MC LC

Trang

- Li ni u -.......................................................................... 4 Chng I.................................................................................6 Tng quan v k thut truyn dn ng b SDH ....................6 1.1- H THNG TRUYN DN CN NG B ..............6 1.1.1 - Nguyn tc ghp lung trong cu trc s cn ng b................................................................6 1.1.2 - Cc tiu chun ca PDH..............................8 1.1.3 - Qu trnh ghp knh PDH.........................10 1.1.4 - Nhng hn ch ca PDH............................11 1.2 - GII THIU V H THNG SDH.........................15 1.2.1 - Lch s pht trin ca SDH........................15 1.2.2 - Cc tiu chun ghp knh SDH..................17 1.2.3 - Mt s khuyn ngh v SDH ca ITU-T........17 1.2.4 - Cc c im v hn ch ca phng php truyn dn ng b SDH......................................19 1.2.5 - Nhng u im ca SDH so vi PDH...........22 1.2.6 - Nguyn tc ghp knh ca SDH.................23 1.2.7 - Chc nng cc khi...................................24 Chng II..............................................................................27 Phng php sp xp cc lung s trong SDH......................27 2.1 - KHI QUT.....................................................27 2.2 - QU TRNH SP XP CC LUNG TN HIU VO CC GI..................................................................28 2.2.1- Sp xp lung 1,5 Mbit/s vo a khung VC-11 ..........................................................................28

2.2.2 - Sp xp lung 2 Mbit/s vo a khung VC-12 ..........................................................................34 2.2.3 - Sp xp lung 1,5 Mbit/s vo TU-12 thay th lung 2 Mbit/s.....................................................36 2.2.4 - Sp xp lung 6 Mbit/s vo VC-2................38 2.2.5 - Sp xp lung 34 Mbit/s vo VC-3..............40 2.2.6 - Sp xp lung 45 Mbit/s vo VC-3..............42 2.2.7 - Sp xp lung s 140 Mbit/s vo VC-4........43 2.3 - QU TRNH GHP CC GI VO TRONG KHUNG STM-1....................................................................45 2.3.1 - Ghp VC-4 vo STM-1................................45 2.3.2 - Ghp 3 VC-3 vo STM-1 qua AU-4...............46 2.3.3 - Ghp 3 VC-3 vo STM-1 qua AU-3..............48 2.3.4 - Ghp 63 VC-12 vo STM-1..........................49 2.3.5 - Ghp 84 VC-11 vo STM-1..........................52 2.3.6 - To khung truyn dn STM-N.....................53 CHng III.............................................................................55 T chc v hot ng ca cc loi con tr trong khung tn hiu SDH............................................................................... 55 3.1 - V TR V CHC NNG CA CC LOI CON TR. 55 3.1.1 - V tr v chc nng ca con tr AU-4..........55 3.1.2 - V tr v chc nng ca con tr AU-3..........56 3.1.3 - V tr v chc nng ca con tr TU-3...........56 3.1.4 - V tr v chc nng ca con tr TU-2...........58 3.1.5 - V tr v chc nng ca con tr TU-12 v TU11.......................................................................60 3.2 - NH S A CH CC NHM BYTE V CC BYTE .............................................................................60

3.2.1 - nh s a ch cc nhm byte ca khung AUG....................................................................60 3.2.2 - nh s a ch cc nhm byte ca khung VC4 ........................................................................63 3.2.3 - nh s a ch cc byte ca a khung TU-2, TU-12 v TU-11....................................................63 3.3 - CU TO V HOT NG CA CC CON TR.....64 3.3.1- Cu to ca con tr....................................64 3.3.2 - Hot ng ca cc loi con tr...................67 3.3.3 - Cc con tr trong cc khung tn hiu ni mc xch....................................................................77 3.4 - X L CON TR TI PHA THU..........................78 3.4.1 - ngha ca vic x l con tr.....................78 3.4.2 - nh s th t cc khung AU-n, TU-n.........79 3.4.3 - nh s th t cc AU-4 trong khung STM-N ..........................................................................80 3.4.4 - nh s th t cc TU-3 trong VC-4...........80 3.4.5 - nh s th t cc TU-2 trong VC-4...........81 3.4.6 - nh s th t cc TU-12 trong mt VC-4...81 3.4.7 - nh s th t cc TU-11 trong VC-4..........82 Chng IV.............................................................................67 Vai tr ca cc tn hiu qun l v bo dng trong h thng SDH......................................................................................67 4.1 - ON V TUYN TRONG H THNG TRUYN DN .............................................................................67 4.1.1 - on (section)..........................................67 4.1.2 - Tuyn (Path).............................................67 4.2 - CC TN HIU QUN L V BO DNG............68

4.2.1 - Khi nim v SOH (Section Overhead) Mo u on.............................................................68 4.2.2 - Tn hiu qun l v bo dng on lp (RSOH)................................................................73 4.2.3 - Tn hiu qun l v bo dng on ghp (MSOH)...............................................................76 4.2.4 - Tn hiu qun l v bo dng tuyn VC bc thp....................................................................82 4.2.5 - Tn hiu qun l v bo dng tuyn VC bc cao.....................................................................86 4.2.6 - Qui nh cc tn hiu bo dng v cnh bo ..........................................................................91 - Cc thut ng vit tt -.......................................................94 - ti liu tham kho -.............................................................98

- Li ni u S ra i ca cng ngh SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy - Cng ngh truyn dn phn cp s ng b) nh du mt thi k pht trin mi ca mng vin thng th gii. SDH thc y cuc cch mng trong cc dch v vin thng v dn n nh hng su rng n ngi s dng, cc nh khai thc cng nh cc nh sn xut thit b. Vic ngi s dng cui cng c bit l cc nh kinh doanh ngy cng ph thuc nhiu hn vo cc phng tin thng tin dn n s bng n nhu cu v cc dch v vin thng cht lng cao. Cc dch v nh hi ngh truyn hnh, thm nhp c s d liu t xa, chuyn giao tp a mi trng (a phng tin) i hi mt mng linh hot c kh nng p ng c yu cu v rng di thng hu nh khng gii hn. S phc tp ca mng hin nay xy dng da trn h thng truyn dn cn ng b PDH tc thp, iu

ny dn n nh iu hnh mng khng p ng ni cc yu cu ni trn. V PDH ch yu p ng nhu cu thoi thng thng, khng ph hp vi truyn dn v qun l cc lin kt c rng bng tn ln. SDH ra i nhm gii quyt nhc im ny ca PDH. Kh nng trin khai cc h thng ng b s c thc hin nhanh chng nh kh nng tng thch ca n vi cc h thng PDH. SDH qui nh cu trc cho php cc tn hiu cn ng b kt hp vi nhau v c ng thng vo trong mt tn hiu SDH. iu ny bo v s u t ca cc nh iu hnh mng thit b cn ng b v cho php h pht trin cc thit b ng b ph hp cho nhu cu ring i vi mng ca h. Khi thit b ng b c a vo hot ng trong mng th li ch m n em li r rng. Cc nh khai thc s tit kim c ng k phn cng trong mng, tng tin cy trong mng, dn n gim chi ph cho bo dng v khai thc. Kh nng qun l mng linh hot s ci thin to ln trong vic iu khin mng truyn dn, ci thin kh nng phc hi mng gip cho vic sn sng thng tin tt hn v vic cung cp cc dch v s nhanh hn. SDH s cung cp cho cc nh khai thc mt gii php mng cho tng lai nh cc mng vng th (MAN), ISDN bng rng v cc mng thng tin c nhn. Chnh v vy vic la chn truyn dn ng b SDH lm c s cho mng vin thng trong tng lai l hng pht trin ng n. Vit Nam, thc hin ngh quyt ca ng ra cng nh k hoch tng tc hin i ho ca ngnh bu in, cng ngh SDH c trin khai v p dng tng bc. T nm 1994, mng SDH c khai thc, s dng mt s tuyn vin thng lin tnh v n nay hu ht cc tnh thnh u p dng cng ngh ny. L mt sinh vin cao ng ca khoa in t - Vin thng, em lun mong mun c tm hiu v nhng k thut, cng ngh ang c s dng trong ngnh Vin thng vn dng nhng kin thc hc c vo ngh 5

nghip tng lai sau ny, cng l gp phn nh b ca mnh vo s pht trin ca ngnh ni ring v s nghip cng nghip ho, hin i ho ca t nc ni chung. V vy em quyt nh chn ti Cng ngh truyn dn SDH lm n tt nghip. Em xin chn thnh cm n thy gio - Thc s L Vn Hi, ngi trc tip hng dn, gip em rt tn tnh trong thi gian lm n, ng thi em cng xin cm n cc thy c gio trong khoa in t - Vin thng trng i hc Bch Khoa H Ni gip cho em tip thu c nhng kin thc c bn trong qu trnh hc tp em c th hon thnh n tt nghip v cng l cho em c c nn tng trong ngh nghip tng lai. Do nng lc v thi gian c hn, bn n ca em khng th trnh khi mt s thiu st v cn c nhng vn cha c cp su. Em rt mong mun c tip thu kin ca cc thy c em c c kin thc hon thin hn.

H Ni, thng 6 nm 2003 Sinh vin

Chng I

Tng quan v k thut truyn dn ng b SDH 1.1 - H THNG TRUYN DN CN NG B

1.1.1 - Nguyn tc ghp lung trong cu trc s cn ng b

Trn Hoi

Trong h thng ghp knh TDM, tn s ca h thng trong bt k mc phn cp tc bit no cho trc cng c th x dch gi tr danh nh ti mt lng nh no . V vy nguyn tc ca h thng ghp knh TDM c v n

gin nhng thc t khng phi nh vy. V d lung 2,048 Mbit/s ghp vi nhau to thnh lung 8,448 Mbit/s nh sau:

Lung s 2 Mbit/s c tc bit cao hn nh mc 6 5 4 3 2 1

Chn bit

1 B chuyn mch

J Cc bit chn

Cc bit d liu u vo
B to xung ng h 5 4 3 2 1

Tn hiu ra

Chn bit

B ghp

Lung s 2 Mbit/s c tc bit thp hn nh mc

Hnh 1.1 - Nguyn tc ghp knh cn ng b.

Lung 2 Mbit/s c to ra t thit b ghp knh hoc tng i in t s khc nhau nn tc bit khc nhau cht t, trc khi ghp theo bit cc lung ny thnh mt lung c tc cao hn phi hiu chnh cho tc bit nh nhau bng cc bit chn mang thng tin gi. Cc bit chn s c my thu nhn bit v loi khi tn hiu gc khi thc hin tch knh. Mc d tc cc lung nh nhau, nhng u thu khng nhn bit c v tr mi lung trong lung hp thnh (lung c tc cao hn). Kiu ghp nh vy gi l cn ng b (Plesiochronous). Trng hp thm bit gi nh trn c thc hin tt c cc cp ghp knh ca h thng, v vy c gi l "H thng phn cp s cn ng b PDH - Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy"

1.1.2 - Cc tiu chun ca PDH Hin nay trn th gii c ba tiu chun tc bit PDH, l tiu chun Chu u, tiu chun Bc M v tiu chun Nht Bn

2048 kbit/s x 4

8448 kbit/s x 4

3436 8 kbit/s (a) 3206 4kbit /s

x 4

13926 4 kbit/s kbit/s

x 4

56499 Chu u 2 kbit/s

1544 kbit/s x 4

x 6312 5 kbit/s x 7

x 3

9772 x 8kbit 4 /s

40035 2 kbit/s

Nh t

4473 6 kbit/s (b)

x 9

40500 0 kbit/s

Bc M

Hnh 1.2 - Cc tiu chun a-Tiu chun Chu u PDH. Chu u da trn tc bit c s 2048 kbit/s t thit b ghp knh PCM-30 hoc t tng i in t s ghp xen bit thnh cc tc bit cao hn v gm c 5 mc. S hnh thnh cc mc theo tiu chun Chu u nh hnh 1.2a. b-Tiu chun Bc M Bc M s dng lung s c s 1544 kbit/s t thit b ghp knh PCM24 hoc t tng i in t s ghp xen bit thnh cc lung s c tc bit cao hn v gm c 4 mc. S hnh thnh cc mc theo tiu chun Bc M nh hnh 1.2b.

c-Tiu chun Nht Bn Hai mc u tin theo tiu chun Nht Bn hon ton ging tiu chun Bc M v c tt c 5 mc. ITU-T cng nhn 4 mc u tin theo tiu chun Chu u v 3 mc u tin theo tiu chun Bc M l cc mc truyn dn PDH quc t.

1.1.3 - Qu trnh ghp knh PDH 2 Mbit/s 140 Mit/s

1 2 3 DME 2 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 DME 2 8 5 6 DME 7 3 8 9 10 11DME 3 12 13 14 15 16 DME 3 3 DME 4 1 2 DME 3 1

8 Mbit/s

34 Mbit/s

64 x 2 Mbit/ s

LTE

62 61 63 64 DME 2

Hnh 1.3 Ghp knh PDH. Trong cu trc ghp knh cn ng b PDH (theo tiu chun Chu u) th qu trnh ghp knh t lung 2 Mbit/s thnh lung 140 Mbit/s s phi ghp qua tt c cc mc ghp trung gian 8 Mbit/s, 34 Mbit/s thng qua vic s dng cc thit b ghp knh phn cp 2, 3, 4 (hnh 1.3). Khi ghp knh ta phi thc hin vic chn - Chn t cht khung - Chn cc bit kim tra 10

- Chn cc bit tn hiu dch v. Qu trnh ghp knh qua cc cp: - Cp 2: Ghp 64 lung 2 Mbit/s thnh 16 lung 8 Mbit/s dng 16 DME2 - Cp 3: Ghp 16 lung 8 Mbit/s thnh 4 lung 34 Mbit/s dng 4 DME3 - Cp 4: Ghp 4 lung 34 Mbit/s thnh 1 lung 140 Mbit/s dng 1 DME4 Khi tch knh th ta phi lm ngc li, c th thm nhp n lung 2 Mbit/s ta cn phi tch knh 140 Mbit/s thnh 64 lung 2 Mbit/s qua cc bc 34 Mbit/s, 8 Mbit/s, 2 Mbit/s v cng thng qua cc thit b tch ghp knh cp 2, 3, 4. Khi : - Tn hiu ng b c tch ra. - Khi phc li t cht khung. - Ly li cc bit chn vo.

1.1.4 - Nhng hn ch ca PDH a. Tch xen phc tp, yu cu thit b cng knh lm gim cht lng

truyn dn Hin nay nhu cu s dng dch v thoi cng nh phi thoi ngy cng tng, ngha l ngi iu hnh mng mong mun c nhiu lung 2Mbit/s cho thu v c th tch xen cc lung mt cch d dng, nhng k thut PDH khng th p ng c iu . Chng hn khi 1 tuyn truyn dn qua mt im no yu cu s dng lung 2 Mbit/s th ti phi lp t mt khi lng ln cc thit b tch xen nh hnh 1.4

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140 140 LTE 34 34 8 8 2

Lung 2 Mbit/s (IN/OUT)

140 140 LTE 34 34 8 8 2

Hnh 1.4 - Tch lung 2Mbit/s t lung 140 Mbit/s. Vic trch ly mt lung 2 Mbit/s dng nh n gin, nhng trong thc t khng phi nh vy. Vic s dng cc bit cn bng m cp ghp PDH tc l vic nhn dng chnh xc v tr khung 2 Mbit/s trong mt knh 140 Mbit/s l khng th c do khung tn hiu khng c cc bit nghip v. Do nhn c mt lung cp thp, ta phi tch ring lung ny trong lung cp cao, c lung c s 2 Mbit/s, ta phi tri qua tt c cc cp ghp tch. iu ny s lm cho gi thnh dch v tng cao v lm gim tin cy cng nh cht lng ca h thng. b. Kh nng qun l v gim st mng km c bit l vi mng vin thng tc cao Do nhu cu thng tin trc y cha cao, cu hnh n gin, d qun l do vy cu trc khung PDH khng to ra kh nng gim st v qun l ring. C th l trong khung tn hiu cc b ghp 2/8, 8/34, 34/140 v 140/565 c cc bit ng b khung (10 bit), 1 bit cnh bo ng b khung, 1 bit nghip v v 12 bit iu khin chn (hnh 1.5a). Cn cp ghp c s 2 Mbit/s s 12

lng cc bit nghip v trong khung tn hiu cng rt hn ch. Mt khc, trong khung tn hiu u ra thit b ghp knh PCM-30 ch c cc bit nh du 'x' l cn c th s dng cho cc knh nghip v c (hnh1.5b).
TF = 100,4 s
Bit tin Bit tin 12 4 200 204 4 Bit tin 208 4 Bit tin 208 4

Cc bit iu khin chn

1 111 010 00 0
Cnh bo T m ng b khung Bit nghip v

Cc bit chn

a Cu trc khung b ghp 2/8

TF =125 s

TS0 TS1 TS2 ............ TS15 TS16 TS17 ........................... TS30 TS31
Khung chn
X0 01 1 0 11

Khung
ng b khung ng b a khung v bo hiu

0
0 0 0 0 1 AF xx

b Cu trc khung tn hiu u ra thit b PCM-30

Khung l
x 1A x x x x x

Hnh 1.5 - Cu trc khung a b c d a b tn hiu. c d

Khung 1 n 15

c. Tc bit tiu chun ho quc t cn thp Theo khuyn ngh ca ITU-T, tc bit cao nht c chun ho cho mng vin thng quc t l 140 Mbit/s, tc bit cao nht cho mng vin thng quc gia l 565 Mbit/s. Vi gii hn tc nh vy, trn mng vin thng quc t khng th to ra c mt xa l thng tin v phc v cho nhiu loi truyn thng khc nhau th hin tnh linh hot ca truyn thng s. Cng nh vy vi mng vin thng quc gia, gii hn tc 565 Mbit/s lm hn ch nhu cu pht trin cc dch v bng rng trong tng lai nh l knh

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video s, yu cu tc t vi chc Mb/s n hng trm Mbit/s tu theo cht lng.

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d. Thit b cng knh Thit b ghp knh bc cao v thit b u cui ng c lp vi nhau. V d nh trong h thng thng tin quang th thit b ghp knh bc cao v thit b u cui quang tch bit vi nhau, hn th na m ng ca hai loi thit b ny khng nh nhau, u ra thit b ghp knh dng m HDB3 cn u ra thit b u cui quang dng m 5B6D. e. Trn th gii tn ti ba tiu chun truyn dn khc nhau C 3 loi phn cp truyn dn khc v c lung c s n cc cp tc cao, l ca Chu u, Bc M v Nht Bn. iu ny gy ra s kh khn trong vic ho mng v ng b mng quc t.

1.2 - GII THIU V H THNG SDH

1.2.1 - Lch s pht trin ca SDH H thng phn cp s ng b SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) l mt h thng truyn dn mi trn th gii. SDH to ra mt cuc cch mng mi trong cc dch v vin thng, th hin mt cng ngh tin tin, c th p ng mt cch rng ri cc yu cu ca khch hng, ngi khai thc cng nh cc nh sn xut. Trong tng lai, h thng ng b SDH s ngy cng c pht trin nh cc u im vt tri so vi PDH, c kh nng kt ni vi mng PDH hin hnh t cho php hin i ha mng vin thng theo tng giai on pht trin. Lch s pht trin cc my ghp knh SDH bt u t M, ni m nhiu nm trc y rt nhiu hng sn xut thit b truyn dn cp quang khc nhau pht trin cc phng php khc nhau m ho cho tn hiu ring ca h. iu ny dn n hu qu l vic qui hoch, khai thc bo 15

dng cng nh qun l mng ht sc phc tp v kh khn. loi b cc giao tip ring v t c tnh kt ni tng h tht s gia cc hng cung cp thit b, tiu ban T1X1 ca vin tiu chun quc gia M (ANSI American National Standard Institute) bt u t nm 1985 pht trin mng tiu chun SONET (Synchronous Optical Network - Mng quang ng b) theo xut ca cng ty BELLCORE. Cc tiu chun ca SDH bt u hnh thnh to ra mt mng giao tip quang c th hot ng vi tt c cc h thng truyn dn khc nhau ca cc sn phm khc nhau (theo tiu chun Chu u hoc Bc M). Sau , cc tiu chun ny c s dng rng ri c th x l cho mng hin ti v cho tt c cc loi tn hiu trong tng lai cng nh cho c phng tin khai thc v bo dng. Mng quang ng b da trn nguyn l ghp knh ng b, trong cp quang c s dng lm mi trng truyn dn, v sau cc tiu chun v giao din thit b cng c nghin cu nhm c th kt ni cc loi thit b khc nhau m khng gy tr ngi khi p dng loi hnh mi ny vo mng hin hnh. p ng cc yu cu cn phi lu n vic tiu chun cc tn hiu bo dng gim st, chuyn mch bo v v c vn qun l mng li ca cc loi thit b khc nhau . Cui nm 1988, trn c s tiu chun SONET v xt n cc tiu chun ghp knh khc nhau chu u, M v Nht, CCITT a ra tiu chun quc t v cng ngh truyn dn theo cu trc s ng b SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) dng cho truyn dn cp quang v vi ba. Cc tiu chun SDH c nu trong cc khuyn ngh G707, G708, G709. Cc khuyn ngh ca CCITT nh ngha mt s tc truyn dn c s SDH. Tc u tin l 155,52 Mbit/s thng c gi l STM-1 (Synchronous Transport Module level 1 - Modul truyn ti mc 1). Cc tc truyn dn cao hn l STM-4 v STM-16 (622 Mbit/s v 2,5 Gbit/s) cng c nh ngha, cc mc cao hn ang c nghin cu.

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1.2.2 - Cc tiu chun ghp knh SDH Hin nay tiu chun SDH ca ITU-T kt hp c 2 tiu chun SDH ca chu u (ETSI) v tiu chun SONET ca M :
Cc mc tn hiu quang OC-1 OC-3 OC-9 OC-12 OC-18 OC-24 OC-36 OC-48 Tiu chun SONET ETSI STS-1 STS-3 STS-9 STS-12 STS-18 STS-24 STS-36 STS-48 STM-16 STM-4 STM-1 Tc Mbit/s 51,84 155,52 466,56 622,08 933,12 1244,16 1866,24 2488,32

SONET:Synchronous Optical Network - Mng quang ng b. Synchronous Optical Network - Mng quang ng b. ETSI:European Telecommunication Standard Institute-Vin tiu chun vin thng chu u. OC : quang. STS :Synchronous Transport Signal - Tn hiu truyn ti ng b. Synchronous Transport Signal - Tn hiu truyn ti ng b. STM:Synchronous Transport Module - Modul truyn ti ng b. Synchronous Transport Module - Modul truyn ti ng b. European Telecommunication Optical Carrier - truyn dn Standard Institute-Vin tiu chun vin thng chu u. Optical Carrier - truyn dn quang.

1.2.3 - Mt s khuyn ngh v SDH ca ITU-T Sau y l mt s khuyn ngh v SDH m ITU-T a ra:

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G.702- S lng mc trong phn cp s ng b. trong phn cp s ng b.

- S lng mc

G.707- Cc tc bit ca SDH - Cc tc bit ca SDH G.708- Giao dim nt mng SDH G.709- Cu trc ghp ng b - Giao dim nt mng SDH - Cu trc ghp ng b - Giao thc (Protocol) ph hp cc h thng truyn dn - M hnh thng tin qun Cc -

G.773- Giao thc (Protocol) ph hp vi cc giao din Q qun l cc h thng truyn dn vi cc giao din Q qun l G.774- M hnh thng tin qun l SDH l SDH G.782- Cc kiu v cc c tnh ch yu ca thit b ghp SDH kiu v cc c tnh ch yu ca thit b ghp SDH G.783- Cc c tnh ca cc khi chc nng trong thit b ghp SDH Cc c tnh ca cc khi chc nng trong thit b ghp SDH G.784- Qun l SDH - Qun l SDH G.803- Cu trc mng truyn dn SDH - Cu trc mng truyn dn SDH G.825- iu khin rung pha v tri pha trong mng thng tin SDH iu khin rung pha v tri pha trong mng thng tin SDH G.957 - Cc giao din quang ca cc thit b v h thng lin quan n SDH G.958 - Cc giao din quang ca cc thit b v h thng - H thng lin quan n SDH - H thng truyn dn s dng cho cp si quang truyn dn s dng cho cp si quang Cc khuyn ngh ni trn c ITU-T xy dng s dng trn phm vi ton th gii. Trong cc vng khc nhau c th c thay i nh ca cc khuyn ngh ph hp vi mng ca vng . V d nh chu u, cc khuyn ngh v SDH do ETSI ban hnh, Bc M do ANSI ban hnh.

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1.2.4 - Cc c im v hn ch ca phng php truyn dn ng b SDH

1. Khung 125s Cu trc khung c hnh thnh bng cc khi 125s. c im ny khng c trong phn cp s cn ng b hin dng, n cho php truy nhp t tn hiu phn cp cao ti cc tn hiu cp thp. Ton b cc qu trnh x l c th c thc hin c nh xen byte, do vy gy ra rung (Jitter) ca tn hiu thu v c khc phc bng tn hiu chn dng, chn m v chn khng. 2. S hp nht cc phn cp Cu trc ghp knh ng b c kh nng ho hp tn hiu s SDH Bc M v chu u. Cc tn hiu s ca Bc M c th kt hp vi cc tn hiu s ca chu u v ngc li, iu ny ch thc hin trong h thng SDH.

19

3. Cu trc phn cp Mt trong nhng c im ni bt ca truyn dn ng b l tho hip cc khi nim phn lp khc nhau. Da trn khi nim ny cc mo u c phn loi thnh SOH v POH trong cu trc khung, c ngha l mng thng tin ch yu c phn thnh cc lung v on. Cc mo u cn thit cho cc lung s khng c x l ti cc on m chng c truyn i thng sut. Cc SOH (t mo u on) phn trn hoc di con tr s c phn loi theo chc nng, chng c gn tng ng vi cc chc nng on lp v on ghp knh. C ngha l cc on li c phn lp mt ln na thnh cc on ghp knh mc cao v cc on lp mc thp. 4. ng b ho bng con tr Trong qu trnh ghp knh ng b, mng thng tin c ng b ho nh vic hiu chnh gi tr cc con tr, iu ny c ngha l s x dch ng b gia h thng v tn hiu thu c th x l ph hp vi con tr chn dng / khng / m. Thng qua vic s dng b nh ng, phng php ng b ho bng con tr to iu kin kh thi cho ng b ho bng rng. Thc hin ng b ho theo kiu chn byte nn to ra Jitter tn s thp v bin cao. 5. Ghp knh mt bc Trong qu trnh ghp knh ng b, cc tn hiu TUG-2 c nh x trc tip thnh tn hiu VC-4 hoc cc tn hiu AU-3 c nh x trc tip thnh tn hiu STM-1. Qu trnh ny gi l ghp knh mt bc. Ngoi ra khi p dng trn mt mng thng tin, ni c tn hiu ln gi i nh vic tin hnh mt qu trnh ghp knh, khi nim ny to iu kin d dng v kinh t cho kt ni phn chia v kt ni cho. Ghp knh mt bc tr nn kh thi nh khi nim Container.

20

6. Khi nim mng thng tin Phng thc truyn dn ng b c thit lp trn c s khi nim mng thng tin. Do cc h thng thng tin quang hin nay c thit k da trn khi nim truyn dn im ni im cho nn khng c hiu qu khi thc hin kt ni tch nhp hoc kt ni cho thng xuyn xy ra i vi cc tn hiu c to ra trn cc nt gia, sau khi hnh thnh mng truyn thng. Tuy nhin cc h thng thng tin quang ngy cng c s dng nhiu th h thng v cc tiu chun da trn mng tr nn rt cn thit v khi nim ghp knh mt bc c p dng. Hn th na, v cc mo u th cc SOH cn cho cc on v POH cn cho cc lung c phn loi v mt vi on mo u trong s c gn cho vic khai thc bo dng mng thng tin c hiu qu. 7. Mng thng tin ton cu c im ca mng thng tin truyn dn ng b l da trn quan im mng thng tin ton cu. Vic ng b ho c tin hnh mt s ln qua vic s dng con tr, l yu t cho php mng truyn ng b c ng b ho vi mng thng tin ton cu. Do vic phn cp tng thch vi cc cp truyn dn chu u v Bc M. Nu cc mo u t bn ngoi v cu trc ghp knh u c s dng da trn khi nim ny ca mng thng tin th mng thng tin ton cu c th thc hin c. 8. Nhng hn ch SDH khng tn dng ht dung lng ng truyn. Chng hn khung

STM-1 tc truyn l 155 Mbit/s ch cha c 63 lung 2 Mbit/s hoc 3

21

lung 34 Mbit/s hoc 1 lung 140 Mbit/s. Trong khi PDH 1 lung 140 Mbit/s cha c 64 lung 2 Mbit/s. K thut phc tp do phi ghi li s tng quan v pha gia cc tn

hiu lung v mo u. Vic xen byte lm tng tc Jitter hn kiu xen bit ca PDH.

1.2.5 - Nhng u im ca SDH so vi PDH

- Ghp knh n gin. Cng ngh SDH ch cn gi phi dy ti giao din vo ra cc container, do lm gim ng k gi lp t v i dy, cc con tr SDH phn khung trc tip khng qua cc trung gian ti bt k mc PDH no. - Cung cp kh nng qun l mng m t h thng trung tm. Tt c cc chc nng cnh bo h thng, o c ch tiu v iu khin cu hnh u c h thng qun l. iu ny cho php ng dng vn hnh v bo dng tp trung. - Thit b lp t n gin, bo dng d dng. Do thit b lp t c tiu chun ho, chi ph lp t c gim ng k v vic bo dng ch cn thay card di s ch dn ca b phn bo dng trung tm. - H thng phn knh SDH ch ly mt tn hiu ng h t dng STMN v pht tn hiu ng b cng ch mt ln mc . - Mng c lp vi cc nh sn xut, cu hnh mng SDH c nh ngha cht ch bi ITU-T, tt c cc thit b ca nh sn xut c th ni trc tip vi nhau ti STM-N. Hot ng lun phin ca mng c thc hin nhanh chng bi phn mm trong h thng qun l mng. Nh vy s

22

loi b cc thit b ni cho nhn cng ti gi phi dy. Cc dng SDH c th nh tuyn li nh lnh ca phn mm. - y cc chc nng cnh bo v o c ch tiu do SDH cung cp, cc chc nng ny u c h thng qun l trung tm khi h thng ang lm vic. Do vic s dung thit b truyn dn quang kt hp vi b tch/xen tc linh hot SDH cho php s dng cu hnh mch vng. Cu hnh ny c an ton cao trong trng hp hng hc thit b hay t dy, ng thi cng tit kim c dy dn. Nh vy vic ng dng truyn dn SDH l cn thit p ng nhu cu pht trin dch v v h gi thnh mng.

1.2.6 - Nguyn tc ghp knh ca SDH Trong h thng phn cp s cn ng b SDH th khung truyn dn cp thp nht (cp 1) c gi l STM-1 (Synchronous Transport Module 1) c tc chun l 155,52 Mbit/s. Qu trnh to thnh khung truyn dn STM-1 c bt u bng vic ghp cc lung tn hiu cp thp nh PDH hoc cc lung tn hiu hnh, d liu v s c ghp t phi qua tri qua cc cp sau y:
xN STM-N AUG x1 AU4 VC-4 C-4 140 Mbit/s

x3

x3

TUG-3

TU-3

VC-3 34 Mbit/s

AU3

VC3 x7

C-3 x7 TUG-2 TU-2 x3 TU-12 x4 TU-11 VC-11 C-11 VC-2 VC-12 C-2 C-12

45 Mbit/s

X l con tr Ghp ng chnh Sp xp

6 Mbit/s 2 Mbit/s 1.5 Mbit/s

23

Hnh 1.6 - S khi b ghp SDH tiu chun.

T hnh 1.6 ta thy theo tiu chun ca ITU-T, ta c th ghp vo lung STM-1 cc lung nhnh 1,544 Mbit/s , 2,048 Mbit/s , 6,312 Mbit/s , 34,368 Mbit/s , 44,736 Mbit/s , 139,264 Mbit/s. ghp vo lung STM-1, trc ht cc lung nhnh ni trn c sp xp vo cc Container k hiu l C. sp xp vo cc container ny, c th chn thm cc bit c nh v cc bit ng. Cc bit ng y c th chn m hay chn dng tu thuc vo cc lung nhnh n nhanh hay chm. Cc ch s ng sau C biu th tc tng ng ca cc lung nhnh. Sau cc container ni trn c gn thm thng tin b sung qun l tuyn POH to thnh container o VC. d dng xc nh c v tr ca VC ny trong vng ti trng mt khi cn ly chng ra t lung tng, cc con tr s ch th v tr u ca cc VC ni trn, qu trnh ny c th hin cc n v lung nhnh TU v cc n v qun l AU tng ng v c gi l qu trnh ng b. to thnh lung tc cao hn, cc lung nhnh sau TU v AU c ghp thnh mt lung chung nhm n v nhnh TUG hay cc nhm n v qun l AUG. Qu trnh ny c gi l ghp knh. Theo s khi hnh 1.6, ta c th thy c 1 lung STM-1 cho php ghp ti a: 4 x 7 x 3 = 84 lung 1,5 Mbit/s. 3 x 7 x 3 = 63 lung 2 Mbit/s. 7 x 3 = 21 lung 6 Mbit/s. 3 lung 34 Mbit/s. 1 lung 140 Mbit/s. 1.2.7 - Chc nng cc khi 1. C-n (container) - Container mc n K hiu C-11 C-12 C-3 C-4 Tn hiu c truyn 1544 kbit/s 2048 kbit/s 34368 kbit/s 24 44736 kbit/s 139264 kbit/s

Tn hiu truyn trn mng ng b trc tin phi c ng gi vo 1 container tng ng vi tc tn hiu v cu trc ca khung ng b. Trn thc t cn c tc bo m cho s lm vic thng sut ca mng vin thng trong thi k qu chuyn cc thit b thnh ng b mt cch trn vn. Qu trnh ng gi vo container bao gm vic t chc, sp xp cc byte tin v byte n trong container . 2. VC-n (Virtual container) - Container o mc n VC-n l mt khi thng tin bao gm phn ti trng do cc C-n tng ng cung cp v phn mo u tuyn POH. POH c s dng xc nh v tr bt u ca VC-n, nh tuyn, qun l v gim st lung nhnh. Trong trng hp sp xp khng ng b cc lung nhnh vo VC-n th phi tin hnh chn bit. C 2 loi VC-n l VC-n mc thp v VC-n mc cao. - VC-n bc thp gm c VC-11, VC-12, VC-2 cu to tng ng bi C-11, C-12, C-2 thm cc byte POH loi byte mang thng tin iu khin v gim st tuyn ni gia 2 VC-n ny. - VC-n bc cao gm c VC-3, VC-4 l tp hp cc nhm khi nhnh TUG-2 hoc 1 tp hp ca TU-3 cng vi cc byte mang thng tin iu khin v gim st tuyn ni gia hai VC-n ny gi l POH. 3. TU-n (Tributary) - Khi nhnh mc n TU-n l mt khi thng tin gm mt VC-n cng mc v mt con tr khi nhnh TU-n PTR ch th khong cch t con tr khi nhnh n v tr bt u ca container o VC-3 hoc VC-n mc thp. 4. TUG-n (Tributary group) - Nhm cc khi nhnh

25

TUG-n c hnh thnh t cc khi nhnh TU-n hoc t TUG-n mc thp hn. TUG-n to ra s tng hp gia cc container ca mc thp v VC mc cao hn. 5. AU-n (Administrative Unit) - Khi qun l C 2 loi AU l AU-3 v AU-4. Cc phn t ny gm VC-n bc cao v 1 con tr khi qun l c v tr c nh trong khung tn hiu STM-1. Gi tr con tr xc nh v tr ca VC-n trong khung (Tc l th hin quan h v pha VCn bc cao trong khung STM-N). 6. AUG (Administrative Unit Group) - Nhm n v qun l C th gm 1 AU-4 hoc 3 AU-3 c ghp vi nhau t vo trong khung STM-1. 7. STM-N (Synchronous transport module)-Modul truyn ti ng b - STM-1: Modul truyn ti mc c s (mc 1). Phn t ny chia lm hai phn. Phn ti trng cha thng tin cc lung nhnh cn truyn. Phn SOH cha thng tin dnh cho qun l, ng b cc thng tin cha trong ti trng. Phn SOH ny dnh cho c trm lp v trm ghp knh - STM-N: Gm NxSTM-1 c cu trc ging STM-1. Do tn hiu ng b nn mun to khung STM-N ch vic ghp cc khung STM-1 vi nhau. (Vic ghp lung trong SDH c th ghp trc tip t lung STM-1 c s thnh lung STM-N hoc t lung STM-N bc thp thnh cc khung STM-N bc cao).

26

Chng II Phng php sp xp cc lung s trong SDH

2.1 - KHI QUT Qu trnh ghp knh SDH c chia lm hai giai on: - Sp xp cc lung nhnh vo cc gi tng ng. - Ghp cc gi vo khung STM-N. i vi mi loi lung tn hiu c cch sp xp tng ng, vic sp xp nh r v tr chn in y trng thng tin ng thi cho php b li s chnh lch tn s gia SDH v PDH bng vic hiu chnh (chn). Trong SDH c 3 ch sp xp c s dng: - Sp xp khng ng b: lung tn hiu PDH khng c ng b vi lung tn hiu SDH, trong mng dng ch ny khng th truy cp ti cc knh 64 kbit/s mt cch trc tip. - Sp xp ng b theo bit: tc bit c ng b vi tn hiu SDH, khng ng b vi tn hiu nhn dng khung. - Sp xp ng b theo byte: c tc bit v tn hiu ng b khung u c ng b vi tn hiu SDH. Khi truyn thng tin i th trnh t truyn cc byte trong khung l t tri qua phi v t trn xung di. Trnh t truyn cc bit trong 1 byte l bit c trng s ln nht truyn u tin v bit c trng s b nht truyn sau cng. Nguyn tc ny p dng cho mi loi khung tn hiu trong SDH. 27

2.2 - QU TRNH SP XP CC LUNG TN HIU VO CC GI 2.2.1- Sp xp lung 1,5 Mbit/s vo a khung VC-11 Sp xp khng ng b Do c im l khung VC-n mc thp nn s byte rt t so vi VC-n mc cao, v vy VC-11 c sp xp thnh a khung c bn khung, mi khung c 26 byte (hnh 2.1). Cc byte ny c gii thch nh sau: - V5, J2, N2, K4 l cc byte mo u tuyn POH ca VC-11. Chc nng ca cc byte ny s c m t k hn phn sau. - I l bit thng tin - R l bit n c nh, bit ny khng c ngha m ch c dng khp kch thc ca tn hiu PDH so vi tn hiu SDH. - O l bit thng tin nghip v - S1, S2 l cc bit chn dng iu chnh s chnh lch v tn s gia h thng SDH v PDH. - C1, C2 l cc bit iu khin chn. Cc bit C1 dng iu khin S1, cc bit C2 dng iu khin S2 .
V5 RRRRRRIR 24 BYTE J2 C1 C2 O O O O I R 104 Byte 24 BYTE N2 C1 C2 O O O O I R 24 BYTE K4 C1 C2 R R R S1 S2 R 24 BYTE 500s I = Bit d liu O=Bit nghip v C=Bit iu khin S=Bit chn R=Bit n c nh

28 Hnh 2.1 - Sp xp khng ng b lung 1,5 Mbit/s vo VC-11.

Khi C1C1C1=000 th S1 l bit thng tin. Khi C1C1C1=111 th S1 l bit chn. Khi C2C2C2=000 th S2 l bit thng tin. Khi C2C2C2=111 th S2 l bit chn. Trong trng hp c mt li bit C th u thu da vo lut s ng ca cc bit C xo hoc khng S1 v S2. Gi tr cc bit S1, S2 khi chn khng c qui nh nn my thu khng m cc bit ny khi kim tra chn t m BIP-n. Sp xp ng b theo bit Sp xp ng b theo bit lung 1,5 Mbit/s vo VC-11 c th hin trong hnh 2.2. Trong trng hp ny khng phi chn, hai bit u tin ca byte th 2 trong cc khung to thnh t m ng b a khung 10101010.
V5 10RRRRIR 24 BYTE J2 10OOOOIR 104 Byte 24 BYTE N2 10OOOOIR 24 BYTE K4 10RRRRIR 24 BYTE I = Bit d liu O=Bit nghip v R=Bit n c nh

500

Hnh 2.2 - Sp xp ng b theo bit lung 1,5 Mbit/s vo VC-11.

29

Sp xp ng b theo byte

30

31

104 Byte

Hnh 2.3

V5 P1 P0 S1 S2 S3 S4 F R 64 kbit/s Cc knh 1-24 J2 P1 P0 S1 S2 S3 S4 F R 64 kbit/s Cc knh 1-24 N2 P1 P0 S1 S2 S3 S4 F R 64 kbit/s Cc knh 1-24 K4 P1 P0 S1 S2 S3 S4 F 500 R s 64 kbit/s Cc knhng 1-24 Sp xp

F =Bit ng b khung S= Cc bit bo hiu P1 P0=Ch th pha ca bo hiu P1P0=00 ch th byte bo hiu u tin ca a khung

b theo byte lung 1,5 Mbit/s vo VC 11.

Hnh 2.3 l sp xp ng b theo byte. Chc nng cc byte tng t nh ni trn. Ngoi ra cn c P0, P1 l cc bit dng cho vic bo hiu knh chung CAS trong ch ng b byte. Cc bit S1, S2, S3 v S4 cha cc bit bo hiu ca 24 knh 64 kbit/s. Pha ca cc bit bo hiu c ch th bi P1 v P0 nh bng sau.
S1 A1 A5 A9 A13 A17 A21 A1 A5 A9 A13 A17 A21 A1 A5 A9 A13 A17 A21 A1 A5 A9 A13 A17 A21 2 trng thi S2 S3 A2 A3 A6 A7 A10 A11 A14 A15 A18 A19 A22 A23 A2 A3 A6 A7 A10 A11 A14 A15 A18 A19 A22 A23 A2 A3 A6 A7 A10 A11 A14 A15 A18 A19 A22 A23 A2 A3 A6 A7 A10 A11 A14 A15 A18 A19 A22 A23 S4 A4 A8 A12 A16 A20 A24 A4 A8 A12 A16 A20 A24 A4 A8 A12 A16 A20 A24 A4 A8 A12 A16 A20 A24 S1 A1 A5 A9 A13 A17 A21 B1 B5 B9 B13 B17 B21 A1 A5 A9 A13 A17 A21 B1 B5 B9 B13 B17 B21 4 trng thi S2 S3 S4 A2 A3 A4 A6 A7 A8 A10 A11 A12 A14 A15 A16 A18 A19 A20 A22 A23 A24 B2 B3 B4 B6 B7 B8 B10 B11 B12 B14 B15 B16 B18 B19 B20 B22 B23 B24 A2 A3 A4 A6 A7 A8 A10 A11 A12 A14 A15 A16 A18 A19 A20 A22 A23 A24 B2 B3 B4 B6 B7 B8 B10 B11 B12 B14 B15 B16 32 B18 B19 B20 B22 B23 B24 S1 A1 A5 A9 A13 A17 A21 B1 B5 B9 B13 B17 B21 C1 C5 C9 C13 C17 C21 D1 D5 D9 D13 D17 D21 16 trng thi S2 S3 A2 A3 A6 A7 A10 A11 A14 A15 A18 A19 A22 A23 B2 B3 B6 B7 B10 B11 B14 B15 B18 B19 B22 B23 C2 C3 C6 C7 C10 C11 C14 C15 C18 C19 C22 C23 D2 D3 D6 D7 D10 D11 D14 D15 D18 D19 D22 D23 S4 A4 A8 A12 A16 A20 A24 B4 B8 B12 B16 B20 B24 C4 C8 C12 C16 C20 C24 D4 D8 D12 D16 D20 D24 P1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 P0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1

33

2.2.2 - Sp xp lung 2 Mbit/s vo a khung VC-12 a. Sp xp khng ng b Mc ch ca vic sp xp ny l chuyn i lung 2 Mbit/s cn ng b ti u vo C-12 thnh a khung VC-12 ng b tc l ng b ho tn hiu PDH theo tn s ng h SDH. Cc byte POH c cng vo C-12, cc bit v byte chn c s dng duy tr kch thc xc nh cho mt a khung VC12 l 140 byte. 500s, iu ny c ngha l 1 a khung VC-12 s c truyn ht sau 4 khung STM-1. a khung VC-12 bao gm 1023 bit thng tin I (127 byte + 7 bit), 2 bit chn (S1 cho chn m, S2 cho chn dng), 6 bit iu khin chn C1, C2, 8 bit nghip v O, 49 bit n c nh R v cc byte POH V5, J2, N2, K4. Khi C1C1C1=000 th S1 l bit thng tin. Khi C1C1C1=111 th S1 l bit chn. Khi C2C2C2=000 th S2 l bit thng tin. Khi C2C2C2=111 th S2 l bit chn. u thu cn c vo lut s ng ca 3 bit C gii ng b trong trng hp c 1 bit trong nhm C1 hoc C2 b li. Gi tr cc bit S1, S2 khi chn khng c qui nh v vy my thu khng m bit ny khi kim tra chn t m BIP-n.

34

V5 RRRRRRRR 32 byte RRRRRRRR J2 C1 C2 O O O O R R 32 byte RRRRRRRR N2 C1 C2 O O O O R R 32 byte RRRRRRRR K4 C1 C2 R R R R R S1 S2 I I I I I I I 31 byte RRRRRRRR I = Bit d liu O=Bit nghip v C=Bit iu khin chn S= Bit chn R=Bit n c nh

140 Byte

Hnh 2.4 Sp xp khng ng b lung 2 Mbit/s vo a khung VC-12.

500 s

b. Sp xp ng b theo bit

35

K4 V5 N2 J2

Trong kiu sp xp ny khng yu cu chn, v lung 2 Mbit/s ng b vi SDH. V vy bit S1 v S2 trong trng hp sp xp khng ng b tng ng s l bit n v bit thng tin khi sp xp ng b theo bit. Cc bit iu khin chn C1 v C2 tr thnh cc bit c nh 1 v 0. ITU-T khuyn ngh loi b phng php sp xp ng b theo bit lung 2 Mbit/s v y l trng c bit ca trng hp sp xp khng ng b v s dng cng mt b ghp tin hnh sp xp khng ng b v ng b theo bit m khng cn b sung bt k ng tc x l no khc. c. Sp xp ng b theo byte Sp xp ng b theo byte lung 2 Mbit/s vo a khung VC-12 nh hnh 2.5.
RRRRRRRR R R R TS0 RRRRR TS0 TS1-TS15 TS1-TS15 TS16 RR RTS16 RRRRR TS17-TS31 TS17-TS31 TS17-TS31 RR RRRRRR R RR RR RR RR RR RR RR R

R=Bit n c 140 nh TS SDH th s dng phng php sp xp ny. Byte TS0 ghp 8 bit ca khe thi Byte =Khe thi gian

Khi c s phn bit r rng cc knh 64 kbit/s ca lung 2 Mbit/s trong

gian 0 trong khung tn hiu PCM-30. Byte TS16 c th l byte ng b a khung hoc byte bo hiu knh kt hp (CAS) ca khung PCM-30. Trong trng hp yu cu sp xp ng b theo byte ca 64 kbit x 31 knh th cc byte TS16 dng truyn d liu knh th 16. P0 P1 ch th pha ca cc bit bo hiu v c cu trc tu chn. 2.2.3 - Sp xp lung 1,5 Mbit/s vo TU-12 thay th lung 2 Mbit/s
500 s

Hnh 2.5 Sp xp ng b theo byte lung 2 Mbit/s vo 36 a khung VC-12

Lung 1,5 Mbit/s ca Bc M cng c th thay th lung 2 Mbit/s sp xp vo TU-12 v ghp vo AUG. Trc ht sp xp lung 1,5 Mbit/s vo VC-11 nh hnh 2.2. Mi khung VC-11 c 26 byte trong khi mi khung VC-12 li c 35 byte, v vy VC-11 phi n thm 9 byte khng mang thng tin cho mi khung. Theo qui nh th cc byte n ny c ghp vo ct th ba ca mi khung VC-11 mi nh hnh 2.6 v c gi l a khung VC-11 tng ng vi a khung VC-12.
V5

J2

N2

K4

37

: Byte n

Hnh 2.6 - a khung VC-11 tng ng. 2.2.4 - Sp xp lung 6 Mbit/s vo VC-2 Hin nay ch s dng sp xp khng ng b (hnh 2.7a) v ng b theo bit (hnh 2.7b), cn sp xp ng b theo byte ang nghin cu. Ngoi 4 byte VC-2 POH (V5, J2, N2, K4), trong a khung VC-2 cn c 3152 bit thng tin I, 24 bit iu khin C, 8 bit chn S, 32 bit thng tin nghip v O v cc bit n c nh R. Trong mi khung u c 3 bit C1 iu khin bit S1 v 3 bit C2 iu khin bit S2.
V5 RRRRRRRR IIIIIIII RRRRRRRR J2 RRRRRRRR IIIIIIII RRRRRRRR N2 RRRRRRRR IIIIIIII RRRRRRRR K4 RRRRRRRR IIIIIIII IIIIIIIR C1 C2 O O O O I R C1 C2 O O O O I R C1 C2 I I I S1 S2 R IIIIIIIR C1 C2 O O O O I R C1 C2 O O O O I R C1 C2 I I I S1 S2 R IIIIIIIR C1 C2 O O O O I R C1 C2 O O O O I R C1 C2 I I I S1 S2 R IIIIIIIR C1 C2 O O O O I R C1 C2 O O O O I R (24 x 8) I (24 x 8) I (24 x 8) I (24 x 8) I (24 x 8) I (24 x 8) I (24 x 8) I (24 x 8) I (24 x 8) I (24 x 8) I (24 x 8) I (24 x 8) I (24 x 8) I (24 x 8) I (24 x 8) I RRRRRRRR RRRRRRRR RRRRRRRR RRRRRRRR RRRRRRRR RRRRRRRR RRRRRRRR RRRRRRRR RRRRRRRR RRRRRRRR RRRRRRRR RRRRRRRR

500 s

38

RRRRRRRR

C1 C2 I I I S1 S2 R (24 x 8) I

39

a Sp xp khng ng b.
V5 RRRRRRRR IIIIIIII RRRRRRRR J2 RRRRRRRR IIIIIIII RRRRRRRR N2 RRRRRRRR IIIIIIII RRRRRRRR K4 RRRRRRRR IIIIIIII RRRRRRRR IIIIIIIR 10 OOOOIR 10 OOOOIR 10IIIRIR IIIIIIIR 10 OOOOIR 10 OOOOIR 10IIIRIR IIIIIIIR 10 OOOOIR 10 OOOOIR 10IIIRIR IIIIIIIR 10 OOOOIR 10 OOOOIR 10IIIRIR (24 x 8) I (24 x 8) I (24 x 8) I (24 x 8) I (24 x 8) I (24 x 8) I (24 x 8) I (24 x 8) I (24 x 8) I (24 x 8) I (24 x 8) I (24 x 8) I (24 x 8) I (24 x 8) I (24 x 8) I (24 x 8) I RRRRRRRR RRRRRRRR RRRRRRRR RRRRRRRR RRRRRRRR RRRRRRRR RRRRRRRR RRRRRRRR RRRRRRRR RRRRRRRR RRRRRRRR RRRRRRRR

b Sp xp ng b. Hnh 2.7 Sp xp lung 6 Mbit/s vo VC-2. 2.2.5 - Sp xp lung 34 Mbit/s vo VC-3 Khi sp xp lung s cn ng b 34 Mbit/s vo VC-3 phi s dng phng php sp xp khng ng b, ngha l s dng chn dng v chn m nh khi sp xp lung 2 Mbit/s. Mi khung VC-3 c chia lm 3 phn khung c cu to nh nhau, mi phn khung c 3 dng. Dng 1-3 l phn khung T1, dng 4-6 l phn khung T2, dng 7-9 l phn khung T3 (hnh 2.8)

J1 B3 C2 G1 F2 H4 F3 K3 N1 VC-3 POH

T1

3 dng

T2

3 dng 3 dng
125 s

T3

40 Hnh 2.8 Sp xp lung 34 Mbit/s vo VC-3.

84 ct

Dng th nht v dng th hai trong mi phn khung cu to ging nhau v trong mi dng ny c 22 byte + 12 bit n c nh R, 4 bit iu khin chn C1 C2 v 60 byte thng tin I. Dng th ba c 23 byte + 13 bit n c nh R, 2 bit iu khin chn C1 C2, 2 bit chn S1 S2 v 58 byte + 7 bit thng tin I. Mi phn khung c 3 bit C1 dng iu khin bit S1 v 3 bit C2 iu khin bit S2. C1C1C1 = 111 ch th S1 l bit chn (khng mang thng tin) C1C1C1 = 000 ch th S1 l bit thng tin C2C2C2 = 111 ch th S2 l bit chn (khng mang thng tin) C2C2C2 = 000 ch th S2 l bit thng tin.

41

2.2.6 - Sp xp lung 45 Mbit/s vo VC-3 Hin nay ngi ta mi ch s dng kiu sp xp khng ng b nh hnh 2.9.
85 byte VC-3 POH 8R 8R RRCI IIII 200I 8R CCRR RRRR 8I 200I 8R CCRR OORS 8I 200I

Hnh 2.9 Sp xp lung 45 Mbit/s vo VC-3.

Mi VC-3 chia lm 9 phn khung. Mi phn khung gm c mt byte VC-POH, 621 bit thng tin I, 5 bit iu khin chn C, mt bit chn S, 2 bit O v cc bit n c nh R. CCCCC = 00000 th S l bit thng tin CCCCC = 11111 th S l bit chn. Gi tr bit S khi chn khng c qui nh v vy my thu khng m bit ny khi kim tra chn.

42

2.2.7 - Sp xp lung s 140 Mbit/s vo VC-4

13 byte J1 B3 C2 G1 F2 H4 F3 K3 N1 VC-4 POH

VC4

20 khi x 13 byte

Hnh 2.10 Cu ca VC-4 khi sp xp lung php 140 sp Sp xp lung PDH trc 140 Mbit/s vo VC-4 s dng phng Mbit/s vo VC-4. xp khng ng b v ch c chn m. Khi mt VC-4 s c lp y hon ton tn hiu 140 Mbit/s v byte qun l ca n (VC-4 POH).Cu trc ca VC-4 nh trong hnh 2.10. Mi dng c chia thnh 20 khi, mi khi c 13 byte. Cu to cc dng u ging nhau v sp xp cc byte trong mi dng nh hnh 2.11.

43

12 byte POH W X Y Y W X 96 I 96 I 96 I 96 I X Y Y Y 96 I 96 I 96 I 96 I Y Z Y Y Y X 96 I 96 I 96 I 96 I Y Y X Y 96 I 96 I 96 I 96 I Y X Y Z 96 I 96 I 96 I 96 I

IIIIIIII CRRRRRO O

RRRRRRRR IIIIIISR

Hnh 2.11 Cu to mi dng ca VC-4.

Mi dng c mt bit chn S, 5 bit iu khin chn C. Byte ng u mt khi c th l 8 bit thng tin I (byte W), hoc 8 bit n c nh (byte Y), hoc 1 bit iu khin chn C cng vi 5 bit n c nh v cng vi 2 bit mo u O (byte X), hoc 6 bit thng tin I cng vi bit chn S v cng vi 1 bit n c nh R (byte Z). 12 byte cui cng trong mi khi u l nhng byte thng tin I. Cc bit mo u O d tr cho pht trin nghip v trong tng lai. 5 bit iu khin chn trong mi dng c chc nng iu khin bit chn S trong dng y. Khi CCCCC = 00000 th S l bit thng tin I, cn nu CCCCC=11111 th S l bit chn (khng mang thng tin). Pha thu cn c vo lut s ng ca cc bit C nhn bit chn hay khng chn v ra quyt nh xo hay khng xo bit S. Tr s bit chn S khng c qui nh, v vy my thu khng m bit ny khi kim tra chn byte B3.

44

2.3 - QU TRNH GHP CC GI VO TRONG KHUNG STM-1 2.3.1 - Ghp VC-4 vo STM-1 Qu trnh ghp VC-4 vo khung tn hiu STM-1 c th hin trong hnh 2.12 nh sau:

270 byte = 261 + 9 RSOH 9 byte AU-4 PTR

STM1

VC-4

MSOH 125 s 9 byte 261 byte

AU-4 PTR AU4 9 byte

VC-4
125 s 261 byte

VC4

9 byte

VC-4 POH 125 s

45 Hnh 2.12 - Trnh t ghp khung VC-4 vo STM-1.

Khung tn hiu ca C-4 c 260 ct x 9 dng. Nh vy khi C-4 tip nhn t lung 140 Mbit/s trong 125 s l 2176 byte v chn thm 164 byte. VC-4 b sung thm 9 byte VC-4 POH vo ct u tin ca khung VC-4. AU-4 ghp 9 byte con tr AU-4 PTR vo v tr t ct 1 n ct 9 thuc dng 4 ca khung STM-1. Pha ca VC-4 khng c nh trong AU-4. V tr byte u tin ca VC-4 (J1) c ch th trong 10 bit gi tr con tr AU-4. Khi AU-4 c t trc tip vo AUG, khi STM-1 ghp cc byte SOH vo v tr t ct 1 n ct 9 thuc cc dng 1,2,3,5,6,7,8,9 ca khung STM-1. 2.3.2 - Ghp 3 VC-3 vo STM-1 qua AU-4 Qu trnh ghp 3 VC-3 vo STM-1 qua TUG-3 nh hnh 2.13. VC-3 gm 85 ct x 9 dng. Khi TU-3 ghp 3 byte con tr TU-3 l H1, H2 v H3 vo u cc dng 1,2,3. Khi TUG-3 n 6 byte khng mang thng tin vo u cc dng 4,5,6,7,8,9 ca khung TU-3 c khung TUG3 c 86 ct x 9 dng. Tip theo ghp 3 TUG-3 thnh VC-4. V 3 TUG-3 ch c 258 ct nn khi VC-4 ngoi vic ghp thm mt ct VC-4 POH cn phi n thm 18 byte khng mang thng tin vo ct th 2 v ct th 3 ca khung VC-4. Ba con tr TU-3 ghp c nh vo ct 4,5,6 thuc cc dng 1,2,3 ca khung VC-4. Pha ca cc tn hiu VC-3 khng c nh trong VC-4. V tr ca byte J1 ca khung VC-3 trong VC-4 c ch th trong 10 bit gi tr con tr TU-3. Cc con tr TU-3 hot ng c lp vi nhau. 3 TUG 3 c ghp vo VC-4 nh hnh 2.14. Ct u tin l 9 byte VC-4 POH. Tip theo l 2 ct n c nh. T ct th 4 n ct 261 l ghp xen byte 3 TUG-3. Trong cc ct mang s th t A l cc byte ti trng

46

ca TUG-3 th tht, cc ct mang s th t B l cc byte ti trng ca TUG-3 th 2 v cc ct mang s th t C l cc byte ti trng ca TUG-3 th 3.

270 ct

STM-1

RSOH AU-4 PTR

VC-4
MSOH 261 ct 125 s

9 ct

AU-4

AU-4 PTR

VC-4
125 s

VC-4

9 dng

86 ct x 3 + 3 = 261 H1 ct H1 H1 H2 H2 H2 P H3 H3 H3 OS S H S S S

125 s

x3
86 ct H1

TUG-3

9 dng

H2 H3 S

125 s

86 ct

TU-3

H2 H3 TU-3 PTR

H1 125 s

85 ct

VC-3

9 dng

P O H

C-3

125 s

47 Hnh 2.13 Ghp VC-3 vo

C-3

125 s

TUG-3 (A) 1 86 1

TUG-3 (B) 86 1

TUG-3 (C) 86

S SABCABCA ABCABC

.......

.............

VC-4 POH

Hnh 2.14 - Ghp 3 TUG-3 vo VC-4.

P P qua AU-3 2.3.3 - Ghp 3 VC-3 vo STM-1 A O H S S B O H S

P O H

VC-3 + 2 ct S n

Qu trnh ghp 3 VC-3 vo STM-1 qua AU-3 nh hnh 2.15.

H1 H2 H3 A H1 H2 H3 B H1 H2 H3 C 3 AU3

A B C A B C A B A B C A B C A ....... C ABC

48

..............

AUG

Hnh 2.15 - Ghp 3 VC-3 vo STM-1

qua AU-3.

Trng hp ny dnh ghp 3 lung nhnh 45 Mbit/s thnh STM-1. Sau khi sp xp khng ng b lung nhnh 45 Mbit/s vo VC-3 c 85 ct th mi khi VC-3 n thm 18 byte khng mang thng tin vo ct 30 v ct 59 to thnh VC-3 mi c 87 ct. 270 ct RSOH Tip khi AU-3 ghp 3 byte con tr TU-3 l H1 H2 H3 vo dng 4. STM-1 AU-4 PTR VC-4 Bc tip theo ghp 3 tn hiu AU-3 vo AUG, trong 9 byte AU-3 PTR MSOH ct 1 n ct 9 ca khung AUG, 261 ct cn 125 s c ghp vo dng 4 thuc li (t ct 1 n ct 270) ca ghp 261 ct xen byte 3 VC-3. Khi 9 khung AUG dnh ct hnh thnh khung STM-1 c 9 dng x 270 ct. STM-1 ghp cc byte SOH 9 dng AU-4 AU-4 PTR VC-4 2.3.4 - Ghp 63 VC-12 vo STM-1 125 s Trnh t ghp 63 khung VC-12 vo khung STM-1 nh sau:
261 N N N ct P PP P OS S I I I S SS H S S S 12 ct x 7 + 2 ct = 86 ct
21 x Vn P I 63 x Vn

VC-4

9 dng

125 s

x3
N

TUG-3

9 dng

S S 4 ct x 3 = 12 ct Vn Vn Vn

125 s a khung TU12 V1

VC-12

x7

TUG-2 x3

36 byte 36 byte 36 byte 36 byte

9 dng 4 ct
Vn

125 s

V2 VC-12 V3 VC-12 V4 VC-12

TU-12

9 dng

49

125 s

Hnh 2.16 - Ghp 63 VC-12 vo

khung STM-1.

Nh ta bit, mi khung C-12 c 34 byte, khi VC-12 ghp thm mt byte VC -12 POH to thnh khung VC-12 c 35 byte. C 4 khung VC-12 to thnh mt a khung VC-12. Khi TU-12 ghp vo u khung VC-12 th nht, th hai, th ba mt byte con tr TU-12 v byte d tr vo u khung th t to thnh a khung TU-12. Nh vy mi khung TU-12 c 4 ct x 9 dng (36 byte). 4
Vn Vn

4
Vn

4 TU-12

9 9 (1)
Vn Vn Vn TUG2 .. Vn Vn Vn 2 TUG(2) .........

(2)

(3)
Vn Vn Vn 2 ............ TUG(7) ..........

(1) .......

12 (1)

12 (2)

1 2 (7)

N P I S S (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (5) (6) (7)

TUG-3
...........................................

86 ct

50

Hnh 2.17 - Trnh t ghp 21 khung TU-

12 vo TUG-3.

Khung TUG-2 c 12 ct x 9 dng, v vy ghp 3 TU-12 s c mt khung TUG-2. Trong khung TUG-2 c 3 byte con tr TU-12 c k hiu l Vn. Tip theo ghp 7 TUG-2 c mt TUG-3. V 7 TUG-2 ch c 84 ct nn khi TUG-3 phi n thm 3 byte con tr khng c hiu lc NPI v 15 byte khng mang thng tin vo ct th nht v ct th hai. T ct th ba n ct th 86 dnh ghp 7 TUG-2. Khung TUG-3 cha 21 byte con tr TU-12 (k hiu l Vn), cc ct c nh s th t 1-7 ch r cc byte trong cc ct ny thuc TUG-2 tng ng 1-7. Bc tip theo ghp 3 TUG-3 vo khung VC-4. Ba khung TUG-3 c 258 ct nn khi VC-4 ghp thm VC-4 POH vo ct u tin, n 18 byte khng mang thng tin vo ct th hai v ct th ba, t ct th t n ct th 261 l cc byte ca 3 TUG-3. Trong khung VC-4 c 9 byte NPI (Null Pointer Indication) v 63 byte con tr TU-12. Khi AU-4 ghp 9 byte con tr AU-4 vo dng 4 thuc ct 1 n ct 9 ca khung STM-1. Khung AUG hon ton ging khung AU-4. Cui cng, khi STM-1 ghp cc byte SOH hnh thnh khung STM-1.

51

2.3.5 - Ghp 84 VC-11 vo STM-1 Trnh t ghp 84 VC-11 vo VC-3 nh hnh 2.18.

TU-11

(1)

(2) (4)

(3)

(1)(2)(3) (4) (4) TUG-2 #1 ............

(1)(2)(3) (4) (4) TUG-2 #7 .......... .

P #1 #2 ............ #7 #1 ...... ........ #6 #7 O

#7 S

#1 ........ #7 S

#1

VC

-3 Hnh 2.18 - Ghp 84 VC-11

Mi VC-11 c 26 byte. Khi TU-11 ghp thm byte con tr Vn hnh thnh khung TU-11 c 9 dng x 3 ct. 4 TU-11 ghp xen byte vo TUG-2 to thnh khung TUG-2 c 12 ct. Khi VC-3 ghp VC-3 POH vo ct u tin v ghp xen byte 7 TUG-2 to khung VC-3. V 7 TUG-2 ch c 84 ct nn VC-3 phi n thm 18 byte khng mang thng tin vo ct 30 v ct 59. Sau ta ghp tip 3 VC-3 vo STM-1 nh trnh by phn 2.3.3

52

2.3.6 - To khung truyn dn STM-N Khung tn hiu STM-N c hnh thnh bng cch ghp xen byte cc khung STM-1 hoc STM-4, STM-16... V d nh khi ghp 4 STM-1 to thnh STM-4 nh sau

STM-1 #1 STM-1 #2 STM-1 #3 STM-1 #4

aaaa... bbbb... cccc... dddd... Hnh 2.19- Ghp 4 STM-1 thnh STM-4.
MUX 1/4

abcd abcd ...

STM-4

Nguyn l ghp xen byte ngha l ghp byte th nht ca STM-1 th nht xong s ghp byte th nht ca STM-1 th hai, tip l byte th nht ca STM-1 th ba v byte th nht ca STM-1 th t. Qu trnh nh vy c th tip din. Tng t nh vy i vi ghp 16 STM-1 thnh STM-16. Ngoi ra ta cng c th ghp 4 khung STM-4 to thnh STM-16 nh sau: aaaa... bbbb... cccc... dddd... Hnh 2.20 - Ghp 4 STM-4 thnh STM-16.
MUX 4/16

STM-4 #1 STM-4 #2 STM-4 #3 STM-4 #4

aaaabbbbccccdd dd ... STM-16

53

Trong trng hp ghp N khung STM-1 to ra khung STM-N th cu trc khung STM-N Trong trng hp ghp N khung STM-1 to ra khung STM-N th cu trc khung STM-N nh sau:

9 ct x N RSOH

270 ct x N 261 ct x N

N x AU-n PTR 9 dng Vng ti trng MSOH 125 s

Hnh 2.21 - Cu trc khung STM-N

54

CHng III T chc v hot ng ca cc loi con tr trong khung tn hiu SDH
3.1 - V TR V CHC NNG CA CC LOI CON TR 3.1.1 - V tr v chc nng ca con tr AU-4 Con tr AU-4 c k hiu l AU-4 PTR gm 9 byte v c ghp c nh vo dng th 4 thuc ct 1 n ct 9 ca khung AUG.

261 ct

H1Y Y H2 1* 1* H3 H3 H3

VC-4

AUG 125 s

1*= 11111111 Y=1001SS11

Hnh 3.1 V tr con tr AU-4 trong khung AUG.

Chc nng ca con tr AU-4 l ng chnh VC-4 trong khung AUG mt cch linh hot v nng ng tc l cho php VC-4 x dch trong khung AUG. V vy con tr AU-4 c kh nng thch ng s khc nhau khng nhng v pha m c v tc khung ca VC-4 so vi khung AUG. Sau khi ng chnh, v

55

tr byte u tin ca VC-4 trong khung AUG c ch th bi gi tr ca con tr AU-4. 3.1.2 - V tr v chc nng ca con tr AU-3 Khi ghp cc lung nhnh 45 Mbit/s vo AUG qua AU-3 th 3 con tr AU-3 hot ng. Ba con tr AU-3 c k hiu l AU-3 PTR gm 9 byte l H1H1H1H2H2H2H3H3H3 (mi AU-3 PTR c 3 byte l H1H2H3) v c ghp c nh vo dng 4 thuc ct 1 n ct 9 ca khung AUG (hnh 3.2). Chc nng ca AU-3 PTR l ng chnh VC-3 trong khung AUG mt cch linh hot v nng ng, ngha l cho php VC-3 c x dch trong khung AUG. V vy AU-3 c kh nng thch ng s khc nhau khng nhng v pha m cn c v tc khung ca VC-3 so vi khung AUG. Sau khi ng chnh, v tr byte u tin ca VC-3 trong khung AUG c ch th bi gi tr ca AU-3 PTR. Cc con tr AU-3 hot ng c lp vi nhau.

261 ct

H1H1H1H2H2H2H3 H3 H3

3 x VC-3

AUG 125 s

Hnh 3.2 - V tr ca con tr AU-3 trong khung AUG.

3.1.3 - V tr v chc nng ca con tr TU-3 Cc con tr TU-3 c k hiu l TU-3 PTR. Mi TU-3 PTR c 3 byte H1H2H3. TU-3 PTR th nht c ghp vo ct 4 thuc dng 1 n dng 3 ca khung VC-4. TU-3 PTR th hai c ghp vo ct 5 thuc dng 1 n

56

dng 3 ca khung VC-4. TU-3 PTR th ba c ghp vo ct 6 thuc dng 1 n dng 3 ca khung VC-4 (hnh 3.3).

57

261 ct H1 H1 H1 H2 H2 H2 H3 H3 H3 9 dng P O H 1 2 3 261 4 5 6 S S S S S

125 s

Hnh 3.3 - V tr con tr TU-3 trong khung VC-4.

Con tr TU-3 cung cp 1 phng php ng chnh VC-3 trong khung TU-3 mt cch linh hot v nng ng. S ng chnh nng ng th hin ch VC-3 c th x dch trong khung TU-3. Nh vy TU-3 PTR c kh nng thch ng pha v tc khung VC-3 so vi khung TU-3. Sau khi ng chnh, v tr byte u tin ca VC-3 trong khung TU-3 c ch th bi gi tr ca con tr TU-3. Cc con tr TU-3 hot ng c lp vi nhau. 3.1.4 - V tr v chc nng ca con tr TU-2 Con tr TU-2 c k hiu l TU-2 PTR gm 3 byte (V1, V2, V3) c ghp vo u cc khung th nht, th hai v th ba ca a khung TU-2 (hnh 3.4). TU-2 PTR cung cp s ng chnh linh hot v nng ng VC-2 trong a khung TU-2. Ngha l VC-2 c th x dch trong a khung TU-2. 58

TU-2 PTR c kh nng thch ng pha v tc a khung VC-2 so vi a khung TU-2. Sau khi ng chnh, v tr byte u tin ca a khung VC-2 (k hiu V5) trong a khung TU-2 c ch th bi gi tr ca con tr TU-2 PTR.

TU-11
V1 78 ...... 103 V2 0 ...... 25 V3 26

TU-12
V1 105 ...... 139 V2 0 ......

TU-2
V1 321 ...... 427 V2 0 ......

Chn m Chn dng

34 V3 35

Chn m Chn dng

106 V3 107

...... 51 V4 52 ...... 77 . .

Hnh 3.4 V tr ca con tr TU-2, TU-12 v TU-11 trong a khung TU-2, 59 TU-12 v TU-11.

...... 69 V4 70 ...... 104 .

...... 213 V4 214 ...... 320

Byte chn Byte chn d m ng

Byte d tr

3.1.5 - V tr v chc nng ca con tr TU-12 v TU-11 Con tr TU-12 c k hiu l TU-12 PTR gm 3 byte (V1, V2, V3) c ghp vo u cc khung th nht, th hai v th ba ca a khung TU-12 (hnh 3.4). TU-12 PTR ng chnh linh hot v nng ng VC-12 trong a khung TU-12. Ngha l VC-12 c th x dch trong a khung TU-12. TU-12 PTR c kh nng thch ng pha v tc a khung VC-12 so vi a khung TU-12. Sau khi ng chnh, v tr byte u tin ca a khung VC-12 (k hiu V5) trong a khung TU-12 c ch th bi gi tr ca con tr TU-12 PTR. Con tr TU-11 c k hiu l TU-11 PTR gm 3 byte (V1, V2, V3) c ghp vo u cc khung th nht, th hai v th ba ca a khung TU-11 (hnh 3.4). TU-11 PTR ng chnh linh hot v nng ng VC-11 trong a khung TU-11 tc l VC-11 c th x dch trong a khung TU-11. TU-11 PTR c kh nng thch ng pha v tc a khung VC-11 so vi a khung TU-11. Sau khi ng chnh, v tr ca byte V5 trong a khung TU-11 c ch th bi gi tr ca con tr TU-11 PTR. 3.2 - NH S A CH CC NHM BYTE V CC BYTE Nh trnh by trong phn 3.1, gi tr cc con tr TU-11, TU-12, TU2, TU-3, AU-3 v AU-4 ch th v tr byte u tin ca cc tn hiu VC-11, VC-12, VC-2, VC-3 v VC-4 trong a khung TU-11, a khung TU-12, a khung TU-2, khung TU-3 v khung AUG. Nhng mun bit v tr byte u tin ca cc VC-n (n=12, 2, 3, 4) trong khung lin quan th phi nh s a ch cc byte ca cc khung y. 3.2.1 - nh s a ch cc nhm byte ca khung AUG

60

Vic nh s a ch khung AUG c lin quan n hot ng ca con tr AU-3 v AU-4 (hnh 3.5 v 3.6). Khung AUG c 9 byte con tr AU-3 hoc con tr AU-4 v vng ti trng 261 ct x 9 dng. Vng ti trng ny c 2349 byte. Nu mi byte mang mt a ch th s gi tr ca AU-3 PTR hoc AU-4 PTR khng ch th (s gi tr ca AU-n PTR bng 210 = 1024). Theo cch lp lun ny th hai byte mang cng a ch cng khng tho mn, bt buc phi chia mi nhm c 3 byte. S nhm 3 byte s l 2349 : 3 = 783, c nh s th t t 000 n 782 782 782. Nhm cc byte mang a ch 0 t lin sau byte H3 cui cng ca AU-n PTR v cc byte mang a ch 782 t cui dng th 3 ca khung AUG tip theo.

61

1 1270

9 10

AUG 3 byte chn m 3 byte chn dng

4H1 Y Y H2 1* 1* H3 H3 H3 0 # # 1 # # 86 # # 87 # # 9 1 ## 4 ## H1 Y Y H2 1* 1* H3 H3 H3 0 # # 1 # # 86 # # 9 125 s

521

782

Hnh 3.5 - nh s a ch cc nhm byte trong khung AUG lin quan n con tr AU-4.
9 10 AUG 3 byte chn m 3 byte chn dng

250 s

1270

4H1H1H1H2H2H2H3H3H3 0 # # 1 # # 86 # # 87 # # 9 1 ## 4 ## H1H1H1H2H2H2H3H3H3 0 # # 1 # # 86 # # 9 125 s

521

782

250 s

Hnh 3.6 - nh s a ch cc nhm byte trong khung AUG lin quan n cc con tr AU-3 62

3.2.2 - nh s a ch cc nhm byte ca khung VC-4 Vic nh s a ch cc nhm byte trong khung VC-4 c lin quan n hot ng ca cc con tr TU-3 (hnh 3.7).

1 P ## O H

2 3 4 5 6 261 H1 H1 H1 H2 H2 H2 H3 H3 H3 0 # # 1 # # 84 # # 85 # # S S S S S H1 H1 H1 H2 H2 H2

VC-4 764

125 s

764

## P H3 H3 H3 0 # # 1 # # 250 84 # # s O 85 # # H S 3.7 S -S S s Sa ch cc nhm byte trong Hnh nh

khung VC-4. Vng ti trng ca khung TU-3 dng ghp 3 VC-3 gm c 2295 byte. V 3 VC-3 ghp chung vo khung VC-4 nn mi nhm mang cng mt a ch s c 3 byte. S nhm byte bng 2295 : 3 =765 v nh s th t t 000 n 764 764 764. Nhm byte 0 t lin sau byte H3 ca TU-3 PTR v nhm byte 764 t cui dng th hai ca khung VC-3 tip theo. 3.2.3 - nh s a ch cc byte ca a khung TU-2, TU-12 v TU-11 Khng k cc byte con tr V1, V2, V3 v byte d tr V4, a khung TU-2 c 428 byte dnh ghp tn hiu trong a khung VC-2. Tng s byte trong a khung t hn s gi tr ca con tr nn mi byte mang mt a ch 0

63

n 427. Theo qui nh byte 0 t lin sau byte V2 v byte 427 t lin trc byte V2 (hnh 3.4). Khng k cc byte V1, V2, V3 v V4 th a khung TU-12 c 140 byte dnh ghp tn hiu trong a khung VC-12. Cc byte trong a khung TU-12 c a ch t 0 n 139. a ch 0 t lin sau byte V2 v a ch 139 t lin pha trc byte V2 (hnh 3.4). S byte cn nh a ch trong a khung TU-11 l 104. a ch 0 t lin sau byte V2 v a ch 103 t lin pha trc byte V2 (hnh 3.4).

3.3 - CU TO V HOT NG CA CC CON TR 3.3.1- Cu to ca con tr a. Cu to ca AU-4 PTR, AU-3 PTR v TU-3 PTR Cu to ca con tr AU-4: Con tr AU-4 c 9 byte nh sau : H1 Y Y H2 1 H1 Y Y H2 1* 1* H3 H3 H3 Trong Y = 1001SS11, 1* = 11111111 v SS =00 l hai bit ch th con tr AU4. Cu to ca con tr AU-3: Mi con tr AU-3 c 3 byte l H1 H2 H3. Cu to ca con tr TU-3: Mi con tr TU-3 c 3 byte l H1H2H3. Cc byte H1H2H3 tham gia vo hot ng ca cc con tr v c cu to nh hnh 3.8.
H1 H2 H3

NNNNSSID IDIDIDID
10 bit gi tr con tr Byte chn m Byte chn d ng

Hnh 3.8 - Cu to cc byte H1 H2 H3 ca con tr. 64

- NNNN : C s liu mi (New data flag), cho php thay i gi tr con tr khi c s thay i ca ti trng. Lc bnh thng th 4 bit N c gi tr 0110. Nu gi tr con tr thay i do thay i ti trng th NNNN = 1001. Ni cch khc, khi NNNN = 0110 s c din gii l "khng cho php" tc l khng cho php con tr thay i gi tr. Ngc li, khi NNNN = 1001 th din gii l "cho php" ngha l trong trng hp ny con tr c thay i gi tr. Cc cu trc khc ca NNNN nh 0000, 0011...u khng c hiu lc. - SS : ch th loi con tr. i vi AU-4 PTR, AU-3 PTR v TU-3 PTR th SS = 10. - 5 bit I (Increment) s o gi tr khi chn dng, 5 bit D (Decrement) s o gi tr khi chn m. b. Cu to ca cc con tr TU-2, TU-12 v TU-11 Cc con tr ny c cu to ging nhau v u c cc byte V1, V2 v V3 nh hnh 3.9

V1

V2

V3

NNNNSSID IDIDIDID
10 bit gi tr con tr Byte chn m Byte chn d ng

Hnh 3.9 - Cu to ca con tr TU-2, TU-12 v TU-11.

Hai bit ch th loi con tr c qui nh nh sau: i vi TU-2 PTR th SS = 00 65

i vi TU-12 PTR th SS = 10 i vi TU-11 PTR th SS = 11 Cc bit c s liu mi NNNN v cc bit ID thay i theo cc qui nh nh trnh by trong phn cu to cc con tr AU-4, AU-3 v TU-3. Gi tr ca con tr: 2 bit cui ca byte H1 (Hoc byte V1) v 8 bit ca byte H2 (hoc V2) to thnh mt t m 10 bit ch th gi tr con tr. S gi tr c kh nng ca con tr l 1024. Tuy nhin s gi tr thc t ca cc con tr thng thp hn 1024. Phm vi ch th gi tr cc loi con tr nh sau: AU-4 PTR :t 0 n 782 AU-3 PTR :t 0 n 782 TU-3 PTR :t 0 n 764 TU-2 PTR :t 0 n 427 TU-12 PTR :t 0 n 139 TU-11 PTR :t 0 n 103 Gi tr con tr AU-4 ch th khong cch tnh theo nhm byte t byte H3 ca con tr ny n byte J1 ca VC-4 trong khung AUG. Gi tr con tr AU-3 ch th khong cch tnh theo nhm byte t byte H3 ca con tr ny n J1 ca VC-3 trong khung AUG. Gi tr con tr TU-3 ch th khong cch tnh theo nhm byte t byte H3 ca con tr TU-3 n J1 ca VC-3 trong khung AUG. Gi tr cc con tr TU-2, TU-12 v TU-11 ch th khong cch tnh theo byte t byte V2 n byte V5 ca a khung VC-n (n=11, 12, 2) trong a khung TU-n (n= 11, 12, 2). Khi tnh khong cch ny khng m cc byte con tr V1, V2, V3 v byte d tr V4.

66

Sau khi chn dng gi tr con tr tng mt n v so vi lc trc khi chn. Sau khi chn m gi tr con tr gim i mt n v so vi trc lc chn. 3.3.2 - Hot ng ca cc loi con tr Trong chng II trnh by qu trnh sp xp cc lung s PDH v cc VC-n tng ng. Do s chnh lch v tc bit gia ng h trong cc h thng PDH v ng h ca thit b SDH nn khi sp xp phi tin hnh chn bit hiu chnh tc bit cc lung nhnh PDH. Qu trnh chn ny khng lin quan n hot ng ca cc con tr. Hot ng chn bit trn y ch mi hiu chnh c s sai khc gia ng h PDH v ng h SDH. Tuy nhin ng h gia cc h thng SDH vn cha hon ton khp nhau gy ra lch tc khung gia VC-4 v AUG hoc gia VC-3 v AUG, hoc gia VC-3 v TU-3 .v.v. ng chnh lch pha gia tn hiu ghp v khung ghp phi s dng chn byte. Hot ng chn byte din ra di s gim st ca con tr. Pha ca khung tn hiu VC-n trong khung ghp (khung AUG hoc khung TU-n) c ch th trong 10 bit gi tr con tr. Theo qui nh th ti thiu trong 3 khung ghp lin tip gi tr con tr khng c thay i. Nu tc khung tn hiu VC-n chm hn tc khung ghp AUG hoc TU-n th s ng chnh c tin hnh bng cch chn thm cc byte khng mang thng tin vo v tr byte mang a ch 0 trong khung ghp AUG v TU-n (hnh 3.5, 3.6, 3.7); hoc chn thm cc byte khng mang thng tin vo a ch 26 trong a khung ghp TU-11, a ch 35 trong a khung ghp TU-12, a ch 107 trong a khung ghp TU-2 (hnh 3.4). Trng hp ny gi l chn dng. Thng tin v chn dng c th hin o 5 bit I ca con tr. My thu nhn c thng tin v chn dng ny s tin hnh xo cc byte chn pha pht. Gi tr ca con tr trong

67

khung lin sau khung chn dng bng gi tr con tr trc khi chn dng cng thm 1. Nu tc khung tn hiu VC-n nhanh hn tc khung ghp AUG hoc TU-n th s ng chnh c tin hnh bng cch xo cc byte H3 hoc V3 ca con tr v ghp vo cc byte mang thng tin ca tn hiu ghp. Trng hp ny gi l chn m. Thng tin v chn m c th hin khi o 5 bit D ca con tr. Pha thu nhn c thng tin chn m s tch cc byte ghp vo v tr H3 hoc V3 ca con tr x l nh nhng byte thng tin khc. Gi tr ca con tr trong khung lin sau khung chn m bng gi tr con tr trc khi chn m tr i 1. a. Hot ng ca AU-4 khi chn dng Hot ng ca AU-4 PTR khi chn dng c th hin trong hnh 3.10. Trong hnh ny l mt a khung AUG. By gi ta xt tng khung ca a khung. Xt khung th nht: Gi thit trong khung ny cha c yu cu chn dng v byte u tin ca VC-4 (byte J1) ghp vo nhm byte mang a ch n ca khung AUG. Gi tr con tr trong khung ny bng n (n = 0..782). Xt khung th hai: Gi thit trong khung ny cng cha c yu cu chn dng. Byte J1 ca VC-4 c ghp vo a ch n trong khung AUG. Gi tr con tr trong khung ny bng n. Xt khung th ba: Gi thit tc khung tn hiu VC-4 chm hn tc khung ghp AUG. Trong trng hp ny khung VC-4 phi trt theo chu k ngc tr li so vi khung ghp AUG. V vy phi tin hnh chn dng bng cch o 5 bit I v chn 3 byte khng mang thng tin vo a ch 000. Nh vy cc byte thng tin do VC-4 cung cp c ghp vo v tr dch sang bn phi mt nhm byte so vi khi cha chn. Ni cch khc byte J1 ca VC-

68

4 by gi c ghp vo a ch n+1 ca khung ghp AUG. Gi tr ca AU-4 PTR vn cha thay i v bng n. Xt khung th t: Trong khung ny khng c yu cu chn dng. Byte J1 ca VC-4 c ghp vo a ch n+1 ca khung ghp AUG. Gi tr ca AU-4 PTR trong khung ny bng n+1 s c gi i.

69

1 1 270

9 10 AUG Bt u VC-4 n-1 n n n n+1 n+1

4 H1 Y Y H2 1* 1* H3 H3 H3 9 11 4 9 1 4 9 1 4 3 9 Gi tr con tr (n+1) H1 Y Y H2 1* 1* H3 H3 H3 2 Gi tr con tr (o cc bit I) H1 Y Y H2 1* 1* H3 H3 H3 3 byte chn dng 375 s n-1 n n n n+1 n+1 Khung 500 s Gi tr con tr (n) H1 Y Y H2 1* 1* H3 H3 H3 n-1 n n n n+1 n+1 Khung 250 s Khung 125 s

Hnh 3.10 - Hot ng ca AU-4 PTR n-1 nnn n+1khi n+1 chn dng.

Khung

b. Hot ng ca AU-4 PTR khi chn m Hot ng ca con tr AU-4 khi chn m c minh ho trong hnh 3.11. Xt a khung gm 4 khung AUG: Xt khung th nht: Trong khung ny cha c yu cu chn m. Gi thit byte u tin ca VC-4 (byte J1) c ghp vo a ch n ca khung ghp AUG nn gi tr ca AU-4 PTR bng n

70

n. -

Xt khung th hai: Trong khung ny cng cha c yu cu chn m.

Byte J1 ghp vo a ch n ca khung ghp AUG, gi tr ca AU-4 PTR bng Xt khung th ba: Trong khung ny do tc khung tn hiu VC-4

nhanh hn tc khung ghp AUG, khung VC-4 tin theo chu k v pha trc so vi khung ghp AUG. V vy phi tin hnh ng chnh bng cch chn m.Trc ht con tr o 5 bit D v sau xo 3 byte H3 v ghp vo 3 byte mang thng tin ca VC-4. Nh vy cc byte thng tin ca VC-4 dch sang bn tri mt nhm byte. Byte J1 ca VC-4 ghp vo a ch n-1 ca khung ghp AUG. Gi tr ca AU-4 PTR vn cha thay i v bng n. Xt khung th t: Trong khung ny khng c yu cu chn m. Byte J1 ca VC-4 c ghp vo a ch n-1 ca khung ghp AUG nn gi tr mi ca AU-4 PTR bng n-1 v c gi i.

1 1 270

9 10 AUG Bt u VC-4 n-1 n n n n+1 n+1

4 H1 Y Y H2 1* 1* H3 H3 H3 9 11 4 9 1 4 9 1 2 Gi tr con tr (o cc bit D) H1 Y Y H2 1* 1* 3 byte chn m n-2 n-1 n-1 n-1 n n n n+1 n+1 Khung Gi tr con tr (n-1) 9 H1 Y Y H2 1* 1* H3 H3 H3 n-2 n-1 n-1 n-1 n n n n+1 n+1 4 500 s 375 s Gi tr con tr (n) H1 Y Y H2 1* 1* H3 H3 H3 n-1 n n n n+1 n+1 Khung 250 s Khung 125 s

43

Hnh 3.11 - Hot ng 71 ca AU- PTR khi chn m. Khung

 Tm tt cc qui tc hot ng ca AU-4 PTR Khi hot ng bnh thng th gi tr ca AU-4 PTR ch r v tr bt Gi tr con tr ch c thay i trong trng hp 3, 4 v 5 sau y: Nu c yu cu chn dng th o cc bit I, tip chn 3 byte u ca khung VC-4 trong khung ghp AUG. Bn bit NNNN t bng 0110.

khng mang thng tin vo cc byte mang a ch 0. Trong khung tip sau khung chn dng gi tr ca AU-4 PTR tng thm 1. Nu gi tr ca AU-4 PTR trc khi chn dng bng 782 th sau khi chn dng s bng 0. Ti thiu trong 3 khung k tip nhau gi tr ca AU-4 PTR khng c thay i. Nu c yu cu chn m th o 5 bit D, tip xo 3 byte H3 v ghp vo 3 byte mang thng tin. Trong khung tip sau khung chn m gi tr ca AU-4 PTR bng n-1. Trc khi chn m gi tr con tr bng 0 th sau khi chn m gi tr con tr bng 782. Ti thiu trong 3 khung k tip nhau gi tr ca AU-4 PTR khng c thay i. Nu s ng chnh pha ca VC-4 trong AUG xy ra do cc tc ng khc vi qui tc 3 v 4 th gi tr mi ca AU-4 PTR c to lp v phi gi km theo c s liu mi c cu trc 1001. NDF ch xut hin trong khung u tin m con tr to lp gi tr mi. Gi tr mi ca AU-4 PTR ch th v tr bt u ca VC-4 trong khung AUG. V d: Gi tr ca AU-4 PTR lc khng chn n=7, lc 10 bit gi tr con tr s l 00 0000 0111. Ti thi im c yu cu chn dng o 5 bit I: 10 1010 1101 v chn 3 byte khng mang thng tin vo sau byte H3 ca con tr. Gi 72

tr ca con tr sau khi chn dng l n+1 =8, 10 bit gi tr con tr bng 00 0000 1000. Gi tr ca AU-4 PTR lc khng chn n=29, v c ch th trong 10 bit gi tr con tr l 00 0001 1101. Trong khung c yu cu chn m con tr o 5 bit D: 01 0100 1000 ngay sau xo 3 byte H3 ghp vo 3 byte d liu. Gi tr ca con tr trong khung tip sau khung chn m gim i mt n v, ngha l bng n-1 = 28 v c ch th bi cu trc 00 0001 1100. c. Hot ng ca TU-3 PTR khi chn dng Hot ng ca TU-3 PTR khi chn dng c th hin trong hnh 3.12. Xt mt a khung VC-4. Trong khung VC-4 c 3 con tr TU-3 hot ng c lp vi nhau. Gi thit ch c con tr TU-3 th hai hot ng. Xt khung th nht: Gi thit trong khung ny khng c yu cu chn dng, byte J1 ca VC-3 #2 ghp vo byte gia ca nhm byte mang a ch n. Gi tr con tr TU-3 #2 bng n. Xt khung th hai: Trong khung ny cng cha c yu cu chn dng nn J1 ca VC-3 #2 vn ghp vo byte gia ca nhm byte n. Gi tr ca con tr TU-3 #2 bng n.
P O H n n n n+1 n+1 H1 H1 H1 Bt u VC-3 #2 n+1 H2 H2 H2 H3 H3 H3 S S S 125 s Gi tr con tr = n 250 s o 5 bit I Byte chn dng ca VC-3 375 s

S S

Khung 1 H1 H1 H1 H2 H2 H2 P H3 H3 H3 O H S S S S S Khung 2 H1 H1 H1 H2 H2 H2 #2 P H3 H3 H3 O H S S S S S

Khung 3 H1 H1 H1 H2 H2 H2 Gi tr con tr = n+1 73 P H3 H3 H3 O H S S 3.12 S S -S Hnh Hot ng ca TU-3

500 s

PTR khi

Xt khung th ba: Do tc khung tn hiu VC-3 # 2 chm hn tc

khung ghp TU-3 nn VC-3 #2 trt li li theo chu k so vi khung ghp TU-3. Xy ra chn dng trong khung ny. Trc htTU-3 #2 o cc bit I, lin sau chn mt byte khng mang thng tin vo v tr byte gia ca nhm byte mang a ch 0. Byte J1 ca VC-3 #2 by gi c ghp vo byte gia ca nhm byte mang a ch n+1. Xt khung th t: Trong khung ny khng c yu cu chn dng. Byte J1 ca VC-3 #2 c ghp vo byte gia ca nhm byte mang a ch n+1. Gi tr ca TU-3 PTR #2 bng n+1 v c gi di. Hot ng ca TU-3 PTR khi chn m Hnh 3.13 l a khung VC-4 minh ha hot ng ca TU-3 PTR khi chn m. Nh hot ng.
H S S P ng c lp vi nhau. V vy trong hnh 3.13 gi thit ch c con tr TU-3 #2 O S S S Khung 1 H1 H1 H1 H2 H2 H2 P H3 H3 H3 O H S S S S S Khung 2 H1 H1 H1 H2 H2 P H3 H3 H3 O H S S S S S Khung 3 H1 H1 H1 H2 H2 H2 P H3 H3 H3 O H S S S S S Khung 4 125 s Gi tr con tr = n 250 s o 5 bit D Byte chn mca VC-3 #2 375 s n n n n+1 n+1 H1 H1 H1 Bt u VC-3 #2 trnh by trn, n+1 3 con tr TU-3 H2 H2 H2 H3 H3 H3

trong khung VC-4 hot

Gi tr con tr = n+1

74

500 s

Hnh 3.13 - Hot ng ca TU-3 PTR khi

Xt ln lt tng khung ca VC-4. Xt khung th nht : Trong khung ny cha c yu cu chn m. Gi thit byte J1 ca VC-3 #2 c ghp vo byte gia nhm byte mang a ch n. Gi tr ca TU-3 PTR #2 bng n. Xt khung th hai: Trong khung ny cha c yu cu chn m. Byte Xt khung th ba: Do tc khung tn hiu VC-3 #2 nhanh hn tc J1 ca VC-3 #2 ghp vo a ch n. Gi tr ca TU-3 PTR #2 bng n. khung ghp TU-3 nn VC-3 #2 tin theo chu k v pha trc so vi khung ghp TU-3, v vy phi chn m. Trc tin o 5 bit D ca TU-3 PTR #2, lin sau ghp mt byte mang thng tin ca tn hiu VC-3 #2 vo v tr byte H3 gia b xo. Gi tr ca TU-3 PTR #2 bng gi tr con tr khi cha chn tr i 1 v bng n-1 c gi i. Xt khung th t: Khung ny khng c yu cu chn m. Byte J1 ca VC-3 #2 c ghp vo byte gia ca nhm byte mang a ch n-1, v vy gi tr ca TU-3 PTR #2 bng n-1. Tm tt qui tc hot ng ca TU-3 PTR Gi tr ca TU-3 PTR lc bnh thng ch r v tr bt u ca VC-3 Gi tr ca TU-3 PTR ch thay i trong cc trng hp 3,4 v 5 sau Nu c yu cu chn dng th o cc bit I, tip chn cc byte

trong khung ghp TU-3. C s liu mi t bng 1.

khng mang thng tin vo nhm byte mang a ch 0. Pha thu nhn c 75

thng tin chn dng s xo cc byte chn dng. Gi tr con tr TU-3 trong khung lin sau khung chn dng bng gi tr ca TU-3 PTR trc khi chn cng thm 1. Nu trc khi chn dng gi tr ca TU-3 PTR bng 764 th sau khi chn dng s bng 0. Ti thiu trong 3 khung k tip nhau gi tr ca TU-3 PTR khng c thay i. Nu c yu cu chn m th o 5 bit D, tip ghp cc byte thng tin vo v tr H3 b xo. Pha thu nhn c thng tin chn m s tch cc byte chn m x l nh nhng byte thng tin khc. Gi tr ca con tr TU3 trong khung lin sau khung chn m bng gi tr ca con tr TU-3 trc khi chn tr i 1. Nu trc khi chn m gi tr ca TU-3 PTR bng 0 th sau khi chn s bng 764. Ti thiu trong 3 khung k tip nhau gi tr con tr TU-3 khng c thay i. Nu s ng chnh pha ca VC-3 trong khung TU-3 xy ra do cc nguyn nhn khc vi qui tc 3, 4 th gi tr mi ca TU-3 PTR c to lp v gi km theo c s liu mi l 1001. C s liu mi ch xut hin trong khung TU-3 u tin c gi tr mi ca con tr. Gi tr mi ca TU-3 PTR ch th v tr bt u ca VC-3 trong khung TU-3. Hot ng ca con tr TU-12 Hot ng ca cc con tr TU-2, TU-12 v TU-11 u ging nhau, v vy y ch trnh by hot ng ca con tr TU-2. Hnh 3.4 v 3.9 minh ha hot ng ca TU-12 PTR khi chn. Hot ng bnh thng: Khi hot ng bnh thng th byte V5 ca a khung VC-2 c ghp vo byte mang a ch n ca a khung TU-2. Gi tr ca TU-2 PTR ch th khong cch tnh theo byte t byte V2 n byte V5 ca a khung VC-2 v bng n. Hot ng khi chn dng: Nu tc ca a khung VC-2 chm hn tc a khung TU-2 th a khung VC-2 trt li theo chu k so vi a khung ghp TU-2 nn xy ra chn dng. Trc tin o cc bit I, sau 76

chn 1 byte khng mang thng tin vo v tr byte lin sau byte V3 (byte 107). Trong a khung c chn dng th byte V5 ca a khung VC-2 c ghp vo v tr byte mang a ch n+1 nn gi tr ca TU-2 PTR bng n+1. Hot ng khi chn m: Nu tc a khung VC-2 nhanh hn tc a khung TU-2 th a khung VC-2 tin theo chu k v pha trc so vi a khung ghp TU-2 nn xy ra chn m. Trc tin o cc bit D v sau ghp mt byte thng tin vo v tr byte V3 va b xo. Trong a khung c chn m th byte V5 ca a khung VC-2 c ghp vo byte mang a ch n1 nn gi tr ca TU-2 PTR bng n-1. 3.3.3 - Cc con tr trong cc khung tn hiu ni mc xch Khi cn chuyn ti mt tn hiu c kch c ln hn mt C-n th phi ni mc xch nhiu C-n. Phn ny gii thch hot ng ca cc con tr khi ni mc xch cc C-n. Hot ng ca cc con tr khi ni mc xch cc C-n u ging nh nhau, v vy ch cp n con tr AU-4 y (hnh 3.14). X khung ghp AU-4 c th ni mc xch vi nhau hnh thnh mt AU-4-XC dng chuyn ti tn hiu a dch v c dung lng ln hn mt C-4. Con tr trong khung AU-4-XC ch th khung ny cha X khung tn hiu VC-4. Nu dung lng mi VC-4 bng 149,760 Mbit/s th dung lng ca C4-4C l 599,040 Mbit/s v dung lng ca C-4-16 C l 2396,160 Mbit/s. Cu to ca VC-4-XC nh hnh 3.14
N x 270 byte N x 261 byte J1 B3 C2 G1 F2 XC H4 F3 K3 N1

Nx9 byte RSOH 9 dng AU-4 PTR MSOH

STM-N VC - 4 XC

n c nh X-1 77

C-4-

VC - 4 - XC POH

X x 260 byte

Hnh 3.14 - Cu to ca

Khung VC-4-XC gm 9 dng x X x 261 ct, trong ct u tin l VC-4-XC POH, ct 2 n ct X+1 l cc ct n c nh (cc byte khng mang thng tin) k hiu l S. Dng th 4 thuc ct 1 n ct 9 X ca khung AU-4-XC dnh ghp X con tr AU-4, phn cn li ca khung AU-4-X C c s dng ghp VC-4-XC. Trong con tr AU-4 th nht cc bit NNNNSS vn hot ng theo cc qui tc trong mc hot ng ca con tr AU-4 trn. 10 bit gi tr con tr ny ch th khong cch tnh theo nhm byte t byte H3 cui cng n byte J1 ca VC-4-X C trong khung AU-4-XC. Cc byte H1 v H2 ca X-1 con tr AU-4 cn li ch th ni mc xch v c cu to c nh l 1001SS111111, trong SS=10. 3.4 - X L CON TR TI PHA THU 3.4.1 - ngha ca vic x l con tr Khi my thu nhn c t nht 3 trong s 5 bit I o s xo cc byte chn dng, cn nu nhn c t nht 3 trong s 5 bit D o th cc byte chn m c x l nh nhng byte mang thng tin khc. Trong thng tin SDH, khi tch mt s lung nhnh t lung STM-N th khng phi tch trnh t t trn cao xung thp nh trong thng tin PDH. Mun tch mt lung nhnh no th ch cn x l con tr ca lung nhnh y s bit c v tr

78

cc byte ca lung y trong khung ghp v tch chng mt cch trc tip. Chng hn mun tch mt lung nhnh 139264 kbit/s t tn hiu 622,08 kbit/s th x l con tr AU-4 tng ng s bit c v tr cc byte ca VC-4 thuc lung nhnh ny trong khung STM-4 v tch cc byte ny. Hoc mun tch mt lung nhnh 2048 kbit/s #n (n=1..63) t khung STM-1 th pha thu trc ht x l AU-4 PTR xc nh v tr ca VC-4 trong AUG, tip theo s x l TU-12 PTR xc nh lung nhnh ny thuc TUG-3 no v TUG-2 no. Ni tm li mi lung nhnh u gn vi mt s a ch nht nh. Sau y gii thiu s nh a ch cc lung nhnh trong cc khung ghp. 3.4.2 - nh s th t cc khung AU-n, TU-n Khung STM-1 c 270 ct c nh s th t t 1 n 270. Chn ct u tin cha SOH v AU-n PTR, 260 ct cn li cha cc byte ti trng ca VC-4. Mi ct ti trng c gn 3 thng s l K, L, M, trong K i din cho s th t ca TUG-3, L i din cho s th t ca TUG-2 v M l s th t ca TU-2 hoc TU-1. Ngoi ra th hin tng dung lng cc loi lung nhnh ghp c trong khung STM-1 th th t cc lung nhnh c gn vi s th t ca mt khe thi gian TS. Cc khe thi gian c nh s th t t tri sang phi trong VC-4 (hnh 3.15, 3.16 v bng 3.1). Bng 3.1 - V tr khe thi gian TS ca cc TU-n trong khung VC-4.
TU-3 TU-2 TU-12 TU-11 TS# TU-3 TU-2 TU-12 TU-11 TS# TU-3 TU-2 TU-12 TU-11 TS#

100

110

111 112 113 121 122 123 131 132 133 141

120

130

140

111 112 113 114 121 122 123 124 131 132 133 134 141

1 22 43 64 4 25 46 67 7 28 49 70 10

200

210

211 212 213 221 222 223 231 232 233 241

220

230

240

211 212 213 214 221 222 223 224 231 232 233 234 241

2 23 44 65 5 26 47 68 8 29 50 71 11

300

310

311 312 313 321 322 323 331 332 333 341

320

330

340

311 312 313 314 321 322 323 324 331 332 333 334 341

3 24 45 66 6 27 48 69 9 30 51 72 12

79

142 143 150 151 152 153 161 162 163 171 172 173

160

170

142 143 144 151 152 153 154 161 162 163 164 171 172 173 174

31 52 73 13 34 55 76 16 37 58 79 19 40 61 82

242 243 250 251 252 253 261 262 263 271 272 273

260

270

242 243 244 251 252 253 254 261 262 263 264 271 272 273 274

32 53 74 14 35 56 77 17 38 59 80 20 41 62 83

342 343 350 351 352 353 361 362 363 371 372 373

360

370

342 343 344 351 352 353 354 361 362 363 364 371 372 373 374

33 54 75 15 36 57 78 18 39 60 81 21 42 63 84

3.4.3 - nh s th t cc AU-4 trong khung STM-N Trong tn hiu STM-N c N tn hiu AU-4 (hoc N tn hiu VC-4) c nh s th t nh sau: AU-4 (VC-4) #1: c ch th bi AU-4 PTR #1 AU-4 (VC-4) #2: c ch th bi AU-4 PTR #2 AU-4 (VC-4) #3: c ch th bi AU-4 PTR #3 ....... AU-4 (VC-4) #N: c ch th bi AU-4 PTR #N 3.4.4 - nh s th t cc TU-3 trong VC-4 S nh s th t cc TU-3 trong VC-4 nh hnh 3.15. Mi VC-4 gm 3 TUG-3 c nh s th t #1, #2, #3 TUG-3 #1 chim cc ct 4, 7, 10, ....., 259 ca VC-4. TUG-3 #2 chim cc ct 5, 8, 11,....., 260 ca VC-4. TUG-3 #3 chim cc ct 6, 9, 12, ....., 261 ca VC-4. Mi TUG-3 gm mt TU-3. 80

Mt TU-3 bt k c c trng bi 3 thng s l #K, #L, #M, trong K l s th t ca TUG-3 (1, 2, 3), L v M lun lun bng 0. V tr cc ct thuc v TUG-3 (K, 0, 0) c xc nh theo biu thc sau y: Xth =4 + (K-1) + 3 x (X-1) trong X = 1 n 86.

Chng hn TU-3 (1, 0, 0) thuc cc ct 4, 7, 10, ...., 259 ca VC-3, v TU-3 (3, 0, 0) thuc cc ct 6, 9, 12, ...., 261 ca VC-4. 3.4.5 - nh s th t cc TU-2 trong VC-4 S nh s th t cc TU-2 trong VC-4 nh hnh 3.15. Mi TUG-3 gm 7 TUG-2 c s th t t 1 n 7 v mi TUG-2 gm mt TU-2. Mt TU-2 bt k c c trng bi 3 thng s l #K, #L, #M, trong K l s th t ca TUG-3 (1 n 3), L l s th t ca TUG-2 (1 n 7), v M lun lun bng 0. V tr cc ct trong VC-4 thuc v TU-2 (K, L, 0) c xc nh theo biu thc sau y: Xth =10+ (K-1) + 3 x (L-1) + 21 x (X-1) V d: TU-2 (1, 1, 0) thuc cc ct 10, 31, 52, 73, 94, 115, 136, 157, 178, 199, 220 v 241 ca VC-4; TU-2 (3, 7, 0) thuc cc ct 30, 51, 72, 93, 114, 135, 156, 177, 198, 219, 240 v 261 ca VC-4. trong X = 1 n 12.

3.4.6 - nh s th t cc TU-12 trong mt VC-4

81

S nh s th t cc TU-12 trong VC-4 nh hnh 3.15. Mi TUG-3 gm 7 TUG-2 c s th t l #1 n #7 v mi TUG-2 gm 3 TU-12 c s th t t #1 n #3. V vy mi TU-12 c c trng bi 3 thng s l #K, #L, #M, trong K l s th t ca TUG-3 (1 n 3), L l s th t ca TUG-2 (1 n 7) v M l s th t ca TU-12 (1 n 3). V tr cc ct trong VC-4 thuc v TU-12 (K, L, M) c xc nh theo biu thc sau: Xth =10+ (K-1) + 3 x (L-1) + 21 x (M-1) + 63 x (X-1) V d: TU-12 (1, 1, 1) thuc cc ct 10, 73, 136 v 199 ca VC-4; TU-12 (3, 7, 3) thuc cc ct 72, 135, 198 v 261 ca VC-4. 3.4.7 - nh s th t cc TU-11 trong VC-4 S nh s th t cc TU-11 trong VC-4 nh hnh 3.16. Mi TUG-3 gm 7 TUG-2 c s th t l #1 n #7 v mi TUG-2 gm 4 TU-11 c s th t t #1 n #4. V vy mi TU-11 c c trng bi 3 thng s l #K, #L, #M, trong K l s th t ca TUG-3 (1 n 3), L l s th t ca TUG-2 (1 n 7) v M l s th t ca TU-11 (1 n 4). V tr cc ct TU-11 (K, L, M) trong VC-4 c xc nh theo biu thc sau: Xth =10+ (K-1) + 3 x (L-1) + 21 x (M-1) + 84 x (X-1) V d: TU-11 (1, 1, 1) chim cc ct 10, 94 v 178 ca VC-4; TU-11 (3, 7, 4) chim cc ct 93, 177 v 261 ca VC-4. trong X=1 n 3. trong X=1 n 4.

82

83

2 1 V C 4 P O H 3

4 5 1 2

6 7 3 1

8 9 2 3

10 11 1 2

12 13 3 1

14 15 2 3

16 17 1 2

18 19 3 1

20 21 2 3

22 23 1 2

24 25 3 1

26 27 2 3

28 29 1 2

30 31 3

256 257 2

258 259 3 1

260 261 2 3

Th t ct Th t khe thi gian

1 ...... 1

1 0 0

2 0 0

3 0 0

1 0 0

2 0 0

3 0 0

1 0 0

2 0 0

3 0 0

1 0 0

2 0 0

3 0 0

1 0 0

2 0 0

3 0 0

1 0 0

2 0 0

3 0 0

1 0 0

2 0 0

3 0 0

1 0 0

2 0 0

3 0 0

1 0 0

2 0 0

3 0 0

1 ...... 1 0 ...... 0 0 ...... 0

2 0 0

3 0 0

1 0 0

2 0 0

3 0 0

K a ch L M

2 1 V C 4 P 3

4 5

6 7

8 9

10 11 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1

12 13 3 3 1 1 4 1 2 1

14 15 5 2 2 1 6 3 2 1

16 17 7 1 3 1 8 2 3 1

18 19 9 3 3 1

S nh s TU-3 S nh s 20 66 TU-12
21 65 67

68 69

70 71

72 73

256 257

258 259

260 261

Th t ct

10 11 12 ...... 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 1 4 1 2 4 1 3 ...... 2 4 ..... 5 1 ..... 3 3 5 3 1 6 3 2 6 3 3 6 3 1 7 3 2 7 3 3 7 3

1 ...... 58 59 60 61 62 63 Th t khe thi gian 1 1 1 1 6 3 2 6 3 3 6 3 1 7 3 2 7 3 3 7 3 K L a ch M

2 1 V C 4 P 3

4 5

6 7

8 9

10 11 1 1 1 0 2 2 1 0

12 13 3 3 1 0 4 1 2 0

14 15 5 2 2 0 6 3 2 0

16 17 7 1 3 0 8 2 3 0

18 19 9 3 3 0

S nh s
20 22 24 21 23 25

26 27

28 29

30 31

256 257

258 259

260 261

Th t ct

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 1 4 0 2 4 0 3 4 0 1 5 0 2 5 0 3 5 0 1 6 0 2 6 0 3 6 0 1 7 0 2 7 0 3 7 0

1 ...... 16 17 18 19 20 21 Th t khe thi gian 1 1 0 1 6 0 2 6 0 3 6 0 1 7 0 2 7 0 3 7 0 K L a ch M

Hnh 3.15 - S nh s TU-12, TU-2, TU-3 trong VC-4.

2 1 V C 4 P 3

4 5

6 7

8 9

10 11 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1

12 13 3 3 1 1 4 1 2 1

14 15 5 2 2 1 6 3 2 1

16 17 7 1 3 1 8 2 3 1

18 19 9 3 3 1

20 21

22 23

24 25

26 27

28 29

30 31

86 87

88 89

90 91

Th t ct

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 ...... 77 78 79 80 81 82 Th t khe thi gian 1 4 1 2 4 1 3 4 1 1 5 1 2 5 1 3 5 1 1 6 1 2 6 1 3 6 1 1 7 1 2 7 1 3 7 1 1 2 1 5 2 ...... 4 3 5 4 1 6 4 2 6 4 3 6 4 1 K 7 L a ch 4 M

92 93 83 84 2 7 4 3 7 4

94 95 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1

96 97 3 3 1 1 4 1 2 1

98 99 5 2 2 1 6 3 2 1

100 101 7 1 3 1 8 2 3 1

102 103 9 3 3 1

104 105

106 107

108 109

110 111

112

180 181

182 183

184 185

256 257

258 259

260 261

Th t ct

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 ....... 45 46 47 48 49 50 ...... 79 80 81 82 83 84 Th t khe thi gian 1 4 1 2 4 1 3 4 1 1 5 1 2 5 1 3 5 1 1 6 1 2 6 1 3 6 1 1 7 1 3 1 3 1 2 3 2 2 3 3 2 3 1 3 3 2 ...... 1 3 ...... 6 3 ...... 4 2 6 4 3 6 4 1 7 4 2 7 4 3 7 4 K L a ch M

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Chng IV Vai tr ca cc tn hiu qun l v bo dng trong h thng SDH

4.1 - ON V TUYN TRONG H THNG TRUYN DN 4.1.1 - on (section) Trong h thng truyn dn c hai loi on, l on lp v on ghp (hnh 4.1). on lp l khong truyn dn gia hai b lp gn nhau nht hoc gia b lp v b ghp. on ghp l khong truyn dn gia hai thit b ghp u cui, hoc gia hai thit b xen r, hoc t thit b ghp u cui n thit b xen r.

REG TE

REG TE

on lp Ghi ch: TE Thit b ghp u cui REG Thit b lp

on lp on ghp

on lp

Hnh 4.1 S xc nh on lp v on ghp 4.1.2 - Tuyn (Path) Tuyn l khong ni logic gia mt im ti mt VC-n c hnh thnh v mt im khc ti VC-n c kt cui (hnh 4.2). Mt tuyn 67

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c xem nh mt ng dn i ngang qua mt s on ghp v ni trc tip gia hai im truyn dch v. Khong ni gia hai VC-1 hoc gia hai VC-2 gi l tuyn bc thp. Khong ni gia hai VC-3 hoc gia hai VC-4 gi l tuyn bc cao.

Tuy n on lp on ghp VC VC Cc dch v: 2M, 34M, 140M ATM, B-ISDN v cc dch v khc TE, ADM hoc SDXC (kt cui MSOH) Thit b lp (kt cui RSOH) Container o (kt cui POH) l p Tuy n VC H thng STM-N

VC

Hnh 4.2 S xc nh tuyn.

4.2 - CC TN HIU QUN L V BO DNG 4.2.1 - Khi nim v SOH (Section Overhead) Mo u on

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Mo u on c gn thm vo trng tin to nn STM-N, n mang thng tin qun l khung v thng tin bo dng cng mt s chc nng khc. SOH c chia lm hai loi : MSOH v RSOH MSOH (Multiplexer Section Overhead) Mo u on ghp knh MSOH c truyn i gia 2 thit b ghp knh v xuyn qua trm lp, n c cc chc nng sau: - Gim st li khi ca trm - Chuyn mch bo v - Ch th trng thi ng b - Cung cp knh thoi v tuyn s liu cho qun l v iu hnh mng - Truyn cnh bo RSOH (Regenerator Section Overhead) - Mo u on lp 9 byte RSOH c truyn i trn cc on lp, n c cc chc nng sau: B1 RF1 RF2 E1 RF F1 D1 RF3 RF D2 RF D3 ng b khung AU 3 / AU 4 PTR 9 T m nhnB2 dng khung B2 B2 K1 K2 byte RSOH A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0

MSO - Cung cp knh D4 thoi cho qun D5l v iu hnh D6mng

- Cung cp knh s liu cho qun l cc trm lp.

D7 D8 D9 D10trong khung D11truyn dn D12 Cu trc ca SOH STM-1 nh sau: S1 Z1 Z1 Z2 Z2 M1 E2 gia Cc byte dnh cho s dng quc Cc byte dnh cho tiu chun ho quc t trong tng lai RF A1, A2 Cc byte dnh cho vi ba s Byte ng b khung

B1 (BIP-8) T m 8 bit kim tra chn B2 (BIP-24) T m 24 bit kim tra chn J0 D1 - D3 Z1, Z2 S1 E1, E2 F1 M1 nh tuyn on lp Knh truyn s liu on lp ang nghin cu pht trin Trng thi ng b Knh thoi nghip v Knh ngi s dng Ch th li u xa on ghp

69

K1, K2 (APS) Chuyn bo v t ng Hnh 4.3 - SOH mch trong khung

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9 dng

A1A1A1A1A1A1A1A1A1A1A1A1A2A2A2A2A2A2A2A2A2A2A2A2J0Z0Z0Z0B1E1F1D1D2D3AU - 3 / AU -

36 ct

Cc byte dnh cho s dng quc gia & Z0 Cc byte dnh cho tiu chun ho quc t trong tng lai quc gia

Hnh 4.4 - SOH trong khung STM-4.

144 ct RSOH MSO H RSOH MSO H

9 dng

A1A1A1A1A1A1A2A2A2A2A2A2J0Z0B1E1F1D1D2D3AU - 3 / AU - 4

PTRB2B2B2B2B2B2K1K2D4D5D6D7D8D9D10D11D12S1M1E2

Cc byte dnh cho s dng quc gia & Z0 Cc byte dnh cho tiu chun ho quc t trong tng lai quc gia

Hnh 4.5 - SOH trong khung STM16.

9 dng 576 ct

A1A1A1A1A1A1A2A2A2A2A2A2J0Z0B1E1F1D1D2D3AU - 3 / AU - 4

PTRB2B2B2B2B2B2K1K2D4D5D6D7D8D9D10D11D12S1M1E2

Cc byte dnh cho s dng quc gia & Z0 Cc byte dnh cho70 tiu chun ho quc t trong tng lai quc gia

Hnh 4.6 - SOH trong khung STM-

MSO H

4 PTRB2B2B2B2B2B2B2B2B2B2B2B2K1K2D4D5D6D7D8D9D10D11D12S1M1E2

RSO H

64.

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SOH trong khung STM-4 (hnh 4.4) c 9 dng v 36 ct, cha 12 byte A1, 12 byte A2, 12 byte B2. Nhng byte khc ch xut hin mt ln trong STM-1 #1.

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SOH trong khung STM-16 (hnh 4.5) c 9 dng v 144 ct, trong c 48 byte A1, 48 byte A2, 48 byte B2. Nhng byte khc ch xut hin mt ln trong STM-1 #1. SOH trong khung STM-64 (hnh 4.6) c 9 dng v 576 ct, trong gm 192 byte A1, 192 byte A2, 192 byte B2. Nhng byte khc ch xut hin mt ln trong STM-1 #1. V tr ca mi byte SOH ca STM-1 #n trong khung STM-N c c trng bi to c 2 thng s S (a,b), a (bng 1 n 3 v 5 n 9) l s th t dng thuc byte ang xt trong khung STM-1, b l ch s ct ca byte ang xt thuc STM-1 #n trong khung STM-N v c xc nh theo biu thc : b = N x (i - 1) +n (4.1) trong i l ch s ct ca byte SOH ang xt trong STM-1 (bng 1 n 9), n l s th t ca STM-1 thnh phn cha byte ang xt trong khung STM-N. Biu thc 4.1 s c s dng xc nh to cc byte SOH trong khung STM-4, STM-16 v STM-64. V d: Xc nh v tr byte K1 trong khung STM-4 v khung STM-16. Byte K1 ch c mt trong khung STM-1 #1. Vy K1 c xc nh nh sau: - Trong khung STM-4: K1 thuc dng a = 5 K1 thuc ct b= 4 x (4 - 1) + 1=13 - Trong khung STM-16: K1 thuc dng a = 5 K1 thuc ct b = 16 x (4-1) + 1 = 49 Cn phi lu rng biu thc 5.1 khng p dng cho byte M1 v theo qui nh th byte M1 trong cc khung STM-1, STM-4, STM-16 v STM-64 u ghp c nh vo dng 9 v cch ct cha byte D11 mt ct v bn phi.

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4.2.2 - Tn hiu qun l v bo dng on lp (RSOH) Cc byte RSOH ghp vo dng 1 n dng 3 thuc ct 1 n ct 9 ca khung STM-N. Chc nng ca cc byte c trnh by nh sau A1 v A2: ng b khung A1=11110110, A2 = 00101000. T m ng b khung ca khung STM-1 gm 3 x A1 byte v tip theo l 3 x A2 byte, 6 byte lm gc thi gian ghp cc byte trong khung STM-1. Pha thu tch 6 byte lm ra gc thi gian tch cc byte cn li trong khung STM-1. J0: nh tuyn on lp. Byte ny trc y c k hiu l C1 dng nh v cc khung STM-1 trong khung STM-N. Do C1 ca STM-1 nhn gi tr 0000 0001, trong khi C1 ca STM-16 li nhn gi tr 0001 0000. Byte ny c s dng h tr cho tm kim ng b khung. Thc t byte ny ch c s dng trong thi k u ca tiu chun ho SDH. Nhng hin ti theo khuyn ngh G.831 th byte ny c s dng nh tuyn on lp. J0 c truyn trong 16 khung lin tip to thnh m nhn dng im truy cp my thu tip tc chuyn thng tin n my pht c ch nh. Cu trc trong a khung 16 khung nh bng 4.1. Bng 4.1 - Cu trc ca byte J0 trong a khung 16 khung
Th t byte 1 2 3 .... 1 0 0 C1 X X

Gi tr cc bit 1- 8 C2 X X C3 X X C4 X X C5 X X C6 X X C7 X X ..... 1 X X X X X X

16

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Ch thch: C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 - M kim tra d chu trnh CRC-7 ca khung trc; 0 X X X X X X X - Cc k t theo khuyn ngh T50.

Trong trng hp kt ni thit b SDH c byte nhn dng C1 vi thit b SDH c byte nh tuyn an lp J0 th J0 c gn mt gi tr nh phn l 0000 0001. Gi tr ny c din gii "nh tuyn on lp khng c qui nh". Ngay trong thit b thuc th h mi, nu J0 khng s dng vo chc nng nh tuyn on lp th chuyn n thnh chc nng nhn dng STM-N. Hai byte xp sau byte C1 (J0) dnh cho mi quc gia s dng v khng b trn. V l do ny nn ITU-T khuyn ngh hn ch s dng byte ny vo vic duy tr cn bng mt chiu v mt cc bit 1. Vn ny do mi quc gia quyt nh. Z0: Byte d tr. Byte ny dnh cho tiu chun ho quc t trong tng lai. B1 k hiu l BIP-8: Kim tra li on lp. Byte kim tra chn 8 bit dng kim tra li khi cc on lp. Gi tr ca 8 bit trong byte B1 ca khung STM-1 hin ti trc khi trn (Scrambler) c tnh ton da vo khung STM-1 trc sau khi trn. Gi tr cc bit ca byte B1 c tnh ton nh sau. em cc bit th nht ca cc byte trong khung STM-1 trc cng li, nu tng l s chn th bit th nht ca B1 trong khung STM-1 hin ti bng 0, nu tng l s l th bit th nht ca B1 bng 1. Cc bit cn li cng tnh ton tng t. Cng c th din t theo cch khc, em cc bit tng ng ca cc byte trong khung STM-1 trc cng module 2 s c gi tr cc bit tng ng ca byte B1 trong khung hin ti.

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V d: Byte th nht1010110 Byte th hai0111001 1001100 1010110 0111001

Byte th ba1001100Trong khung STM-1 trc Trong khung STM-1 trc 0101011 1101101 1100101 Byte th t0101011 Byte th nm1101101 Byte B11100101

Byte B1 c tnh ton li qua mi trm lp v truyn thng sut qua cc trm ghp. Mi trm lp kim tra tt c cc bit ca cc byte trong khung STM-1 trc v cng thm cc bit tng ng ca B1 trong khung STM-1 hin ti nu pht hin thy tng l s l th b m li tng thm mt. Kt qu kim tra li khi cc trm lp c chuyn v trm gim st h thng. E1 : Knh thoi nghip v Byte ny truyn tn hiu thoi 64 kbit/s t trm lp n cc trm khc trong qu trnh qun l, gim st v bo dng h thng. Byte E1 c truy nhp ti cc trm lp v cc trm ghp ni c cc kt ni thit b thoi vi CODEC PCM. Knh EOW thng c s dng trong cc h thng ng trc. F1: Knh ngi s dng Byte ny cung cp mt knh thoi hoc truyn s liu tm thi khi bo dng h thng. D1, D2 v D3 : Knh truyn s liu on lp (RS-DCC) Cc byte D1, D2 v D3 to thnh knh truyn s liu vi tc 3 x 64 kbit/s = 192kbit/s t trm lp n cc trm khc. Knh RS-DCC thng c dng truyn s liu trong ni b h thng nhm mc ch gim st v qun

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l cc h thng c cc trm lp. Khng phi tt c cc on lp u cn knh DCC. iu quan trng l knh ny c s dng hay khng l do phn iu khin quyt nh. RF: Cc byte dng cho viba s SDH 3 byte u tin RF1, RF2, RF3 c th s dng nh sau: - RF1 gm 8 bit c b tr nh hnh di: FFK FFK FFK FFK MSI DM

4 bit FFK dng nhn dng tng chng trong tuyn. Cc bit ny m bo cho b gii iu ch lm vic ng vi tn hiu pht i t b iu ch tng ng. Bit MSI ch th mt tn hiu bng gc ti b iu ch. Bit DM dng cho iu khin cng sut pht t ng. Hai bit cui hin ti cha s dng vo mc ch g. - RF2 gm 8 bit c b tr nh hnh di: PAR LFI LFI LFI LFI LFI LFI LFI

Byte RF2 dng x l li gm bit PAR l bit kim tra chn gim st li ca byte RF2 v 7 bit LFI ch th li ng truyn. V tr cc bit LFI ghp cc bit li do b sa li trc pht hin nhng cha c sa li - RF3 dng cho chuyn mch bo v - Cc byte RF d tr cho pht trin dch v v tuyn. 4.2.3 - Tn hiu qun l v bo dng on ghp (MSOH)

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Cc byte qun l v bo dng cc on ghp t ti cc dng 4,5 ..9 thuc ct 1 n ct 9N ca khung STM-N. Cc byte ny c truy nhp v kt cui ti cc trm ghp v truyn thng sut qua cc trm lp. B2 c k hiu l BIP-Nx24: kim tra li Cc byte B2 c chc nng gim st li khi ca lung STM-N (lung tng) thuc cc on ghp theo phng php kim tra chn. Mun tnh ton gi tr cc bit ca BIP-Nx24 trong khung STM-N hin ti phi cn c vo gi tr ca cc bit trong khung STM-N trc . Phn chia khung STM-N trc thnh tng khi 24xN bit v tin hnh m tng cc bit. Nu tng cc bit th nht ca cc byte trong khung STM-N trc l s chn th bit th nht ca BIP-Nx24 trong khung STM-N hin ti bng 0, tng l th bit th nht ca BIP-Nx24 bng 1. Tip tc tnh ton cho n bit 24N. Cc trm ghp kim tra tng bit nu pht hin thy tng l th b m li tng thm 1. Trong STM-1 c BIP-24, trong STM-4 c BIP-96, trong STM-16 c BIP-384 v trong STM-64 c BIP-1536. Cn ch l cc byte RSOH khng lin quan n vic tnh ton gi tr cc bit ca BIP-Nx24, m ch c cc byte MSOH v cc byte ti trng ca khung STM-N tham gia vo vic ny. K1 v K2 : Knh chuyn mch bo v t ng (APS) Hai byte ny c s dng truyn bo hiu v lnh chuyn mch bo v t ng on ghp v mt s bo hiu khc v mt s bo hiu khc. Cu trc ca K1 v K2 nh hnh 4.7

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K1

R R R ID ID ID

ID

Mc yu cu: 111 - Chuyn mch bt buc 110 - Mt tn hiu 101 - Gim cht lng tn hiu 100 - Chuyn mch nhn cng 011 - i hi phc 010 - Hon thnh chuyn mch 011 - Yu cu tr li v tr ID ID ID ban u K2 000 - Ri S Nhn dng knh Nhn dng nt

Mc u Nhn dng tin knh Nhn dng 0 - Thp nt 1 - Cao Yu cu chuyn mch 0 - Chuyn mch u vng 1 - Chuyn mch chng

1 byte

ID

Ty

Phng thc bo v 0 - 1+1 1 - 1:N Loi chuyn mch 0 - Chuyn mch u vng 1 - Chuyn mch APS cho cu hnh chng ng thng APS cho cu hnh ng mng RING

Trng thi 111 - AIS on 110 - RDI Trng thi 111 - AIS on 110 - RDI xxx - Chuyn mch do suy gim cht lng yyy - Chuyn mch Hnh 4.7 - Cu trc ca K1 do mt tn hiu v K2

Cc bit 6,7,8 ca byte K2 dng ch th s c u xa RDI (110) hoc ch th AIS on ghp (111) ca cu hnh ng thng. Cn trong cu hnh vng (RING), ba bit ny cn c thm chc nng ch th chuyn mch do suy gim cht lng tn hiu hoc mt tn hiu. Bn bit cui cng ca byte K1 v 78

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Trn Hoi Nam - T5

4 bit u ca byte K2 u c chc nng nhn dng knh trong cu hnh ng thng hoc nhn dng node trong cu hnh Ring. Cc bit cn li ca 2 byte ny c cc chc nng nh gii thch trong hnh 4.7. D4 n D12: Knh truyn s liu ca on ghp (MS-DCC) 9 byte ny to thnh knh truyn s liu 9 x 64 kbit/s = 576 kbit/s gia cc trm ghp. N cng c th c s dng truyn thng tin gia cc phn t mng qun l vin thng. S1: Trng thi ng b S1 s dng bit 5 n bit 8 ca byte ny truyn thng bo v cht lng ca ngun ng b, n c pht i trong lung s trm ti chn ngun ng b c cht lng Q ca ng h cao nht trong s cc ngun ng b m n c th chn. Cc mc cht lng Q nh bng 4.2 Bng 4.2 - Cc mc cht lng Q ca ng h
S1 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111 Mc cht lng Q Cha c mc cht lng ny D tr G.811, Q=2 D tr G,812 trung gian, Q=3 D tr D tr D tr G.812 ni ht, Q=4 D tr D tr ng h ca thit b SDH, Q=5 D tr D tr D tr Khng s dng cho ng b

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M1: Ch th li u xa on ghp M1 ch th li u xa trong BIP-Nx24 khi ln lt kim tra tng bit trong t m ny. Cu to ca M1 nh bng 4.3. Bng 4.3 a - Cu trc byte M1 ca khung STM-1
M M1 (7 bit) 2345678 0000000 0000001 0000010 0000011 ....... 0011000 0011001 0011010 ....... 1111111

ngha 0 khi b li 1 khi b li 1 khi b li 1 khi b li 1 khi b li 0 khi b li 0 khi b li 0 khi b li

Ch thch: Bit th nht ca M1 khng s dng v t c nh bng 1 Bng 4.3 b - Cu trc byte M1 ca khung STM-4
M M1 (7 bit) 2345678 0000000 0000001 0000010 0000011 0000100 0000101 ....... 1100000 1100001 ...... 1111111

ngha 0 khi b li 1 khi b li 2 khi b li 3 khi b li 4 khi b li 4 khi b li 4 khi b li 0 khi b li 0 khi b li

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Ch thch: Bit th nht ca M1 khng s dng v t c nh bng 1 Bng 4.3c - Cu trc byte M1 ca khung STM-16

M M1 (7 bit) 12345678 00000000 00000001 00000010 00000011 00000100 00000101 ....... 00001000 00010001 00010010 ...... 11111111

ngha 0 khi b li 1 khi b li 2 khi b li 3 khi b li 4 khi b li 5 khi b li 16 khi b li 0 khi b li 0 khi b li 0 khi b li

Bng 4.3d - Cu trc byte M1 ca khung STM-64

M M1 (7 bit) 12345678 00000000 00000001 00000010 00000011 00000100 00000101 ....... 10000000 10000001 10010010

ngha 0 khi b li 1 khi b li 2 khi b li 3 khi b li 4 khi b li 5 khi b li 64 khi b li 0 khi b li 0 khi b li 81

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...... 11111111

0 khi b li

E1: Knh thoi nghip v E2 dng thit lp knh thoi 64 kbit/s gia cc trm ghp. Cc trm lp khng truy nhp c byte ny. Z1, Z2: Cc byte d phng Cc byte d phng trong tt c STM-1 ca khung tn hiu STM-N gi tr ca chng v chc nng cha c qui nh 4.2.4 - Tn hiu qun l v bo dng tuyn VC bc thp Tn hiu qun l v bo dng tuyn VC bc thp gm cc byte V5, J2, N2 v K4. Byte V5 l byte u tin ca a khung VC-2/VC-1 v v tr ca n trong a khung TU-2/TU-1 c ch th trong 10 bit gi tr con tr. V tr cc byte ny nh trong hnh 3.4. Sau y gii thch cu to v chc nng ca chng. Byte V5: Byte V5 c chc nng kim tra li bit, nhn tn hiu v ch th trang thi ca tuyn VC-2 hoc VC-1. Sp xp cc bit trong byte V5 nh sau:

BIP - 2 1 2

REI 3

RFI 4

Nhn tn hiu 6

RDI 8

BIP-2 :T m kim tra li khi tuyn VC-2/VC-1 T m kim tra li khi tuyn VC-2/VC-1

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REI:Ch th li u xa u xa RDI:Ch th s c u xa. - BIP-2:

Ch th li u xa Ch th mt tn hiu thu

RFI:Ch th mt tn hiu thu u xa

Ch th s c u xa.

Hai bit u tin ca V5 to thnh t m kim tra chn c hai bit gim st li khi ca tuyn ni hai VC bc thp. Tnh ton bit th nht b1 trong a khung VC-2/VC-1 hin ti bng cch cng cc bit l (1,3,5,7) trong cc byte ca a khung VC-2/VC-1 trc , nu tng l s chn th b1=0 v tng l s l th b1=1. Gi tr ca bit th hai b2 trong a khung VC-2/VC-1 hin ti c tnh ton bng cch cng tt c cc bit chn (2,4,6,8) ca cc byte trong a khung VC-2/VC-1 trc , nu tng l s chn th b2=0 v nu tng l s l th b21. Ti im kt cui VC-2/VC-1 kim tra BIP-2 nu pht hin thy tng cc bit l s l th xc nhn khi b li, nu tng chn th xc nhn khi khng c li . - REI: VC-2/VC-1 u xa kim tra BIP-2 nu pht hin c li th t bit th ba ca V5 bng 1 v gi v cho VC-2/VC-1 trm gc. Nu khng c li th bit ny bng 0. - RFI: Khi tn hiu thu VC-2/VC-1 u xa b mt th ci t bit th t ca V5 bng 1 v gi tr v cho VC-2/VC-1 trm gc. - RDI: Khi u thu ca tuyn bc thp nhn c AIS hoc mt tn hiu th t bit th tm ca V5 bng 1 v gi tr v cho VC-2/VC-1 trm gc. 83

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- Nhn tn hiu: 3 bit nhn tn hiu b5, b6, b7 c m ho ch th cc trng thi ca VC bc thp nh sau: Bng 4.4 - Cu trc nhn tn hiu ca VC-n bc thp. b5 b6 b7 ngha 0 0 0 Khng trang b 0 0 1 C trang b 0 1 0 Sp xp khng ng b 0 1 1 Sp xp ng b bit 1 0 0 Sp xp ng b byte 1 0 1 D tr cho pht trin 1 1 0 Tn hiu o th O 181 (TSS4) 1 1 1 VC-AIS J2: Byte nh tuyn Byte ny truyn m nhn dng im truy nhp tuyn bc thp my thu nhn bit v tip tc chuyn thng tin n my pht c ch nh trc. M nhn dng c truyn lin tip trong 16 khung VC-2/VC-1 tng t nh J0. N2: Byte iu hnh mng Byte ny c chc nng gim st ni chuyn tip (TCM) mc VC-2, VC-12 v VC-11. Cu trc ca n nh sau:
b1 BIP-2 b2 b3 "1" b4 AIS n b5 TC-REI b6 OEI b7 b8 TC-APId,TC-RDI, ODI, d tr

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Bit 1 v 2 to thnh t m kim tra chn c hai bit (BIP-2) cho VC Bit 3 pht c nh bng 1. iu ny m bo N2 khng pht i mt Bit 4 hot ng nh b ch th "AIS n" Bit 5 ch th cc khi b li do ni chuyn tip Bit 6 ch th cc khi b li trong lung ra VC-n. Bit 7 v bit 8 hot ng trong a khung 76 khung : + Nhn dng im truy nhp ca ni chuyn tip, thng bo TC-APId c truyn i. + Ch th trong tn hiu ni chuyn tip u gn c s c v thng bo TC-RDI c chuyn ti u xa. + Ch th TU-AIS xen vo lung ni chuyn tip do khng hon ho trc hoc trong khi ni chuyn tip v thng bo ODI c chuyn ti u xa. + D tr pht trin trong tng lai. a khung gm 76 khung ca bit 7 v bit 8 nh bng 5.5. Trong bng 4.5 cc bit C1-C7 l kt qu tnh ton CRC-7 ca a khung

ni chuyn tip. dy bit 8 bit 0.

trc, cc byte X l cc k t theo khuyn ngh T50. Bng 4.5 - Cu trc bit b7 v b8 trong a khung 76 khung T.T khung 1-8 9-12 13-16 b7 b8 Tn hiu ng b 1111 1111 1111 1110 Byte TC-APId #1 [1C1C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7] Byte TC-APId #2 [0XXXXXXX]

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17-20 .... 65-68 69-72 73-76 73 74 75 76

Byte TC-APId #3 [0XXXXXXX] Byte TC-APId #15 [0XXXXXXX] Byte TC-APId #16 [0XXXXXXX] TC-RDI, ODI v d tr b7 b8 D tr (=0) TC-RDI ODI D tr (=0) D tr (=0) D tr (=0) D tr (=0) D tr (=0)

K4: Knh chuyn mch bo v t ng Bit 1 n bit 4 ca K4 truyn bo hiu chuyn mch bo v t ng cc VC-n bc thp. Cc bit b5-b7 ca K4 c s dng ch th u xa c s c. Bit th 8 ca K4 d tr cho tng lai. 4.2.5 - Tn hiu qun l v bo dng tuyn VC bc cao nh tuyn J1: J1 l byte u tin ca cc container o bc cao (VC-3 hoc VC-4), v tr ca n trong khung ghp c ch th trong 10 bit gi tr con tr TU-3, AU3 hoc AU-4. Byte J1 truyn tn hiu nhn dng im truy nhp tuyn bc cao. Trong mng quc gia hoc trong phm vi ca ngi iu hnh th m nhn dng im truy nhp hoc l chui 64 byte tu chn hoc tun theo phn 3 khuyn ngh G.831, tr khi cc nh iu hnh c tho thun ring. Chui 64 byte gm 4 khung, mi khung 16 byte c cu trc nh m t trong byte J0. BIP-8:B3 Byte ny dng kim tra li khi tuyn VC-n bc cao. Tnh ton 8 bit trong BIP-8 tng t nh cch tnh ton t m kim tra chn khc. C th l, gi tr bit th nht b1 c c bng cch cng cc bit th nht ca cc byte trong khung VC-n bc cao trc , nu tng l s l th b1=1 v nu tng l 86

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s chn th b1=0. Tin hnh nh vy cho n bit th 8. VC-n bc cao u xa kim tra BIP-8, nu pht hin tng l th xc nhn khi b li. Nhn tn hiu C2: C2 s dng ch th thnh phn ca ti trng trong VC-n bc cao hoc ch th cc trng thi bo dng ca VC-n bc cao. M C2 nh sau: Bng 4.6 - Chc nng ca byte C2 Cc bit Cc bit M

Din gii b1 b2 b3 b4 b5 b6 b7 b8 HEX 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 Khng trang b 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 01 Trang b 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 02 Cu trc TUG 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 03 TU c nh 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 4 Sp xp khng ng b 34 Mbit/s vo VC-3 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 2 Sp xp khng ng b 140 Mbit/s vo VC-4 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 13 Sp xp ATM 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 14 Sp xp MAN 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 15 Sp xp FDDI 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 FE Sp xp tn hiu o O.181 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 FF VC-AIS
MAN - Mng thnh ph FDDI - Giao din s phn phi si quang

Cc trng thi tuyn G1: Byte G1 c s dng truyn thng bo v trng thi v cht lng cui tuyn cho trm gc. c im ny cho php gim st cc trng thi v cht lng ca tuyn song cng ti u cui hoc ti im bt k dc tuyn. Chc nng cc bit ca G1 c qui nh nh sau. Bit 1 n bit 4 ch th li u xa (REI) khi kim tra byte B3, 9 gi tr u tin ca 4 bit ch th cho 0-8 li (0000 1000), 7 gi tr cn li ch th 87

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khng c li (1001 1111). RDI l ch th u xa ca tuyn VC-3/VC-4 c s c v gi thng bo ny ngc v cho trm gc. ngha ca t hp 3 bit b5 b6 b7 nh bng 4.7 Bng 4.7 - Cu trc RDI ca byte G1
b5 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 b6 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 b7 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 ngha u xa khng c s c u xa khng c s c S c ti trng u xa u xa khng c s c S c u xa S c dch v u xa S c ni u xa S c u xa Nguyn nhn LCD, PLM AIS, LOP, TIM, UNEQ (hoc SLM) AIS, LOP TIM, UNEQ AIS, LOP, TIM, UNEQ (hoc SLM)

Knh ngi s dng F2, F3: Nhng byte ny dnh cho thng tin lin lc gia cc trm ca tuyn phc v cho bo dng. Byte ch th a khung H4: Byte H4 trong khung VC-3 POH v VC-4 POH c lin quan n cc lung nhnh bc thp khi ghp cc lung ny vo VC-3 hoc VC-4. Hai bit cui ca byte H4 ch th v tr cc byte con tr TU-2/TU-1 trong a khung VC-3/VC-4 nh hnh 4.8, su bit u (X) trong H4 chn tu . Mi quan h gia H4 v cc byte con tr Vn nh sau: XXXXXX00 ghp vo ct POH khung 0 c cc byte d tr V4 XXXXXX01 ghp vo ct POH khung 1 c cc byte con tr V1 XXXXXX10 ghp vo ct POH khung 2 c cc byte con tr V2 XXXXXX11 ghp vo ct POH khung 3 c cc byte con tr V3

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 n tt nghip - Cng ngh truyn dn SDH CK45 VC-3/VC-4 POH (V4) Ti trng VC3/VC-4 PTR (V1) Ti trng VC3/VC-4 PTR (V2) Ti trng VC3/VC-4 PTR (V3) Ti trng VC3/VC-4 (V4) Ti trng VC3/VC-4

Trn Hoi Nam - T5

H4 (00)

H4 (01)

H4 (10)

H4 (11)

H4 (00)

Hnh 4.8 - S dng byte H4 ch th a khung VC-3/VC-4

Knh chuyn mch bo v t ng (APS) K3: 4 bit u tin (b1 - b4) ca byte K3 c s dng truyn bo hiu APS ti mc VC-3/VC-4. Cc bit cn li d tr cho pht trin trong tng lai. 89

9 dng

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Byte dng cho iu hnh mng N1: Byte N1 c chc nng gim st ni chuyn tip (TCM) cc VC-n bc cao, chc nng cc bit ca byte ny nh sau:
b1 b2 IEC b3 b4 b5 TC-REI b6 OEI b7 b8 TC-APId,TC-RDI, ODI, D tr

- Bit 1 n bit 4 c s dng m li n (IEC) trong t m BIP-8 (b3). M ha 4 bit ca IEC nh bng 4.8. - Bit 5 ch th cc khi b li khi ni chuyn tip (TC-REI).

Bng 5.8 - Cu trc 4 bit IEC ca byte N1

S lng BIP-8 b li 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 AIS n B1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 B2 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 B3 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 B4 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0

- Bit 6 ch th cc khi b li trong lung ra VC-n - Bit 7 v bit 8 c chc nng ch th im truy nhp ca lung ni chuyn tip (TC-APId), ch th u gn c s c trong ni chuyn tip v thng bo TC-RDI chuyn ti u xa, ch th AU/TU AIS xen vo trong lung ni chuyn tip do khng hon ho trc hoc trong khi ni chuyn tip v thng bo ODI c chuyn ti u xa. Ngoi cc chc nng trn y,

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hai bit b7 v b8 cn c th d tr cho pht trin trong tng lai. Cu trc b7, b8 ca byte N1 hon ton ging cu trc b7, b8 ca byte N2 (xem bng 4.5). 4.2.6 - Qui nh cc tn hiu bo dng v cnh bo Cc tn hiu bo dng l cc tn hiu thng bo v ch th trng thi ca ng truyn. Trong trng hp ng truyn c s c hoc b li th cnh bo ph hp c pht i. a. Tn hiu bo dng on lp v on ghp - LOS: Mt tn hiu Khi mt tn hiu thu on no th on y pht AIS cng hng v pht RDI ngc hng. Chng hn u vo STM-1 mt tn hiu th khi STM-1 ci t 3 bit cui ca byte K2 bng 110 v truyn ngc tr li cho STM-1 gc, ng thi ci t AIS vo cc bit b5, b6 v b7 ca byte G1 bng 111 truyn cng hng vi cc VC-n pha sau. LOF: Mt ng b khung Nu 625 s tri qua m khng thu ng cc byte A1 v A2 th xc nhn mt ng b khung. Lc trm u xa ci t cc bit b6, b7 v b8 ca byte K2 bng 110 v truyn ngc ti trm gc; ng thi ci t AIS (111) vo cc bit b5, b6 v b7 ca byte G1 truyn cng hng n VC-n trm pha sau. REI (trc y k hiu l FEBE): ch th li khi u xa. Khi kim tra t m BIP-24 (byte B2) pht hin c li th ci t REI vo byte M1 v truyn ngc tr v trm gc. MS-AIS: Tn hiu ch th cnh bo on ghp

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MS-AIS xut hin trong cc trng hp sau y: Hng thu thit b ADM mt tn hiu (LOS), mt ng b khung (LOF) th ci t cc bit b6, b7, b8 ca byte K2 bng 111 v truyn cng hng ti trm pha sau. Mt khc cc byte con tr ti thi im cng ci t ton cc bit 1 v truyn cng hng ti trm sau. b. Tn hiu bo dng tuyn VC-3 v VC-4 REI: Ch th li khi u xa Cc trm ghp kim tra t m BIP-8 (b3) trong VC-3 POH hoc VC-4 POH, nu pht hin c li th ci t cnh bo trong cc bit b1, b2, b3, b4 ca byte G1 v truyn v trm gc. LOP: Ch th mt con tr TU-3, AU-3 hoc AU-4 Ti pha pht nu con tr no b mt th chuyn i tt c cc bit trong con tr y bng 1 v truyn ti trm u xa. Trm u xa nhn bit s ci t 100 vo cc bit b5, b6, b7 ca byte G1 v truyn ngc tr v cho trm gc. ng thi ci t VC-AIS vo byte C2 truyn cng hng. VC-AIS: Ch th cnh bo tuyn bc cao VC-AIS xy ra trong cc trng hp sau y: Khi lung nhnh 34368 kbit/s hoc 139264 kbit/s ca b ghp no b mt th AIS ca b ghp y c ci t bng cch gn cho cc bit ca con tr v cc bit trong VC-3 hoc VC-4 ca lung nhnh mt bng 1 v truyn cng hng. Khi VC-3 v VC-4 tip theo nhn c AIS hoc LOP th ci t AIS v truyn cng hng. RDI (FERF): Ch th mt tn hiu thu VC-3/VC-4 u xa

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Trong trng hp u xa nhn VC-AIS, LOP, LOS th ci t RDI (101) vo cc bit b5, b6, b7 ca G1 v truyn ngc hng. c. Tn hiu bo dng tuyn VC-2, VC-12 v VC-11 REI (FEBE): Ch th li khi u xa VC-n bc thp kim tra t m BIP-2 ca byte V5 nu pht hin c li th ci t bit th t ca V5 bng 1 v truyn ngc hng. LOP: Mt mt trong cc con tr TU-2, TU-12, TU-11 Pha thu nhn c cc bit trong cc con tr ny bng 1 th ci t bit th 8 ca V5 v truyn ngc tr v trm gc; ng thi ci t VC-AIS vo cc bit ca con tr v cc bit ca a khung VC-n bc thp truyn cng hng. VC-AIS: Tn hiu ch th cnh bo tuyn bc thp Khi trm u xa nhn c cnh bo LOP, LOS, AIS trong tuyn bc thp th ci t AIS tuyn bc thp v truyn cng hng.

RDI (FERF): Ch th mt tn hiu thu VC-n bc thp u xa Khi trm u xa nhn c mt trong cc cnh bo trong tn hiu lung

bc thp nh LOP, LOS, VC-AIS th ci t cnh bo RDI trong byte G1 ca VC-n bc thp v truyn ngc v trm gc.

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- Cc thut ng vit tt -

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ADM AIS ANSI APS ATM AU-n AUG AU-4-Xc BER BIP B-ISDN CAS CCSS-7 CMI C-n C-4-Xc CRC D DCOM D/I DMUX DCC DCN ECC ETSI F FAS FEBE

Add-Drop multiplexer Alarm Indication Signal American National Standards Institute Automatic Protection Swiching Asynchronous Transfer Mode Administrative Unit n Administrative Unit Group Concatenated X x AU-4s Bit Error Ratio Bit Interleaved Parity Broadband-Integrated Services Digital Network Channel Associated Signaling Common Channel Signaling System-7 Coded Mark Inversion Container - n Concatenated X x C-4s Cyclic Redundancy Check Decrement Digital Compressor Drop and Insert Demultiplexer Data Communication Channel Data Communication Network Embeded Communication Channel European Telecommunications Standard Institute Flag Frame Alignment Signal Far End Block Error 95

B xen - r Tn hiu ch th cnh bo Vin cc tiu chun quc gia Hoa K Chuyn mch bo v t ng Phng thc chuyn giao khng ng b Khi qun l n Nhm khi qun l Ni mc xch X x AU-4 T s li bit T m kim tra chn xen bit Mng s lin kt a dch v bng rng Bo hiu knh kt hp H thng bo hiu knh chung s 7 M o du Contenn n Ni mc xch X x C-4 Kim tra d chu trnh Gim B nn s B tch / ghp knh B tch knh Knh truyn s liu Mng truyn s liu Knh s liu km theo Vin cc tiu chun vin thng Chu u C Tn hiu ng chnh ng b khung Li khi u xa

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Trn Hoi Nam - T5

FERF FDDI HDB3 I IEC ID ISDN JS LFI LOF LOP LOS MR MS-AIS MS-REI MUX MSOH MS-RDI NDF NNI NE NRZ OC ODI OEI PLL PCM POH PTR

Far End Receive Failure Fiber Distributed Data Interface High Density Bipolar Increment Incoming Error Count Identifier Integrated Servises Digital Network Justification Line Failure Indication Loss Of Frame Loss Of Pointer Loss Of Signal Memory Multiplex Section Alarm Indication Signal Multiplex Section Remote Error Indication Multiplexer Multiplexer Section Overhead Multiplexer Section Remote Defect Indication New Data Flag Network Node Interface Network Element Non Return to Zero Optical Carrier Out Defects Indication Out Error Indication Phase Locked Loop Pulse Code Modulation Path Overhead Pointer 96

Mt thu u xa Giao din s liu phn b theo cp quang M lng cc mt cao c ti a 3 bit 0 lin tip Tng m li tn hiu n Nhn dng Mng s lin kt a dch v Chn Ch th li ng truyn Mt khung Mt con tr Mt tn hiu B nh Tn hiu ch th cnh bo on ghp Ch th li u xa on ghp B ghp Mo u on ghp Ch th s c u xa on ghp C s liu mi Giao din nt mng Phn t mng Khng tr v zero Sng mang quang Ch th c AU/TU-AIS ti u ra ni chuyn tip Ch th li trong lung ra VC-n Vng lp kho pha iu ch xung m Mo u tuyn Con tr

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Trn Hoi Nam - T5

PDH REG RSOH RDI REI RFI RS DCC RZ S SDH SDXC SMN SONET STM-N TCM TCAPId TC-RDI TDM TE TMN TU-n TC-REI SOH VCO

Plesiochronuos Digital Hierarchy Regenerator Regenerator Section Overhead Remote Defect Indication Remote Error Indication Remote Failure Indication Regenerator Section - Data Communication Channel Return to Zero Stuffing Synchronous Digital Hierarchy Synchronous Digital Cross Connect Synchronous Management Network Synchronous Optical Network Synchronous Transport Module level N Tandem Connection Monitoring Tandem Connection - Access Point Indentifier Tandem Connection - Remote Defects Indication Time Division Multiplexer Terminal Equipment Telecommunication Management Network Tributary Unit - n Tandem Connection - Remote Error Indication Section Overhead Voltage Controlled Osillator

Phn cp s cn ng b B lp Mo u on lp Ch th s c u xa Ch th li khi u xa Ch th mt thu u xa Knh truyn s liu on lp Tr v Zero n Phn cp s ng b Ni cho s ng b Mng qun l SDH Mng quang ng b Module truyn dn ng b mc N Gim st ni chuyn tip Nhn dng im truy cp ni chuyn tip Ch th s c u xa do ni chuyn tip K thut ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian Thit b u cui Mng qun l vin thng Khi nhnh n Ch th li u xa do ni chuyn tip Mo u on B dao ng khng ch bng in p

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- ti liu tham kho 1. "Ghp knh PDH v SDH" - TS Cao Phn - Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh-Vin thng - 2000 2. "H thng thng tin ng b SDH" - TS Cao Phn - Trung tm o to Bu chnh-Vin thng I - 1996 3. "Thit b v h thng thng tin quang ng b SDH". Phn III. (Ti liu dng cho o to t xa) - Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh-Vin thng 1998.

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