Chapter 6 Trigonometry

6.1: Trigonometric Ratios

sin =

1
-----cosec

cos =

1
-----sec

cot =

cos
-----sin

tan =

1
-----cot

tan =

sin
-----cos

6.2: Fundamental Trigonometric Identities

sin + cos = 1
- Substitute sin / cos into unit circle equation
- Dividing through by sin
sin
cos
1
------- + ------- = ------sin
sin
sin

1 + cot = cosec

1 + tan = sec

When solving
trigonometric proofs,
always work from one side
to the other until it equals
the other side

- Dividing through by cos

sin
cos
1
------- + ------- = ------cos
cos
cos
6.3: The Cosine Rule
b + c - a
cos A = -------------2bc
a = b + c - (2bc.cos A)

Given 3 sides,
asked for an
angle
Given 2 sides / 1
angle, asked for a
side

?
b

c
b
a

?
A
c

6.4: The Sine Rule

6.5: Sum and Difference of Angles (Extension 1)

~ sin (A + B) = sinA . cosB + cosA . sinB
~ sin (A B) = sinA . cosB cosA . sinB
e.g: find the exact value of sin75
sin75

= sin (45 + 30)

= (sin45 . cos30) + (sin30 . sin45)
=

1 x 3
1x1
-------- + -------2 x 2
2 x 2

1 + 3
= -------22

~ cos (A + B) = cosA . cosB - sinA . sinB

~ cos (A B) = cosA . cosB + sinA . sinB
e.g: find the exact value of cos105
cos105

= cos (60 + 45)

= (cos60 . cos45) + (sin60 . sin45)
=

1x1
3 x 2
-------- + -------2 x 2
2x1

1 + 6
= --------2 + 22

tan + 1
= ---------- - 1
1 tan

~ tan (A + B) = tanA + tanB

------------------1 tanA . tanB
~ tan (A - B) = tanA - tanB
------------------1 + tanA . tanB
e.g: expand and simplify tan ( + 45) 1
tan ( + 45) 1

tan + tan45
-------------------- - 1
1 - tan + tan45

tan + 1 (1 tan)
-----------------------
1 tan

2tan
= ---------1 tan

6.6: Ratios of Double Angles (Extension 1)

Using the sum and difference of angles:

sin (A + B) = sinA . cosB + sinB . cosA

- now, let B = A
:. sin (A + A) = sinA . cosA + cosA . sinA
sin2A = 2 (sinA . cosA)

cos (A + B) = cosA . cosB - sinA . sinB

- now, let B = A
:. cos (A + A) = cosA . cosA - sinA . sinA
cos2A = cosA - sinA
also, by substituting (1 - sinA) for cosA
:. cos2A = 1 - sinA - sinA
= 1 2sinA
Also, by substituting (1 - cosA) for sinA
:. cos2A = cosA (1 - cosA)
= cosA + cosA 1
= 2cosA 1

tan (A + B) = tanA + tanB

------------------1 tanA . tanB

tanA 1

- now, let B = A
:. tan (A + A) =

tanA + tanA
-----------------1 tanA . tanA

tan2A = 2tanA
----------1 - tanA

6.7: The t = tan (2

Let

t = tan -(
2

) formula (Half-Angle Formula)

)

Using the Double Angle Formula

sin2 = 2 (sin . cos)

Divide through by 2

:. sin = 2 (sin2

cos2

sub in t for2

1
1
= 2 . ---------- . ---------(1 + t) (1 + t)

2t
:. sin = -------1 + t

cos2 = cosA - sinA

Divide through by 2

:. cos = cos2

- sin2

sub in t for2

1
t
= ---------- - ---------(1 + t)
(1 + t)

1 - t
:. cos = -------1 + t

2tan
tan2 = -----------1 - tan
Divide through by 2

2tan 2
:. tan = ----------------sub in t for

1 - tan2

2t
:. tan = -------1 - t

6.8: Solving using Transformation (Subsidiary / Auxiliary Angles) (Extension 1)

b
tan = --a

similarly:

b
sin = ----------(a + b)
a
cos = ----------(a + b)

(a +
b)

Let (a + b) = R
:.

R . sin = b
a

R . cos = a
Show that: R . sin ( + ) = (a . sin ) + (b . cos)
LHS:

Proof

R . sin ( + )
= R . (sin . cos) + R . (cos . sin)
= a . sin + b . cos

= RHS

:. R . sin ( + ) = (a . sin) + (b . cos)

Where (a + b) = R, and is in the first quadrant
Furthermore:
~

R . sin ( - ) = (a . sin) - (b . cos)

R . cos ( + ) = (a . cos) - (b . sin)

R . cos ( - ) = (a . cos) + (b . sin)

e.g: solve 3 . sin + cos = 1

LHS:

3 . sin + cos

where 0 360
note:

= 2sin ( + 30) = 1
sin ( + 30)

R = (a + b)

= (3 + 1)

a = 3

=2

= 0.5 *

b=1

:. = 0, 120, 360
note:
30
* find where ( + 30) = 0.5
i.e: quadrants 1 and 2 (and 360)

6.9: Products as Sums and Differences (Extension 1)

b
tan = --a

1
= --3

Using the addition theorems:

1. sin (A + B) = (sinA . cosB) + (sinB . cosA)
2. sin (A B) = (sinA . cosB) (sinB . cosA)
3. cos (A + B) = (cosA . cosB) (sinA . sinB)
4. cos (A B) = (cosA . cosB) + (sinA . sinB)
~ Add 1 + 2
:. 2 (sinA . cosB) = sin (A + B) + sin (A B)

5.

= sin (sum) + sin (difference)

~ Subtract 2 1
:. 2 (cosA . sinB) = sin (A + B) sin (A B)

= sin (sum) sin (difference)

~ Add 3 + 4
:. 2 (cosA . cosB) = cos (A + B) + cos (A B)
= cos (sum) + cos (difference)

7.

~ Subtract 4 3
:. 2 (sinA . sinB) = cos (A B) cos (A + B)
= cos (difference) cos (sum)

6.10: Sums or Differences as Products (Extension 2)

8.

5.

Using the product theorems:

5. 2 (sinA . cosB) = sin (A + B) + sin (A B)
6. 2 (cosA . sinB) = sin (A + B) sin (A B)
7. 2 (cosA . cosB) = cos (A + B) + cos (A B)
8. 2 (sinA . sinB) = cos (A B) cos (A + B)
~ let U = (A + B);V = (A B)
U+V
:. A = -------2

U-V
B = -------2

Substitute values of U and V into 5 8

U+V
U-V
9. sinU + sinV = 2sin -------- cos -------2
2
UV
U+V
10. sinU sinV = 2sin -------- cos -------2
2
U+V
U-V
11. cosU + cosV = 2cos -------- cos -------2
2

12.

a)

U+V
U-V
cosV cosU = 2sin -------- sin -------2
2

b)

U+V
U-V
cosU cosV = -2sin -------- sin -------2
2

e.g: express sin6x sin4x in terms of products

6x 4x
6x + 4x
sin6x sin4x = 2sin ( ---------- ) . cos ( ---------- )
2
2
2x
10x
= 2sin ----- . cos ----2
2

= 2sinx . cos5x