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Internet Protocol (IP) Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) Address Resolution Protocol(ARP) Internet Group Management Protocol(IGMP)
It creates an IP datagram and insert it into a link frame (in our case, Ethernet) The data can only travel through the link protocol to router 1 The router unpacks the IP datagram from the Ethernet frame and looks at the recipient's IP address
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Echo
can be used to test the accessibility of particular nodes in the Internet The applicant sends an 'Echo request' ICMP packet and the destination node is obliged to reply with an ICMP 'Echo' packet. ping program can be used to send an echo request to the destination junction
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Destination Unreachable
If the IP datagram cannot be transmitted further to the recipient, then it is thrown away, and the sender is informed with the ICMP 'Destination Unreachable' message
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Redirect
Router 1 receives an IP datagram that needs to be forwarded to another address thorough the same network interface through which the IP datagram came
It forwards the IP datagram, but uses an ICMP redirect packet to instruct the sender to change its own routing table and not to ask for such strange services anymore This situation occurs mostly when we have several routers on the local network, but individual PCs on a LAN only have one default entry pointing to one of the routers after startup 17
Time Synchronization
Using this ICMP packet, a destination computer is asked for the time The source computer enters the time of the request that was sent into the ICMP 'Timestamp request' packet. The destination computer enters 'Timestamp reply' two times into its reply:
The time when the request was received The time when the reply was sent
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By subtracting the time the request was sent from the time the reply was received, the traveling time from the source computer to the destination computer and back (Round Trip Time(RTT)) is deduced.
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ARP Protocol
ARP can get the link address of an opposite station when you know its IP address
ARP sends a link broadcast to the LAN (link address FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF). Asking for the station of IP2 The IP2 station hears the message and replies. Itstates its link address (HW2) in its reply
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References
Libor Dostalek, Alena Kabelova,Understanding TCP/IP a clear and comprehensive guide to TCP/IP protocols, Packet publishing 2006
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