planning\Graphics\Working
WI LSON OKAMOTO
ENGINEERS PLANNERS
-


4-9
4.4 Compatible Land Use
Pursuant to FAA Order 1050.1E, Appendix A, Paragraphs 4.1 and 4.3, the significance
thresholds for noise are utilized when evaluating impacts classified under the Compatible
Land Use resource area. In addition, pursuant to FAA Order 1050.1E the following other
factors have potential compatible land use consequences: community disruption, business
relocations, induced socioeconomic impacts, wetland impacts, floodplain impacts, and critical
habitat alterations.
Proposed Action and No Action Alternative
KOA adheres to current State and County land use designations. As discussed in Section
4.13, Noise, the Proposed Action would not result in exceeding the significance thresholds
for noise; consequently, there would be no impact on compatible land uses based on noise
levels. The following other factors which might potentially have land use consequences were
also evaluated for the Proposed Action, as detailed below:

Community disruption: The Proposed Action is confined within KOA boundaries and would
not result in the disruption of the surrounding community.

Business relocations: Though the Proposed Action would require business relocations for
existing airport tenants, these relocated tenant facilities would be in close proximity to their
existing locations, would be an improvement to existing facilities or locations, and would be
compatible with existing land use designations. Consequently, the Proposed Action would
not result in significant impacts to land use as a result of these business relocations.

Induced socioeconomic impacts: The Proposed Action would not result in significant direct
or induced socioeconomic impacts, as discussed in Section 4.15, Socioeconomic Impacts,
Environmental Justice, and Childrens Environmental Health and Safety Risks.
Consequently, the Proposed Action would not impact land use as a result of socioeconomic
impacts.

Wetland impacts: The Proposed Action development areas do not contain wetlands and
would not impact wetlands, as discussed in Section 4.17, Wetlands. Consequently, the
Proposed Action would not impact land use as a result of wetlands designations.

Floodplain impacts: The Proposed Action would not result in floodplain impacts, as
discussed in Section 4.8, Floodplains. Consequently, the proposed action would not impact
land use as a result of floodplain designations.

Critical habitat alterations: The Proposed Action development areas do not contain
designated critical habitat and would not impact designated critical habitat, as discussed in
Section 4.7, Fish, Wildlife, and Plants. Consequently, the Proposed Action would not impact
land use as a result of altering critical habitat areas.


4-10
Appendix J contains a Land Use Assurance Letter, documentation supporting HDOT-As
assurance to FAA that appropriate action, including the adoption of zoning laws, has been or
will be taken, to the extent reasonable, to promote land use compatibility in the vicinity of the
Airport.

4.5 Construction Impacts
Methodology

Construction activities affect a number of the environmental impact categories addressed
under NEPA. With regard to the Proposed Action these various other impact categories
include air quality, noise, solid waste and water quality. The methodologies used to identify
impacts in these categories together with their respective significance thresholds are
discussed as part of those specific topics. For reference, relevant sections of this Chapter
are: Air Quality, Section 4.2; Solid Waste, Section 4.9; Noise, Section 4.13; and Water
Quality, Section 4.16. Any deviations from the methodologies or significance thresholds
necessary to evaluate construction impacts are discussed in the following subsections.

Proposed Action
Table 4-4 below provides a brief description of the kinds of construction activities envisioned
for each of the Proposed Action projects. The kinds of equipment used in these activities
include bulldozers, graders, backhoes, paving machinery and cranes, among others.

Table 4-4 Summary of Construction Activities

D
e
m
o
l
i
t
i
o
n

C
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e
a
r
i
n
g

a
n
d

E
x
c
a
v
a
t
i
o
n

t
o

G
r
a
d
e

U
t
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t
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E
x
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v
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t
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n

a
n
d

C
o
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t
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n

M
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l
s

M
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m
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n
t

a
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d

S
t
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a
g
e

P
a
v
i
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o
f

R
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a
d
s
,

A
p
r
o
n
s
,

T
a
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i
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a
y

E
r
e
c
t
i
o
n

o
f

S
t
r
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c
t
u
r
e
s
/

N
e
w

C
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n

Expansion of General Aviation
Facilities (Phase 1)
--- X X X X X
Relocation of Astronaut Ellison S.
Onizuka Space Center
X X X --- --- X
Passenger Terminal
Modernization (Phase 1)
X X X --- --- X
Renovate Existing ARFF for New
Commuter Terminal
X --- --- --- --- X
Expansion of Jet Fuel Storage
Facilities
--- X X X X X

Under the Proposed Action, construction and construction related activities may result in
short-term impacts to air quality from the generation of fugitive dust and construction related
engine emissions, increased levels of construction noise from various equipment, increased


4-11
solid waste from demolition activities and other construction debris, and soil erosion from
exposed areas due to storm water runoff. Potential impacts relating to each of these
resource areas are discussed in the following subsections. Construction activities may also
potentially impact air-side operations for those project improvements located near operating
taxiways and land side operations for those improvements in the vicinity of the passenger
terminal and access roadways.

Most impacts resulting from construction and demolition activities are temporary in nature.
With the use of best management practices required of all construction contractors working
at KOA, many of which are detailed in the following subsections, there would be no
significant construction impacts under the Proposed Action.

Proposed Action Construction Air Quality

Fugitive Dust Emissions - Fugitive dust emissions (PM
10
) from construction activities will vary
in intensity year to year over the 5-year period during which the Proposed Action projects are
undertaken. Based on the development schedule included in Section 1.8 the amount of
activity at any one time is difficult to measure.

The Proposed Action project identified as Expansion of the General Aviation Facility - Phase
1 affects the largest area (22 acres) and has the greatest potential for fugitive dust emissions
among the different Proposed Action projects. From this perspective it could be treated as a
worst case with respect to construction related air quality. Information from EPA publication
AP-42, Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors (5
th
Edition), Section 13.2.3, Heavy
Construction Operations provides a general formula for estimating area-wide fugitive dust
emissions (E in the formula below) from construction sites:

E = 1.2 tons/acre/month of activity

Although this equation represents a relatively straightforward means of preparing an
area-wide emission inventory it assumes the ground is essentially uncovered and dry
and that construction activity occurs 30 days per month. Because its derivation is
referenced to total suspended particulates (TSP), publication AP-42 notes that it
results in conservatively high values.

The design of the General Aviation Facility and the nature of included Phase 1 projects
suggest that it will be developed over several years, but that key elements of the underlying
infrastructure of roads, taxiways, and utilities will need to be put in place during the initial
period of construction in order to be attractive to private investment. For analysis purposes
the infrastructure was assumed to be developed over the initial three years of these planned
improvements. Paving and utility work affects an area of about 12 acres. It was also
assumed that individual projects within this area, such as the extension of Taxiway K, or the
new access road would be constructed and substantially completed (e.g., paved) before the
next projects got underway. As a result only about 2 to 3 acres of land are likely to be
uncovered at any one period of time. Applying this formula to the 3 acres produces an
estimated level of PM
10
emissions of 3.6 tons per month. Since almost the entire site was
previously graded, most of the site work will involve final grading and utility excavation


4-12
thereby shortening the construction period to about 2 months for each of the individual
elements of the overall Phase 1 facility. Completing two of these projects each year results
in a total emissions quantity of about 14 tons per year. This emissions level is within the 15
tons per year significance threshold established by Chapter 11-60.1, Hawaii Administrative
Rules and does not reflect the application of any mitigation measures.

Based on the nature of the formula this emission forecast is likely high. However, State air
pollution control regulations require that there be no visible fugitive dust emissions at the
property line. Hence, an effective dust control plan must be implemented to ensure
compliance with State regulations. To ensure that emissions are reduced to the maximum
extent possible contractors will need to consider and apply best management practices.
There is a range of best management practices that could be employed individually or
collectively to reduce fugitive dust emissions by as much as half, such as the following:

Application of sprayed water in all active construction areas, possibly twice daily under
dry conditions
Cover all trucks hauling loose materials
Application of non-toxic soil stabilizers on all unpaved roads, parking areas and staging
areas, particularly those areas that are completed and awaiting further actions.
Daily sweeping (with water sweepers) of all paved access roads, parking areas and
staging areas
Limit traffic speeds on unpaved areas to 15 mph.
Install sandbags or other erosion control measures to prevent silt runoff to adjacent
paved areas.
Enclose, cover, apply sprayed water or apply (non-toxic) soil binders to exposed
stockpiles (dirt, sand, gravel, etc.).
Suspend excavation and grading activity when gusting winds exceed 25 mph.
Limit the area subject to excavation, grading and other construction activity at any one
time.

The application of these and potentially other best management practices is expected to
reduce potential PM
10
emissions to a less than significant level.

Engine Exhaust Emissions - Engine exhaust emissions (primarily particulate matter defined
as PM
2.5
) results from diesel-powered demolition and construction equipment and includes
the movement of trucks containing construction materials, as well as asphalt and concrete
paving equipment on taxiways, aprons and roads. Vehicular emissions from construction
worker commuting add to these emissions.

The exhaust from diesel engines includes different gaseous and particulate compounds,
many of which are toxic, and with prolonged exposure significant diesel PM
2.5
concentrations
can affect human health. Many of the toxic compounds adhere to particles of diesel exhaust,
and because these diesel particles are very small, when breathed in these particles
penetrate deeply into the lungs.

The analysis of air quality associated with development of all of the Proposed Projects, which
was presented in Section 4.2, addressed motor vehicle emissions that included the


4-13
commuting construction worker, but did not directly address the diesel emissions of the
construction equipment. At this point in these projects it is impossible to know with any
certainty what specific equipment will be employed on what project and when so diesel
emissions estimates would likely cover a broad range of values. Short of substituting gas or
electric motors (unlikely) there are a limited number of best management practices that can
be applied. These include:
Limiting the idling of earthmoving equipment and trucks
Tuning equipment and trucks to manufacturers specifications thereby meeting required
emissions standards for those vehicles.

Based on the short duration of construction activities associated with each of the Proposed
Projects, and considering their distribution throughout the Airport property, it is unlikely that
diesel exhaust emissions concentrations associated with these projects would affect human
health. The application of best management practices is expected to maintain diesel
emissions to a less than significant level.

Guidelines for heavy equipment operation and noise curfew times are subject to oversight
and approval by the Airport Manager.

Proposed Action Construction Solid Waste

Each Proposed Project is likely to generate solid waste such as scrap construction materials,
used coffee cups, lunch wrappers and many other items. Contractors are expected to sub-
contract for trash hauling services to pick up and drop off appropriately sized trash containers
for the day-to-day waste materials. Demolition of the existing Onizuka Space Center,
renovations for the New Commuter Terminal and Phase 1 of the Passenger Terminal project
will generate a significant amount of solid waste including wood, concrete, various plastics,
roofing materials and other debris. Best management practices require that this material be
recycled to the maximum extent possible. Hazardous materials such as oil and lubricant
waste from construction equipment maintenance must also be recycled. Application of these
best management practices should reduce solid waste impacts to a less than significant
level.

Proposed Action Construction Noise

Noise associated with excavation, grading, demolition, and other typical construction
activities would temporarily increase ambient noise levels in the vicinity of the Proposed
Projects. Based on U.S. Environmental Protection Agency data earth moving equipment
(graders, backhoes, trucks, etc.) generates noise levels in the range of 70 dBA to 95 dBA
within 50 feet of the equipment. Materials handling equipment (concrete mixers, cranes, etc)
generate noise levels in the range of 75 dBA to 85 dBA within 50 feet of the equipment. A
pile driver may exceed 105 dBA within 50 feet of the equipment. The repetitive rise and fall
of engine noise as equipment moves back and forth may add to the irritation. In the vicinity
of the Airport these construction noises may be masked at times by noise associated with
ongoing aircraft operations and other activities.


4-14
The use of mufflers on diesel and gasoline engines and the use of properly tuned and
balanced machines serve to mitigate potential noise impacts from construction equipment.
Distance is also a factor in noise attenuation noise levels from a point source, such as
construction equipment, decrease at a rate of approximately 6 dB with every doubling of the
distance. The distribution of the proposed project improvements throughout the Airport
property and their differing construction schedules provides some additional measure of
attenuation. In those situations where sensitive receptors may be affected by the
construction noise, special measures such as temporary noise barriers, or limitations as to
the time of day during which construction may occur, may need to be taken to reduce the
noise.

Construction noise impacts will be mitigated by compliance with provisions of the State
Department of Health (DOH) Administrative Rules, Title 11, Chapter 46, Community Noise
Control. These rules establish noise districts based upon underlying zoning, requires
permits when noise exceeds permissible levels, specifies when construction noises are
allowed and provides for exceptions and variances. Maximum permissible sound levels in
residential districts ranges from 55 to 60 dBA in the daytime (7 AM to 10 PM) and 45 to 50
dBA in the nighttime (10 PM to 7 AM). Construction noise in excess of the maximum
permissible levels is limited to the hours 7 AM to 6 PM Monday through Friday, 9 AM to 6 PM
on Saturday and not at all on Sundays and holidays. These rules also require a noise
variance for any night work that may occur. Since night work may be anticipated for some
project improvements contractors should be required to obtain a noise variance. Application
of these noise mitigation requirements should reduce construction noise impacts to a less
than significant level. Guidelines for heavy equipment operation and noise curfew times are
subject to oversight and approval by the Airport Manager.

Proposed Action Construction Water Quality

Potential construction-related impacts to the quality of surface water in the project area
during excavation and grading activities will be regulated by the Countys grading ordinance
and the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit administered by
the State DOH. All land-disturbing activities, including clearing, grading, and excavation, that
disturb one or more acres are required to be covered under an NPDES permit. It is
anticipated that an NPDES Individual Permit for Storm Water Associated with Construction
Activity will be required for the Expansion of Jet Fuel Storage Facilities. Contractors are
required to prepare a storm water pollution prevention plan (SWPPP) as part of the Notice of
Intent needed for the NPDES construction permit. The SWPPP identifies specific structural
and/or nonstructural best management measures to be employed to reduce impacts to water
quality. Conformance with the NPDES permit should reduce potential construction related
water quality impacts to a less than significant level.


Consequently, no construction impacts would occur.


4-15
4.6 Department of Transportation Act, Section 4(f)
The significance threshold for Department of Transportation Act, Section 4(f) resources is
outlined by FAA Order 1050.1E, Appendix A, Paragraph 6.3, which states that a significant
impact would occur when a proposed action either involves more than a minimal physical
use of a Section 4(f) property or is deemed a constructive use subsequently impairing the
Section 4(f) property, and mitigation measures do not eliminate or reduce the effects of the
use below the thresholds of significance (e.g., by replacement in kind of a neighborhood
park). Substantial impairment occurs when impacts are sufficiently serious that the value of
the site in terms of its prior significance and enjoyment are substantially reduced or lost due
to a proposed project (23 CFR 771.13[P][2]).

A direct impact would constitute actual use of a Section 4(f) resource, including land
acquisition and/or physical development of a Section 4(f) resource as a result of the project.
Constructive use of a Section 4(f) resource would occur where a property identified as
being managed for a quiet setting would suffer substantial impairment as a result of the
project.

Proposed Action
The Proposed Action would not result in impacts on Section 4(f) resources as a result of
direct or constructive use impacts. There would be no direct or constructive use of existing
park properties or other Section 4(f) resources.
No Section 4(f) resources would be impacted.
4.7 Fish, Wildlife, and Plants
FAA Order 1050.1E, Appendix A, Paragraph 8.3, states that a significant impact to federally-
listed threatened and endangered species would occur when a determination is made that
the Proposed Action would be likely to jeopardize the continued existence of the species in
question, or would result in the destruction or adverse modification of federally-designated
critical habitat in the affected area. An action need not involve a threat of extinction to
federally-listed species to meet the NEPA standard of significance.
4.7.1 Consultation Pursuant to Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act
Proposed Action
FAA, by letter dated August 22, 2012, initiated informal consultation with the United States
Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), requesting technical assistance pursuant to Section 7 of
the Endangered Species Act (ESA) for the proposed project improvements.


4-16

However, based on the information contained in the Biological Assessment and previous
Section 7 Consultation between the FAA and USFWS (Appendix A), the FAA has since
determined that the Proposed Action would not affect any federally-listed or threatened or
endangered species or designated critical habitat. Based on the FAAs determination, no
formal Section 7 consultation is required between the FAA and the USFWS. Pursuant to this
correspondence, HDOT-A will implement the following conservation measures, as requested
by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service:

1. If a Hawaiian stilt appears within 100 feet of ongoing work, all activity will be
suspended until the animal leaves the area of its own accord.

2. The project area will again be surveyed for the presence of larval host plant prior to
the onset of construction. If larval host plants are found during this second survey the
USFWS will be contacted. The USFWS recommends that ongoing surveys of tree
tobacco (Nicotiana glauca) occur at the project site and that any young plants (smaller
than one meter tall) be removed to avoid attracting Blackburn's sphinx moth to the
project site. On-going surveys and removal would be especially important during wet
years.

In previous consultations with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, it was recommended that
HDOT-A work closely with Federal and State biosecurity/quarantine agencies to mitigate
potential invasive species threats by ensuring: adequate numbers of personnel, inspection
facilities adjacent or near cargo facilities, rapid response capacity to deal with new pest
detections and introductions, and adequate operational needs. HDOT-A, the U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service, the State of Hawaii Department of Agriculture, and U.S. Department of
Agriculture met in March 2012 to discuss these issues, and agreed to work closely to the
extent possible within HDOT-As statutory responsibility and financial control

Outgoing inspection of baggage and cargo is a function of the U.S. Department of
Agriculture, while inspection of incoming passengers, baggage, and air cargo is a State of
Hawaii Department of Agriculture function.
The State of Hawaii Department of Agriculture (HDOA) has determined that the influx of
invasive species into the State has a substantial impact on Hawaiis natural environment.
Therefore, the HDOA created a biosecurity program as a statewide mitigation plan to
minimize the spread of invasive species to Hawaii which is detailed in Act 236, SLH 2008.
The inspectors are an essential part of the port-of-entry biosecurity segment and are the
primary line-of-defense in preventing pests (invasive species) from entering the State.
Because KOA is considered a limited port-of-entry, live non-domestic animals and
microorganisms are not allowed entry into the State through KOA. Therefore, these live
animals and microorganisms if found, are moved to Honolulu for further disposition, i.e
destruction, refused entry, etc.


4-17
Under the no action alternative, the proposed project improvements would not be developed,
and the need for consultation pursuant to Section 7 of the ESA would not be required.
4.7.2 Flora
Proposed Action
As the various project sites do not provide unique botanical habitats, no significant impacts
on botanical species are anticipated from the construction and operation of the proposed
projects and improvements. No listed, or proposed threatened or endangered botanical
species under either the Federal or State endangered species statutes will be disturbed as a
result of the proposed project improvements. As there is no federally delineated Critical
Habitat within, or adjacent to, the study area, the proposed project improvements will not
impact federally designated Critical Habitat. In addition, it is also recommended that, where
appropriate and practical, native plant species be integrated into landscape features.
Consequently, the study areas botanical habitat would not be altered, and no listed, or
proposed threatened or endangered botanical species under either the Federal or State
endangered species statutes would be disturbed.
4.7.3 Fauna
Proposed Action
No significant impacts on fauna within the project site are anticipated from the construction
and operation of the proposed project.
The proposed improvements pose a potential threat to the downing of birds disoriented by
lights associated with the improvements during the nesting season. Outdoor lighting could
potentially pose a threat to nocturnally flying seabirds during construction should it be
deemed expedient, or necessary to conduct nighttime construction activities, and following
build-out, given the potential for operation of apron, streetlights, security, and/or facility
lighting during the seabird nesting season.
To mitigate potential impacts to seabirds, it is recommended that, should nighttime
construction activity or equipment maintenance be proposed during the construction phase of
the improvements, all associated lights be shielded, and when large flood/work lights are
used, such lights should be placed on poles that are high enough to allow the lights to be
pointed directly at the ground. Following build-out, it is recommended that any apron,
streetlights, security, and/or facility lighting be shielded. These shielding mitigation measures
would serve the purpose of minimizing the threat of disorientation and downing of nocturnally
flying seabirds, including Hawaiian Petrels and Newells Shearwaters, as well as ensuring
compliance with Hawaii County Code 14-50 et seq. which mandates the shielding of


4-18
exterior lights so as to lower the ambient glare caused by unshielded light exposure to the
astronomical observatories located on Mauna Kea.
Consequently, the project sites faunal resources would not be altered, and no listed, or
proposed threatened or endangered botanical species under either the Federal or State
endangered species statutes would be disturbed,
4.8 Floodplains
FAA Order 1050.1E, Appendix A, Paragraph 9.3, defines the significance threshold for
impacts to floodplains as activities that result in notable adverse impacts on natural and
beneficial floodplain values. Executive Order 11988, Floodplains, directs federal agencies to
take action to reduce the risk of flood loss; minimize the impact of floods on human safety,
health, and welfare; and restore and preserve the natural and beneficial values served by
floodplains.

Proposed Action
Construction and operation of the proposed improvements are not anticipated to increase
flood risks or cause any adverse flood-related impacts at the project site or lower elevation
properties. By instituting and implementing best management practices during the
construction period to contain potential surface water runoff, the Proposed Action would not
result in direct or indirect impacts on floodplains.
Consequently, there would be no additional increased threat to flood risks or flood-related
impacts at the project site for lower elevation properties, and no resultant direct or indirect
impacts on floodplains.
4.9 Hazardous Materials, Pollution Prevention, and Solid Waste
FAA Order 1050.1E, Appendix A, Paragraph 10.3, defines the significance threshold for
hazardous materials as an action that involves property on or eligible for the National
Priorities List. No sites on KOA property are on or eligible for the National Priorities List.

Proposed Action
Hazardous materials would be utilized and generated as the result of some of the functions
of the operations of the proposed project improvements. However, these functions are


4-19
consistent with current standard airport functions, and the hazardous materials used and
generated as a result are not different from existing materials. The proposed action would not
result in significant changes to the handling, use, or disposal of hazardous materials at KOA.

Hazardous materials, including chemicals, petroleum-based projects, and waste materials,
including solid and liquid waste, would be stored in areas specifically designed to prevent
discharge into storm water runoff. Areas used for storage of toxic materials would be
designed with full enclosure in mind.

Design features specific to the reduction of the potential effects of hazardous spills, (eg.
containment berms, shut off valves, etc. for the Expansion of the Jet Fuel Storage Facilities)
will be implemented, where appropriate.

No significant impacts to solid waste disposal are anticipated from the construction and
operation of the proposed project. Final plans and provisions for the construction phase of
the proposed project improvements have yet to be finalized. These plans would, however,
include guidelines to mitigate waste impacts.
Increases in solid waste generation and disposal as result of the proposed action can be
reasonably expected due to the increased use of facilities by arriving and departing
passengers, as well as airport and support staff. These increases are expected to be
minimal and would not be expected to exceed the capacities of local waste disposal facilities.
Consequently, no additional hazardous materials would be used or generated and regional
waste management would remain unaffected.
4.10 Historical, Architectural, Cultural, and Archaeological Resources
4.10.1 Consultation Pursuant to Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act
As defined in the implementing regulations for Section 106 of the National Historic
Preservation Act (NHPA), impacts of an undertaking on significant historic resources would
be considered adverse if they diminish the integrity of the propertys location, design setting,
materials, workmanship, feeling, or association [36 C.F.R. 800.9(b)]. Examples of adverse
effects include, but are not limited to, the following:

Physical destruction, damage, or alteration of all or part of the property;
Isolation of the property from, or alteration of the character of, the propertys setting
when that character contributes to the properties qualification for listing on the National
Register of Historic Places (NRHP);
Introduction of visual, audible, or atmospheric elements that are out of character with
the property, or alter its setting;
Neglect of a property resulting in its deterioration or destruction; and Transfer, lease,
or sale of the property [36 C.F.R. 800.9(b)].


4-20

FAA, by letter dated August 6, 2012, formally initiated consultation with the State Historic
Preservation Division (SHPD) which is synonymous with State Historic Preservation Offices
(SHPO) in other states, requesting technical assistance pursuant to Section 106 of the NHPA
for the proposed project improvements.

The FAA has determined that the proposed improvements in the Proposed Action would not
affect any properties listed or eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places.
FAA provided the State of Hawaii Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO) with its determination
of eligibility and findings of effect on February 5, 2013 (Appendix B). Pursuant to 36 CFR
Section 800.4(d)(1)(i), if the SHPO does not object within 30-days of receipt of an adequately
documented finding, FAAs responsibilities under Section 106 are fulfilled. The SHPO has
not responded in the 30-day time frame; thus, the Section 106 process has been completed.

Should any previously unidentified burial, archaeological or historic sites be found during
construction of the project, work will be halted in the immediate vicinity and SHPD will be
notified immediately. The significance of these finds will then be determined, and
appropriate mitigation measures will be approved by SHPD as appropriate. Subsequent
work will then proceed after SHPD authorization has been received and approved mitigation
measures have been implemented.

4.10.2 Historical, Architectural and Archaeological Resources
Proposed Action
A significant portion of the project area has already been disturbed by airport-related
development. Any sites once present in these areas have been obliterated. Mitigation has
been undertaken for some of these sites, particularly those identified during more recent
studies. A few features were identified on the 1801 lava flow areas, however these features
are all of indeterminate age. A greater potential for the presence of sites on the older, intact
flows was evidenced by the discovery of numerous archaeological features in areas situated
in these sections of the property. Such features include phoehoe excavations, alignments,
enclosures, midden scatters, modified outcrops and overhangs, and a constructed pit, all of
which can be attributed to transitory land use as practiced (both historically and
prehistorically) in the Intermediate Zone. The substantial presence of a wide array of features
at Kawili Point supports the traditional pattern of coastal settlement.

All of the proposed project sites are not recommended for further historical and
archaeological work, based on their situation in areas characterized by extensive levels of
past disturbance and/or development.

Should any significant pre-Contact or historic deposits (i.e. subsurface concentrations of
indigenous or historic era artifacts and/or structural remnants) or human burials be
encountered during the course of development of the project site, subsurface excavation
work and/or surface grading will be halted in the immediate area and SHPD will be notified
immediately.


4-21
Consequently, historic and archaeological resources within the vicinity of the proposed
project site would remain unaltered.
4.10.3 Cultural Resources
Proposed Action
No significant impacts to cultural resources are anticipated as a result of the construction and
operation of the proposed project improvements. Since there is currently no existing general
public access to the shoreline through the airport due to aviation safety requirements, none
of the proposed improvements will further impede such access. The nearest public shoreline
access is located at the Kekaha Kai State Park, north of KOA.

Consequently, cultural resources within the vicinity of the proposed project site would remain
unaltered.
4.11 Light Emissions and Visual Impacts
FAA Order 1050.1E, Appendix A, Paragraph 12.2a, provides guidance that the level of
significance for light emissions is when an actions light emissions would create an
annoyance to interfere with normal activities. FAA Order 1050.1E, Appendix A, Paragraph
12.2b, provides guidance that the level of significance for visual impacts is when consultation
with federal, State, or local agencies, or the public shows that visual effects contrast with
existing environments and the agencies state that the effect is objectionable.

Proposed Action
Visual impacts include things such as increasing contrast between an area and its
environment and the communitys perception of the change. The visual environment would
not change under the proposed action. The proposed improvements are not anticipated to
significantly impact notable view planes nor adversely affect important public viewing points,
visual resources, or the light environment around the airport. The proposed improvements at
KOA will be generally similar in visual character to those of the existing facilities and would
be sensed as an intensification of the existing use.
Potential light emission impacts on seabirds are discussed earlier in Section 4.7.3.


4-22
Under the No Action Alternative, the proposed project improvements would not be
developed. Consequently, light emissions and visual resources would remain unchanged.
4.12 Natural Resources and Energy Supply
4.12.1 Water Supply
Proposed Action
No significant impacts to water supply at KOA are anticipated as a result of the construction
and operation of the proposed project improvements. The existing water distribution
infrastructure at KOA can continue to meet overall water distribution demands, as well as
increased demands for water from the proposed project improvements, as they are generally
located near existing facilities.
Consequently, the supply of water at KOA would not be affected.
4.12.2 Wastewater
Proposed Action
While the construction and operation of the proposed project improvements would result in
increased wastewater generation, the magnitude of such increases would not be considered
significant. The wastewater treatment plant serving the project site is currently processing
35,000 to 40,000 gallons per day, approximately 27-31% of its maximum capacity. While the
construction of the proposed project improvements is anticipated to result in an increase of
short-term wastewater generation, ample capacity exists to handle this increased load. On a
long-term basis, the operations of the proposed project improvements are not anticipated to
impact overall wastewater generation at KOA beyond the current 35,000 to 40,000 gallons
per day. Low flow toilets would be utilized in the proposed new facilities to reduce the
amount of wastewater generated.
Consequently wastewater generation at KOA would not be affected.
4.12.3 Stormwater and Drainage
Proposed Action
No significant impacts to Stormwater and Drainage Systems at KOA are anticipated as a
result of the construction and operation of the proposed project improvements. Stormwater
and drainage needs would be incorporated into the design of each facility improvement.

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Potential construction-related impacts to the quality of surface water in the project area
during excavation and grading activities are discussed in Section 4.5.
The proposed project is not anticipated to adversely impact surface water quality in the
project vicinity. The proposed drainage system improvements for the project will consist of
drain inlets, catch basins, and on-site retention basins. With the addition of the retention
basins, the flow rates and drainage patterns will be kept to pre-development conditions, and
the run-off generated by the proposed project will not adversely affect the adjacent properties
and down-gradient areas. The proposed project will be designed to comply with State DOH
requirements to address the containment and proper disposal of industrial fluids from daily
operations. The projects on-site Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) will produce R-1
quality reclaimed water for irrigation, which will be applied in compliance with State DOH
requirements to site appropriate landscaping. The potential for wastewater spills impacting
vicinity surface water resources during rain storms will be mitigated by design and operation
of the facility to accommodate peak flows and plant upset situations.
Consequently Stormwater and Drainage systems at KOA would not be affected.
4.12.4 Electrical and Communication Systems
Proposed Action
Under the proposed action, HDOT-A would continue to work with the Hawaiian Electric Light
Company (HELCO) to confirm the adequacy of the utility service and infrastructure at KOA to
support the proposed project improvements. Furthermore, the proposed project
improvements would seek to integrate and utilize energy efficient features currently not
present in existing facilities; i.e., future planned Seawater Air Conditioning (SWAC)
line/system. Consequently, operation of the new project improvements should result in an
overall reduction of energy needs.
Consequently Electrical and Communication systems at KOA would not be affected.
4.13 Noise
FAA Order 1050.1E, Appendix A, Paragraph 14.3, defines a significant impact as when an
action, compared to the No Action alternative for the same timeframe, would cause noise
sensitive land uses located within the DNL 65 dB contour to experience a noise increase of
at least DNL 1.5 dB. An increase from DNL 63.5 dB to DNL 65 dB is a significant impact. If
increases of DNL 1.5 dB in areas exposed to DNL 65 and higher are identified, the Federal
Interagency Committee on Noise requires disclosing impacts over noise-sensitive areas


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exposed to DNL 60 dB to DNL 65 dB that have a noise increase of DNL 3 dB or more for
informational purposes only.

Proposed Action
Noise impacts as the result of construction activities associated with the development of the
proposed project improvements are discussed in Section 4.5.
Traffic Noise: Future traffic noise impacts resulting from the proposed improvements are
considered to be low due to the relatively small increases in traffic volumes associated with
the projects. Consequently, traffic noise impacts from the proposed action should be very
low.
Traffic noise level increases along Queen Kaahumanu Highway are predicted to be 5 Day
Night Average Sound Level (DNL) due to non-project traffic and 0.3 DNL or less due to
project traffic. Along Queen Kaahumanu Highway in the airport environs, risks of adverse
traffic noise impacts are expected to be minimal due to the relatively small increases in traffic
volumes associated with the project. Mitigation of existing or future traffic noise impacts
along Queen Kaahumanu Highway are expected to occur during the planned widening of the
highway and/or during improvements to the properties along the highway by individual
property owners.
Aircraft Noise: The FAA criteria of a 1.5 DNL increase in aircraft noise levels at noise
sensitive properties was used to define noise impacts resulting from increases in aircraft
noise exposure associated with the forecast operations.
With or without the proposed improvements, aircraft operations are anticipated to increase,
and associated noise emissions will fluctuate in proportion. The proposed improvements,
however, are not expected to affect the number or type of aircraft operations at the airport.
Consequently, the proposed improvements would not result in an increase in aircraft noise
from aircraft operations at the airport. Based on the current federal criteria for identifying
aircraft noise impacts, the proposed improvements should not result in adverse noise
impacts within the KOA environs. New land use incompatibilities (eg. residential, schools)
beyond the airport boundaries should not occur as a result of the increases in airport noise
levels with or without the proposed improvements as discussed in Chapter 3. The primary
reason is that adequate buffer distances exist between the airport runway and the nearest
noise sensitive properties beyond the airport boundaries. Therefore, even with increasing
aircraft operations at KOA, the resulting noise contours at the airport are not expected to
result in new land use incompatibilities.
Consequently, there would be no impact to ambient noise levels.
4.14 Secondary (Induced) Impacts


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Airport actions can involve the potential for secondary (or induced) impacts on surrounding
communities. Examples of these impacts may include shifts in patterns of population growth
and movement, demands for public services, and fluctuations in business and economic
activity to the extent influenced by development. FAA Order 1050.1E provides guidance that
secondary impacts would not normally be significant except where there is also a significant
impact to another category, particularly noise, compatible land use, or social impact. If an
alternative would not result in impacts in excess of the threshold of significance in any of the
previously specified impact categories, secondary impacts would also not be anticipated.
Proposed Action
As discussed in Section 4.4 Compatible Land Use, the Proposed Action would take place on
existing KOA property, would adhere to existing land use designations, would not result in
changes in land use, and would not result in the exceedance of the significance threshold for
noise for those land uses. Consequently, the Proposed Action would not result in impacts in
exceedance of the threshold for compatible land use, and secondary impacts would also not
be anticipated.
The proposed project improvements encompassed by the Proposed Action would enhance
the safety and efficiency of airport operations, improve the functional efficiency of the airport
to better serve the traveling public, and improve facilities for airport user operations. The
Proposed Action would not result in a change in the way in which KOA is utilized for business
or commercial means. Consequently, the Proposed Action would not result in the
displacement of homes or residents, would not establish a major new employment
opportunity, or induce population growth that would impact demand for public services. As
the Proposed Action would not result in impacts in excess of the threshold of significance for
socioeconomics, secondary impacts would also not be anticipated.
As further discussed in Section 4.15, Socioeconomic Impacts, Environmental Justice, and
Childrens Environmental Health and Safety Risks, the Proposed Action would have no
impact on environmental justice areas established for Hawaii and no impact on childrens
environmental health and safety; therefore, secondary impacts for these resource areas
would also not be anticipated.

Consequently, there would be no Secondary (induced) impacts.
4.15 Socioeconomic Impacts, Environmental Justice, and Childrens Environmental
Health and Safety Risks
FAA Order 1050.1E defines the significance threshold for Socioeconomic Impacts as actions
that would cause extensive relocation of residents or community businesses that would
cause economic hardships, disruption of traffic that would reduce level of service, or
substantial loss of community tax base.


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FAA Order 1050.1E defines the threshold of significance for environmental justice as actions
that cause disproportionately high and adverse human health or environmental effects on
minority and low-income populations.

FAA Order 1050.1E defines the threshold of significance for childrens health and safety risks
as an action causing disproportionate health and safety risks to children. Executive Order
13045, Protection of Children from Environmental Health Risks and Safety Risks, requires
federal agencies to make it a high priority to identify and assess environmental health and
safety risks resulting from policies, programs, activities, and standards that may
disproportionately affect children.

Proposed Action
No significant impacts on population in the project vicinity are anticipated, as noted in
Chapter 3. The proposed improvements are to support the current and future needs of the
airport and will not generate an increase in resident population. Therefore, the proposed
improvements are not expected to affect the socio-economic characteristics of the area.
However, in the short-term, construction expenditures will provide positive benefits to the
local economy. This would include creation of some construction and construction support
jobs, and the purchase of material from local suppliers. In the long-term, the proposed
expansion of the passenger terminal, general aviation facilities (GA), and commuter air
terminal would create additional jobs and offer economic opportunities for related aviation
and support activities.
KOA is not located within a region identified by environmental justice populations based on
income and race. As the Proposed Action would have no significant impact on surrounding
communities, as discussed under the individual resource categories within this Chapter, the
Proposed Action would not cause disproportionately high or adverse human health or
environmental effects on minority and low-income populations.
Evaluations of disproportionate impacts to children in accordance with Executive Order
13045, Protection of Children from Environmental Health and Safety Risks, are focused on
areas where children are present, in particular the location of daycare centers and schools as
these locations house the highest concentrations of children. There are no schools or
daycare centers on KOA property. Consequently, the Proposed Action would not generate
disproportionate risk to children as all project components are located within KOA
boundaries, where there no schools or daycare centers.
Consequently, current and future needs of the airport would not be met, and potential


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economic benefits, including additional jobs, would not be realized. No impacts to
Environmental Justice and Childrens Environmental Health and Safety Risk would result
from this alternative.
4.16 Water Quality (Ground Water)
Proposed Action
No significant impacts to groundwater resources associated with the project site are
anticipated as a result of the construction and operation of the proposed improvements.
Construction activities are not likely to introduce to, nor release from, the soil any materials
which could adversely affect groundwater. Construction material wastes will be appropriately
disposed of to prevent leaching. Dewatering activities are not anticipated for this project.
Consequently, no impacts to ground water resources would occur.
4.17 Wetlands
Proposed Action
No significant impacts to surface waters or wetlands in the surrounding project vicinity are
anticipated with the construction and operation of the proposed project. Construction
activities associated with the proposed project would not alter existing streams or drainage
patterns associated with any perennial streams. There are no impacts to wetlands
Consequently, no impacts wetlands would occur.
4.18 Cumulative Impacts
Cumulative impacts are environmental effects that arise from the incremental effects of a
proposed action added to the effects of other past, present, and reasonably foreseeable
future actions, regardless of the entity (i.e. federal, state, or local) or individuals that would
carry out those actions. In some cases, individually minor but collectively significant actions
occurring over a defined period of time may result in cumulative impacts. The analysis of
cumulative impacts also considers connected actions from projects related and dependent
upon the completion of a proposed action, and similar actions from projects with common
geography and/or phasing. Specific thresholds for cumulative impacts are not set forth in
FAA Order 1050.1E as the significance threshold varies in accordance with affected
resources.

In evaluating cumulative impacts identified effects of both the Proposed Action and No Action
Alternatives were examined. These effects were then considered in light of other past,
present, or reasonably foreseeable projects, plans or actions to determine if the cumulative
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effects create a situation in the future in which a significant impact threshold might be
exceeded. To establish temporal and spatial boundaries, the analysis looked backward and
forward approximately five years (essentially the period 2008 to 2018) and included a
geographical area of two to three miles around the Airport.
Cumulative Projects Considered
Two primary documents provided the basis for determining the past, present, or reasonably
foreseeable projects to be considered for evaluating cumulative impacts. These were:
Kona International Airport at Kehole Master Plan, 2010
County of Hawaii General Plan, 2005, as amended through 2012, with particular
emphasis on the North Kona and South Kona Planning Districts.
Past Actions Past actions include those completed at the Airport and in the local
community. The Kona area is considered the center for government, commercial and
industrial activities for West Hawaii. Development of the North Kona District is largely
attributed to expansion of the runway and terminal facilities at the Kona International Airport.
In 2005, North Kona accounted for over 45 percent of the total hotel rooms on the Island.
Coffee production in both North and South Kona Districts has continued to evolve due to the
distinct and unique flavor of these beans. The Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority
(NELHA) and Hawaii Ocean Science and Technology (HOST) Park at Keahole Point were
established to demonstrate the effectiveness and feasibility of utilizing deep cold seawater
from 2,000 feet offshore in energy conversion, aquaculture, air conditioning and the growing
of cold-climate vegetables and fruits.
With regard to Airport projects, the following were considered to be relevant within the past
five years:
Holdroom Shelters and Additional Security Lane (AH2-42-27), 2009
Parking Lot Expansion, Phase I (AH2043-20), 2008
Parking Lot Expansion, Phase II (AH2043-21), 2008
Parking Lot Expansion, Phase III (AH2043-22), 2011
Installation of Washracks (AH2072-20), 2009
General Aviation Site Preparation (AH2046-11), 2003
South Terminal New Baggage Carousel (AH2042-28), 2011
South Terminal Baggage Claim Improvements (AH2042-29), 2012
Present Actions There are a number of projects started or announced in recent years in the
vicinity and at the Airport that are either ongoing or about to start. Among these are:
Widening of Queen Kaahumanu Highway in the Airport vicinity, 2013
Security Checkpoint and Airport Operations Area Fence Improvements (AH2050-08),
2014
Aircraft Rescue and Fire Fighting Station Relocation at KOA (AH2044-19), 2013-2014


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Reasonably Foreseeable Future Actions The current economic downturn in the United
States has dampened development throughout the State of Hawaii and it is difficult to
determine how that changes going forward. The County of Hawaii General Plan offers an
optimistic view of the kinds of changes that might be expected in the North and South Kona
Districts. The tourist industry will continue growing, but it has reached a level of maturity
where continued healthy growth requires reinvestment in the infrastructure supporting the
tourist industry. Some of this reinvestment must be focused on aging tourist facilities in the
private sector and some, such as the Proposed Projects at the Airport and at NELHA in the
public sector. Projected population estimates for the North Kona District in 2020 indicate an
increase of 46 percent over the population of 2000 meaning the continued development of
new housing.

In the Airport vicinity and at the Airport the following projects are expected:
New Road Connections to Queen Kaahumanu Highway and Kona International Airport
a NELHA Project for the period 2014 2024
Access Control and Closed Circuit Television Systems (AH2050-05), 2015
Closed Circuit Television System for the Transportation Security Administration, KOA
(AH2050-07), 2014
Re-Roof Terminal Buildings at KOA (AH2042-30), commence in 2014
South Ramp Taxiway and Ramp Improvements (AH-2046-19), 2015
Renovation/Replacement of the International Arrivals Building (IAB), timeframe uncertain

Summary of Cumulative Impacts

Air Quality - The continuing development of West Hawaii, and Kona in particular, as the center
for government, commercial and industrial activities, together with the evolution of the Kona
International Airport as a gateway to Hawaiian tourism, is expected to bring with it the
inevitable increases in vehicular traffic and the accompanying challenges to air quality. At
present EPA has established that there are no non-attainment areas in Hawaii for any criteria
pollutant. To maintain this condition the County is implementing its air quality maintenance
plan, including among other things the installation of air quality monitoring stations and the
modeling of traffic flows and air quality. Proposed Action projects, together with all of the
other projects in the Airport vicinity on and off the Airport, will over time continue to
concentrate vehicles in this area with the result that total vehicle emissions will increase and
air quality will be impacted. However, the extent to which air quality is impacted is also
influenced by increasingly stringent vehicle emission rules and the replacement of older
vehicles with newer ones. The expectation is that implementation of the newer vehicle
emission rules contribute to an overall reduction of vehicle emissions. The incremental
contribution of either the Proposed Action or No Action alternatives would not exceed
established significance thresholds and are not at a level that would result in a cumulatively
considerable increase in criteria air pollutants.

Coastal Resources - The State of Hawaii has implemented the Coastal Zone Management
Act through the creation of Special Management Areas (SMA). The Proposed Action is
wholly located within an established SMA and is subject to SMA permits. Elements of the
Proposed Action were previously determined to be consistent with SMA goals and policies.
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The Airport is an approved land use element within the SMA and Airport projects that are in
the Airport Master Plan and which preserve SMA goals and policies would be expected to
continue to be approved. Because each project must be found consistent with the CZM
Program on its own merits, the Proposed Action projects have no cumulative effect on
coastal resources.
Compatible Land Use - Local land use plans envision the continued development of the
Kona International Airport and recognize that the Airport supports tourism and international
business that is important to the local economy. Local land use patterns reflect the presence
of the Airport and are therefore consistent and compatible with the adopted Airport Master
Plan. Based on this consistency the Proposed Action projects are compatible. Future
development of the Airport is expected to be accomplished in accordance with the adopted
Airport Master Plan and if the local communities are developed in accordance with locally
adopted land use plans the Airport and adjacent areas should develop consistent with each
other. There should be no cumulative impacts to this resource.
Construction Impacts - Construction of the Proposed Action projects is expected to affect air
quality, noise levels, water quality and solid waste, but not to any defined level of
significance. Mitigation measures are available to further reduce these impacts to levels that
are less than significant. Construction of all future projects, whether at the Airport or in
adjacent developing areas, is subject to regulations that require the application of mitigation
measures or impose activity restrictions. Each project is evaluated on its own merits and
there are no cumulative construction impacts.
Department of Transportation Act, Section 4(f) - Neither the Proposed Action nor the No
Action alternative impacts any Section 4(f) resources. Consequently, there are no
cumulative impacts to this resource.
Farmlands - Neither the Proposed Action nor the No Action alternative impacts any
farmlands in the Airport vicinity. Consequently, there are no cumulative impacts to this
resource.
Fish, Wildlife, and Plants The Airport serves as habitat for common wildlife species,
however no listed threatened or endangered species were observed in biological studies of
areas affected by the Proposed Action. Because each of the Proposed Action projects is
located in an already developed area they would not incrementally contribute to a cumulative
impact.
Floodplains - Neither the Proposed Action nor the No Action alternative impacts any mapped
floodplain area. There are no cumulative impacts to this resource.
Hazardous Materials, Pollution Prevention, and Solid Waste - Hazardous materials
legislation has continued to evolve as more research determines the nature of hazards that
occur in the products and activities of daily life as well the potential for recycling these into
other products that are equally useful. The Proposed Action projects will create hazardous
materials and solid waste. Disposal sites with sufficient capacity to address the quantity of
waste expected to be generated are available. Mitigation measures that include recycling of


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certain materials such as metals, plastic, wood and petroleum products reduce the potential
impacts to less than significant levels. None of the Proposed Action projects should
contribute to a cumulatively significant impact on these resources.

Historical, Architectural, Archaeological and Cultural Resources - Past projects at the Airport
and in the vicinity have identified numerous archaeological and cultural resources buried
beneath the various lava flows that cover the area. Excavation activities associated with the
Proposed Action projects have the potential to find additional cultural resources. Should
such resources be found, mitigation measures are proposed such that expert opinion is
brought to bear for the appropriate preservation of these resources. The Proposed Action
projects would not result in any cumulatively significant impact on these resources.

Light Emissions and Visual Impacts - Continued development of the Airport will change the
physical characteristics of this facility and thereby the view of it from surrounding areas.
Continued development of the Airport and surrounding lands will also increase the overall
light emissions (ambient glare) of the area. The Proposed Action projects will incrementally
add to existing light emissions. The Airport is located in area that is increasingly urban in
character and the changing view of the Airport from surrounding areas is consistent with its
urban setting. The incremental increase in Airport light emissions is also consistent with an
urban environment but poses a threat to:
birds disoriented by the lights during the nesting season
the astronomical observatories located on Mauna Kea
This issue is associated with lighting for construction activities as well as for permanent
structures. Hawaii County Code 14-50 et seq. mandates the shielding of exterior lights so
as to lower the ambient glare to protect the astronomical observatories. Shielding of the
lights and construction restrictions during nesting season are proposed as mitigation
measures to reduce the incremental impacts of the Proposed Action project. Nonetheless,
the ambient glare will continue to increase in intensity over time and the Proposed Action
projects contribute to this cumulative impact.

Natural Resources and Energy Supply The Proposed Action utilizes locally available
natural resources, none of which are scarce and there is adequate energy supply to power
the proposed projects. The Proposed Action incrementally depletes the available resources
and energy supply, but not in a manner that is cumulatively significant.
Noise - The Proposed Action does not affect the level of aircraft operations at the Airport.
None of the Proposed Action projects affect ambient noise levels at the Airport. There is no
cumulative contribution of these projects to this resource.
Secondary (Induced) Impacts The Proposed Action projects are expected to rely upon
locally sourced materials and labor during construction and subsequent operations. Such
induced impacts are cumulatively significant but are considered to be beneficial to the local
economy.
Socioeconomic Impacts, Environmental Justice, and Childrens Environmental Health and
Safety Risks The evaluation of environmental justice issues determined there were no
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impacts to this resource. Employment opportunities presented by implementing the
Proposed Action projects are considered to be beneficial to the local economy.
Water Quality - Land-disturbing activities are regulated by the Countys grading ordinance
and the National Pollutant Elimination Discharge System (NPDES) both of which require
mitigation measures to reduce potential storm water erosion during construction.
Compliance with proposed mitigation measures is expected to reduce water quality impacts
to a less than significant level and there should be no cumulative impacts.
Wetlands - Neither the Proposed Action nor the No Action alternative impacts any wetlands
subject to the jurisdiction of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. There are no cumulative
impacts to this resource.
Wild and Scenic Rivers - There are no wild or scenic rivers in the Airport vicinity.
Consequently, there are no cumulative impacts to this resource.


5-1
5. CONSULTATION AND PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT
5.1 Introduction
The primary components of the agency and public involvement program for this EA include:
Distribution of an early notification letter to agencies, local communities, and
stakeholders;
Meetings conducted by the FAA and HDOT-A with federal, state, and local agencies
as well as interested parties and the public;
Publication of the Draft EA for agency and public review; and
Preparation of a Final EA that will include responses to comments received on the
Draft EA

A public involvement program was implemented to ensure that information was provided to
the general public, as well as to regulatory agencies, and that input from interested parties
was received and reviewed as part of the EA process. All written correspondence, including
the Pre-Assessment scoping document, is reproduced in Appendix H.
5.2 Pre-Assessment Consultation
The following agencies and organizations were consulted during the preparation of the Draft
EA. The scoping included the project improvements encompassed by this NEPA EA in
addition to a wider range of project improvements beyond the three to five year development
horizon pursuant to Hawaii State Law. Of parties that formally replied during the pre-
assessment period, some had no comments while others provided substantive comments,
these parties are identified below.
Parties who replied but had no comments are indicated by a sign.
Parties who replied with substantive comments are indicated by a sign.
Federal Agencies
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (COE)
COE, Civil Works Technical Branch
COE, Regulatory Branch
U.S. Coast Guard
U.S. Department of Agriculture (DOA)
U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS)
DHS, Customs and Border Protection
DHS, Transportation Security Administration
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Federal Aviation Administration
Federal Highway Administration
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
U.S. Geological Survey
U.S. Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS)

5-2
Federal Agencies (Continued)
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
NOAA, Habitat Conservation Division
NOAA, National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)
U.S. Postal Service
State Agencies
Department of Agriculture
Department of Accounting and General Services
Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism (DBEDT)
DBEDT, Hawaii Housing Finance and Development Corporation
DBEDT, Hawaii State Energy Office
DBEDT, Hawaii Tourism Authority
DBEDT, Office of Planning
Department of Defense
Department of Education
Department of Hawaiian Home Lands
Department of Health (DOH)
DOH, Clear Air Branch
DOH, Clean Water Branch
Department of Human Services
Department of Labor and Industrial Relations
Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR)
DLNR, Aquatics Division
DLNR, Office of Conservation and Coastal Lands
DLNR, State Historic Preservation Division
Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority
Office of Hawaiian Affairs
University of Hawaii Environmental Center
Department of Transportation (DOT)
DOT, Highways Division
DOT, Harbors Division
DOT, Statewide Transportation Planning Office
County of Hawaii Agencies
Department of Environmental Management
Department of Planning
Department of Parks and Recreation
Department of Public Works
Department of Transportation
Department of Water Supply
Police Department
Fire Department
Office of the Mayor
Elected Officials
Senator Josh Green


5-3
Elected Officials (Continued)
Senator J. Kalani English
Representative Cindy Evans
Representative Joseph Souki
Governors Representative West Hawaii
Hawaii County Council Chair Dominic Yagong,

Other Interested Parties and Individuals
Airline Committee of Hawaii
Big Island Visitors Bureau
Greeters of Hawaii
Hawaii Leeward Planning Conference
Hokulia
Kohala Coast Resort Association
Kona-Kohala Chamber of Commerce
West Hawaii Regional Board
Mr. Bob Ward
Ms. Hannah Springer

5.3 Public Involvement Meetings
A public information meeting was held on February 9, 2012 at Kealakehe Elementary School.
The purpose of the meeting was to apprise the community of the project and request verbal
and written comments from the community at-large. The meeting format included a power
point presentation of the proposed improvements, followed by questions and comments from
the meeting attendees. A summary of the questions and comments received at the meeting
is included in Appendix J.
A second public information meeting was held on September 10, 2012 at Kealakehe
Elementary School. The purpose of the meeting was to provide additional information on the
projects included in this EA and to request verbal and written comments from the community.
The meeting format was the same as for the earlier meeting. A summary of the questions
and comments received at the meeting is included in Appendix I.
5.4 Environmental Assessment Review
This EA is available to the general public. This EA document has been distributed to
Federal, State, and Local agencies and organizations having an interest and/or jurisdictional
responsibility in the study, that were contacted in or expressed interest in the proposed
project during the Pre-Assessment Consultation process (see list in Section 5.2 above).
Notification of this documents availability was also published in the West Hawaii Today.
Notification of the availability of this document was also accomplished through the State of
Copies of this document are also available for public review at the administrative offices of
the Hawaii Department of Transportation Airports Division, at FAAs offices in Honolulu, at
FAAs Western-Pacific Region office in Hawthorne California, at Kona International Airport,
and at the Kailua Kona Public Library as detailed below.


5-4
Hawaii Department of Transportation, Airports Division
400 Rodgers Boulevard, 7
th
Floor, Honolulu, Hawaii

FAA Honolulu Airports District Office
300 Ala Moana Blvd. Rm 71-28, Honolulu, Hawaii

FAA Western-Pacific Region, Airports Division
15000 Aviation Boulevard, Hawthorne, California

Kona International Airport
73-200 Kupipi Street
Kailua-Kona, HI 96740-2645

Kailua Kona Public Library
75-138 Huallai Rd. Kailua-Kona, HI 96740

Anyone wishing to comment on the information and conclusions in this Draft EA may submit
comments during the advertised public review and comment period. All comments should be
submitted to the Hawaii Department of Transportation, Airports Division, in written form to
the following address:
Hawaii Department of Transportation
Attention: Jeffrey Chang, Engineering Program Manager
DOT-Airports Division
Engineering Branch
400 Rodgers Boulevard, Suite 700
Honolulu, Hawaii 96819

Comments on this Draft EA must be received no later than 30 days after the date provided
on the cover of this Draft EA.
5.5 Consultation and Coordination Related to Federal Environmental Regulations
Consultation and coordination related to the applicable Federal environmental regulations for
the project were undertaken with the following agencies:

Section 7: United States Fish and Wild Life Service

Section 106: State of Hawaii Historic Preservation

The results of these consultation efforts are summarized in Chapter 4.


6-1
6. LIST OF PREPARERS
This Environmental Assessment (EA) was prepared for the State of Hawaii Department of
Transportation Airports Division and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) by Wilson
Okamoto Corporation (WOC). Members of the project team are listed below.
State of Hawaii Department of Transportation Airports Division
Lynn Becones, Planner
Sponsors Project Manager. Overall review and coordination.

Kimberly Evans, AICP, Head Planner
Review and coordination with FAA Airports District Office and Western Pacific
Regional Division.

Kevin Funasaki, Project Manager
Design and Construction.

Chauncey Wong Yuen, Airport District Manager
Review and Coordination.

Gene Matsushige, Head Construction Engineer

David Hein, Hawaii District Engineer

Stefan Borduz, District Environmental Technician

Federal Aviation Administration

Principal Federal Reviewer:
Gordon Wong, Program Manager, Honolulu Airports District Office
FAA Project Manager Responsible for the detailed evaluation and coordination of the
FAA Review of the EA with Federal and State Agencies.

Wilson Okamoto Corporation
Earl Matsukawa, AICP, VP, Director of Planning
Qualifications 36 years of experience in environmental planning and analysis for
land development projects in Hawaii, including the preparation and management of
environmental assessments and environmental impact statements pursuant to
Chapter 343 of the Hawaii Revised Statutes and the National Environmental Policy
Act (NEPA).


6-2
Responsibilities Project management, preparation of NEPA EA.

Keola Cheng, Project Planner
Qualifications 2 years of experience in environmental planning and analysis for land
development projects in Hawaii, including the preparation of environmental
assessments and environmental impact statements pursuant to Chapter 343 of the
Hawaii Revised Statutes and the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA).
Responsibilities Project research, critical path coordination, preparation of NEPA
EA.

Lauren Yasaka, Project Planner
development projects in Hawaii, including the preparation of environmental
assessments and environmental impact statements pursuant to Chapter 343 of the
Hawaii Revised Statutes and the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA).
Responsibilities Assistance with preparation of NEPA EA, sub consultant
coordination.

Yukino Tanaka, GIS Specialist
development projects in Hawaii, including the preparation and management of
environmental assessments and environmental impact statements pursuant to
Chapter 343 of the Hawaii Revised Statutes and the National Environmental Policy
Act (NEPA).
Responsibilities-- Assistance with preparation of NEPA EA, GIS coordination.

Aries Consultants Ltd.
J ohn Sanders, P.E., MSCE.
Qualifications 35 years of experience in airport and transportation planning, with
emphasis on the technical aspects of airport planning. Responsible for project
management and coordination with clients, agencies and public interest groups on a
wide variety of airport and land use planning projects. Managed over 30 airport
master and land use plans for airports in Hawaii, Alaska, California and Nevada.
Over 30 years of experience in working with the State of Hawaii, Department of
Transportation, Airports Division and the public on airport planning projects in Hawaii.
Responsibilities Overall quality control and NEPA Guidance

Cultural Surveys Hawaii
Hallett H. Hammatt, Ph.D.
Qualifications 35 years of experience in Hawaiian Archaeology.
Responsibilities Preparation of Cultural Impact Assessment and Archaeological
Inventory Survey.


6-3
Sarah Wilkinson, B.A.
Inventory Survey, consulting with Native Hawaiian community members in
compliance with State Statutes (Chapter 343), as well as Section 106 of the National
Historic Preservation Act.

Aulii Mitchell, B.A.
Inventory Survey, consulting with Native Hawaiian community members in
compliance with State Statutes (Chapter 343), as well as Section 106 of the National
Historic Preservation Act.

Rana Biological Consulting, Inc.
Reginald David, Biologist
Qualifications 26 years of experience as a terrestrial vertebrate biologist in Hawaii
and the Tropical Pacific.
Responsibilities Preparation of an Avian and Terrestrial Mammalian (Faunal)
Survey pursuant to State Statutes (Chapter 343), and Section 7 of the Endangered
Species Act.

Palmer & Associates Consulting
Rex Palmer, Biologist
Qualifications 23 years of experience as a Botanist in Hawaii and the Tropical
Pacific.
Responsibilities Preparation of a Botanical (Flora) Survey pursuant to State
Statutes (Chapter 343), and Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act.


7-1

7. REFERENCES
Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ), 2010. Draft NEPA Guidance on Consideration of
the Effects of Climate Change and Greenhouse Gas Emissions.

County of Hawaii. County of Hawaii General Plan. February 2005

County of Hawaii. Kona Community Development Plan. September 2008.

FAA Order 1050.1E, Environmental Impacts: Policies and Procedures, June 8, 2004.

FAA Order 5050.4B, National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) Implementing
Instructions for Airport Actions, April 28, 2006.

FAR Part 77, Safe Efficient Use and Preservation of Navigable Airspace

FAR Part 139, Airport Certification Manual

Federal Emergency Management Agency, Flood Insurance Rate Map. County of Hawaii,
Map Number 11551660466C. Revised September 16, 1988.




International Code Council, Inc. International Building Code. January 2006.

Kehole Associates, Inc. Kona International Airport at Kehole Master Plan Update,
Kehole, North Kona, Hawaii. November 2000.

Kober, Hanssen, Mitchell Architects. Kona International Airport at Kehole, Kehole North
Kona, Hawaii, Airport Master Plan. October 2010.

Office of Conservation and Coastal Lands, State Department of Land and Natural
Resources: http://www.hawaii.gov/dlnr/occl/subzone.php

Office of Environmental Quality Control (OEQC), State of Hawaii, 2012. The Environmental
Notice, http://oeqc.doh.hawaii.gov/default.aspx

State of Hawaii, Department of Transportation Airports Division. 14 CFR Part 150 Noise
Compatibility Study, Noise Exposure Maps Update, Kona International Airport at
Kehole, Hawaii. April 2009


7-2

U.S. Census Bureau American FactFinder:
http://factfinder2.census.gov

United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resource Conservation Service. Web Soil
Survey. Internet. Available at: http://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/app/.

United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resource Conservation Service. Soil
Classification. Internet. Available at: http://soils.usda.gov/technical/classification/

U.S. DOT Order 5650.2: Floodplain Management and Protection.

U.S. DOT Order 5660.1A: Preservation of the Nation's Wetlands.

U.S. DOT Order 5680.1: Final Order to Address Environmental Justice in Low-Income and
Minority Populations.

U.S. DOT FAA AC 70/7460-21: Proposed Construction or Alteration of Objects that May
Affect the Navigable Airspace.

U.S. DOT FAA AC 150/5020-1: Noise Control and Compatibility Planning for Airports.

U.S. DOT FAA AC 150/5200-33B: Hazardous Wildlife Attractants On or Near Airports.

U.S. DOT FAA AC 150/5300-13A: Airport Design.

8-1
8. LIST OF ACRONYMS USED
The following is a list of acronyms and abbreviations used in this Environmental Assessment
(EA).
AAQS: Ambient Air Quality Standards
AC: Advisory Circular
ADA: Americans with Disabilities Act
AICUZ: Air Installation Compatibility Use Zone
AOA: Airport Operations Area
ARFF: Aircraft Rescue and Fire Fighting
ASOS: Automated Surface Observing System
ATCBI-5: Air Traffic Control Beacon Interrogator
ATCT: Air Traffic Control Tower
BHS: Baggage Handling System
BIDS: Baggage Information Display Systems
BMP: Best Management Practice
CCTV: Closed Circuit Television
CDP: Community Development Plan
CDUA: Conservation District Use Application
CERCLA: Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
CEQ: Council on Environmental Quality
CFR: Code of Federal Regulations
CIA: Cultural Impact Assessment
CO: Carbon Monoxide
CO
2
: Carbon Dioxide
CT: Census Tract
CWA: Clean Water Act
CWRM: Commission on Water Resource Management
dB: Decibel
dBA: A-weighted decibels
DBEDT: Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism
DEA: Draft Environmental Assessment
DLNR: Department of Land and Natural Resources
DNL: Day Night Average Sound Level
DOH: Department of Health
EA: Environmental Assessment
E.O.: Executive Order
ESA: Endangered Species Act
FAA: Federal Aviation Administration
FAR: Federal Aviation Regulations
FEMA: Federal Emergency Management Agency
FIDS: Flight Information Display Systems
FIRM: Flood Insurance Rate Map\
FONSI: Finding of No Significant Impact
FR: Federal Register
8-2
LIST OF ACRONYMS USED (CONTINUED)
ft: Feet
GA: General Aviation
GHG: Greenhouse gases
GIDS: Gate Information Display Systems
GPS: Global Positioning System
HAR: Hawaii Administrative Rules
HAAQS: Hawaii Ambient Air Quality Standards
HDOT: Hawaii Department of Transportation
HDOT-A: Hawaii Department of Transportation Airports Division
HELCO: Hawaii Electric Light Company
HFFC: Hawaii Fueling Facilities Corporation
HRS: Hawaii Revised Statutes
HUD: Housing and Urban Development
IPCC: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
KATR: Kona Auxiliary Training Runway
KCDP: Kona Community Development Plan
KOA: Kona International Airport
kV: Kilovolt
kW: Kilowatt
LEQ: Less than or equal to
LLC: Limited Liability Corporation
LOS: Level of Service
MG-1A: General Industrial Use Zoning
NAAQS: National Ambient Air Quality Standards
NDB: Non Directional Beacon
NELHA: Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority
NEPA: National Environmental Policy Act
NHPA: National Historic Preservation Act
NO
2
: nitrogen dioxide
NOAA: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
NO
x
: Oxides of nitrogen
NPDES: National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
O
3
: Ozone
PAPI: Precision Approach Path Indicator
PCB: Polychlorinated biphenyl
PM: Particulate Matter
ppm: Parts per million
PV: Photovoltaics
RCRA: Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
SHPD: State Historic Preservation Division
SHPO: State Historic Preservation Office
SMA: Special Management Area
SO
2
: Sulfur dioxide
SO
x
: Oxides of sulfur
TACAN: Tactical Air Navigation Aid
8-3
LIST OF ACRONYMS USED (CONTINUED)
TBD: To Be Determined
TPY: Tons per year
TSA: TRANSPORTATION SECURITY ADMINISTRATION
UIC: Underground Injection Control
U.S.: United States
U.S.C.: United States Code
USEPA: United States Environmental Protection Agency
VORTAC: Very High Frequency Omni Directional Range Tactical Air Navigation Aid
%: Percent
APPENDIX A:
DOCUMENTATION OF
CONSULTATION, PURSUANT TO
SECTION 7 OF THE ESA
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APPENDIX C-1:
BOTANICAL SURVEY

K
o
n
a

I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
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n
a
l

A
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p
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a
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K
e
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B
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N
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.

A
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1
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t
)
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2
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n

O
k
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m
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p
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b
y
P
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&

A
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C
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n
s
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P
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O
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6
3
7
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a
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C
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2

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2

S
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M
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3
P
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E
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t

4
R
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5

D
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o
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5

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d
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d

s
p
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7

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h
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7

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1
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1
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b
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3
2
APPENDIX C-2:
BOTANICAL SURVEY
BLACKBURNS SPHINX MOTH
HOST PLANT POPULATIONS
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.

1
7

APPENDIX D:
AVIAN AND TERRESTRIAL
MAMMALIAN SURVEY
Rana Biological Consulting

A
v
|
a
n

a
n
d

1
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r
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9

M
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.

APPENDIX E:
ARCHAEOLOGICAL LITERATURE
REVIEW AND FIELD INSPECTION
ASSESSMENT
Cultural Surveys Hawaii

O
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[
3
]

7
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[
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[
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w
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c
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:

1
.

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G
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A
v
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;

2
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C
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;

3
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4
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)
;

5
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;

6
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R
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[
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T
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T
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[
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;

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1
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?

9
5
;

T
1
5

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R
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9
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;

T
5
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8
1

T
M
K
[
3
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7
-
2
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0
0
5
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0
7
;
7
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3
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2

T
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3
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8
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T
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3
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7
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;
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(
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[
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[
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e
c
t

B
-
1

T
M
K

[
3
]

7
-
2
-
0
0
5
:

0
0
7
;

7
-
3
-
0
4
3
:

v
a
r
i
o
u
s

A
p
p
e
n
d
i
x

B

S
e
l
e
c
t

S
H
P
D

C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
e
n
c
e

C
u
l
t
u
r
a
l

S
u
r
v
e
y
s

H
a
w
a
i
i

J
o
b

C
o
d
e
:

K
A
L
A
O
A

1
4

A
p
p
e
n
d
i
x

B
:

S
e
l
e
c
t

S
H
P
D

C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
e
n
c
e

A
r
c
h
a
e
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l

L
i
t
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

R
e
v
i
e
w

a
n
d

F
i
e
l
d

I
n
s
p
e
c
t
i
o
n

f
o
r

K
O
A

I
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
s

P
r
o
j
e
c
t

B
-
2

T
M
K

[
3
]

7
-
2
-
0
0
5
:

0
0
7
;

7
-
3
-
0
4
3
:

v
a
r
i
o
u
s

C
u
l
t
u
r
a
l

S
u
r
v
e
y
s

H
a
w
a
i
i

J
o
b

C
o
d
e
:

K
A
L
A
O
A

1
4

A
p
p
e
n
d
i
x

B
:

S
e
l
e
c
t

S
H
P
D

C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
e
n
c
e

A
r
c
h
a
e
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l

L
i
t
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

R
e
v
i
e
w

a
n
d

F
i
e
l
d

I
n
s
p
e
c
t
i
o
n

f
o
r

K
O
A

I
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
s

P
r
o
j
e
c
t

B
-
3

T
M
K

[
3
]

7
-
2
-
0
0
5
:

0
0
7
;

7
-
3
-
0
4
3
:

v
a
r
i
o
u
s

C
u
l
t
u
r
a
l

S
u
r
v
e
y
s

H
a
w
a
i
i

J
o
b

C
o
d
e
:

K
A
L
A
O
A

1
4

A
p
p
e
n
d
i
x

B
:

S
e
l
e
c
t

S
H
P
D

C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
e
n
c
e

A
r
c
h
a
e
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l

L
i
t
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

R
e
v
i
e
w

a
n
d

F
i
e
l
d

I
n
s
p
e
c
t
i
o
n

f
o
r

K
O
A

I
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
s

P
r
o
j
e
c
t

B
-
4

T
M
K

[
3
]

7
-
2
-
0
0
5
:

0
0
7
;

7
-
3
-
0
4
3
:

v
a
r
i
o
u
s

C
u
l
t
u
r
a
l

S
u
r
v
e
y
s

H
a
w
a
i
i

J
o
b

C
o
d
e
:

K
A
L
A
O
A

1
4

A
p
p
e
n
d
i
x

B
:

S
e
l
e
c
t

S
H
P
D

C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
e
n
c
e

A
r
c
h
a
e
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l

L
i
t
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

R
e
v
i
e
w

a
n
d

F
i
e
l
d

I
n
s
p
e
c
t
i
o
n

f
o
r

K
O
A

I
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
s

P
r
o
j
e
c
t

B
-
5

T
M
K

[
3
]

7
-
2
-
0
0
5
:

0
0
7
;

7
-
3
-
0
4
3
:

v
a
r
i
o
u
s

C
u
l
t
u
r
a
l

S
u
r
v
e
y
s

H
a
w
a
i
i

J
o
b

C
o
d
e
:

K
A
L
A
O
A

1
4

A
p
p
e
n
d
i
x

B
:

S
e
l
e
c
t

S
H
P
D

C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
e
n
c
e

A
r
c
h
a
e
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l

L
i
t
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

R
e
v
i
e
w

a
n
d

F
i
e
l
d

I
n
s
p
e
c
t
i
o
n

f
o
r

K
O
A

I
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
s

P
r
o
j
e
c
t

B
-
6

T
M
K

[
3
]

7
-
2
-
0
0
5
:

0
0
7
;

7
-
3
-
0
4
3
:

v
a
r
i
o
u
s

C
u
l
t
u
r
a
l

S
u
r
v
e
y
s

H
a
w
a
i
i

J
o
b

C
o
d
e
:

K
A
L
A
O
A

1
4

A
p
p
e
n
d
i
x

B
:

S
e
l
e
c
t

S
H
P
D

C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
e
n
c
e

A
r
c
h
a
e
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l

L
i
t
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

R
e
v
i
e
w

a
n
d

F
i
e
l
d

I
n
s
p
e
c
t
i
o
n

f
o
r

K
O
A

I
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
s

P
r
o
j
e
c
t

B
-
7

T
M
K

[
3
]

7
-
2
-
0
0
5
:

0
0
7
;

7
-
3
-
0
4
3
:

v
a
r
i
o
u
s

C
u
l
t
u
r
a
l

S
u
r
v
e
y
s

H
a
w
a
i
i

J
o
b

C
o
d
e
:

K
A
L
A
O
A

1
4

A
p
p
e
n
d
i
x

B
:

S
e
l
e
c
t

S
H
P
D

C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
e
n
c
e

A
r
c
h
a
e
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l

L
i
t
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

R
e
v
i
e
w

a
n
d

F
i
e
l
d

I
n
s
p
e
c
t
i
o
n

f
o
r

K
O
A

I
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
s

P
r
o
j
e
c
t

B
-
8

T
M
K

[
3
]

7
-
2
-
0
0
5
:

0
0
7
;

7
-
3
-
0
4
3
:

v
a
r
i
o
u
s

C
u
l
t
u
r
a
l

S
u
r
v
e
y
s

H
a
w
a
i
i

J
o
b

C
o
d
e
:

K
A
L
A
O
A

1
4

A
p
p
e
n
d
i
x

B
:

S
e
l
e
c
t

S
H
P
D

C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
e
n
c
e

A
r
c
h
a
e
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l

L
i
t
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

R
e
v
i
e
w

a
n
d

F
i
e
l
d

I
n
s
p
e
c
t
i
o
n

f
o
r

K
O
A

I
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
s

P
r
o
j
e
c
t

B
-
9

T
M
K

[
3
]

7
-
2
-
0
0
5
:

0
0
7
;

7
-
3
-
0
4
3
:

v
a
r
i
o
u
s

C
u
l
t
u
r
a
l

S
u
r
v
e
y
s

H
a
w
a
i
i

J
o
b

C
o
d
e
:

K
A
L
A
O
A

1
4

A
p
p
e
n
d
i
x

B
:

S
e
l
e
c
t

S
H
P
D

C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
e
n
c
e

A
r
c
h
a
e
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l

L
i
t
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

R
e
v
i
e
w

a
n
d

F
i
e
l
d

I
n
s
p
e
c
t
i
o
n

f
o
r

K
O
A

I
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
s

P
r
o
j
e
c
t

B
-
1
0

T
M
K

[
3
]

7
-
2
-
0
0
5
:

0
0
7
;

7
-
3
-
0
4
3
:

v
a
r
i
o
u
s

APPENDIX F:
Air Quality Study
B.D. Neal & Associates

A
I
R

Q
U
A
L
I
T
Y

S
T
U
D
Y

F
O
R

T
H
E

P
R
O
P
O
S
E
D

K
O
N
A

I
N
T
E
R
N
A
T
I
O
N
A
L

A
I
R
P
O
R
T

A
T

K
E
A
H
O
L
E

I
M
P
R
O
V
E
M
E
N
T
S

S
T
A
T
E

P
R
O
J
E
C
T

N
O
.

A
H
2
0
1
1
-
0
5

K
E
A
H
O
L
E
,

N
O
R
T
H

K
O
N
A
,

H
A
W
A
I
I

P
r
e
p
a
r
e
d

f
o
r
:

W
i
l
s
o
n

O
k
a
m
o
t
o

C
o
r
p
o
r
a
t
i
o
n

J
u
l
y

2
0
1
2

B
.
D
.

N
E
A
L

&

A
S
S
O
C
I
A
T
E
S

A
p
p
l
i
e
d

M
e
t
e
o
r
o
l
o
g
y

A
i
r

Q
u
a
l
i
t
y

C
o
m
p
u
t
e
r

S
c
i
e
n
c
e

P
.
O
.

B
O
X

1
8
0
8

K
A
I
L
U
A
-
K
O
N
A
,

H
A
W
A
I
I

9
6
7
4
5

T
E
L
P
H
O
N
E

(
8
0
8
)

3
2
9
-
1
6
2
7

F
A
X

(
8
0
8
)

3
2
5
-
6
7
3
9

E
M
A
I
L
:

b
d
n
e
a
l
@
b
d
n
e
a
l
.
c
o
m

C
O
N
T
E
N
T
S

S
e
c
t
i
o
n

P
a
g
e

1
.
0

S
u
m
m
a
r
y

1

2
.
0

I
n
t
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n

4

3
.
0

A
m
b
i
e
n
t

A
i
r

Q
u
a
l
i
t
y

S
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
s

6

4
.
0

R
e
g
i
o
n
a
l

a
n
d

L
o
c
a
l

C
l
i
m
a
t
o
l
o
g
y

8

5
.
0

P
r
e
s
e
n
t

A
i
r

Q
u
a
l
i
t
y

1
1

6
.
0

S
h
o
r
t
-
T
e
r
m

I
m
p
a
c
t
s

o
f

P
r
o
j
e
c
t

1
5

7
.
0

L
o
n
g
-
T
e
r
m

I
m
p
a
c
t
s

o
f

P
r
o
j
e
c
t

1
8

7
.
1

R
o
a
d
w
a
y

T
r
a
f
f
i
c

1
8

7
.
2

A
i
r
c
r
a
f
t

O
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
s

2
8

8
.
0

C
o
n
c
l
u
s
i
o
n
s

a
n
d

R
e
c
o
m
m
e
n
d
a
t
i
o
n
s

2
8

R
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
s

3
1

F
I
G
U
R
E
S

F
i
g
u
r
e

1

P
r
o
j
e
c
t

L
o
c
a
t
i
o
n

M
a
p

T
A
B
L
E
S

T
a
b
l
e

1

S
u
m
m
a
r
y

o
f

S
t
a
t
e

o
f

H
a
w
a
i
i

a
n
d

N
a
t
i
o
n
a
l

A
m
b
i
e
n
t

A
i
r

Q
u
a
l
i
t
y

S
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
s

2

A
i
r

P
o
l
l
u
t
i
o
n

E
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
s

I
n
v
e
n
t
o
r
y

f
o
r

I
s
l
a
n
d

o
f

H
a
w
a
i
i
,

1
9
9
3

i

T
A
B
L
E
S
(
c
o
n
t
.
)
T
a
b
l
e

3

A
n
n
u
a
l

S
u
m
m
a
r
i
e
s

o
f

A
m
b
i
e
n
t

A
i
r

Q
u
a
l
i
t
y

M
e
a
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
s

f
o
r

M
o
n
i
t
o
r
i
n
g

S
t
a
t
i
o
n
s

N
e
a
r
e
s
t

K
O
A

4

E
s
t
i
m
a
t
e
d

W
o
r
s
t
-
C
a
s
e

1
-
H
o
u
r

C
a
r
b
o
n

M
o
n
o
x
i
d
e

C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
-

t
i
o
n
s

A
l
o
n
g

R
o
a
d
w
a
y
s

N
e
a
r

K
O
A

5

E
s
t
i
m
a
t
e
d

W
o
r
s
t
-
C
a
s
e

8
-
H
o
u
r

C
a
r
b
o
n

M
o
n
o
x
i
d
e

C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
-

t
i
o
n
s

A
l
o
n
g

R
o
a
d
w
a
y
s

N
e
a
r

K
O
A

i
i

1

1
.
0

S
U
M
M
A
R
Y
T
h
e

S
t
a
t
e

o
f

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6
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9

APPENDIX G:
Acoustic Study
Y. Ebisu & Associates

APPENDIX H:
PRE ASSESSMENT CONSULTATION
CORRESPONDENCE

APPENDIX I:
PUBLIC INFORMATION MEETING
SUMMARY

APPENDIX J:
LAND USE ASSURANCE LETTER

APPENDIX K:
CONSISTENCY WITH THE HAWAII
COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT
PROGRAM

Appendix K: Consistency with the Hawaii Coastal Zone Management Program

The National Coastal Zone Management (CZM) Program was created through passage of
the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972. Hawaiis CZM Program, adopted as Chapter
205A, HRS, provides a basis for protecting, restoring and responsibly developing coastal
communities and resources. The Hawaii CZM area includes all lands within the State and
the areas seaward to the extent of the States management jurisdiction. Hence, the KOA
property is located in the CZM area. A discussion of the projects consistency with the
objectives and policies of the CZM Program is provided below.

(1) Recreational Resources

Objective:
Provide coastal recreational opportunities accessible to the public.

Policies:
(A) Improve coordination and funding of coastal recreational planning and
management; and
(i) Provide adequate, accessible, and diverse recreational opportunities in the
coastal zone management area by: Protecting coastal resources uniquely
suited for recreational activities that cannot be provided in other areas;
(ii) Requiring replacement of coastal resources having significant recreational
value, including but not limited to surfing sites, fishponds, and sand
beaches, when such resources will be unavoidably damaged by
development; or requiring reasonable monetary compensation to the state
for recreation when replacement is not feasible or desirable;
(iii) Providing and managing adequate public access, consistent with
conservation of natural resources, to and along shorelines with
recreational value;
(iv) Providing an adequate supply of shoreline parks and other recreational
facilities suitable for public recreation;
(v) Ensuring public recreational use of county, state, and federally owned or
controlled shoreline lands and waters having recreational value consistent
with public safety standards and conservation of natural resources;
(vi) Adopting water quality standards and regulating point and nonpoint
sources of pollution to protect, and where feasible, restore the recreational
value of coastal waters.
(vii) Developing new shoreline recreational opportunities, where appropriate,
such as artificial lagoons, artificial beaches, and artificial reefs for surfing
and fishing; and
(viii) Encouraging reasonable dedication of shoreline areas with recreational
value for public use as part of discretionary approvals or permits by the
land use commission, board of land and natural resources, and county
authorities; and crediting such dedication against the requirements of
section 46-6.


Due to aviation safety requirements there is no general public access to the shoreline
through the KOA airfield. The nearest public shoreline access is located at the Kekaha Kai
State Park, north of KOA.

During construction of the various improvements, storm water runoff may carry increased
amounts of sediment into the storm drain system due to erosion from soils exposed during
excavation and grading activities. This runoff could potentially impact the water quality of
coastal waters in the area. However, excavation and grading activities associated with the
construction of the proposed project will be regulated by the Countys grading ordinance. In
addition, for those improvements anticipating an area of soil disturbance greater than one
acre, an NPDES Individual Permit for Storm Water Associated with Construction Activity,
administered by the State DOH, will be required to control storm water discharges.
Mitigation measures will be instituted in accordance with site-specific assessments,
incorporating appropriate structural and/or non-structural BMPs such as minimizing time of
exposure between construction and landscaping, and implementing erosion control
measures such as silt fences and sediment basins. Following the associated construction
activity, the excavated areas will be paved over or backfilled to its graded contours or re-
vegetated to control erosion.

(2) Historic Resources
Objective:
(A) Protect, preserve and, where desirable, restore those natural and manmade
historic and prehistoric resources in the coastal zone management area that
are significant in Hawaiian and American history and culture.

Policies:
(A) Identify and analyze significant archaeological resources;
(B) Maximize information retention through preservation of remains and artifacts or
salvage operations; and
(C) Support state goals for protection, restoration, interpretation, and display of
historic resources.

An Archaeological Literature Review and Field Inspection for the project site was conducted
for the property in April 2012. Several of the proposed short-term improvement areas are not
recommended for further work, based on their situation in areas characterized by extensive
levels of past disturbance and/or development. These improvement areas include: the
proposed General Aviation Expansion; the relocated Onizuka Space Center, the Terminal
Modernization Phase I; the High Pressure Hydrogen Fuel Storage and Fuel Station; and the
DOA Inspection Facility Site C. A lack of findings during 100 percent coverage of the
proposed ARFF Regional Training Facility, which is located on both disturbed and
undisturbed portions of the 1801 lava flow, precludes the need for further study at this
location. No further work is also recommended for the Medical Transitional Facility, as
thorough coverage of this site yielded no finds.

As the proposed Road M route traverses over older lava flow areas that may contain
archaeological features, it is recommended that this area be studied further. In addition, as
both potential DOA Inspection Facilities are situated on the same flows, should either of
these sites be selected, it is recommended that the selected site be further studied as well.


The Helicopter General Aviation facility and KATR are situated on a largely undisturbed 1801
flow area. Features of indeterminate age were encountered during the inspection of these
improvement areas. An inventory survey was recommended for these improvement areas in
order to thoroughly document and better analyze the features observed during the inspection
and to definitively rule out the presence of other potential historic properties.

The SWAC system heat exchanger site will require archaeological inventory, due to the
discovery of previously-undocumented features in the immediate vicinity. It was
recommended that the system water lines be confined to previously-disturbed areas, such as
the existing road shoulders, or to the vicinity of the disturbed terminal/General Aviation areas.
If this can be managed, further study along these routes will likely not be necessary.
However, if the water line extends across undisturbed areas, such as that found between
Road N and Uu Street to the north of the General Aviation Apron Expansion area, an
inventory survey will be necessary. In addition, an inventory survey is recommended along
the proposed route of the SWAC line within the adjacent NELHA property bounds, given the
present identification of what appears to be a previously undocumented feature.

Should any significant pre-Contact or historic deposits (i.e. subsurface concentrations of
indigenous or historic era artifacts and/or structural remnants) or human burials be
encountered during the course of development of the project site, the subsurface excavation
work and/or surface grading will be halted in the immediate area and the SHPD will be
notified immediately.

(3) Scenic and Open Space Resources

Objective:
(A) Protect, preserve, and where desirable, restore or improve the quality of
coastal scenic and open space resources.

Policies:
(A) Identify valued scenic resources in the coastal zone management area;
(B) Ensure that new developments are compatible with their visual environment
by designing and locating such developments to minimize the alteration of
natural landforms and existing public views to and along the shoreline;
(C) Preserve, maintain, and, where desirable, improve and restore shoreline open
space and scenic resources; and
(D) Encourage those developments which are not coastal dependent to locate in
inland areas.

The proposed improvements are not anticipated to have significant impacts on notable view
planes nor adversely affect important public viewing points or visual resources. The
proposed improvements at KOA will be generally similar in visual character to those of the
existing facilities and would be sensed as an intensification of the existing use.


(4) Coastal Ecosystems
Objective:
(A) Protect valuable coastal ecosystems, including reefs, from disruption and
minimize adverse impacts on all coastal ecosystems.

Policies:
(A) Exercise an overall conservation ethic, and practice stewardship in the
protection, use, and development of marine and coastal resources;
(B) Improve the technical basis for natural resource management;
(C) Preserve valuable coastal ecosystems, including reefs, of significant biological
or economic importance;
(D) Minimize disruption or degradation of coastal water ecosystems by effective
regulation of stream diversions, channelization, and similar land and water
uses, recognizing competing water needs; and
(E) Promote water quantity and quality planning and management practices that
reflect the tolerance of fresh water and marine ecosystems and maintain and
enhance water quality through the development and implementation of point
and nonpoint source water pollution control measures.

Due to aviation safety requirements there is no general public access to the shoreline
through the KOA airfield. The nearest shoreline access is located at the Kekaha Kai State
Park, north of KOA.

During construction of the various improvements, storm water runoff may carry increased
amounts of sediment into the storm drain system due to erosion from soils exposed during
excavation and grading activities. This runoff could potentially impact the water quality of
coastal waters in the area. However, excavation and grading activities associated with the
construction of the proposed project will be regulated by the Countys grading ordinance. In
addition, for those improvements anticipating an area of soil disturbance greater than one
acre, an NPDES Individual Permit for Storm Water Associated with Construction Activity,
administered by the State DOH, will be required to control storm water discharges.
Mitigation measures will be instituted in accordance with site-specific assessments,
incorporating appropriate structural and/or non-structural BMPs such as minimizing time of
exposure between construction and landscaping, and implementing erosion control
measures such as silt fences and sediment basins. Following the associated construction
activity, the excavated areas will be paved over or backfilled to its graded contours or re-
vegetated to control erosion.

(5) Economic Uses

Objective:
(A) Provide public or private facilities and improvements important to the States
economy in suitable locations.

Policies:
(A) Concentrate coastal dependent development in appropriate areas;
(B) Ensure that coastal dependent developments such as harbors and ports, and
coastal related development such as visitor facilities and energy generating


facilities, are located, designed, and constructed to minimize adverse social,
visual, and environmental impacts in the coastal zone management area; and
(C) Direct the location and expansion of coastal dependent developments to
areas presently designated and used for such developments and permit
reasonable long-term growth at such areas, and permit coastal dependent
development outside of presently designated areas when:
(i) Use of presently designated locations is not feasible;
(ii) Adverse environmental effects are minimized; and
(iii) The development is important to the States economy.

KOA is an existing airport that is appropriately located on the coast to minimize over flight of
developed lands for public safety and to minimize aircraft noise impacts. The proposed
improvements are associated with the existing airport.

(6) Coastal Hazards

Objectives:
(A) Reduce hazard to life and property from tsunami, storm waves, stream
flooding, erosion, subsidence, and pollution.

Policies:
(A) Develop and communicate adequate information about storm wave, tsunami,
flood, erosion, subsidence, and point and nonpoint source pollution hazards;
(B) Control development in areas subject to storm wave, tsunami, flood, erosion,
hurricane, wind, subsidence, and point and nonpoint pollution hazards;
(B) Ensure that developments comply with requirements of the Federal Flood
Insurance Program;
(C) Prevent coastal flooding from inland projects.

According to the Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM) (Community Panel Numbers
1551660466C, 1551660468C, 1551660681C and 1551660683C, Effective Date: September
16, 1988 prepared by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)), the project site
is located within Zone X, defined as Areas determined to be outside the 0.2% annual
chance floodplain. The project site is located outside of the tsunami inundation zone.
Construction and operation of the proposed project are not anticipated to increase flood risks
or cause any adverse flood-related impacts at the project site or lower elevation properties.
The entire island of Hawaii is designated Seismic Zone 4, the highest rating among the
major Hawaiian Islands. The proposed improvements will be designed and built to Seismic
Zone 4 standards of the International Building Code (IBC) to ensure that potential seismic
activities do not adversely affect the project buildings.

(7) Managing Development
Objective:
(A) Improve the development review process, communication, and public
participation in the management of coastal resource and hazards.


Policies:
(A) Use, implement, and enforce existing law effectively to the maximum extent
possible in managing present and future coastal zone development;
(B) Facilitate timely processing of applications for development permits and
resolve overlapping or conflicting permit requirements; and
(C) Communicate the potential short- and long-term impacts of proposed
significant coastal developments early in their life cycle and in terms
understandable to the public to facilitate public participation in the planning
and review process.

The Hawaii State environmental review process, HRS 343, requires project review by
government agencies and affords the public the opportunity to provide comments on the
proposed project. The proposed improvements are also subject to the Special Management
Area (SMA) permit process as discussed in Section 4.2.5. Applicable State and County
requirement will be adhered to in the design and construction phases of the proposed
improvements.

(8) Public Participation

Objective:
(A) Stimulate public awareness, education, and participation in coastal
management.

Policies:
(A) Promote public involvement in coastal zone management processes;
(B) Disseminate information on coastal management issues by means of
educational materials, published reports, staff contact, and public workshops
for persons and organizations concerned with coastal issues, developments,
and government activities; and
(C) Organize workshops, policy dialogues, and site-specific mediations to respond
to coastal issues and conflicts.

The Hawaii State environmental review process, Chapter 343, HRS, requires project review
by government agencies and affords organizations and the general public the opportunity to
provide comments on the proposed project. The proposed improvements are also subject to
the SMA permit process as discussed in Section 4.2.5, which includes public notification and
a public hearing.

A public informational meeting was held on February 9, 2012 to apprise the public of the
proposed improvements and to solicit verbal and written comments from the community at-
large. A summary of the meeting can be found in Appendix G.

(9) Beach Protection

Objective:
(A) Protect beaches for public use and recreation.


Policies:
(A) Locate new structures inland from the shoreline setback to conserve open
space, minimize interference with natural shoreline processes, and minimize
loss of improvements due to erosion;
(B) Prohibit construction of private erosion-protection structures seaward of the
shoreline, except when they result in improved aesthetic and engineering
solutions to erosion at the sites and do not interfere with existing recreational
and waterline activities; and
(C) Minimize the construction of public erosion-protection structures seaward of
the shoreline.

The proposed improvements do not involve the construction of improvements in the
shoreline setback nor require any shoreline erosion-protection structures.

(10) Marine Resources

Objective:
(A) Promote the protection, use, and development of marine and coastal
resources to assure their sustainability.

Policies:
(D) Ensure that the use and development of marine and coastal resources are
ecologically and environmentally sound and economically beneficial;
(E) Coordinate the management of marine and coastal resources and activities to
improve effectiveness and efficiency;
(F) Assert and articulate the interests of the State as a partner with federal
agencies in the sound management of ocean resources within the United
States exclusive economic zone;
(G) Promote research, study, and understanding of ocean processes, marine life,
and other ocean resources in order to acquire and inventory information
necessary to understand how ocean development activities relate to and
impact upon ocean and coastal resources; and
(H) Encourage research and development of new, innovative technologies for
exploring, using, or protecting marine and coastal resources.

The proposed improvements do not involve construction or development within coastal
waters and are, therefore, not anticipated to have any direct impacts on marine and coastal
resources. Potential water quality impacts to nearshore coastal waters during construction of
the improvements will be mitigated by adherence to State water quality regulations governing
grading, excavation and stockpiling. In addition, for those improvements anticipating an area
of soil disturbance greater than one acre, an NPDES Individual Permit for Storm Water
Associated with Construction Activity, administered by the State DOH, will be required to
control storm water discharges. Mitigation measures will be instituted in accordance with
site-specific assessments, incorporating appropriate structural and/or non-structural BMPs
such as minimizing time of exposure between construction and landscaping, and
implementing erosion control measures such as silt fences and sediment basins. Following
the associated construction activity, the excavated areas will be paved over or backfilled to
its graded contours or re-vegetated to control erosion.

WILSON OKAMOTO
ENGINEERS | PLANNERS | CONSULTANTS
1907 S. BERETANIA ST
SUITE 400
HONOLULU, HI 96826
PH 808 946 2277
FX 808 946 2253
www.wilsonokamoto.com

NEPA Environmental Assessment: Kona International Airport Terminal and Facility Improvements

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