Pressure Transient Analysis

Basic concepts
Hassan Bahrami 2013

Well Models

Horizontal well

Vertical well

Deviated well

Well Models
Transverse fracture Longitudinal fracture

Hydraulic fractured well

Reservoir Flow Regimes

Radial flow:

Spherical flow:

Linear flow: & Bilinear flow

Diffusivity equations for the reservoir flow regimes

Radial flow: (1/r) d/dr[ r dp/dr ] = (phi*mu*c/k) [dp/dt] Spherical flow: (1/r^2) d/dr[ r dp/dr ] = (phi*mu*c/k) [dp/dt] Linear flow: [d^2p/dx^2] = (phi*mu*c/k) [dp/dt]

Reservoir models
Radial flow

Reservoir models

Spherical flow

Reservoir models

Linear flow in a channel

Reservoir models

Elliptical Flow

Wellbore Storage Effect

Early Time Data are affected by WBS effect

Question:
- What flow regimes may be observed with passage of time, in a horizontal well ?

Answer:

Question:
- What flow regimes may be observed in a horizontal well with a single hydraulic fracture along the wellbore?

Welltest Analysis Basics

Radial flow equation

Diffusivity Equation for Radial Flow:
(1/r) d/dr[ r dp/dr ] = (phi*mu*c/k) [dp/dt] Solution for constant rate

See chapter 7 of L.P.Dake, reservoir engineering book

drawdown test

Pressure Draw-Down Test Analysis

Flow rate Pi Pressure

Pwf

Time

Radial flow analysis: Semi-Log Plot

Pi-Pwf P = m (log[t]) + b Slope: m

t-t0

Pressure Build-Up Analysis Example

Semi-Log Plot
To make the plot, do not take log of the numbers, just show the time values as they are, on the log scale !

Logarithmic curve fit !

(Not linear)

Late Time Early Time

Pressure Draw-Down Exercise

Calculate the slope (m) and Pi-P1hr for the data
Pi=5000 psia

Answer

A B

M= -181 psi/cycle

Answer

P1hr = 4080 psia

Pi P1hr = 5000 4080

= 920 psia P1hr

Question: Considering the following points A and B, the slope of radial flow straight line (m) is defined as follows:

m=PB-PA (Psi/Cycle)
Semi-Log Plot Pressure, psia

A B 1 100 P: Pressure, t: Time 10 t, hrs

1. 2.

True False

Question:
For radial flow equation in the case of constant flow rate (pressure declines with time), how can permeability be determined from the transient data?

DP =

162.6QBo kh

(log[Dt] + n )

Question:
For radial flow equation in the case of constant bottom-hole pressure (rate decline with time), how can permeability be determined from the transient data?

162.6QBo DP = kh

(log[Dt] + n )

Question:
For radial flow equation in the case that bottomhole pressure and flow rate are not constant and change with passage of time, how can permeability be determined from the transient data?
DP =
162.6QBo kh

(log[Dt] + n )

Question: Which m should be

considered for K and S calculation?
P = m (log[t]) + b Slope: m m1

m3 m2

Pressure Derivative Method / Drawdown Test

P = m (log[t]) + b

d (P) 2.3 * m d (lnt)

P & Pr t

P
RF

d (P) Log[ ] 0 log [t ] log[ 2.3 * m] d (lnt)

P': (P2 - P1)/(ln(t 2 ) - ln(t1 ))

Pressure Derivative Method / Drawdown Test

P & Pr m t

IARF

162.6 * Q * * B K 2.3 * mRF * h

0 slope on derivative curve

Question: Using m for each test, reservoir around which well has higher permeability?

Well A P & Pr m=7E+07 Well B

m=7E+05

162.6 * Q * * B 2.3 * mRF * h

Identifying the Reservoir Flow Regimes using pressure derivative method:

Log-Log plot of P, d[p]/d[ln(t)] , versus time function

Radial flow: Slope: 0

Linear flow: Slope: +1/2

Spherical flow: Slope: -1/2 Elliptical flow: Slope: +1/3

Bi-linear flow: Slope: +1/4

Wellbore storage effect: Slope: +1

Slopes on Log-Log plot

1000 +1 100 +1/2 +1/3 +1/4

10 -1/2 0.01 0.1 1

Estimate slope of the lines

1000

100

10

0.01

0.1

Question: Identify the flow regimes

What flow regimes can be detected on this plot? A- Linear flow regime B-Radial flow regime C-Spherical flow regime D-Elliptical flow regime

What is the well model? A- Vertical well B- Partial perforated vertical well C- Hydraulically fractured vertical well D- Horizontal well E- Cannot be identified

Nomenclature

P K Q C t h r B NTG HC STOIIP: GIP:

Pressure Permeability Flow rate Compressibility Time Layer thickness Radius Porosity Density Viscosity Formation volume factor Net to Gross ratio Hydrocarbon Stock tank oil initially in place Gas in place

M: 1000 MM: 10^6

MMM: 10^9

1 Acres: 43,560 ft^2

FVF units are rbbl/stb (oil) and r.cu.ft/scf (gas) (r for reservoir and s for standard)