Expt. # 4 ELEMENTS, COMPOUNDS AND MIXTURES Name: Mark Dave L.

Nova Group # 11, General Chemistry, BSCE 2-2(irregular) August 11, 2013

I.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

A separation principle, states that under some assumptions the problem of designing an optimal feedback controller for a stochastic system can be solved by designing an optimal observer for the state of the system, which feeds into an optimal deterministic controller for the system. Thus the problem can be broken into two separate parts, which facilitates the design. As related to our experiment, we have been constructed or demonstrated some ways in order to separate such substance into simple components. And distinguished them whether it was an element, compounds or a mixture. II. A. SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

-weigh 1.5g iron fillings and 1g sulfur -observe and test their properties

-use a magnet on the Iron fillings and Sulfur -mix and examine using magnifying glass

-put the mixture in a bottle cap the heat -cool, examine and compare the result to the original

B.

weigh 1g Sodium Chloride, Silicone Carbide, and Iron fillings each and observe their properties

combine the three substances on a beaker, add 115 ml of water, filter and observe the filtrate

evaporate the filtrate, observe the residue, add water and separate the other two components

C. Identify whether the mixtures are homogeneous or heterogeneous describe the method of separating the component

III. A.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Iron filling 1. Color 2. Odor 3. Magnetic property Black, brown Metallic strong

Sulfur Yellow None weak

Iron filling and sulfur Black, gray Pungent strong

By the use of our senses and also the use of magnet, we have recorded these data. B. substance Silicon Chloride Silicone Carbide Iron Fillings Properties White, crystal powder,Soluble in water Hard,insoluble in water Magnetic, insoluble in water

By the use also of our senses and also the use of a magnet, we have recorded these data. C. Mixture 1.0g iron filling and 1.0g sulfur 3.0mL AgNO3 and 1.0 mL HCl 2.0g of sugar and 2.0g sand 1.0g sand and 15.0 mL water 1.0g flour and 1.0g of starch 1.0g iron fillings and 1.0g sand Pinch of Congo red and 5mL H2O 1.0g sodium chloride and 5 mL H2O Type Heterogeneous Heterogeneous Heterogeneous Heterogeneous Homogeneous Heterogeneous Homogeneous Homogeneous Method of separation Magnetic separation Funnel separation Filtration Evaporation Decantation Water-washing method Magnetic separation Fractional distillation Distillation

Since we already know how to classify mixture as homogeneous or heterogeneous, and we all know that it is simple for as to separate heterogeneous mixture because it has 2 distinct phases. But in homogeneous mixture, it is more complicated to separate because it has only one phase. By separating H2O from other substance, we use the distillation and Fractional distillation. And for flour and starch, the applicable method is water-washing method in which starch will be dissolve in water and you can get the flour.

IV.

ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS

1. List down the elements, compounds, and mixtures that you encounter in the experiment. Sand, Sugar, Starch, Flour, Congo red, Sulfur, Sodium Chloride, Silver Nitrate, Benzoic Acid, Iron Fillings, Hydrochloric acid, Silicone Carbide. 2. Explain the difference between Homogeneous and Heterogeneous mixtures. A homogeneous mixture is a mixture where the components that make up the mixture are uniformly distributed throughout the mixture. A heterogeneous mixture is a mixture where the components of the mixture are not uniform or have localized regions with different properties. 3. Which mixtures can be separated by simple distillation? a. A mixture of two(2) insoluble liquids b. A mixture of a liquids c. A mixture of two liquid and an insoluble solid d. A mixture of two(2) soluble liquids Letter b. because all simple distillation involves the boiling of liquids, so you are limited as to

what can be separated out from one of these solutions or mixtures. 4. How would you separate the components of the following mixtures? a. Carbon powder with sodium chloride b. Finely divided sulfur suspended in water Spread the mixture into water. The sodium chloride will dissolve leaving carbon powder suspended in the water. Filter the suspension so that the carbon powder remains as the residue while the filtrate contains sodium chloride. On evaporation of the filtrate, you would recover the sodium chloride. Since sulfur is insoluble in water, we can separate sulfur to water by Filtration.

5. What individual or separate particles exist in samples of elements? Of compounds? Of mixtures? A sample of an element consists of atoms with the same number of protons and electrons. 2 or more atoms of an element with different numbers of neutrons are called isotopes. A sample of a compound consists of molecules composed of atoms of 2 or more different elements. Each compound has a specific ratio of atoms of different elements. A sample of a mixture can consist of any number of atoms and/or molecules which consists of any number of different elements and/or compounds.

References:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_principle http://chemistry.about.com/od/chemistryterminology/a/Heterogeneous-Vs-Homogeneous.htm http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20081109093656AACwbXz