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Outline
Introduction Sabkha area Road crossing Bend design Anchor blocks Conclusion
IA AB F AR UL G N
Ras Tanoura QATIF BAHRAIN
ABU-ALI
TUFA IH
ABQAIQ QATAR
Sabkha area
Sabkha means area of high-level water table The water is very salty and highly corrosive The pipe must not come in contact with water Special pad design and sequence of construction
Sabkha area
RO
ea
ad p e n i l e Pip
p W O R
ad
Road crossing
Loads on Pipelines
Live Load
Earth Load
Internal Load Total Load on Pipeline = Live load + Earth load + Internal Loads
D/t = 50 D/t = 60 D/t = 70 D/t = 80 D/t = 90 D/t = 100 D/t = 110.1 D/t = 120 D/t = 129.9 D/t = 139.9 D/t = 150
Crossi (two versions) Based on the API RP1102, 1968 edition Cornell/GRI developed PC-PISCESL software Included in the 1993 edition of API RP1102, Steel Pipelines Crossing Railroads and Highways Limitations
Pipeline toolbox
ADBP 2.0
Pipeline bends
Elastic bend Cold bend Hot bend
Bend design
The standard design is 210 m radius bend Smaller radii required calculation and/or thrust anchors Design was optimized by numerical analysis
Rb
Rb
t D Section - AA
D = Diameter of the pipe t = Thickness of the pipe Hc = Depth of cover Rb = Radius of the bend = Angle of the bend
Hc
Thrust anchor
Full thrust without considering soil friction Large size anchor blocks Block size was reduced significantly
and Design of Thrust Anchor Blocks (ADTAB) Size Optimization of Thrust Anchor Blocks (SOPTAB)
Conclusion
Route Surveying Mobilizing equipment and personnel Transporting and storing pipe and materials Topsoil stripping (as required) Grading Stringing (transport and laying of pipe on the ROW) Welding, ultrasonic, and NDE of welds Installing coating at the pipe joints Trenching Lowering pipe into the trench Installing crossings Backfilling Restoring the ROW
Trenching
ROW Acquisition
Survey
Rock-Free Drilling
Rock Blasting
Trenching
Padding
Stringing
Welding / Coating
Lowering-in
Stringing
Welding
NDT
Coating
Lowering-in
Tie-ins
Backfill
Berming /stabilizing
Berm Backfill
Stabilizing
Casing Requirements
H
6T 13 T 10 T 10 T
4 m
Scope of SAES-L-460
This standard defines the minimum design and installation requirements governing pipeline crossings under roads, parking lots, railroads, and airport runways. This standard applies to pipelines in all services. This standard supplements the latest edition of API RP 1102 Steel Pipelines Crossing Railroads and Highways. Additional requirements imposed by the Saudi Arabian Government shall apply to crossings of Government roads and railroads.